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LINUX SHELL
PROGRAMMING
Operating System Lab
Introduction
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Many people says that Linux is a command based
operating system.
So many of us thinks that Linux is not so user friendly
OS.
But it is not true. Linux is a GUI based OS with a Shell
which is more powerful than its counter part in
Windows OS.
We will be familiar with some shell commands.
Identity
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Type uname and Linux will tell his name to you
If you want to know your name type whoami
Manual
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For each command Linux contains manual. To view
the manual : man name
man uname
Creating Files
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There are two commands to create file.
touch
cat
The size of the file would be zero bytes since touch
doesn’t allow to store anything in a file.
Useful to create several empty files quickly.
Creating Files (Cont.)
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Store lines in a file
After completion of writing press the keys ctrl+d.
In Unix the keys ctrl+d indicate the EOF or end of file
character.
Creating Files (Cont.)
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To see the contents of the file test
It can concatenate the contents of two files and store them
in the third file.
This would create newsample which contains contents of
sample1 followed by that of sample2.
File Operations
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To copy a file : cp
Copy source to destination or multiple sources to
directory
-i [prompt before overwrite]
‐r [copy directories recursively]
‐u [copy only when the src file is newer than the dest
file or when the dest file is missing]
File Operations (Cont.)
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To remove a file or directory : rm
‐f [ignore nonexistent files, never prompt]
‐i [prompt before any removal]
‐r [remove the contents of directories recursively]
‐v [explain what is being done]
File Operations (Cont.)
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To move or rename a file : mv
rename src to dest or move src(s) to directory
‐i [prompt before overwrite]
‐u [move only when the src file is newer than the dest
file or when the dest file is missing]
‐v [explain what is being done]
Directory and File Listings
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To list information about directory or files : ls
This command contains some options.
‐a [do not hide entries starting with .]
‐A [do not list implied . and ..]
‐h [print sizes in human readable format]
‐l [use a long listing format]
‐S [sort by file size]
Directory and File Listings (Cont.)
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Any file name which begins with a ‘.’ is treated as a
hidden file.
. stands for the current directory.
.. stands for the parent previous directory.
Directory and File Listings (Cont.)
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Directory and File Listings (Cont.)
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Directory and File Listings (Cont.)
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Directory and File Listings (Cont.)
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To create Link
Avoids unnecessary duplication of the same file
contents in different directories.
By default any new file that we create has one link
whereas any new directory we create has two links.
Directory and File Permissions
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Each file or directory has 3 security groups.
Owner
Group
All Others
Each security group has 3 flags that control the access
status : read, write, execute
They are listed as 'rwx' or a "‐" if the access is turned
off.
rwxrwxrwx[read, write and executable for owner, group
and all others]
rw‐r‐‐r‐‐[read and write by owner, read only for group and
all others]
Directory and File Permissions (Cont.)
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To change the permissions type chmod
u, g, o or all [whose permission you are changing]
+ or ‐ [type of change: add or subtract permission]
combination of r, w or x [which permission you are
changing: read, write or execute]
To change Permission
chmod [who] [+/-/=] [permissions] file
Directory and File Listings (Cont.)
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file or directory [name of file or directory to change]
chmod go+rw file1 file2 add read and write access for
group and others for files 'file1' and 'file2’
chmod a+rwx file1 add read, write and execute for
everyone for 'file1‘.
chmod 555 file1
A Bit of Mathematics
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Calculator is invoked at shell prompt by typing bc.
The input to the calculator is taken line by line.
By typing bc at prompt the calculator mode starts and the $
the prompt disappears.
Typing quit ends tryst with bc.
A Bit of Mathematics (Cont.)
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Working with floats
After Setting the scale variable if the answer of an expression turns
out more than what scale can provide then the value in scale is
ignored and the correct answer is displayed.
A Bit of Mathematics (Cont.)
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Working with different base
By setting the variable ibase to 2 and obase to 16 all input that is supplied
is taken as binary whereas all output is displayed in hexadecimal.
A Bit of Mathematics (Cont.)
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Working with functions
Trigonometric functions expect their arguments in radians and not in
degrees.
A Bit of Mathematics (Cont.)
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Working with variables
A Bit of Mathematics (Cont.)
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Another math related command in Unix: factor
If a positive number less than 2^46 is types in then it factorise
the number and print its prime factors. Each one is printed the
proper number of times.
A Bit of Mathematics (Cont.)
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Another math related command in Unix: factor
If a positive number less than 2^46 is types in then it factorize
the number and print its prime factors. Each one is printed the
proper number of times.
Redirection
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Input redirection:
< ‐get input from file instead of the keyboard
Output redirection:
> ‐send output to file instead of the terminal window
Append output:
>> ‐command is used to append to a file if it already
exists
Redirection (Cont.)
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Example:
Calender
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To view calendar in the shell: cal
File Viewing
To output the first lines of files : head file1 file2 file3 …
Print the first 10 lines of each file to standard output
With more than one file , precede each with a header
giving the file name
‐n [ output the last n lines, instead of the last 10 ]
File Viewing
To output the last lines of files : tail file1 file2 file3 …
Print the last 10 lines of each file to standard output
With more than one file, precede each with a header
giving the file name
‐n [ output the last n lines, instead of the last 10 ]
File Viewing
To sort lines of a text files : sort file1 file2 file3…
Write sorted concatenation of all file(s) to standard
output.
File Viewing
To print the number of lines, words and bytes in files :
wc file1 file2 file3 …
print byte, word, and newline counts for each file and a
total line if more than one file is specified.
‐l [ print the newline counts ]
‐w [ print the word counts ]
Piping
The input of a command may come from the output of
another command.
This is accomplished with the ‘ | ‘ pipe operator.
How to view the lines 15‐20 of a file named ‘a.txt’ ?
Piping
The input of a command may come from the output of
another command.
This is accomplished with the ‘ | ‘ pipe operator.
How to view the lines 15‐20 of a file named ‘a.txt’ ?
head ‐20 a.txt | tail ‐5
Grep
grep matches a pattern in a given a list of files or
standard input and outputs only the matching lines.
grep pattern filename
grep abc file.txt
grep patterns are case sensitive by default.
Some options
‐i [ case insensitive search ]
‐c [count of total matches]
‐E [regular expressions can be provided as patterns]
‐n [display the line numbers of the matched lines]
Find
search for files in a directory hierarchy.
By default, find returns all files below the current
working directory.
find
To search a pattern : find ‐name '*txt*'
To search for a file type :
find ‐type d [find all directories]
fine ‐type f [find all regular files]
Find executes the '‐print' action by default. To change it
to style such as ‘ls’ : find ‐type f –ls
Find
To search all the directories
not recommended
find / ‐name "myfile" ‐type f
To search a specific directory
find /home/dir1 ‐name "myfile" ‐type f
To search multiple directories
find dir1 dir2 ‐name "myfile" ‐type f
To Search for all files owned by a user
find ‐user userid
To take an action
find ‐type f ‐name '*ch*' ‐exec chmod a+rwx {} \;
{} is replaced with the name of the file
The ; indiates the end of the command.
Thanks
