CHEMISTRY WORKSHEETS

Physical Chemistry

Definitions:

(solid state)
1. Amorphous solids
2. Crystalline solids
3. Long range order.
4. Anisotrophy
5. Isotrophy.
6. Pseudo solids.
7. Crystal lattices
8. Unit cells.
9. Coordinationnumber.
10.Packing efficiency.
11.Vacancy defect.
12.Interstitial defect.
13.F-Centre
14.Conductors.
15.Insulators.
16.Paramagnetism.
17.Diamagnetism.
18.Anti-ferromagnetism.
19.Ferromagnetism.
20.Ferrimagnetism.

(Solutions)
21.Homogeneous
solution.
22. Binary solution.
23.Solvent and solute.
24.Mass percentage.
25.Volume percentage
(v/v, w/w, w/v)
26. Parts per million.
27.Molarity.
28.Molality.
29.Mole fraction.
30.Solubility.
31.Henry’s law.
32.Raoult’s law.
33.Ideal solution.
34. Positive deviation.
35.Negative deviation.
36.Azeotropes.
37.Maximim boiling azeotropes.
38.Minimum boiling azeotropes.
39.Colligative property.
40.Osmosis.
41.Osmotic pressure.
42.Isotonic solution.
43.Hypertonic solution.
44.Hypotonic solution.
45.Edema.
46.Reverse osmosis.
47.Vant-Hoff factor.

(Electrochemistry)
48.Galvanic cell.
49.Voltaic cell.
50.Electrolytic cell.
51.Electrochemical cell.
52.Electrode potential.
53.Standard electrode potential.
54.Resistivity.
55.Conductivity.
56.Metallic conductance.
57.Ionic conductance.
58.Conductivity cell.
59.Molar conductivity.
60.Limiting molar conductivity.
61.Kohlrausch law.
62.Faraday.
63.Primary battery.
64.Secondary battery.
65.Fuel cells.
66.Corrosion.
67.Rusting.

(Chemical kinetics)
68.Rate of a reaction.
69.Order of a reaction.
70.Molecularity of a reaction.
71.Instantaneous rate.
72.Average rate.
73.Rate law.
74. Rate constant.
75.Rate Determining Step (RDS)
76.Half-life period.
77.Activation energy.
78.Most probable
kinetic energy.
79.Collision frequency.
80.Effective collisions.

(Surface Chemistry)
81.Adsorption.
82.Adsorbent.
83.Adsorbate.
84.Desorption.
85.Physisorption.
86.Chemisorption.
87.Enthalpy of adsorption.
88.Adsorption isotherm.
89.Adsorption indicators.
90.Homogeneous catalysis.
91.Heterogeneous catalysis.
92.Catalysis.
93. Promotors.
94.Poisons.
95.Activity of a catalyst.
96.Selectivity of a catalyst.
97.Shape selective catalyst.
98.Biochemical catalyst.
99.Enzymes.
100. Colloidal solution.
101. Dispersion medium and phase.
102. Sols, gels and emulsions.
103. Lyophillic colloids.
104. Lyophobic colloids.
105. Reversible sols.
106. Irrreversible sols.
107. Multimolecular colloids.
108. Macromolecular colloids.
109. Associated colloids.
110. Kraft temperature.
111. CMC.
112. Ionic micelle.
113. Peptization.
114. Peptizing agent.
115. Dialysis.
116. Dialyser.
117. Electrodialysis.
118. Ultrafiltration.
119. Colloidon.
120. Tyndall’s effect.
121. Brownian movement.
122. Zeta potential
123. Double layer.
124. Electrophoresis
125. Electro-osmosis.
126. Flocculation.
127. Hardy-Schulze rule.
128. Protective colloids.
129. Emulsifying agent.
130. Demulsification.
131. Latex.
132. Alcohol.
133. Hydrosol.

Inorganic Chemistry

Give the structure of the

following molecules:

Give the electron dot structure:

1. Nitrous oxide
2. Nitric oxide
3. Ammonia (name the
structure)
4. Dinitrogen trioxide
5. Dinitrogen dioxide
6. Dinitrogen pentoxide
7. Dinitrogen tetroxide
8. Nitric acid
9. Nitrous acid
10. White P
11. Red P
12. PCl3 (name the structure)
13. PCl5 (name the structure)

Draw and name the structure:

1. Phosphinic acid
2. Phosphonic acid
3. Pyrophosphorous acid
4. Hypophosphorous acid
5. Orthophosphoric acid
6. Pyrophosphoric acid
7. (POLY) Meta phosphoric
acid
8. Cyclo trimeta phosphoric
acid
9. Cyclotetrameta
phosphoric acid
10. Sulphurous acid
11. Sulphuric acid
12. Caro’s acid
13. Sulphar trioxide (trimer)
14. Marshall’s acid
15. Oleum
16. Hypochlorous acid
17. Chlorous acid
18. Chloric acid
19. Hypoiodic acid
20. BrF3
21. IF5
22. IF7
23. XeO3
24. XeOF4
25. XeO2F2
26. XeF4
27. XeF2
28. XeOF2

Give the resonance and dot structure

of the following:
1. Ozone
2. Sulphar dioxide
3. Sulphate ion
4. Phosphate ion
5. Nitrate ion

Inorganic Chemistry Questions:

1. Give equations for the following process: a) Hall –Heroult process b) Mac-Arthur
forest cyanide process c) Chlor-alkali process d) Oswald process e) Haber’s process
f) Chamber’s process g) Deacon’s method h) Silent electric discharge of O2

2. Give the hydrolysis reactions of the following: XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 (at the ratio of
1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 with water), PCl5 ( at the ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 with water), PCl3,
NCl3, SF4, ClF, Ca3P2.
3. Give the disproportionation reactions of the following: a) HNO2 b) H3PO3 c)
Se2Cl2 d) XeF4 e) KMnO4 at 513 K f) K2MnO4

4. What happens when:

a) Ammonium chloride treated with sodium nitrite.
b) Xenon di fluoride treated with Phosphorous penta fluoride.
c) Uranium treated with Chlorine (iii) fluoride
d) Iron treated with Hydrochloric acid.
e) Sodium sulphite treated with Hydrochloric acid.
f) Sodium sulphite with chlorine water.
g) Chlorine gas bubbled in Limewater.
h) Ammonia treated with excess of Chlorine.
i) Excess of ammonia treated with Chlorine.
j) Copper treated with conc. Nitric acid.
k) copper treated with dil. Nitric acid.
l) Zinc treated with conc. Nitric acid.
m) Zinc treated with dil. Nitric acid.
n) Phosphine treated with mercuric chloride.
o) Phosphorous is treated with thionyl chloride
p) Tin treated with phosphorus chloride.
q) silver nitrate treated with phosphinic acid.
r) Potassium permanganate is treated with hydrochloric acid.
s) Xenon hexafluoride is treated with Calcium fluoride.

5. Give the thermal decomposition reactions of the following: a) Ammonium

dichromate b) Barium azide c) P4 d) PCl5 e) H3PO4 f) H3PO3 g) KClO3 h) Pb3O4
i) HgO j) Al k) CH4
6. Give the reason for the following:
a) The HNH angle value is higher than HPH, HAsH and HSbH angles. Why?
b) NH3 form hydrogen bond but PH3 does not?
c) R3P = O exist but R3N = O does not (R = alkyl group)?
d) NH3 is basic while BiH3 is only feebly basic.
e) Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorus as P4.
f) Why does nitrogen show catenation properties less than phosphorus
g) Can PCl5 act as an oxidising as well as a reducing agent
h) Dioxygen a gas but sulphur a solid.
i) Halogens are good oxidising agent
j) Why F form only one oxyacid?
k) Why noble gases have comparatively large atomic masses?

Metallurgy Questions:

1. Define the following: (give example wherever possible)

Ores; Minerals; Matrix, Chromatography, Roasting; Calcination; Smelting; Self
oxidation; Depressant; Froth stabilisers; Froth collectors; Pyrometallurgy;
Hydrometallurgy

2. Give the principle of the following:

a) Chromatography, b) Froth floatation process c) Gravity Separation, d) Zone
refining, e) Liquation f) Electrolytic refining, g) vapour phase refining h) Leaching i)
Distillation.

3. What is the role of the following:

a) NaCN in extraction of gold and silver.
b) Zn in extraction of gold and silver.
c) Zn in mond’s process.
d) I2 in Van-Arkel’s process.
e) Na3AlF6 in Hall-Heroult process
f) SiO2 in extraction of Copper.
g) CaCO3 in extraction of iron

4. Using the help of chemical equation explain the extraction of the following:
a) Iron
b) Copper from copper pyrite
c) Aluminium
d) Zinc
e) Copper from scrap copper
f) Au and Ag

5. Predict the products:

a) Electrolysis of aq. NaCl
b) Electrolysis of fused (molten) NaCl E
c) Electrolysis of Alumina in presence of carbon.
d) Electrolytic purification of Cu metal and Zn metal. ( Give anodic and cathodic
reactions for each)

6. Give reasons:
a) Why copper matte is put in silica lined convertor.
b) Though Zn is a better reducing agent Fe is used for the extraction of Cu from
scraps.
c) Why CO is not used for reducing Zn during it.
d) Cu is extracted by hydrometallurgy while Zn is not.

7. Differentiate the following:

a) Roasting and calcination
b) Wrought iron and pig iron
c) Ores and minerals
8 Answer the question based on the
Ellingham diagram:
a) Suggest a condition under which
magnesium could reduce alumina
b) Although thermodynamically
feasible, in practice, magnesium metal
is not used for the reduction of
alumina in the metallurgy of
aluminium. Why ?
c) Why is the reduction of a metal
oxide easier if the metal formed is in
liquid state at the temperature of
reduction?
d) Out of C and CO, which is a better
reducing agent at 673 K?
e) Why is zinc not extracted from zinc
oxide through reduction using CO?
f) The value of ΔG for formation of
Cr kJmol−1and that of Al2O3 is – 827 kJmol
g) Out of C and CO, which is a better reducing agent for ZnO ?
h) The choice of a reducing agent in a particular case depends on thermodynamic
factor. How far you agree with this statement? Support your opinion with two
examples.
i) At temperatures above 1073K coke can be used to reduce FeO to Fe. How can you
justify this reduction with Ellingham diagram?
j) CO2 is a better reducing agent below 710K whereas
k) Carbon and hydrogen are not used as reducing agents at high temperatures.

Inorganic reasoning:

1. Which can form a stable complex CN or CO and why?

2. What is the IUPAC name of [RhCl (PPh3)3] and this is also used as a catalyst,
Give its name?
3. What is cis platin and give its application?
4. The molar conductivity of the complex CoCl3.4NH3.2H2O is found to be same as
that of 2:1 electrolyte. What is the structural formula of the complex?
5. Why [Co(H2O)6]2+ is treated with HCl in presence of air forms [CoCl6]3- ?
6. What is the role of depressant in froth floatation method?
7. Why carbon and hydrogen are not used as reducing agents at high temperature?
8. Why transition metals have high enthalpies of atomisation?
9. Why Mn2+ is more stable than Fe2+?
10. Cr2+ is reducing agent and Mn3+ is oxidising agent though both d4
configuration.
Organic Chemistry:

Give the resonance structures of the

following:
1. Chlorobenzene
2. Phenoxide ion
3. Benzene diazonium ion
4. Aniline
5. Benzaldehyde
6. Benzoic acid
7. Nitrobenzene

Conversions:

1. Propene → propan-2-ol
2. Benzyl chloride → Benzyl alcohol.
3. Ethyl magnesium chloride → Propan-1-ol.
4. Methyl magnesium bromide → 2-Methylpropan- 2-ol.
5. Ethanal → Butane-1,3-diol.
6. Ethanal → But-2-enal.
7. Ethanal → But-2-enoic acid.
8. Benzene → Methyl benzoate
9. Benzene → m-Nitrobenzoic acid
10. Benzene → p-Nitrobenzoic acid
11. Benzene → Phenylacetic acid
12. Benzene → p-Nitrobenzaldehyde.
13. Propanone → Propene
14. Benzoic acid → Benzaldehyde
15. Ethanol → 3-Hydroxybutanal
16. Benzene → m-Nitroacetophenone
17. Benzaldehyde → Benzophenone.
18. Bromobenzene → 1-Phenyl ethanol.
19. Benzaldehyde → 3-Phenyl propan-1-ol.
20. Benazaldehyde → α-Hydroxy phenylacetic acid.
21. Benzoic acid → m- Nitrobenzyl alcohol.
22. Propene → propan-1-ol
23. Ethanol → but-1-yne.
24. 1-Bromopropane → 2-bromopropane
25. Toluene → benzyl alcohol
26. Benzene → 4-bromonitrobenzene
27. Benzyl alcohol → 2-phenylethanoic acid
28. Ethanol → propanenitrile
29. Aniline → chlorobenzene
30. 2-Chlorobutane → 3, 4-dimethylhexane
31. 2-Methyl-1-propene → 2-chloro-2- methylpropane.
32. Ethyl chloride → propanoic acid.
33. But-1-ene → n-butyliodide.
34. 2-Chloropropane → 1-propanol.
35. Isopropyl alcohol → iodoform.
36. Chlorobenzene → p-nitrophenol.
37. 2-Bromopropane → 1-bromopropane.
38. Chloroethane → butane.
39. Benzene → diphenyl
40. tert-Butyl bromide → isobutyl bromide.
41. Aniline → phenylisocyanide.
42. Ethane → bromoethane.
43. Propene → 1-nitro propane
44. Toluene → benzyl alcohol.
45. Propene → propyne.
46. Ethanol → ethyl fluoride.
47. Bromomethane → propanone.
48. But-1-ene → but-2-ene.
49. 1-chlorobutane → 2,3-dimethyl hexane.
50. Nitrobenzene → benzoic acid.
51. Benzene → m-bromophenol.
52. Benzoic acid → aniline.
53. Aniline → 2,4,6-tribromofluorobenzene.
54. Benzyl chloride → 2-phenylethanamine.
55. Chlorobenzene → p-chloroaniline.
56. Aniline → p-bromoaniline.
57. Benzamide → toluene.
58. Aniline → benzyl alcohol.
59. Nitrobenzene → benzoic acid.
60. Benzene → m-bromophenol.
61. Benzoic acid → aniline.
62. Aniline → 2,4,6-tribromofluorobenzene.
63. Benzyl chloride → 2-phenylethanamine.
64. Chlorobenzene → p-chloroaniline.
65. Aniline → p-bromoaniline.
66. Benzamide → toluene
67. Aniline → benzyl alcohol

Distinguish the following pairs of chemical compounds using suitable chemical

reaction:

1. Primary amine and Secondary amine

2. Secondary amine and tertiary amine.
3. Tertiary amine and primary amine.
4. Aliphatic amine and aromatic amine.
5. Aniline and N-methyl aniline.
6. Aniline and benzylamine.
7. Amide and amine.Nitrile and amine.
8. Nitrile and isonitrile.
9. Aldehyde and ketone.
10. Aromatic aldehyde and aliphatic aldehyde.
11. Acetaldehyde and proionaldehyde.
12. Aromatic ketone and aliphatic ketone.
13. Aldehyde and carboxylic acid.
14. Ketone and carboxylic acid.
15. Acetophenone and benzophenone.
16. Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate.
17. Acetic acid and formic acid.
18. Carboxylic acid and ester.
19. Aromatic halide and aliphatic halides.
20. Alkyl bromide and alkyl chloride.
21. Alkyl iodide and alkyl chloride or bromide.
22. Vicinal dihalide and germinal dihalide.
23. Allylic halide and cyclic halide. Ex. 3-chloro prop-1-ene and chloro
cyclopropane.
24. Benzyl halide with aromatic halides.
25. Vinyl chloride and allyl chloride
26. Unsaturated halide and saturated halide.
27. Nitro alkane and alkyl nitrate.
28. Alcohol and ether.
29. Chloroform and Trichloromethane.
30. Iodoform and bromoform.

Bring out the mechanism of the following reactions:

1. Hydration of ethene.
2. Dehydration of ethanol. (413 K)
3. Dehydration of ethanol. (443 K)
4. Hydration of propanol.
5. Hydroboration reaction.
6. Reaction of HI on Ethyl methyl ether.
7. Reaction of Sec. Butyl iodide in presence of Aq. KOH.
8. Reaction of Neo.Pentyl iodide in presence of Aq. KOH.
9. Esterification reaction.
10. Electrophilic reaction of alcohols. (Vol.II Pg.326)[March- 2015]
11. Grignard’s reagent with aldehydes and ketones.
12. Williamson’s ether synthesis. (preparation of t-butyl methyl ketone from suitable
halides and alkoxide).
13. Ammonolysis of alkyl halides.

Named Reactions:
Bring out the mechanism of the following reactions:

1. Mendius reduction.
2. Gabriel pthalimide reaction.
3. Hoffmann Bromamide reaction.
4. Carbylamine reaction.
5. Hinsberg’s reagent.
6. Diazotisation reaction.
7. Coupling reaction.
8. Gattermann’s reaction.
9. Sandmeyer’s reaction.
10. Balz-Scheimann reaction.
11. Ozonolysis.
12. Oxymercuration reaction.
13. Rosenmund’s reduction.
14. Stephen’s reaction.
15. Reduction using DIBAL-H.
16. Etard’s reaction.
17. Gatterman-Koch reaction.
18. Freidal crafts reaction.
19. Clemmenson’s reduction.
20. Wolff-Kishner reduction.
21. Tollen’s test.
22. Fehling’s test.
23. Iodoform reaction.
24. Aldol condensation.
25. Cannizzaro’s reaction.
26. Cross aldol condensation.
27. Kolbe’s decarboxylation.
28. HVZ reaction (OR) Hell Volhard Zelinsky Reaction.
29. Hydration of alkenes.
30. Hydroboration reaction.
31. Dow’s process.
32. PCC oxidation.
33. Kolbe’s reaction.
34. Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
35. Williamson’s ether synthesis.
36. Swart’s reaction.
37. Finkelstein’s reaction.
38. Markovnikov’s addition.
39. Substitution reactions. (unimolecular and bimolecular)
40. Grignard’s reagent.
41. Zaitsev’s rule.
42. Wurtz reaction.
43. Fittig reaction.
44. Wurtz-fittig reaction.
45. Preparation of DDT.

Organic Problems:

1. An organic compound A which has a characteristic odour, on treatment with

NaOH, it forms two compounds B and C. Compound B has molecular formula
C7H8O which on oxidation gives back A. The compound C is a sodium salt of an
acid. When C is treated with soda lime, it yields an aromatic hydrocarbon D. Deduce
the structures of A, B, C and D and write the reactions.

2. An organic compound A has molecular formula C5H10O. It doesn’t answer

Tollen’s reagent but forms an orange precipitate with 2,4-DNP reagent. It forms a
carboxylic acid B with molecular formula C3H6O2 when treated with alkaline
KMnO4. It also forms yellow precipitate, when treated with NaOI under vigorous
conditions. On oxidation it gives ethanoic acid and propanoic acid. Sodium salt of B
gave a hydro-carbon C in Kolbe’s electrolytic reduction. Identify A, B and C and
write reaction.

3. An alkene A on reductive ozonolysis yields acetone and aldehyde. The aldehyde is

easily oxidised to B. B on treatment with Br2 in the presence of of phosphorous
yields a compound C which on further hydrolysis gives a hydroxy acid D. The acid D
can be produced from acetone by treatment with HCN followed by subsequent acidic
hydrolysis. Deduce the structures of A, B, C and D. Write the sequence of reactions
involved.

4. An aldehyde A (C11H10O) which does not undergo self-aldol condensation but

gives benzaldehyde and two moles of B on reductive ozonolysis. The Compound B
on oxidation with silver ions gives oxalic acid. Identify compounds A and B. Write
the down the reaction involved.

5. An organic compound A C8H6 on treatment with dil. H2SO4 in presence of

mercuric sulphate gives a compound B, which can be obtained from a reaction of
benzene with an acid choride in presence of Anhy. AlCl3. The compound B when
treated with I2 in aq. KOH, yields C and yellow compound D. Identify A, B, C and
D. Write the reactions.

6) A compound X with molecular formula C4H10O on oxidation forms compound Y.

The compound Y gives positive iodoform test. Compound Y on reaction with methyl
magnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis gives compound Z. Identify X, Y and Z
and write the reaction involved.
7) A ketone A C4H8O, which undergoes a haloform reaction gives compound B on
reduction. B on heating with H2SO4 gives compound C which forms mono-ozonide
D. D on hydrolysis in presence of Zinc dust gives only E. E also undergoes iodoform
reaction. Identify A, B, C, D and E. write the chemical equations.

8) Compound A (an alcohol) reacts with PBr3 at elevated temperature to give B. B on

treatment with Alc. KCN gives C. C on treatment with Sn in HCl gives an
intermediate D, Which on further hydrolysis with dil.acid gives E an aldehyde which
undergoes iodoform test and also used in preparation of DDT. Find A, B, C, D and E.
Write reactions.

9) Compound A of MF C3H6 is treated with HBr to give B. B on treatment with

NaCN gives C. C on treatment with D followed by hydrolysis gives 2- methyl -1-
phenyl propanone. Find A, B, C and D. Write reactions.

10) Compound A and B treatment in presence of Anhy. AlCl3 give C (C13H10O) a

ketone. A also reacts with H2 over Pd in presence of BaSO4 gives D (C7H5O) an
aldehyde. Both C and D doesn’t undergo aldol condensation. While D undergoes
cannizzaro’s reaction but C doesn’t. Find A, B, C and D and give reactions.

Organic Reasoning:

1. The bond length of C–Cl bond is larger in haloalkanes than that in haloarenes.
2.Tert-butyl bromide has lower boiling point than n-Butyl bromide.
3. Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanide as main product while
with AgCN alkyl isocyanide is the main product
4. Thionyl chloride is the preferred reagent for converting ethanol to chloroethane.
5. The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
6. Neopentyl bromide undergoes nucleophilic substitution reactions very slowly
7. Methyl iodide is hydrolysed at faster rate than methyl chloride.
8. Chlorobenzene on reaction with fuming sulphuric acid gives ortho and para
chlorosulphonic acids
9. Sulphuric acid is not used in the reaction of alcohol with Kl.
10. 2, 4-dinitro chlorobenzene is much more reactive than chlorobenzene towards
hydrolysis reaction with NaOH.
11. Grignard reagent should be prepared under anhydrous conditions.
12. Alcohols have higher boiling points than ethers of comparable molecular masses.
13. Phenols are more acidic than alcohols.
14. Nitrophenol is more acidic than o-methoxyphenol.
15. Phenol is more reactive towards electrophilic substitution reaction than benzene.
16. o-nitrophenol is steam volatile but p-nitrophenol is not.
17. Alcohols can act as weak base as well as weak acids.
18. Formic acid answers both Tollen’s and Fehling’s test
19. Ammonia is less basic than primary amine.
20. Why Fe/HCl is preffered over Sn/HCl during reduction of nitro to amine
21. Tert. Butyl chloride treated with NaOEt gives no ether only alkene.
22. Phenol is less polar than ethanol.
23. Methanol is less acidic than water.
24. Aryl amines are not prepared by Gabriel pthalimide reaction
25. Benzaldehyde does not give Fehling’s test.
26. α – H atoms in ethanal are acidic in nature.
27. Acetic acid doesn’t give sodium bisulphite addition product.
28. Chloroacetic acid has lower pka value than acetic acid.
29. Monochloroethanoic acid is a weaker acid than dichloroethanoic acid.
30. Aldehydes are more reactive towards nucleophilic reagents than ketones.
31. Benzaldehyde does not undergo aldol condensation.
32. Formic acid reduces Tollen’s reagent
33. Electrophilic substitution in benzoic acid takes place at m- position.
34. Carboxylic acids do not give characteristics reactions of carbonyl compounds
35. Formaldehyde gives cannizzaro reaction whereas acetaldehyde does not.
36. Tert.butyl benzene cannot be oxidised with KMnO4
37. Formic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.
38. Acetic acid doesn’t undergo iodoform reaction.
39. Benzoic acid is less soluble in water than acetic acid.
40. There are two –NH2 groups in semicarbazide. However, only one –NH2 group is
involved in the formation of semicarbazones.