MATERIAL SCIENCE – it involved investigating the relationship between the structure and properties of the

material.

Material Scientist – develops or synthesizes new material.

Material Engineering – designing the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.

Material Engineer - create new products or systems using existing materials.

4 COMPONENTS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE

Processing – Structure – Properties – Performance

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

METAL – this group composed of one or more metallic element (iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel).

PROPERTIES

- Stiff and strong

- Ductile (capable of enormous amounts of deformation without fracture and are resistant to fracture).

- Some have magnetic properties

- Lustrous means shiny or reflective

APPLICATION

 Fork, knife, scissors, coin, gear, nuts, and bolt.

CERAMICS – are compounds between metallic and non- metallic elements; they are most frequently oxides,
nitride, and carbides.

 Common aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide.

PROPERTIES

- Strong and stiff.

- Hard.

- have exhibited extreme brittleness (lack of ductility).

- Typically, insulative to the passage of heat and electricity have low electrical conductivity.

- More resistant to hot temperature and harsh environment than metal and polymer.
APPLICATION

 Scissors, China teacup, bricks, floor tile, and glass base.

POLYMER – are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and others non- metallic
elements (Oxygen, nitrogen, and silicon).

 Plastics and rubber materials

PROPERTIES

 Low density Not as tiff nor as strong as the other material types

APPLICATION

 Plastic tableware, billiard balls, helmet, and dice.

COMPOSITES

 Composed of two or more individual materials, which come from the categories previously discussed
(metal, ceramic, and polymer).

PROPERTIES

- Natural composites: wood and bone

- Synthetic (human made): fiber glass

- a combination of properties that are not displayed by any single material.

ADVANCED MATERIALS

SEMICONDUCTOR – have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductor (metal
and metal alloy) and insulator (ceramic and polymer).

BIOMATERIAL – components implanted into the human body to replace discased or damage body parts.

SMART MATERIAL – a group of new and state of the art materials now being developed that will have a major
influence on many of our technologies.

NANO MATERIAL – they are not distinguished based on the chemistry.

- Bonding holds atoms together to form solids materials

- In solids, atoms are held at preferred distances from each other (equilibrium distances).

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Electron - -9.11 x 10–¹⁹ kg (negative)

Proton and Neutron - 1.67 x 10–²⁷ kg (positive)

e– = -1.602 x 10–¹⁹ C

p+ = +1.602 x 10—¹⁹ C

Cation – positively charged ion.

Anion – negatively charged ion.

NEUTRON

- Balancing proton and electron

- Binding energy that holds the nucleus itself together.

ELECTRON IN THE ATOMS

Valence electrons determine all the following properties.

- Chemical

- Electrical

- Thermal

- Optical

ELECTRON STRUCTURE

- Electrons have wavelike and particulate properties

- this means that electrons are in orbital defined by a probability.

- Each orbital at discrete energy level is determined by quantum numbers.

Valence electrons
- those in unfilled shells.

- the outermost shell of an atom.

- are most available for bonding and tend to control the chemical properties.

Electronegativity

- Ranges from 0.7 to 0.4

- Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

PRIMARY BONDING

Ionic bonding

- Transfer of valence electrons

- Occurs between + and — ions

- Significant difference in electronegativity required

- Ex. NaCI

Covalent bonding

- Similar electronegativity share electrons.

- Ex. CH↓4

Metallic bonding

- Donated valence electrons.

- The remaining nonvalenced electrons and atomic nuclei form “ion cores”, which possess a net positive
charge equal in magnitude to the total valence electron charge per atom.

- The metallic bond is nondirectional.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS

Crystalline materials

- atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays

- typical of: - metals, many ceramics, and some polymer.

- atoms have no periodic packing

- occurs to: - complex structure and rapid cooling.

“Amorphous” – non-crystalline

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

Unit cell

 The basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid.

Lattice point

 Each sphere represents an atom, ion or molecule.

TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

Ionic crystals

- Ionic compounds

- Ex. Are NaCl, KCL, etc.

- They have high melting and boiling points.

- They do not conduct electricity unless dissolved in water.

Molecular crystals

- Are molecules held by dipole-dipole, dipole induced dipole and hydrogen bonding.

- The forces are weak, and they have low melting and boiling points.

- They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Metallic crystals

- The principal constituent particles are atoms of the same metal.

- The atoms are packed and have a strong attractive force making them ductile, malleable, lustrous, dense and
with high melting point.

- Nearest neighborhoods tend to be small to have lower bending energy.

- Have the simplest crystal structure.

- Examples are silver, copper, chromium and tungsten’s.

- Atoms may assemble into crystalline or amorphous structures.

- Common metallic crystal structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP.

- The coordination number and atomic packing factor are the same for both FCC and HCP crystal structures.

- We can predict the density of a material, provided we know the atomic weight, atomic radius, and crystal
geometry (e.g., FCC, BCC, HCP).

- Crystallographic points, directions and planes are specified in terms of indexing schemes.

- Crystallographic directions and planes are related to atomic linear densities and planar densities.
- Materials can be single crystals or polycrystalline.

- Material properties vary with single crystal orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic), but are non-directional (i.e.,
they are isotropic) in polycrystals with randomly oriented grains.

- Some materials can have more than one crystal structure. This is referred to as polymorphism (or allotropy).

- X-ray diffraction is used for crystal structure and interplanar spacing determinations.

STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

TYPES OF SOLIDS

1. AMORSPHOUS - Atoms are arranged randomly with no order.

LATTICE

- A point arranged in a pattern that repeats itself in 3-dimensional. The points in a crystal lattice coincide
with the atom center.

UNIT CELL

- The smallest grouping which can be arranged in 3-dimensions to create the lattice is the structured unit
or building block.