Object

Oriented
Programming
Using

C ++
Abdul Wahab abdul_bu@yahoo.com
Lecturer
University of Science and Technology Bannu
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 Object

 Any thing which has some properties and some behaviors.

 Object is an instance of a class.

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 Class
 A class is grouping of objects having identical properties, common
behavior and shared relationship.

Class: Car
Properties: Company, Model, Color and Capacity etc.
Action: Speed() and Break().

Class: Computer
Properties: Brand, Price, Processor Speed and Ram etc.
Action: Processing(), Display() and Printing().

 The entire group of data and code of an object can be built as a user-
defined data type using class.

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 Access Specifiers
 Private:
The private members of a class are accessible only by the member
functions or friend functions of the class.

 Public:
The public members are accessible from any where in the program.

 Protected:
The protected members of a class are accessible by the member
functions of the class and the classes which are derived from this class.

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 General Form of a Class

class class_name
{
private:
//private data and functions

public:
//public data and function
}object_list;

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 Declaring Objects

 Defining objects of class is known as “class instantiation”

 When objects are created only during that moment, memory is allocated
to them

int x, y;
char ch;
item a, b, *c;

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 Properties of Objects

 It is individual

 It holds data as well as operation method that handles data

 Its scope is limited to the block in which it is defined

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 The class has a mechanism to prevent direct access to its members,
which is the central idea of object oriented programming

 Object cannot directly access private members

 Private members can only be accessed by public member function of the

same class

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 Accessing Class Members

 Object can access public member variables and functions by using

operators dot( . ) and arrow ( -> )

 [object name] [operator] [member name]

e.g. a.show(); Where a is normal object

b->show(); Where b is pointer object

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 Example

class item void main()

{ { Optional
int codno;
float price; class item a;
int qty; clrscr();
}; a.codeno=123; // Direct
a.price=150.00; // Access
a.qty=15; // Not allowed
}

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 The Public Keyword

 The keyword public can be used to allow object to access the member
variables of a class directly

 Public is written inside the class terminated by colon. e.g.

class Sample
{
public:
// Public Members
};

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 Example

class item void main()

{ {
public: class item a;
int codno; clrscr();
float price; a.codeno=123;
int qty; a.price=150.00;
}; a.qty=15;
}

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 The Private Keyword

 It is used to prevent direct access to members of the class

 By default private access specifier is used

 Private members can be accessed through the public member function

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 Example
class item void item :: set_show()
{ {
codeno=123;
int codno;
price=150.00;
float price; qty=15;
int qty; cout<< codno <<endl;
public: cout<< price <<endl;
cout<< qty <<endl;
void set_show();
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
item a;
a.set_show();
}

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 Output

123
150.00
15

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 The Protected Keyword

 Access mechanism of protected keyword is same as private keyword

 It is used in inheritance

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 Access Mechanism

Access Specifier Member Functions Class Objects

Public Allowed Allowed

Private Allowed Not Allowed

Protected Allowed Not Allowed

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 Defining Member Functions

 The member functions must be declared inside the class. They can be
defined:

– In Public or Private section of a class

– Inside or Outside the class

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 Member Function Inside the Class
A. In Public Section:

class item{
int codno; int main()
float price; {
int qty; clrscr();
public: item one;
void show() one.show();
{
codeno=125; return 0;
price=150.00; }
qty=200;
cout<<“Code No = ”<< codno;
cout<<“Price = ”<< price;
cout<<“Quantity = ”<< qty;
}
};

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 Member Function Inside the Class
B. In Private Section

class item{
int codno; int main()
float price; {
int qty;
clrscr();
void values()
{ item one;
codeno=125; // one.values(); /// Not Accessible
price=150.00; one.show();
qty=200;
}
public: return 0;
void show() }
{
values();
cout<<“Code No = ”<< codno;
cout<<“Price = ”<< price;
cout<<“Quantity = ”<< qty;
}
};

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 Member Function Outside the Class
class item{
int codno;
float price;
int main()
int qty;
{
public:
clrscr();
void show();
item one;
};
one.show();

void item :: show()

return 0;
{
}
codeno=125;
price=150.00;
qty=200;
cout<<“Code No = ”<< codno;
cout<<“Price = ”<< price;
cout<<“Quantity = ”<< qty;
}

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Have a Nice Day!