Contents

6.1 Stages of system life cycle (FADIM):..................................................................................................1

6.2 Method Used to identify how an existing system operates (Analyst works).................................... 1
6.3 Action Plan........................................................................................................................................1
6.4 Hardware & Software....................................................................................................................... 3
6.5 Flowchart and Pseudocode...............................................................................................................3
6.6 Test Data & Test Strategy.................................................................................................................. 4
6.7 Implementation of a system............................................................................................................. 4
6.8 User Guide and Technical Documentation........................................................................................5
6.9 Evaluation and Maintenance............................................................................................................ 5
6.10 Advantages and Limitation of Adopting a new computer-based system........................................5

6.1 Stages of system life cycle (FADIM):

1.​ Feasibility Study:
o​ Initial high level analysis to convince management of the merits of new system
2.​ Analysis:
o​ What will be required to build the system
▪​ Understand current system, Identifying and interpreting requirements from
users, Flow diagram
3.​ Design
o​ Create the design of the system
▪​ Screen, Forms, test strategy, hardware requirements
4.​ Implementation
o​ Building the actual system
▪​ Documentation, Installation, Training, Testing
5.​ Maintenance & Evaluation

6.2 Method Used to identify how an existing system

operates (Analyst works)
●​ Observing existing system first hand
o​ Watch someone using existing system
▪​ Advantages – Will get good data
▪​ It is possible to see what is done
 ▪​ It can be inexpensive
▪​ Disadvantages – Worker may be uncomfortable being watch

▪​ Worker might not do regular work on that day

▪​ Worker may not perform some tasks while being watched
●​ Questionnaire
○​ Send question to people using current system
▪​ Advantages – Can be answered quickly
▪​ It is inexpensive way to gather information from large group of people
▪​ Quick to analyse data
▪​ User can remain anonymous
▪​ Disadvantages – Many people may not answer them
▪​ Questions are inflexible
▪​ Answer can be incomplete
▪​ Difficult to make a good questionnaire
●​ Interviewing
○​ With the users (employee/customers)
▪​ Advantages – Can ask for more feedback
▪​ Can change questions based on response
▪​ User can give open and free answers
▪​ Disadvantages – It is time consuming
▪​ It is expensive to conduct
▪​ User can not stay anonymous
●​ Document Review (Existing paperwork)
○​ Review Training manuals
▪​ Advantages – Easy to review

▪​ Disadvantages – Does not give any new infomation

6.3 Action Plan

1.​ Gantt Chart:
a.​ Key Milestone, Critical Path, No of days, progress, Percentage complete
2.​ PERT Chart:
a.​ Sequence & Dependency
3.​ Project Management Software
Figure 1: Gantt Chart

Figure 2: PERT Chart

Figure 3: GANTT Vs PERT

6.4 Hardware & Software

1.​ Choice of Hardware
2.​ Choice of Software:
a.​ ‘Off the Shelf’ software (Generic)
b.​ ‘Bespoke’ software (Custom)

6.5 Flowchart and Pseudocode

Figure 4: Flowchart and Pseudocode

6.6 Test Data & Test Strategy

1.​ Use of Normal and Unacceptable values
(1)​ Normal = Expected
(2)​ Extreme & Boundary Values = Fail, must be handled
(3)​ Abnormal/Erroneous data = Fail, must be handled

6.7 Implementation of a system

●​ Direct changeover
○​ Complete change in one shot:
▪​ Advantages – Immediate benefits and less time wasted.

▪​ Reduced costs as only one system is in use.

 ▪​ Less likelihood of malfunction due to thorough testing.

▪​ Disadvantages – Can be disastrous if the new system fails at any point.

●​ Parallel running
○​ Old and new system run at the same time
●​ Advantages – A fallback option exists if the new system fails.
Staff can gradually train and get used to the new system.
●​ Disadvantages – More expensive since extra staff is needed to run both
systems
●​ More time consuming since both systems need to be run and evaluated
●​ Pilot Running
○​ One place only to evaluate(only introduced in one department/area)
●​ Advantages – If the new system fails only one part is affected
●​ It is possible to train the staff in one area only which is much quicker
●​ The costs are also less than parallel because since one system is being used
●​ Disadvantages – This method can only be used if there are multiple
departments
●​ Phased Changeover
○​ One part of the software at a time
●​ Advantages – If the new part fails, can go back to the old system
●​ More expensive than direct since it is necessary to evaluate each phase
before moving on
●​ Can ensure the system works properly before expanding
●​ Disadvantages – Usually only successful for large organisation with several
parts of a system

6.8 User Guide and Technical Documentation

●​ User Guide
●​ Technical Documentation

6.9 Evaluation and Maintenance

1)​ Difference between evaluation and maintenance
a)​ Evaluation = Check if working as expected /effective
b)​ Maintenance = Update/Fix to keep it working as expected/effective
2)​ How to evaluate
a)​ Test and document
3)​ Why to Evaluate
a)​ Check if working as expected /effective
6.10 Advantages and Limitation of Adopting a new
computer-based system
●​ Advantages – Faster, better efficiency
●​ Disadvantages – Training and Cost to build

Flow of Logic in Processes

Algorithms
●​ An algorithm is a sequence of steps designed to solve a specific problem.
●​ It's common to have more than one algorithm for the same problem.
●​ When multiple algorithms exist, you must analyze them to determine the most efficient one.

Flowcharts
●​ Flowcharts are visual representations of algorithms.
●​ They use arrows and symbols like circles, ovals, and rectangles.

Pseudocode
●​ Pseudocode is a compact, informal description of an algorithm, omitting details that aren't
essential.

Pseudocode is an outline of a program, easily converted into code. It consists of short,

English-like phrases explaining specific tasks and should not include keywords or syntax
specific to a programming language.

●​ It focuses on human readability and is used for planning, documenting algorithms, and
outlining program structure before coding.
●​ There are no strict rules for writing pseudocode, as it is not an executable program.
●​ Flowcharts can serve as graphical alternatives to pseudocode but may require more space.

Data Types in C
Basic Data Types
C language supports a few basic data types.

Data Type Size (bytes) Range Usage

 char(%c) 1 -128 to 127 To store a single character

int(%d) 2 -32,768 to 32,767 To store integer numbers

float(%f) 4 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 To store floating-point numbers

double 8 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 To store big floating-point numbers

●​ The char data type is one byte and stores a single character. C does not have a built-in
string type because text is made up of characters.

If Else Statement
The if else statement is a fundamental control structure that allows you to execute different
blocks of code based on whether a condition is true or false.

Switch Case Statement

A switch case statement is used to select one of several code blocks based on the value of
a variable.

While Loop
A while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.
The condition is checked before each execution of the loop body.

Do While Loop
A do while loop is similar to a while loop, but it guarantees that the block of code is
executed at least once. The condition is checked after each execution of the loop body.

For Loop
A for loop is a control structure for executing a block of code a specific number of times. It
consists of three parts: initialization, condition, and increment/decrement.

Nested Loop
A nested loop is a loop placed inside another loop. The inner loop will execute completely
for each iteration of the outer loop.