Scribd
Upload
10 views

Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms

The document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms, defining data structures as specialized formats for storing and organizing data, with types including arrays, linked lists, and trees. It also explains algorithms as finite sets of instructions for problem-solving, detailing criteria such as input, output, definiteness, finiteness, and effectiveness. Additionally, it covers concepts like pseudocode, stepwise refinement, and the analysis of algorithms in terms of resource requirements.

Uploaded by

Oro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms

The document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms, defining data structures as specialized formats for storing and organizing data, with types including arrays, linked lists, and trees. It also explains algorithms as finite sets of instructions for problem-solving, detailing criteria such as input, output, definiteness, finiteness, and effectiveness. Additionally, it covers concepts like pseudocode, stepwise refinement, and the analysis of algorithms in terms of resource requirements.

Uploaded by

Oro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

INTRODUCTION TO DATA

STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS

DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS


DATA STRUCTURE

Data Structure
 specialized format to store and organize data in a
computer’s memory or disk

 collection of variables, possibly of several


different data types connected in various ways

 Types of Data Structures


 Array
 Linked list
 Stacks
 Trees
 Hast tables
DATA STRUCTURE

Data Types
 data that a variable can hold in a programming
language

 all programming language has a set of built-in data


types

Examples:
 char - data type representing character values
 int - data type representing integer values

Abstract Data Types


 specification of a set of data and set of operations
performed in a data

 storage for data defined in terms of set of operations


to be performed on the data
ALGORITHMS

 finite set of instructions that specify a sequence


of operations to be carried out

 recipe for solving a problem

 Example of simple algorithm


• Apply to wet hair
• Massage gently
• Leave on for a few moments
• Rinse Off

 all the tasks that can be carried out by a


computer can be stated as algorithms
CRITERIA FOR ALGORITHM

 Every algorithm must satisfy the following criteria:

 Input - zero or more quantities are externally supplied

 Output - at least one quantity is produced

 Definiteness - each instruction must be clear and


unambiguous

 Finiteness - all instructions of an algorithm will


terminate after a finite number of steps

 Effectiveness - each operation must be definite, but


must also be feasible
CRITERIA FOR ALGORITHM
CRITERIA FOR ALGORITHM

 Inputs are the data items presented to the


algorithm. An algorithm has either no input or a
predetermined number of them.

 Output are the data items presented to the


outside world as the result of the execution of a
program based on the algorithm.

 An algorithm ought to produce at least one


output.
REPRESENTING ALGORITHMS

Procedure

 essential tool in programming that generalizes


the notion of an operator

 Procedure can be used to encapsulate parts of an


algorithm by localizing in one section of a
program all the statements relevant to a certain
E h k
aspect of a program. 123 a
L
548
DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS

 Raw data is an input to a computer and an


algorithm is used to transform this into a refined
data

 Computer Science also refers to the study of


data. It include:
 Machines that holds data
 Languages for describing data manipulation
 Foundations which describe what kinds of
refined data can be produced from raw data
 Structures for representing data
DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS

PSEUDOCODE
 textual presentation of a flowchart
 close to a natural language
 the control structures impose the logic
 may become part of the program documentation
 could be translated into a program

STEPWISE REFINEMENT
 The process by which a programmer refines an
initial idea to a problem's solution into more
specific terms.
 The last phase of refinement results in a program
ready to be coded for execution.
ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS

 determining the amount of resources necessary


to execute it such as time and storage

 usually in terms of CPU time and memory


requirements

 Analysis of Algorithms
 Best-case analysis
 Worst-case analysis
 Average-case analysis

You might also like