VII 1

Transmission Lines

(a) Parallel-plate transmission line (b) Two-wire (c) Coaxial

transmission line transmission line

Grounded
Metal strip
conducting plane
Metal strip

Dielectric subtrate Dielectric subtrate

Grounded Grounded
conducting plane conducting plane

Two types of microstrip lines

VII 2

TEM-Waves along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line

Lossless case:
y
( term e jωt always omitted)
r r r
E = Ey ⋅ ey = E0 ⋅ e− γz ⋅ ey
r r E r
H = Hx ⋅ ex = − 0 ⋅ e− γz ⋅ ex
d z
x
Γ
µ
γ = jω µε Γ =
w ε

in order to find the charge density and the current density we use:
r r
Dn2 − Dn1 = σ → D ⋅ ey = σ → σ = ε ⋅ Ey = ε E0 ⋅ e− γz
σ: free surface charge
r r r r r r E
Ht 2 − Ht1 = Js → ey × H = Js → Js = − ez ⋅ Hx = ez ⋅ 0 e− γ z
Γ
Js: free surface current d Ι ds
VII 3

Fields, Charge and Current Distribution along a Coaxial Transmission Line

B E E B E
+ +++ + - --- - + +++ + - --- -
x x
x x x x x x
xx x xx xx x xx

- --- - + +++ + - --- - + +++ +

x x
x x x x x x
xx x xx xx x xx
+ +++ + - --- - + +++ + - --- -

x λ B

Current

Displacement Current
VII 4
Parallel-Plate Transmission Line in Terms of L and C
Lossless case (term e jωt
always omitted )
r r r r
∇ × E = − jωµH ∇ × H = jωε E
dEy dHx
= jωµHx = jωε Ey
dz dz
d d d
d w w

dz ∫0
∫ Eydy = jωµ ∫ Hxdy Hxdx = jωε ∫ Eydx
dz 0 0 0

+
( ) = jωµ J (z) ⋅ d
dV z −
d Ι ( z)
= − jωε Ey ( z) ⋅ w
sz dz
dz
 d
( () )
= jω  µ  Jsz z ⋅ w  d ( )
= jω  ε  −Ey ( z) ⋅ d
w
 w
= jω CV( z)
()
= jω L ⋅ Ι z
w
C=ε [F m]
L = µ⋅
d
w
[H m] d
VII 5

d2V( z)
2 = − ω LCV ( z)
2 ( ) = −ω 2LCΙ(z)
d2Ι z
dz d z2

V( z) = V0 ⋅ e− jω LC z
= V0 ⋅ e− jω µε z
Ι( z) = Ι 0 ⋅ e− jω LC z
= Ι 0 ⋅ e− jω µε z

ω 1 1
Phase velocity: up = = =
ω µε µε LC
V( z) L
Characteristic Z0 = =
impedance: Ι( z) C
VII 6

Lossy Parallel-Plate Transmission Line

Conductance between the two conductors:

Compare with the analogy of resistance and capacitance
ε
= R⋅κ
c
case a case b

1 κ κ w w
⇒G= = C = ⋅ε = κ ⋅
R ε ε d d
w
G= κ⋅ [S m]
d
VII 7

Ohmic power dissipated in the plates

r r r r
SLoss = ezEz × ex ⋅ Hx * Power flux density flowing into the plates (ey )
Et dΙ z
Def. Surface impedance Zs = Js = free surface current
Js dx

Zs = Rs + j ⋅ Xs

1 length 1 l 2
Rs = ⋅ = d = penetration depth =
κ c cross sec tion κ w ⋅ d κ c µ cω

1 l κ c µ cω l µ cω
= ⋅ ⋅ =
κc w 2 w 2κ c

effective series resistance per unit length

2 µ cω 2 µ c f ⋅ π
R= = [Ω / m]
w 2κ c w κc
VII 8
Equivalent Circuit of a Differential Length ∆ z
of a Two-Conductor Transmission Line

R ∆z
•
L ∆z
•

G ∆z
•
C ∆z
•
VII 9
Distributed Parameters of Transmission Lines
Parameter Parallel Plate Two-Wire Line Coaxial Line Unit
2 πfµ c Rs R s  1 1
+ Ω/m
R w κc πa 2π  a b 
µ µ b
cosh −1 
d D
µ π  2a ln
L w 2π a H/m

w πκ 2πκ
κ cosh−1(D / 2a)
G d ln(b / a) S/m

w πε
ε 2πε
F/m
C d cosh−1(D / 2a) ln(b / a)
w=width
πfµ c πfµ c
d=separation Rs = Rs =
κc κc

a=radius a=radius
D=distance center cond.
cosh −1(D / 2a) b=radius
≈ ln (D / a) outer cond.
if (D / 2a) >> 1
2
VII 10
Wave Equation for Lossy Transmission Lines

dV( z)
− = (R + jωL) Ι ( z)
dz
d Ι ( z)
− = (G + jωC) V ( z)
dz
d2V( z)
2 = γ 2V( z)
dz γ = α + j β = (R + jωL)(G + jωC)
d2Ι ( z)
2 = γ Ι ( z)
2
dz
VII 11

Waveguides
y

x
z
A uniform waveguide with an arbitrary cross section
Time-harmonic waves in lossless media:
r r
∆E + ω 2µ ε E = 0
r r0
E ( x, y, z, t ) = E ( x, y) ⋅ e (
j ωt −k z ⋅z )

r r r
(∇ xy
2
+ ∇z 2
) E = ∇ xy E − k z E
2 2

r r
∇ xy 2
(
E + ω µε − k z E = 0
2 2
)
r r
∇ xy 2
(
H + ω µε − k z H = 0
2 2
)
VII 12
r r r r
From ∇ x E = − jωµH we get: From ∇ xH = jωεE we get:
∂E0z ∂Hz0
+ jk zEy0 = − jωµH0x + jk zHy0 = jωεE0x
∂y ∂y
∂E0z ∂Hz0
− jk zE0x − = − jωµH0y − jk zH0x − = jωεEy0
∂x ∂x
∂E0y ∂E0x ∂Hy0 ∂H0x
− = − jωµH0z − = jωεE0z
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

1 ∂H0z ∂E0z 
H0x = − 2  jk z − jωε 
h  ∂x ∂y 
1 ∂H0z ∂E0z  h2 = ω 2µε − k z2
H0y = − 2  jk z + jωε 
h  ∂y ∂x 
1 ∂E0z ∂H0z 
E0x = − 2  jk z + jωµ 
h  ∂x ∂y 
1 ∂E0z ∂H0z 
E0y = − 2  jk z − jωµ 
h  ∂y ∂x 
VII 13

Three Types of Propagating Waves

Transverse electromagnetic waves TEM : EZ = 0 & HZ = 0

Transverse magnetic waves TM : EZ - 0 & HZ = 0

Transverse electric waves TE : EZ = 0 & HZ - 0

VII 14

TEM - Waves
Hz = 0 & Ez = 0 → − k z2TEM + ω 2µε = 0 → k z TEM = ω µε

ω 1
Phase velocity upTEM = =
kz µε
E0x ωµ µ
Wave impedance Z TEM = 0 = =
Hy k z TEM ε

for hollow single-conductor Hz = 0 → there is only Hx and Hy

r
div H = 0 → H − fields must form closed loops
∂Dz
Ez = 0 → =0
r r ∂t
rot H = J → TEM waves cannot exist in
sin gle − conductor hollow waveguides
waveguides:
VII 15

TM-Waves

− jk z ∂Ez
Ex =
ω 2µε − k z2 ∂x Wave equation

− jk z ∂Ez
Ey = ∂2Ez ∂2Ez
ω 2µε − k z2 ∂y
∂x 2 +
∂y
( )
2 + ω µε − k z Ez = 0
2 2

jωε ∂Ez
Hx =
ω 2µε − k z2 ∂y

− jωε ∂Ez
Hy =
ω 2µε − k z2 ∂x
VII 16

TM-Modes in Rectangular Waveguides

boundary conditions
x
Ez (0, y) = 0 and Ez (a, y) = 0 in the x direction

Ez ( x, 0) = 0 and Ez ( x, b) = 0 in the y direction

a separation of variables
z
( )
Ez ( x, y) = E0 sin(k x x) sin k y y
y
b

mπ nπ
kx = and ky = ( m, n are int egers)
a b
VII 17

Solution

− jk z mπ  mπ  x sin nπ  y
Ex ( x, y) = E cos
ω 2µε − k z2
0
a  a   b TM13 mode means m=1, n=3
(if m=0 or n=0 then E=H=0)
− jk z nπ  mπ   nπ  y
Ey ( x, y) = E sin x cos
ω 2µε − k z2
0
b  a   b
mπ  nπ
2 2
kz 2
= ω µε − 
2
− 
 a   b
jωε nπ  mπ   nπ  y
Hx ( x, y) = E sin x cos  mπ  2  nπ  2 
ω 2µε − k z2
0
b  a   b ω c µε − 
2
+ =0
 a   b  
 mπ  +  nπ 
2 2
− jωε mπ 1
Hz ( x, y) =  mπ  x sin nπ  y fc = cut off frequency
ω 2µε − k z2
E0
a
cos
 a   b 2π µε  a   b

if f < fc then jkz is real no wave propagation

VII 18

Field Lines for TM11 Mode in Rectangular Waveguide

y/b y/b
1,0
x x
x
x x x
0,5 x x
x x x
x x
x x
0
x/a O 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π βz

Electric field lines Magnetic field lines

VII 19

TE-Waves

− jωµ ∂Hz
Ex =
ω 2µε − k z2 ∂y

jωµ ∂Hz
Ey =
ω 2µε − k z2 ∂x wave equation
∂2Hz ∂2Hz
− jk z ∂Hz ∂x2 +
∂y
( 2
)
2 + ω µε − k z Hz = 0
2

Hx = 2
ω µε − k z2 ∂x

− jk z ∂Hz
Hy =
ω 2µε − k z2 ∂y
VII 20

TE-Modes in Rectangular Waveguides

boundary condition
∂Hz ∂Hz
∂x
( )
0, y = 0 and
∂x
( )
a, y = 0 in the x direction (Ey ) = 0
∂Hz ∂Hz
∂y
( )
x,0 = 0 and
∂y
( )
x,b = 0 in the y direction (Ex ) = 0

separation of variables
mπ  nπ
Hz ( x, y) = H0 cos x cos  y
 a   b
VII 21

Solution:
jωµ nπ  mπ  x sin nπ  y TE01 mode means m = 0, n = 1
Ex ( x, y) = H cos
ω 2µε − k z2
0
b  a   b
mπ  nπ
2 2

Ey ( x, y) =
− jωµ mπ  mπ   nπ  y kz 2
= ω µε − 
2
− 
H sin
 a 
x cos
 b  a   b
ω 2µε − k z2
0
a
mπ  mπ  nπ
x cos  y
jk
Hx ( x, y) = 2 z 2 H0 sin
ω µε − k z a  a   b
jk z nπ  mπ  x sin nπ  y
Hy ( x, y) = H cos
ω 2µε − k z2
0
b  a   b

 mπ  +  nπ  cut off frequency

2 2
1
fc =
2π µε  a   b
if f < fc then jkz is real no wave propagation
VII 22

Field Lines for TE10 Mode in Rectangular Waveguide

y/b y/b
1,0
x x
x x x x
x x
0,5 x x x
x x
x x x
x x
0
x/a 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π βz
O
x/a
1,0
x
x x
Electric field lines x
x
x
Magnetic field lines x x
x x
x
x
x x x

x
0
0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π βz