010.2089 .

7 621
 I

+ C-d = -M A, C,
a(b + c) = ab + ac b

a
+ b a d ad A = tbh A= A=t r'e
- =-x- =-
c b c bc
d
= tab sin e C = 27T r s = re

1+"
x"’
_ = X " '- II
rx' = x
x"
b
(x"')" = Xlllll X- II =-
x"
x”
(xy)" = x"y" -f

Xl / n = x l/l /
II
= = V= 7T r 2h V=

rx ifX
=
r Tl
r h
x 2 - y2 = (x + y)(X - y)
x3+ i 2
= (x + Y)(X - xy + y')
3
x - y3 = (X - Y)(X 2 + xy + y')

P1(X1 , P2(X2, )'2)

(x + y)' = x' + 2xy + y' (x - )')' = x' - 2xy + y'
(x + y)3 = X3 + 3x 2)' + 3xy' + i
d = .J(X2 - _x ;)2 + (y , - y ,)2
(x - y)3 = X3 - 3x 2y + 3xy' - i
- 1) ,.,, - 2
(x + y)” = x” + nx ” ly + -(n
-E-x

XI A:’
I n \ ’ ‘ --, ‘-'
‘ Y‘ + ," + nxy" - ' + y"
P1(X" P2(X2,
fn\ n(n - 1) '" (n - k + 1)
)'2 - y ,
1'.1= 111=---
\kl j'2.3'''''k
X2 - X]

P1(X1 ,

= m(x - X1)
ax .,2 + bx + c = .. x= -b 4ac
_1 .......:1 - )' - )' 1
_u_ V ·)

2a

y=mx+b
a < c.
a+c<b+c
ca < cb (h ,

ca> cb. (x - h)2 + (y - kf = ?

Ix 1=
Ix 1< -a < x <
Ix 1>

t 1

1
P
U
I
U
”-
’’
’t t rt
 I

]0 = =-- Au
M
180 QU cos 8
-@ -
QU cot8= - .-.
s = r8 sin 8

cot8 = _ - . sin 2 8 + cos'8 = 1

tan (i

1 + tan2 8 = sec 2 8 1 + cot 2 8 = csc 2 8

b C
Sln8 = C csc8 = -b sin( -8) = -sin 8

cos 8 = C
a
sec8 = a
c
tan(-8) = -tan 8 = m nU

b a
tan8=a cot8=-b a
ao
- 8) = sin =

y
r B
sin 8 = 2:'_ csc8 =-
r y
x r sin A sin B sin C
cos 8 = sec6=-x
r a b c
x C
tan8 = 2:'_ cot8 = -y
x x

a2 = b2 + c 2 - 2bccosA
y y
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2accosB
y=smx y = cos x
2 2
c' = a +b - 2ab cos C A

sin(x + y) = sinx cosy + cosx siny

sin(x - y) = sinx cosy - cosx siny

y+ y = csc x y y = sec x
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y
:\ cos(x - y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
t anx + tany
7T l 1 27T X
tan(x + y) =
1 - tanx tany

11
11
\1
\1
|/\l
1/ '\ 1
If \1
t anx - tan
tan(x - y) = ........ ..... ,v
1 + tanx tany

8 sin e cos e tan e sin 2x = 2 sinx cosx

0 0 1 0 cos 2x = cos 2x - sin 2x = 2 cos 2x - 1 = 1 - 2 sin 2x

1/2 2 tanx
1-

1/2 J3
0
‘ 1 - cos 2x ‘ 1 + cos 2x
sm 'x = 2 cos-x =
 CENGAGE 10;.'
An dover. Melbourne • Mexico City • Stamford , CT. Toronto • Hong Kong. New Delhi • Seoul • Singapore •
 Calculus: Early Transcenden @ 2021 Cengage Learning Korea Lt d
-tals, Metric Edition ,
9th Edition Original edition @ 2021 Brooks Cole , a part of Cengage Learning.
Calculus: Early Transcendentals, Metric Edition, 9th Edition
James Stewart by James Stewart, Daniel K. Clegg , and Saleem Watson
Daniel K. Clegg ISBN ‘ 9780357113516
Saleem Watson
This edition is translated by license from Brooks Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, for
sale in Korea only

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may
be reproduced , transmitted , stored or used in any form or by any means graphic,
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For permission to use material from this text or product, email

ISBN-13: 979-11-6073-385-3

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Printed in Korea
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2021

[c h'!1
 viii
XI

xii
xiv

7
1.1 8
1.2 23
1.3 38
1.4 48
1.5 57

73
2.1 74
2.2 79
2.3 91
2.4 100
2.5 111
2.6 123
2.7 137
• 148
2.8 149

163
3.1 164
• 174
3.2 175
3.3 181
3.4 189

111
[c h'!1
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• 200
3.5 200
• 208
3.6 208
3.7 217
3.8 231
• 239
3.9 239
3.10 246
• approximations) 253
3.11 254

263
4.1 264
• 274
4.2 275
4.3 282
4 .4 295
• 306
4.5 307
4.6 316
4.7 324
• 337
• 338
4.8 339
4.9 345

355
5.1 356
5.2 369
• 383
5.3 384
5 .4 395
• 405
5.5 406

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 V

415
6.1 416
• 426
6.2 427
6.3 441
6.4 449
6.5 456
• 460
• 461

463
7.1 464
7.2 471
7.3 479
7.4 486
7.5 497
7.6 504
• 510
7.7 Xf E 2.1 LlAA}7aA} 511
7.8 524

537
8.1 538
• 545
8.2 546
• 553
8.3 554
• 565
8.4 566
8.5 571

579
9.1 580
• 59 1
9.2 592
• 603

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9.3 604
613
9.4 614
9.5 622
9.6 631

"'ï 2 , I::::i"'ï, .., "'ï 639

10.1 640
• 655
10.2 656
10.3 669
10.4 677
10.5 683
10.6 692
10.7 697
10.8 700
10.9 705
10.10 713
• 729
• 730
10.11 730
• 740

741
11.1 742
11.2 · 749
• 759
11.3 760
11 .4 E.i 768
• 778
11.5 778
• 3D 790
11.6 790

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799
12.1 800
12.2 808
12.3 815
12.4 827
• 838

841
13.1 842
13.2 859
13.3 870
• 883
13.4 884
• LZR Racer 894
13.5 895
13.6 905
13.7 920
931
13.8 932
• 941
• 943

945
14.1 946
14.2 960
14.3 970
14.4 978
14.5 989
14.6 x 992
• 1004
14.7 1005
• 1011
14.8 1012
1018
14.9 1019

c (1 ( I r 1
VIII

1029
15.1 1030
15.2 1038
15.3 1051
15.4 1062
15.5 1071
15.6 1080
15.7 1094
15.8 1107
15.9 ’ 1114
15.10 1121

1123
1177

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2.

t 1 P t ”l tr IX
U U ’t
1 ’’
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3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t (1 ( I f 1
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10.

12.

13.

14.

15.

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XII
 CAS

(CAS

Desmos.com 3

Wo1framAlpha.com ,
Symbolab.com , Texas Instrument TI-Nspire CAS

Mathematica , Maple ,

XIII
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XIV
t (1 ( I f 1
 xv

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 AI
1.
(a) (-3)4 (b) -3 4 (c) r 4
/ J
/’
( ’---‘
l

(d) (f) 16- 3 / 4

2.
(a)
(b) (3a 3b3)(4ab 2)2

(c)

3.
(a) 3(x + 6) + 4(2x - 5) (b) (x + 3)(4x - 5)
(c) ($ + - Jb) (d) (2x + 3)2
(e) (x + 2)3

4.
(a) 4x2 - 25 (b) + 5x - 12
(c) x 3 - - 4x + 12 (d) x 4 + 27x
(e) 3x3/2 - 9x 1/2 + 6x- 1/2 (f) x 3y - 4xy

5.
X2+3x+2
(a) ’
x- - x
y x
x2
(c) -,--_
X + 1 (d)
- 4 x +2 1 1
y x

6.

(a) (b)
- 2

XVI
[c h'!1
 XVII

7.
(a) +x + 1 (b) Ù - 12x + I1

8.
2x 2x - 1
(a) x + 5 = 14 - (b) ----
- X -r l X

(c) X
2
- X - 12 = 0 (d) + 4x + 1 = 0
(e) x4 - (f) 3Ix-41=10
(g) 2x(4 - X)-1 /2 - 3 = 0

9.
(a) -4 <5- 3x 17 (b) x 2 < 2x + 8
(c) x(x - 1)(x + 2) > 0 (d) Ix - 41 <3
2x - 3
(e) l
x + 1

10.
(a) + q)2 = p2 +l (b)
1 + TC
(c) (d) 1 +T
1 1
-x -x -y l/x 1
(f) - , • = - - -
a/x - b/x a- b

1. (a) 81 (b) -81 (c)

6. (a) 5 ..fi + (b)
(d) 25 (e) (f) k
2. (a) 6..fi (b) 48a 5b7
x 7. (a) (x + 5)2 + 3 (b) 2(x - 3)2 - 7
(c)
9y'
8. (a) 6 (b) 1 (c) -3 , 4
3. (a) 11x - 2 (b) 4x2 + 7x - 15
(c) a - b (d) 2
4x + 12x + 9
(d) -1 :!: (e) :t l , :t..fi (f)
3 (g)
(e) x + + 12x + 8

4. (a) (2x - 5)( 2x + 5) (b) (2x - 3)(x + 4) 9. (a) [-4 , 3) (b) (-2 , 4)

(c) (x - 3)(x - 2)(x + 2) (d) x(x + 3)(x 2

- 3x + 9) (c) (-2 , 0) U (1 , (d) (1 , 7)
(e) 3x- I / 2 (X - 1)(x - 2) (f) xy(x - 2)(x + 2) (e) (-1 , 4]

x+2 10. (a) (b) (c)

5. (a)
x-" (d) (e) (f)

(c) - - _ (d) -(x + y)

Review of

( - (
t r <
I r 1
XVIII

81
1. (2 ,
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) 2x - 4y =

2. (3 ,

3. + l - 6x + lO y + 9 =

4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

5.
(a) -1 y 3 (b) Ixl < 4, Iyl < 2
(c) y < 1 - tx (d) - 1
(e) ;} + l <4 (f) + 16l = 144

1. (a) y = -3x + 1 (b)y=-5 5.

(c) x = 2 (d) y = !x - 6 (a) y
3
(b) y (c) y

l y=l-L‘
2. (x + 1f + (y - 4)2 = 52 r----2
0
2 1
3. (3 , -5) , 5

4. (a) -1
(b) 4x + 3y + 16 = 0, -4 , (d) (e) y (f) y

x'+y'=4 3
(c) (-1 , -4) 2
/-
(d) 20
(e) 3x - 4y = 13
ll

”
“v
\

2
x
,‘ ‘ _/2 l '4 x

(f) (x+ lf+ (y +4)2= 100

c (1 ( I r 1
 XIX

(1
1.

(b)
(c) f(x) =
(d) f(x) =

(e)

2. f(x) =
f(2 + h) - f(2) '"
E
h

3.
( K -2 -+-x
-x
+1
= (b) g(x) =
x- -r 1
(c) h(x) = +

4.
(a) y = - f(x) (b) y = 2f(x) - 1 (c) y = f(x - 3) + 2

5.
(a) y (b) y = (x + 1)3 (c) y = (x - 2)3 +3
(d) y = 4 (e) y = .,rx (f) y = 2 .,rx
(g) y = -2-' (h) y= 1 +x- I

6. f(x) =

(a) (b)

7. f(x) = 2- + 2x - = 2x -
(a) f 9
0 (b) 9 0 f (c) 9 0 90 9

1. (a) -2 (b) 2.8 5. (a) (b) (c) y

(c) -3 , 1 (d) -2.5 , 0.3

(e) [-3 , 3], [-2 , 3]
-1 10 l
.t
2. 12 + 6h + h2

3. (a) -2) U (-2 , 1) U (1 ,

(d) (e) y (f)
(b)
(c) -1] U [1 , 4]
x 01 1 r
4. (a) ‘
(b)

(c)
(g) y
(h) y ’\__
1

c (1 ( I r 1
xx
(
6. (a) -3 , 3 7. (a) (j g)(x) 0 = - 8x +2
(b) (g 0 f) (x) = + 4x - 5
(c) (g 0 9 0 g)(x) = 8x - 21
l

01
1.
(a) (b)

2.
(a) 5n/6 (b) 2

3.

4.
(a) (b) (c)

5.
24
a 6. sinx = sec y = g +
8
7.
b
2 tanx
(a) tan () sin () + COS () = sec () (b) . 0 = sin 2x
1 + tan"x

8. X

9. y = 1 + sin

D:
1. (a) 5n/3 (b) 6. + 6 J2)
2. (a) (b) "'" 8. 0,
3.

4. (a) (b) -f (c) 2 9

5. a = 24 sin (), b = 24 cos ()

c (1 ( I r 1
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A Preview of Calculus
2

of

A =A) +A2 +A 3 +A4 +As

A = lim AII

A
A=
0 x

c (1 ( I r 1
 3

R! , R2 ,

A lI = Rl + R2 + ... + R lI

y+ y+ y

x UI x UI x

A = lim An

•
y y =
e
y=f(x)

e
0 x

[c h'!1
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0 x 0 l j

m = !im_ mpQ
Q• P

y
(a , (x ,

f (x) - f(a)
In po =
x-a

0 a l x ,- f(x) - f(a)
m = J1 m
x• a X - a

Newton, Leibniz,
 5

1.
(3.1

2.

3.

(4.1

4.

36

5.
77

6.

7.

8.

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Functions and Models

7
8

1.1 I
•

A. A
1900 1650 =
1910 1750
1920 1860
1930 2070 B.
1940 2300
1950 2560
1960 3040 t = P = 2 ,560 ,000 ,000
1970 3710
1980 4450
1990 5280
2000 6080
2010 6870 c.
C

D.

a+

100

50

-50

Cali f. Dcp t. of Mincs and Geology

A =
 1.1 9

2
x f ::;-• f(x)

D
- f
E
{(x ,f(x)) I x E D}

y = (x ,

(x , = x

y y

’r
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

f(x)
1
1

y
J

=
f(x)
1
1
l 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
H) 1
1

,‘
i

--1
1
1
1
1
1

y
1
1
1
1
j
J

0 2 x x 0 x

1
(a)
(b)

[c h'!1
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(a) (1,
f(l) = x = 1
x = f(5) =

(b) O X

{y I -2 y 4} = [-2 , 4]

y = 2x - f(x)
= 2x -

(a) f(x) = 2x - 1 (b) g(x) =

y = 2x-1 =^'
(a) y = 2x -
x

2x -

y (b) g(2) = 22 = g(-1) = (-1)2 = (-1 ,

(2 , 4)

8) y =

x2
:;; {y I y O} = [0 , •

f(x) = 2x2 - 5x + f(a + %

x f(a +
f(a + h) = 2(a + h )Z - 5(a + h) + 1
= 2(a 2 + 2ah + h 2) - 5(a + h) + 1
= 2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 - 5a - 5h + 1

[c h'!1
 1.1 11

f(a + h) - f(a) (2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 - 5a - 5h + 1) - (2a 2 - 5a + 1)

f (a + h) - f(a) h h
h 2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 - 5a - 5h + 1 - 2a 2 + 5a - 1
h
quotient)OI
4 ah + 2h 2
5h
a+h
x= h
-
=4a+2h-5
•
l

0 1650
10 1750
20 1860
A.
30 2070 A=
40 2300
50
A(r) = {r Ir > O} = (0 ,
2560
60 3040 (0 ,
70 3710 B.
80 4450
90 5280
100 6080
110 6870

P P

5 x 10’ 5X 10 9

. -
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

10

c (1 ( I r 1
12

P(t) = f(t) = (1.4 3653 X 10 9 ) . (l. 01395)'

10).

c.
C(w)
25 1. 00
25 < 50 1.1 5
10 3).
50 < w 75 1.3 0 D.
75 < 100 1.45
100 < w 125 1. 60

11 l

[c h'!1
 1.1 13

h I I
)-------t-- 6[2(wh) +
/
/

C = + + 2(2wh)] = 20w 2 +

= 10

h = 10 = 5
W2

2
C = + = 20w +

‘ 180
=
w

(a) f(x) = (b) g(x)

x- - x

(a) x + 2
X

[-2 ,
(b)
1 1
-x -x -x-- -n
x = 1

[c h'!1
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{x I x 0, x 1}

U (0 , 1) U (1, l

l
y =

y = -2

-x -A

•
-v -
/0
“
- - - - - -

y
x=a

0 a x (a , f(a) =

(a , (a ,

y
x=a x = l-
(a , c)

(a , b)
y2 =x +
f(x) = g(x) =
0 a x (c)

(b) x = h (y) = l-

c (1 ( I r 1
 1.1 15

y y y

-2 01 x

(a) x= y2 - 2 (b) y (c)

defined

= {12r , x: =1
x

f( -2) , f( -1) ,

x
1- x>

-2 f( -2) = 1 - (-2) = 3
1 f( -1) = 1 - (-1) = 2
0> f(O) = 0 2 = 0
y

\ y = 1-
f(x) = 1- x=
-1
x > f(x) = x

, x
(-1 ,
15 (-1 ,

lal ;;;: 0

131 = 3 1-31 = 3 1 =0 1}2 -11= }2 -1 13- = -3

[c h'!1
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lal = a, a 0
lal = -a , a < 0

y ’ f
L nu

y=lxl
x - l
<---
1
X

X < nU

x
y = - 16
•
16

(0 , (1,
(1 ,

f(x) = x, 0 X 1

(1 , m
17
y-0=(-I)(x-2) --, y=2-x
y - YI = m(x - XI)

f(x) = 2 - x, 1<

f(x) = ,
Ix,
2 - x,
0 X
1<x
1
2
10 , x > 2
•
10

1. 00 ,
1.1 5 , 25 < w 50
= 1.30 , 50 < w 75
1.45 , 75 < 100

c (1 ( I r 1
 1.1 17

C l
1. 50

1. 00

0.50
•
f(-x) =
0
25 50 75 100 125 even f(x) =

f(-x) = (_X)2 = X2 = f(x)

y
19 X

f(-x) =
x
odd f(x) =

f( -x) = (_X)3 = -X 3 = -f(x)

20 x

(a) f(x) = y} +x (b) g(x) = 1 - X

4
(c) h(x) = 2x - 2
x

(a) x

f(-x) = (_X)5 + (-x) = (_1) 5X5 + (-x)

5
= -X 5 - X = -(X + X)

= -f(x)

(b) x

g(-x) = 1 - (_X)4 = 1 - X4 = g(X)

(c) x

h(-x) = 2(-x) - (-x )2 = -2x - X2

h( - x) #- h( -x) #- .

[c h'!1
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X I 1 \ X

(
(a) (c)

•
D
[a , [b ,
[c , b XI <
f(xl) <

y B
D

f(x 2 )
A

0 a x , X2 b C d x

XI ,

XI < f(xl) < f(X2)

XI ,

XI < f(xl) > f(X2)

y=x 2

XI < XI , f(xl) < f(X2)

x f(x) = ( [0 ,

c (1 ( I r 1
 1.1 19

1.1 I
1. g(u) = u +

7-14
2. = =
x - 1
7. 3x - 5y = 7 8. 32- - 2y = 5
3.
(a) g( - 2) , g(O) , g(2) ,
9. 2- + (y - 3)2 = 5 10. 5i = 4

(b) g(x) = 11. (y + 3)3 + 1 = 2x 12. 2x - Iy I = 0

(c) g(x) 13. 14.
x y x y
(d)
(e)
y 180 12 2016 10,900
150 8 2017 11 ,000
3 150 7 2018 11 ,200
9
160 9 2019 11 ,200
\ ] 175 10 2020 11 ,300
\
-3 3 x

\
15- 18

4.
15. y 16.

•• 1

01) 1 x

17. 18. y

••
(a) f(
0 x
(b) g(-3)
(c) f(x) =

(d) f(x)
(e) f(x) =

(f) 19.
(g)
(h) Tt (o C)

5.

14

6.

13

1900 1950 2000 t

[c h'!1
20

(a) 24.
(b)
(c)
(d)
y
20.
A B C
100

(a)
(b)

R 20
I ( ”
1. 6
1.4
25.
1.2

0.8
26.
0‘ 6
0.4
0.2
27.
o
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 I

28.
Source: Adapted from G. Jacoby et al. , “ Mongolian Tree Rings
and 20th-Century Warming ," Sciellce 273 (1996): 771-73
29.
21.

30. 650km

22. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
23. 31.

(a)
(b)

P
800 (a)
600
/ (b)
11
400 v 32.

200

(a)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 t
Pacific Gas & EleClric (b)

F o I ,:->1
 1.1 21

r
’’ xz +7
BAC BAC J
f ( - j
’’
<

’l x,
x<O

0 0 1. 75 0.022
0.2 0.025 --’’ 5
r

2.0 0.018 ( x<2

0.5 0.041 2.25 0.015
% l
“
r
” - ‘ I
l
l
·‘ 1
)
0.75 0.040 2.5 0.012
1.0 0.033 3.0 0.007
n - x + --- x
1. 25 0.029 3.5 0.003 x2’ x >
1. 5 0.024 4.0 0.001
SOllrce: Adapted from P. Wil k.i nson et al., “ Pharmaco k.i netics of
Ethanol after Oral Administration in the Fasting State," JOllmal of 52.
Pharlllacokille/ics alld Biopharmacelltics 5 (1977): 207-24.

33. f(2) , f( - 2) , f(a) , f( -a), f(a + 1) ,

53-58
2f(a) , f(2a) , f(a 2) , [f (a)f , f(a +
53. f{x) = x + 1x 1 54. f{x) = 1x + 21
34. g{x) = g(O) , g(3) , 5g(a) ,
x -j- j
Ixl
[g(a)f , g(a + h) , g(x - 55. g{t) = 11 - 3t 1 56. f{x) =

35-38 7. f{x) = • Ixl , Ixl 1

f(3 + h) - f(3)
Ll , Ixl>1
35. f{x) = 4 + 3x - x 2,
h 58. g{x) = Ilxl - 11
f (a + h) - f{a)
36. f{x) = x 3,
h
59-64
f{x) - f{a)
37· f(x) = J, x-a
x

f{x) - f{l) 59. (1 , -3) , (5 ,

38. f{x) =
x - 1 60. (-5 , 10) , (7 ,

61. + (y - 1)2 =
39-46
62. + (y - 2)2 =

x +4 X2 + 1
39. f{x) = 40. f{x) = ?L y
x- - y x + 4x - 21
41. f{t) = 42. g{t) =

1
. ; = =
‘x
-4 --q

- x

45. F{p) = 46. =

65-70

47. h{x) =
65.

66.
48.

f{x)
X- L; 67.

68.
49-52 f( - 3) , f(O) , f(2)

[c h'!1
22

69.
(c)

76. (a) (5 ,
70.
(b) (5 ,

71. 30cm x 77-78

77. 78. y
1<- - 5 0 - - -• 1
•

x Ll __I
x
30 x
x x

Ix xl

72.

79-80 X

(a) (b)

79. y

0 x

80. y
73.

O X 150 x

74.
1200kWh
81 -86

0 X

75. . -x
x
--- n
n -
10,000
83. f(x) 84. f(x) = x Ix I
x + 1

(a) 85. f(x) = 1 + 3x 2 - x4 86. f(x) = 1 + 3x 3 - x5

(b)

[c h'!1
 1.2 23

87. + 88.

1.2

--‘
-- -

c (1 ( I r 1
24

y = f(x) = mx +b

f(x) = 3x -

y = 3x -

x f(x) = 3x - 2
1. 0 1. 0
1.1 1. 3
1. 2 1. 6
‘I
1. 3 1. 9
1. 4 2.2
1. 5 2.5

1 (a)

(b)
(c)

(a)

T= mh +b
T=

20 = m. 0 + b = b

b =
= T=
T
10 = m .1 + 20
20 m = 10 - 20 = -
T= -lO h + 20
10 T = -lO h + 20

0
3
(b) m =

(c) h = T = -10(2.5) + 20 =
•
[c h'!1
 1.2 25

(ppm) (ppm)

1980 338.7 2000 369 .4

1984 344.4 2004 377. 5
1988 35 1. 5 2008 385.6 C02
1992 356.3 2012 393.8
1996 362 .4 2016 404.2
Ct (ppm)
410

400

390

380

370

360

350

340

C02
G
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 t

404.2 - 338.7 65.5

= - - = 1 ‘ 819
2016 - 1980 36

C- 338.7 = 1. 819(t - 1980)

C = 1. 819t - 3262.92

of least

61

[c h'!1
26

m= 1.7 8242 b = -3192.90

C = 1.7 8242t - 3192.90

C t (ppm) +
C (ppm)

410 + 410

400+ /' 400

m+ /' m
/' 3W

370+ /' 0 370

360+ /' 360

350+ /, 0 350

340+ ./' 340

;
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2004 2008 2012 2016 t 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 t

5
•
3 C02
C02

t = C02

C(1987) = 1. 78242(1987) - 3192.90 = 348.77

C02

t =

C(2025) = - 3192.90 = 416.50

C02

1.7 8242t - 3192.90> 440

c (1 ( I r 1
 1.2 27

C02

3632.9
t> = 2038 .1 8
1. 78242

C02

C02

•
y
•
2

P(x) = a"x" + al_lx"- 1 + ... + a2x 2 + alx + ao

0 x ao ,
(l l , a2 , ... ,
(a) Y=X 2 x+l
IR = '1'=

p(x) = 2X 6 - x4 + x3 + 12

x P(x) = mx + b P(x)
= ax2 + bx +c y=

(b) y=-2x 2 + 3x+ 1

7

P(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d a '1'= 0

y y

1 x x x

(a) y=x 3 -x+ 1 (b) y = x4 - 3x 2+ x (c) y = 3x 5 - 25x 3 + 60x

[c h'!1
28

4 450m

(m)
0 450
l 445
2 431
3 408 Computer Algebra S ystem;
4 375
5 332
6 279
h = 449.36 + 0.96t - 4.90t 2
7 216
8 143
9 61 h
(m)

400 400

200 200

0 2 4 6 8 t 0 2 4 6 8

9 10

-4.90t 2 + 0.96t + 449.36 = 0

t= - 0.96 :t )(0.96)2 - (449.36)

2(-4.90)

t= •

l
f(x) = x“

(i) a = n,
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, f(x)
y= x = x2

[c h'!1
 1.2 29

2(b)

y=x 2 y=x 3 y=x 4 y=x 5

y y
y=x

1 x 0 1 x 0 1 x

11 n= =

f(x) =

f(x) = y =

f(x) = y=

…)

of

0 x

(ii ) a =
= X l / II = n = f(x) =

[0 , x _ 13(a) n
y = y=
f(x) =

(11 > y =

y y

0 “r x

(a) .f (x) (b) .f(x)

[c h'!1
30

(ii i) a = -1
function) f(x) = x- I =

y = l/x xy =

c
V - -pi

15

x
1

0 P

14 15

(iv) a = -2
f(x) = X' a =

f(x) = c/x:-
square

c
-- = -2X

17

I
/
V - -
2X 1=
x

0 x 0 x

16 17
 1.2 31

35-36) ,

function)

K -

Q(x) #-
20
f(x) = !x I x #-
x

( x’
A
x
--2X + ,--
1

FJ - -- --- -
2.x 4
,'-X +
2
1
f(x) = -.-
-

x- - 'l- !x I x #-

f(x) = g(x) = + (x -
x+ x

m = f(v) = ./1

C= 3.0 X

= sin sin

[c h'!1
32

y y

(a) f(x) = sin x (b) g(x) = cos x

[-1 ,

Isinxl 1 Icosxl 1

cos(x + = cos x

= 12 + 2.8 -

5
1 - 2 cos x

1
1 - 2 cos x = 0 cos x = 2

c (1 ( I r 1
 1.2 33

smx
tanx = ---
cos x

x =

. .. cos x =

y = tan x
tan(x + = tanx

l
f(x) = bX
x
y = 2 .:ï!} y = (
(0 ,

1 x x > 1) <
(a) y = 2" (b) y = (0.5)"'

y f(x) = 10gb X

y = IOg3 X
(0 ,

0
6
(a) f(x) = 5x (b) g(x) = x'

(c) = (d) u(t) = 1 - t + 5t4

1 -

(a) f(x) =

(b) g(x) =

(c) h(x) =

(d) u(t) = 1- t +

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 34

Y+- y

f(x) = mx +b

/ UI x
f(x)=b

f(x) = xn

x x

, ( ul
x
2 3 4
f(x)=x f(x)=x f(x)=x f(x)=x 5

Y+- H Y+- y

f(x) =

0 x x 0 x

f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x)

f(x)
xn
1
= --=:-
L x x x x

\
IU UI UI

1
f(x) f(x) f(x)
x
Y+- H y

f(x) = bX
f(x) = logbx
\
i
x x
f(x)=b X
(b> 1) f(x)=b X
(b< 1) f(x) = logbx (b> 1)

--1

f(x) = sinx
f(x) = cos x
f(x) = tan x

f(x) = sin x f(x) = cos x

 1.2 35

1.2 I

1-2 7. (a)

(b) f(2) =
1. (a) f(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 (b) g(t) = cos 2 t - sin t
(c) r(t) = (d) V(t) = 8'
(c)
(e) y (f) g(U) = 1og lO U
x- -j- 1 8. f(x) = 1 + m(x + 3)

2. (a) f(t) (b) h(r) = 2.3'

9. f(x) = c - x
(c) s(t) = (d) y = x 4 +5
(e) g(x) = (f) y 10. P(x) = -
x

3-4 11 -12

11. 12. y

3. (a) y = x2 (b) y (c) y = x8

3 x (1 , -2.5)

13. f (l) = 6, f(-I) =f(O) =f(2) =

x

14.
T = 0 .02t +

4. (a) y = 3x (b) y = 3x (a)

(c) y = x3 (d) y (b)

15.
c = 0.0417D(a +

(a)

(b)
x
16.

y = 200 -
(a)
5-6
(b)
5. f(x) = 6. g(x) = 1
.1. - sm x 1-tanx

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
36

17. F = + R(x) =
(a)
(a)
(b) (b)

18. 1-10 23.

24.
(a)
P =
(b)
(a)
(c)

y
(b)
45
25.
30 P =

01 3 6 9 12 f
(a)
(b)

19. 2200 (c) k =

10m/s , 15m/s ,
W = m2 .

(a) 26.
exitance ,
(b)
(c)
E(T) = (5.67 X 1O- 8 )T 4
20.

(a) 300K
(a)

(b)
(b)

(c) 27-28
(d)
(e)
27. (a) Y (b) Y
21. 1. 05kg/cm 2
3m .... ... .. .....
..
‘. '" _
‘ . ..--. .,.._.......: ’...
_
•? L .'
....
. ..- ...-
..
-._
'
- -. '
-.' .._.- .
01'
(a)
(b) •
. .-
• ••

0 x 0 x
22.
 1.2 37

28. (a) Y ... (b) Y1 00 31.

-..
'

-.'
._.-
---
(a)
(b)
0 x .x (c)

00 29.
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

(a) 50.1 178 .5 44.5 168.3

48.3 173.6 42.7 165.0
(b) 45.2 164.8 39.5 155 .4
44.7 163.7 38.0 155.8
(c)
(d) 32.

(e)
(a)
(f) (b)
(c)

$4 ,000 14.1 0 8.24 10 11.54

$6 ,000 13.0 2 8 .44 12 1 1. 88
$8 ,000 13 .4 4 8.95 14 12.52
$12 ,000 12.5 6 10.40 16 12.90
$16 ,000 12.0 8 11.26
$20,000 12.4
$30 ,000 10.5 SOllrce: US Energy Information Administration
$45 ,000 9 .4
$60 ,000 8.2 33.

(a)
00 30.
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)

(c)

0 60 ,083
5 66 ,533
(fìbersjmL) (fìbersjmL)
10 70 ,099
15 76 ,784
50 2 1600 42
20 84 ,077
400 6 1800 37
25 87 ,302
500 5 2000 38
30 94 ,071
900 10 3000 50
1100 26 SOllrce: US Energy Information Administration
 38

[î] 34. =

(b)
(a)

(b)

(0

d T

0.387 0.241
4
0.723 0.615 A N
1.000 1.000 10 5
1. 523 1. 881
103 9
5.203 1 1. 861
8,959 40
9.541 29 .457
19.1 90 84.008 11 ,424 39
30.086 164.784 79 ,192 84
114,524 76

35.
37.

S =

(a) Misión J =

1.3 I

y = f(x) + =

g(x) = f(x - x -

y = f(x - y =
l

[c h'!1
 1.3 39

y = f(x) + y =
y = f(x) - y =
y = f(x - y =
y = f(x + y =

> =
y =

y = (x , (x , y = f(x)

y y

/ \/Y=4(X)
(c>l)

y=f(-x)

/'-"

0 x x

f(x)-c

1 2

c>
y = y =
y = (1/ c) y =
y = y =
y =
y = =
y = =

=
2 y = y
=

t (1 ( I f 1
40

;T /1::4xx
VJ

” - m
If2
vJ

y = cos x

y= y= 2, y 2,
y= y =

y= 13(a)
y = v'x - 2,
y= y=

y y y y y y

0 x x 0 2 x 0 x 01 x

(a) (b)y= j; -2 (c) (d) (e) y = 2 j; (f)y= Fx

•
= x2 + 6x +

y = x2 + 6x + 10 = (x + 3f + 1

(-3 , 1)
0 x -3 -1 10 x

(a) y = x 2 (b) y = (x + 3)2 + 1 l

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 1.3 41

(a) y = sin 2x (b) y = 1 - sin x

(a) y = sin y = sin

7 y = sin y = sin
=

y y

y=smx

x x

(b) y = 1 - sin y = y =

y = 1-
8

y
y = 1- sin x

x
•
7T 7T 2 7T
2 2

20
v-o-.
18

16
g -0- •\
.-0-.

14 '-0.‘
"v-

12
20 0 N
10 30 0 N

8
Q 40 0 N
50 0 N
6
60 0 N
4

21 2
Soarc e: Adapted from L. Harrison ,
Daylighf. Twilight , Darklless alld Time 0
(Ncw Yor k: Silver, Burdett, 1935), 40
42

- 9.2) =

= sin

L(t) 12 + 2.8 sinlI - 80) I

•
=
365' - -, I
j

y = If(x)
f(x) y = f(x) < y =
(a) y =x 2 _]
= y = If(x)

x 5 y = -
y =

(b)y=lx 2 -11 - 10(b)

= Ix 2
- •

f + g, f - g, fg ,

(f g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)

(fg)(x) = f(x) g(x) I\( :!..._f9 )tI(x)\=

,--,
f(x)
J
g(x)

f(x) = A = [0 ,

g(x) = B=( (f + g)(x) =

nB =

{x E A

[c h'!1
 1.3 43

n B 1 g(x) #- = g(x) = x - (f jg)(x)

2
= x j(x - {x I x #- 1} (

y = f(u) = u = g(x) = r +

y = f(u) = f(g(x)) = f(x 2 + 1) =

x
h(x) =
‘

fo
g I
r

g(x) fog
(f g)(x)
0 = f(g(x))

f(g(x))
f 0

(/0
11 f 0 g g

f(x) = = x -

(f o g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x - 3) = (x - W

(g f)(x) = g(f (x)) = g(x 2 ) = x 2
0 - 3
•
f 0

f(x) = =

(a) f 0 9 (b) 9 0 f (c) f f

0 (d) 9 0 9

(a) = f(g(x)) =

{x 12 - x O} = {x 1x 2} =

t (1 ( I f 1
44

(
(g 0 f)(x) = g(f (x)) =

X 2-
2
0 o 0 2 O X

[0 ,

(c) (f 0 f)(x) = f (f (x)) = =;rx

[0 ,

(d) (g = g(g(x)) = g( J2="X) = -

-
2 - x -2 X

[-2 , •

h , g, f

(f 0 9 0 h)(x) = f(g(h(x)))

8 f(x) = x/(x + 1) , g(x) = x lO , h(x) = x +

(f 0 9 0 h)(x) = f(g(h(x))) = f(g(x + 3))
+ 3)10
x
=f((x + 3)lO) =
0' (
m
(x + 3)10 + 1 •

9 F(x) = cos 2 (x +
F(x) = [cos(x +

h(x) = x +9 g(x) = cos x f(x) = x2

(f 0 9 0 h)(x) = f(g(h(x))) = f(g(x + 9)) = f(cos(x + 9))

= [cos(x + 9) ]2 = F(x) l

t 1

1
1 h
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 1.3 45

1.3 I
1. (a) y = f( 2x) (b) y =

(c) y=f(-x) (d) y = -f(-x)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
6 -7 Y=
(h)

2. y =
y

(a) y = f(x) + 8 (b) y = f(x + 8) y= J3x-x 2

1. 5
(c) y = 8f(x) (d) Y = f(8x)
(e) y = -f(x) - 1 (f) y =
0 3 x
3. y =
6. Y 7. y
(a) y = f(x - 4) (b) y = f(x) + 3 3
x

u
(c) y = (d) y = -f(x + 4) ,

(e) y + 6)
-2.5
0
@ @

8. (a) y = 1 +

(b) y = 5 sin = sin

X y = 5 sin

-3
@ 9-26

4.
9. Y = 1 10. y = (x + 1)2

(a) y = f(x) - 3 (b) y = f(x + 1) 11.y=lx+21 12. Y = 1 - 0

(c) y = (d) y = -f(x)
13. y = - +2 14. y = - 1
x
1
15. Y = sin 4x 16. Y = 1
x-

17. Y = 2 18. y = - (x - 1f +3
19. y = - 2x +5 20. y = (x + 1)3 +2
5. 21. y =2-l x l 22. y = 2 - 2 cos x

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
46

23. y = 3 sin +1 24. Y = -

34· f(x) = -l-r
X-l
, g(x) = LX - 2

25. y = I cos 7T X I 26. Y = Iv'x - 1 I

35-40 (a)fo g , (b) 9 0 f, (c)fo f, (d) 9 0

27. 1
35. = x3 + 5, g(x) =

18
36· f(x) = L
x
, g(x) = 2x +1

37. f(x) = =x+1

28.

38. f(x) g(x) = 2x - 1

x + 1 “

39. f(x) = g(x) = sinx

x

29. 40. f(x) = g(x) =

2.0

41-44 fo 9 0

D(t) 41. f(x) = 3x - 2 , g(x) = sin x , h(x) = x 2

42. = 1x - 41 , g(x) = 2" , h(x) =

30.
43. g(x) = x 2, = x3 +2

44. =tanx, h(x) =

x - 1

31. = f(1 x

(b) y = sin 1 x 45-50

(c) y = 45. F(x) = (2x + X 2 )4 46. F(x) = cos 2 x

32. y =

y =
47. F(x) 8. G(x) =
1 + -Ux

49. v(t) = sec(t 2 ) tan(t 2 ) O. H(x) =

51-54 9 0

51. R(x) =
x
52. H(x) =

53. S(t) = sin2 (cos t)

33-34 (a)f + g , (b)f - g , (c)fg , 54. H(t) = + 1)

33. f(x) = g(x) =

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 1.3 47

55-56

61.
6km
(a)
s
55. (a) f(g(3)) (b)
(b)
(c) (d) (g 0 f)(5)
d =
56. (a) g(g(g(2))) (b) f)(I) (c) fo
(c) (/0 fo g)(I) (d) (g 0 fo g)(3)
62. 2km
t =
57. (a)

(a) f(g(2)) (b) (b)

(c) (/0 g)(O) (d) (g 0/)(6)
(e) (gog)(-2) (f) (c)

63. function)

m- nU ‘ <
l
nU

t,
-- nU

(a)
58. X = - 5 , - 4 , - 3, (b) t =

y (c) t =
1\ / Í"- 9 L
v \ Z
t =

L\ 0
JL x
64. function)
'i\
\ \
y =
f Ì\ /
z j (a) y =
(b) t =
t 60
59.
(c) t =
(a) t 32
(b) A 0

65. f(x) = I1l (X + b( , g(x) = 11l2): +

60.
(a)
(b) Vo I

t (1 ( I f 1
48

66. l 69. h = fo
A(x) = A 0 A, A 0 A 0 A,

70. h = fo

67. (a) g(x) = 2x + 1, h(x) = 4x2 + 4x + 9 =

71.
(a) E(x) = f(x) + f( -
(b) O(x) = f(x) - f(
(b) f(x) = 3x + 5, h(x) = 3x2 + 3x + 9 =
(c)

68. f(x) = x + 4 , h(x) = 4x - 1 (d) = 2x + (x -

1.4
f(x) =

g(x) =

f(x) = b'

x =

b" = b . b ..... b

bO = x =

b- II = _1.
b"

q(q > x=

b' = b p/ q =
y
2 ,[5

y =

y =

0
x E
x
= 1. 7 <
y =

[c h'!1
 1.4 49

2 1.7 < < 2 1. 8

_Q_
T .M'"1

1. 73 < < 1.74 ::;> 2 1.73 < 2 1.74

1.732 < < 1.733 ::;> 2 1.732 < < 2 1.733

1. 7320 < < 1.7321 ::;> 2 1.7320 < < 2 1.7321

1.7 3205 < J3 < 1.7 3206 ::;> 2 1.73205 < 2 J3 < 2 1.73206

J. A. 2 1.7, 2 1.73 , 2 1.7 32 , 2 1.7320 , 2 1.73205 ,

( Calculus Unlimited )
(Menlo Park, CA, 1981)

2 1.8, 2 1.74 , 2 1.733 ’ 2 1.7321 , 2 1.73206 ’

= 3.321997

b >
f(x) =

y = bO = 1
(0 ,

b = b >
b # y =
x
(0 , (l /bY = l/b = y =

t (1 ( I f 1
50

y =

1. 5X

O < b<l 0
b >

y y y

0 x 0 x x

(a) y =b , 0<b<1
X
(b) y =v (c)y=b X, b>l

www.5tewar tC alculus.com

Review of 1. b X+Y = bXb Y

,‘ ’0 x? -
’hUx
-y
-LU
3. (bX)Y = b XY 4. (abY = aXb x

1 = 3-
y = y =

y y y

y=3

x x 0

(a)y=2 X (b)y=-2 X (c) y = 3 - 2"'

t 1 n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
1 ’
 1.4 51

y = (

•
2 f(x) =

g(x)

[ - 2, 6] x [0,
x > f(x) =

g(x) =

= 2-'01 y = f(x) = g(x) =

f(x) =

40 250
50 Y= X2

y= x 2

‘ 6 0 8
0

•
•

I
=

0 1650
p(1) = 2p(0) = 2 x 1000

10 1750 p(2) = 2p (1) = 2 2 X 1000

20 1860
30 2070 p(3) = 2p(2) = 2 3 X 1000
40 2300
50 2560
60 3040
p(t) = 2 1 X 1000 = (1 000)2 1
70 3710
80 4450
y =
90 5280
100 6080
110 6870
52

P(t) = X 109 ) • (1. 01395)'

t =

P P

5 X 10 9 5 X 10 9

- -
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
20 40 60 80 100 120

8 •
l
V(t)
RNA
1 76.0
4 53.0
8 18.0
11 9 .4
15 5.2 y =

22 3.6

V V

60 60

40 40

20

0 10 20 30 t 0 10 20 ‘
30 ’t
10 11
•
1. D. Ho et a l., “ Rapid Turnover of Plasma Virions and CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV-I lnfection ," Nat !l re 373
(1995): 123-26

[c h'!1
 1 .4 53

V = 96.39785 . (0.818656)'

y = a' bl , b > 4
y = a' b , b
l
< 3.8

y = bX
(0 ,
y = y =

(0 , y = m = 0.7
y = m =

m=l

x x

12

(0 , y = l
14

3 y = y =

y = 15

e = 2.71828

f(x) = exponential func-

[c h'!1
54

=
x
y=

5 y= -

y = y =

y =

y y y y

0 x 0 x x

(a) y = e X (b)y=e- x (c)y= 5e-x (d) y = - 1

•
1. 5 X 106

y= 10 6 5 >

y= y =

15 x = x > >
17 •
 1.4 55

-- 1.4 I
1-2 16. y =

-2 6
(-3)6
1. (a) (b) (c) . r--7 (a) (b)
ÿX"
x 3 • x" 2x 2 v 17-18
(d) (e) b 3 (3b - 1)-2 (f)
x (3x-'y)'
l
l
/ ‘
J
F - (b) f(x) =
1
-
e--
+x
•(
:-
2 5
2. (a) (b) 27 2/ 3 (c) 2x (3x )2

18. (a) g(t) = (b) g(t) = sin(e 1 - 1)

ja-'- .• a 1/2
(d) (2X- 2 t 3
x- 3 (e)
a -
_ 1 (f)

19-20 f(x) =

3. (a) 19. y 20. y

(b) (3 , 24)
(-1 , 3)
(c) b
(d)
-,.f /
‘‘’ l ’
j
”
(i) b > 1 (ii) b = 1 (iii) 0 < b < 1

4. (a) x 0 x
(b)
(c)
/

21. f(x) =
f(x + h)
h
- f(x) - J
l

‘\
l n -E

S. Y = 2" y = e" y = 5'’ y = 20'

22.
6. y = e" y = e-', y = 8'’ y = 8-'
1.
(*)r R
7. Y = 3-', y = 10 -', y= W'’ y=

8. Y = 0.9 ", y = 0.6 ' ’ y = 0. 3"', y = 0.1'

23. 3cm f(x) =

g(x) =
9-14 1m

9. g(x) = Y + 1 10. h(x) = -3 f(x) = g(x) =

11. Y = -e-'< 12. y = 4 -,+2

13. y = 1- e-' 14. y = el' l

25. f(x) = g(x) =

15. Y =
26. c‘ >
(a)
(b)
(c) 27.
(d)
(e)

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
56

29.
(a)
(a)
(CFU;mL)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
f(t) = a . 30.
(c)

(a)
(b)
(c)

iug 31. 76.0(mL

“‘
gEza RNA
~
32.

(a)
(b)

SOllrce: Adapted from P. Wil k.i nson et al., “ Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol after
Oral Administration in the Fasting State," 0/ Pharmacokillet;cs alld
Biophartllacelllics 5 (1977): 207-24.

1 - e t/x
f(x) =
1900 76 1 + e ‘{-'
1910 92
1920 106
1930 123 34. a > f(x) =
1 + ae bx
1940 131
1950 150
1960 179
1970 203 a>
1980 227
1990 250 f(x) = + e- x / a )
2000 281
2010 310

) 1
‘ :.1 o. ( I J
 1.5 57

1.5 I

N=

t = r1(N)

r 1
(550) =

f(6) =

f N = f(t) 1 =rl(N) =
= N

0 100 100 0
1 168 168
2 259 259 2
3 358 358 3
4 445 445 4
5 509 509 5
6 550 550 6
7 573 573 7
8 586 586 8

A B 3

g(2) = g(3)

Xl f(Xl) #- f(X2)
A B

to-one

Xl #- f(Xl) #- f(X2)

[c h'!1
58

Y+ f(Xl) =

x2 x

2 f(xl) =

1 f(x) =

1 Xl 0/= X? 0/=
f(x) =

2 f(x) =

f(x) =
•
2 g(x) =
Y=X2 1

g(l) = 1= g( -1)

x
2
g(x) =

rl(y) =x •=> f(x) =Y

x
A

B
y

c (1 ( I r 1
 1.5 59

f(x) = r1(x) = y =

rl(y) = r 1(X 3) = (X 3)1/3 = X

f(x)

A B 3 f (l) = 5 , f(3) = 7 , f(8) = r 1(7) , r (5) , r 1(

1

f(3) = r 1
(7) = 3
r 1

A
- B
f(l) =
f(8) = r
(5) =
1(-10)=8
1

-•-- - rl(X) = y f(y) = x

6

tion

r1 (f (x)) = x
f(r1(x)) = x

x - f ::.;• f(x) r 1
,::-• x

[c h'!1
60

= r'(X) =
r' (f (x)) = (X 3 )' / 3 = X

f(r'(x)) = (X' /3)3 = X

y = y

x =

y =

y =

f(x) = x3 +

x 3 = Y - 2, x=

r'(x) =
•
f(a) = = (a ,
(b , (b , (a ,
8

x x

y=x y=x

t (1 ( I f 1
 1 .5 61

y=f(x)

5 f(x) =
(-1 , 0) x
(0, -1)
i = -1 - x = -l-
10
y=rl(x)
X r'(x) = -x2 -
y = 2
-X -
•
b > =

rithmic

rl(x) = y •=> f(y) = x

10g bx = Y bY = x

x>
3
10- = 1og100.001
= =

lOgb(b X ) = x, xEIR
b 'og ‘t
, = x, x>O

y (0 ,
y=x
y =

b > 1 b > 1 y =

y = x>l

x
y = 10gb 1 =
y = 10gb X, b > 1

11

‘ o ( I , ')1
62

1. log b (xy) = log b x + log b y

2. log bl ) = log b x - log b y

\y/
3. log b (x r ) = r 10gb x

6 IOg2 80 - log2

24 =

g25 = = log2
•
b
ln
e <j

logx

logex = In x

b =

lnx = y eY = x

ln(e X ) = x x E
e 1n x
= x x> 0

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 1.5 63

lne = 1

x' = e1n(x') = e'lnx x> 0

x" = e rlnx

ln x =

lnx = =x

x =

(“ ln" logex =
5
e =

2 ln x =

1nx
e = e

1n x
e = = l

8 e5 - 3x
=

ln(e S- 3X
) = ln 10
5 - 3x = ln 10
3x = 5 - ln 10
x = - ln 10)

x = .

•
'1
9 ln
3x + 1

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
64

lnx 2 + - ln(3x + 1)
jX -r 1

= 21nx + + 2) - ln(3x + 1) •

lna +

lna + = ln a + ln b 1/2
= lna +
=
•

ln x
10gb X = .,-,-
ln b

y = !JY =
y ln b =

lnx
l

50

11

ln 5
10gB 5 = = 0 ‘ 773976 l
ln 8

(0 ,

x
= ln (x - 2) -

y =
13 y = ln = e'
y = ln (x - y = ln (x - 2) - 1
=
14

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 1.5 65

y y
1 x=2
y | x
|
-
|
| y - - x ) 1
y=ln(x-2) |
•
? -------
x 0 21 x 0 “

(3 , -1)

ln

1 2
y = ln y '= X / =

y y

20

y=lnx

0 1000 x

y =
y = sm
18 sin- 1
sine function) func-

y y
y=smx
7r
2

x x

18 Y = sin x, X g

t (1 ( I f 1
66

r 1
(x) = y f(y) = x

sin- 1x
7T 7T
= y smy =x and

sin 'x 1 X
smx
•

13 (a) (b)

(a) =

sin- 1(t) =

(b) e= arcsin sin 6 =

= =

•
y

7f
2

sin- 1(sin x) = x, }2 x -2

x
sin(sin- 1x) = x, -1 1
7f
2

y = sin ’x = arcsin x

y cosine
f(x) = cos x , 0 X 21
cos- 1
0 7f x
71'
2
cos- 1x = Y cosy = O y

21 f(x) = CQS X , 0 X

[c h'!1
 1.5 67

7T cos-I(cos x) = x,

cos(cos- 1x) = x, -1 X 1

[-1 , [0, 22

-1 0 x

y = cos- I X = arccos x
f(x) = tan x , < x < 23
tan- I

l tan-'x = y
7T
-5<y<5
7T

/ IV 12 Å
14
1 I I 1
I I I 1
1Y = tany = <Y< cos
tan sec
23 y = tanx, sec2 y = 1 + tan2 y = 1 + x2

< Y< secy>

secy =

= cos y = -L =
secy

2
j_.....- I X y = tany = 0)

= cosy =
1

•
tan - 1 = (
68

y
7r
2

---------T--------- 7r

y = tan-1x = arctanx 2

x =

y=

lU
y
y = csc-1x (1 1) cscy = Y E (0 , U
y = sec-1x (Ixl 1) secy = Y E [0 , U
= coC'x YE
|[ 7T I X y coty =
1

y = sec x
Y E [0 , U

1.5 I
1. (a) 5. yt 6.
(b)
_.- x
2. (a)

7. yt 8.
(b)
(c)

3-16
9. f(x) = 2x - 3 10. f(x) = x4 - 16

11. r(t) 12. g(x) =

3.
13. g(x) = 1 - sinx

14. f(x) = x4 - 1, 0 X 10

4. 15.

c (1 ( I r 1
 1 .5 69

16. 33-34

33. 34. y

17.
(a) f(6) =
0
(b) r 1
(3) =

18. f(x) = + r 1
(3) ,

19. g(x) = 3 +x +

20. 35. f(x) = X

(a) (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
36. g(x) = -
(a)
(b)

37. (a) y =

(b)
(c)
(d) b> =

38. (a)
21. C = - 32) , F
(b) ?
(c)

22.
39-42
m = f(v) =
39. (a) log381 (b) log3 (c) log93

( - /l
n t
40. (a) (b)
9
L /
e-

41. (a) log230 - log2 15

23-30
(b) log3 10 - log35 - log3 18
23. f(x) = 1- x 2
X O 24. g(x) = x 2
- 2x, x 1 (c) 21og 5 100 - 41og 5 50
’

25. g(x) = 2 + 26. h(x) =:65x- +.-=3x7 42. (a) e

31n2 (b) e-
21n5 (c) e1n (l nc')

27. y = el- x 28. y = 3 ln(x - 2)

43-44
1 - e- x
29. y = (2 + 30. y =
1 + e- x
43. (a) log lQ (X 2 y 3Z ) (b)

,--:;•
44. (a) (b) log2 [(x 3 + 1)
’

3 1. f(x) = 32. f(x) = 1+ e- x

45-46

45. (a) log lQ 20 - log lQ 1000 (b) ln a - 21n b 31n c

70

46. (a) 3 ln(x - 2) - ln(x 2 - 5x + 6) + 2ln(x - 3) 61 -62

(b) c log a x - d loga y + loga Z
61. (a) lnx < 0 (b) e X > 5
62. (a) 1 < e 3x - 1
< 2 (b) 1-21nx<3
47-48

63. (a) f(x) = ln (e" -

47. (a) logs 10 (b) 10glS 12

48. (a) log3 12 (b) IOg126 64. (a) e 1n

(b) e 1n

[î] 65. f(x) = -.}x 3 + x 2 + x +

49. Y = log l.5 x , y = ln x , y = log JO x , y = log5ox

50. Y = ln x , y = log8x , Y = eX , Y = 8x

51. = (a) g(x) = x6 + x 4, X

(b) y = g(x) , y = x, y =

52. f(x) = g(x) = In

67.
n = f(t) = 100.2 ,/3

53-54
(a)
(b)

53. (a) y = logJO(x + 5) (b) y = -ln x 68. Livermore)

54. (a) y = ln( -x) (b) y = ln Ix I

55-56
(a)
(b) Q(t) = Qo {l - e- I /")
(c)
)
55. f(x) = lnx +2 56. f(x) = ln(x - 1) - 1 (a)
(b) a =

57-60
69-74
57. (a) ln(4x + 2) = 3 (b) e 2x - 3 = 12 69. (a) cos-'(-l) (b) sin- ' (0.5)

58. (a) 10g 2 (x 2

- x - 1) = 2 (b) 1 +e 4x
+ 1
= 20 70. (a) tan- I (b) arctan( -1)
59. (a) 1nx + 1n(x - 1) = 0 (b) 5 1
- 2.< =9
7 1. (a) csc- I J2 (b) arcsin 1
60
60. (a) ln (1 n x) = 0 (b). = 4 72. (a) sin- ' (-I/J2) (b)
+
_<

1 e
73. (a) cOC 1( - .J3) (b) sec- I 2

[c h'!1
 1.5 71

74. (a) (b) cos(2 sin- ' 81.

g(x) = sin- '(3x + 1)

75. cos(sin- ' x) =

(a) =

76-78
(b) g(x) = sin- 1(sin
76. tan(sin-'x) 77. sin(tan-'x)

78. sin(2 arccosx)

83. (a)

g(x) = f(x +

(b) h(x) = f(cx) , c

79. Y = sin x , X y = sin-'x; y = x

80. y = tan x , <x < y = tan-'x; y = x

010.2089.7621
Icealex / Shutterstock.com

2 Limits and Derivatives

73
c (1 ( I r 1
74

2.1 I

(a)

y =
(
1 P(I , y =

Q(x ,
V = 2
secant

*"
x2 - 1
I11 pQ
x - 1

Q( 1. 5 ,

2.25 - 1 1. 25
x I1l PQ Inpn = = -_. = 2.5
. 1. 5 - 1 0.5
2 3
1. 5 2.5
1.1 2.1 f
1.01 2.01
1. 001 2.001

x I1l PQ
2 1

0 lim mM = m lim = 2
x• I X - 1
0.5 1. 5
0.9 1. 9
0.99 1. 99
0.999 1. 999
(1,

y - 1 = 2(x - 1) y=2x-l
•

[c h'!1
 2.1 75

x x x

f f

x A

2
Q
0 10
0.02 8.187
t =
0.04 6.703
0.06 5 .4 88
0.08 4 .493
0.1 3.676

P(0.04 , R(O ,

10-6.703
mp /l = = -82 .425
... 0 - 0.04

10

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 t

[c h'!1
76

t =
R mPR
-60.75
(0 , 10) -82.425
(0.02 , 8.187) -74.200
(0.06 , 5 .4 88) -60.750
- 60.75) = -67 .475
(0.08 , 4 .493) -55.250
(0.1 , 3.676) -50 .450

Q
m
9

7 P
6
5 - - B C
f‘
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 (

IABI _ 8.0 - 5 .4
IBC I = 0.06 - 0.02
= -65.0

s(t) = 4 .9?

3 450m CN
 2.1 77

t = t =

s(5 .1) - s(5)

0.1

4.9(5. 1)2 - 4.9(5)2

=
0.1 " = 49- .49m/s
- -,

5 t 5 .1 49 .49
49.245
5 I 5.01 49.049
5 t 5.001 49.0049

s t =
t =
v =

•
0
P(5 , Q(5 + h, 4.9(5 +
s
4.9(5 + h)2 - 4.9(5) 2
In PQ -
(5 + h) - 5

[5 , 5 + t =

P/ =

0
78

2.1 I
1. (c)

(d)

5.
y = 80 -

(a) (1 5 , t = 5 , 10 ,
(a) t =
20 , 25 ,

(i) (ii) (iii)

(b)
(b) 1 =

(c) 6.
= 101 -
(a)
( [- -
(i) [1 , 2] (ii) [1 , 1. 5] ,
2.
(iv) [1 , 1. 01] (v) [1 , 1.001]
(b) 1 =

7.
t

C",

(a)
(a)
(i) [0 , 40] (ii) [10 , 20] (iii) [20 , 30] (i) [2 , 4] (ii) [3 , 4] (i ii) [4 , 5] (iv) [4 , 6]
(b) (b) t =

3. P(2 , y = 1/(1 - x) 8. t

(a) Q(x , 1/(1 - s = 2 sin 7l' t + 3 cos

(a)
( [1 -
(i) [1 , 2] ,
(i) 1.5 (ii) 1.9 (iii) 1.99 (iv) 1. 999 (iii) [1 , 1. 01] (iv) [1 , 1.001]
(v) 2 .5 (vi) 2.1 (vii) 2.01 (viii) 2.001 (b) 1 = 1
(b) P(2 ,
9. P(l , y = sin
(a) Q(x , x = 2 , 1.5 , 1.4, 1.3, 1. 2 , 1. 1,
(c) P(2 ,
0.5 , 0 .6 , 0.7 , 0.8 ,

4. P(O .5, y = cos

(a) Q(x , cos (b)

(i) 0 (ii) 0 .4 (iii) 0 .49 (iv) 0 .499 (c)

(v) 1 (vi) 0.6 (vii) 0.51 (viii) 0.501
(b) P(0.5 ,

[c h'!1
 2.2 79

2.2 I

•
f(x) = (x - 1)/(x2 - x= 1

y
x< 1 f(x) x> 1 f(x)
0.5 0.666667 1. 5 0 .400000
0.9 0.526316 1.1 0 .476190
0.99 0.502513 1. 01 0 .497512
0.999 0.500250 1.001 0 .499750
0.9999 0.500025 1. 0001 0 .499975 I

0 x
0.5 0.5

l f(x) = (x - 1)/
2
(x -

x - 1
lim - ^ -- = 0.5
- 1

lim f(x) = L

x =1= a)
)

t (1 ( I f 1
80

lim f(x) = L

f(x) • L

x *'
x - x
a

f(a) *' limx • "j (x) = L

y y y

L L L

0 a l 0 a x 0 (/ x

(
(c)
,‘ m IIJ - L

t2
: +: 1.0 0.162277
::+::0.5 0.165525
::+::0.1 0.166620
::+::0.05 0.166655
::+::0.01 0.166666 ...

0 .1 666666 ...

l
1m
1
=-•

::+::0.001
t2
0 .1 66667
•
::+::0.0001 0.166670
::+::0.00001 0.167000
::+::0.000001 0.000000

[c h'!1
 2.2 81

&
•

www.5tewartCalculus.com

Li es My Calculator f(t) =
and Computer Told
The Perils of
(b)

|
l

’”
h
0.2 0.2
1
0.1

(a) -5 5 (b) -0.1 0 .1 (c) -10- 6 t 10-6 (d)- 1O-7 I 10- 7

2 1im
x• o x

smx
f(x) = (x E
x
x
::1:: 1. 0 0.84147098
::1:: 0.5 0.95885108
::1:: 0 .4
l S1nx
0.97354586 im"::'::::":": = 1
::1:: 0.3 0.98506736 x• o x
::1:: 0.2 0.99334665
::1:: 0.1 0.99833417
::1:: 0.05 0.99958339
y
::1:: 0.01 0.99998333
::1:: 0.005 0.99999583
::1:: 0.001 0.99999983

0 x
l

lim
x• 0\
Ix 3
+
10 ,000;-
82

COS 5x COS 5x
x x'3 +, __- x x‘J + __ -
10,000 10,000
1. 000028 0.005 0.00010009
0.5 0.124920 0.001 0.00010000
0.1 0.001088
0.05 0.000222
0.01 0.000101

cos 5x =

+ 0.0001

•
•

r
’’ nu
l
y 4
= ‘
l t<O
U
/ , --
,l
t O

Heaviside ,
0
t =

H(t) = 0 H(t) = 1

“t •
“t •

lim f(x) = L

f(x) = L

[c h'!1
 2.2 83

“x • x < 5, "x •

y y

0 x - a x 0 a ‘- x x

(a) lim f(x) =L (b) lim f( x ) = L

f(x) = L f(x) = f(x) = L

y
4

0 12345 x

(a) g(x) (b) g(x) (c) g(x)

,/u/‘,
J v
m g”‘
f
1
l
/
l
1
/

\ ” a1

“‘
l
/
m m “a,,‘/
x x

(a) g(x) = (b) g(x) = 1

(c)

(d) g(x) = (e) g(x) = 2

(f)
84

g(x) = 2

g(5) *- l

f(x) =

f (1) = sin =0 fm = =0

fm = =0 fW = =0

f(O.l) = sin 10 7f' = 0 f(O.Ol) = sin 1007f' = 0

f(O.OOl) = f(O.OOOl) =

lim =0
x• o x

• - sin 11 7f' - 2/101

f (1/I1)

f(x) =

y=

-1

--x·m
•
·M
x

[c h'!1
 2.2 85

lim
r• o

f(x) =

x
x2
::+:::1
::+:::0.5 4
::+:::0.2 25
::+:::0.1 100
::+:::0.05 400 l

::+:::0.01 10 ,000
::+:::0.001 1,000 ,000

1
lim ---;;-
x->O X •

lim f(x) =

lim f(x) =

* a) ,

[c h'!1
86

lim f(x) =

y
x • f(x) •
y=f(x)
lim f(x) =

10 limf(x) =

x=a
lim f(x) =

i= a) ,
x

lim =

11 lim f(x) =

EqLf(x) = =

1im f(x) = lilg f(x) =

y y y y

l 0 x 0 x

(a) lim f(x) = (b) f(x) = (c) lim f(x) = (d) f(x) =

c (1 ( I r 1
 2.2 87

lim f(x) = lim f(x) = li!!f(x) =

lim f(x) = lim f(x) = lim, f(x) =

x-• a T

= = 12

y =
X-j

2x/(x - 2x/(x - 3)
= 6.02/0.01 = 6.02.]
y

-x -- -
5
x -
x
2x/(x -

x=3 2x
lim
x • 3- X - 3

y = 2x/(x - .. •

NOTE
f(x) • Ii m (1 /x2) =
f(x) • f(x) •

f(x) =

tanx = cosx = x•
cosx

Ii m tanx = lim tanx =

x=
x= + f(x) =
14 y = tanx
•
c (1 ( I r 1
88

Y+ y = 1n 15

y=lnx

lim lnx =

x = y = 10gb X
12

15
y = 111

2.2 I
1.
= 5

f(2) =

2.

lfRr = 3, = 7

6.
3.
(a) f(x) = (b) = (a) li lI! l1 (x) (b) li lI!. l1 (x) (c) lim. h(x)
r • -3- x • -3+ x • -3

4. (d) h(-3) (e) lim l1 (x)

x • 0-
(n h(x)

(g) li lI! l1 (x) (h) h(O) (i) lim l1 (x)

(a) f(x) (b) !iql f(x) (c) f(x) r• 0 x->2

(d) f(2) (e) f(x) (f) f(4) (j) h(2) (k) (1) li r:p h(x)
x • 5-

f---+ 4
•~ _Z
1/
g
2 4 x

5.
E=Z

K U
7.
• (c)
K K (a) lim

(b) lim

(c) ..

c (1 ( I r 1
 2.2 89

(d) = g(x) 11 -12 lim

Ie X
• x O
11. f(x) = {x - 1, 0 <x< 1
Ilnx , x l

1
12. f(x) = { x, -1 < x 2
8. l (x - 1)2’ x>2
(a) (b) A(x)

(c) A(x) (d) A(x)

(e)

(a) (b) (c) li%f(x)

13. f(x) = 14. f(x) =

e ‘I ‘ l

15-18

15. f(x) = 3, = 0, f( 1) = 2

16· f(x) = 4, f(x) = 1, f(x) = -3,

9. f(O) = 6 , f(8) = -1
(a) f(x) (b) f(x) (c) f(x)
17. lim _ f(x) = 0, lim f(x) = 1, li J1! f(x) = 3,
1- x-• l'
(d) (e) f(-I) = 2 , f(2) = 1
(f)
18. f(x) = 3, f(x) = 2, f(x) = -1,
f(x) = 2, f(-3) = 2 , f(3) = 0

19-22

_2 _ '1_

19. lim •,•,

x• 3 x" - ':i
10. x = 3.1 , 3.05, 3.01 , 3.001 , 3.0001 ,
2.9, 2.95 , 2.99, 2.999, 2.9999

20. lim
l • -3 xL - 9
x = -2.5, -2.9, -2.95 , -2.99, -2.999, -2.9999,
f (t)
-3.5, -3.1 , -3.05, -3.01 , -3 .001 , -3 .0001

\\\\
300
21. t = :t 0.5 , :t 0.1, :t 0.001 ,
t • o t
150 Q+ M 2
-+- -h -n -,
-,
K ± U nU m
0 4 8 12 16

[c h'!1
90

23-28

45. (a) (1 +
Inx - In4 1 + p9
23. lim 24. lim
• 4 x-4 p • :':1 1 + pl5
1
ffi (b) = (1 +
sin 311 5' - 1
25. l i m - - 26. lim
0• o tan 211 l• 0 t
(a) 0 X = e‘ x -
27.rl•Im0+ xA ,o+ x2 lnx
28.rl-lm

(b)
29-40
47. (a) x = f(x) = x 2
x + 1 x + 1
29.rl-i•m5+ - - - 30. lim - - -
x-5 l • 5- X - 5

31. lim
x2
r• 2 (x - 2)2
32. Ii m
Fx (X2
x •]'- (x - 3)5

33. 1) 34.r l-i•mu ln(sin x)

.\"-)1+
(b) x = 0.04 , 0.02 , 0.01 , 0.005 , 0.003 , 0.001
35. lim -secx 36. Ii m x cotx
X

2
+ 2LX x 2 + 4x 48. (a) x =
37. lim xX -;- 38.
;:':; j x - 2x + 1
2
rliI?:1_ -::Z
• r xL - 2x - 3 = (tan x -
(b) li m_
39. (I n x 2 _ [2) O m ’u X
\"->0 (c)

41.

f(x) = (d) [-1 , 1] X

2x +4

42. (a)
x2 + --x
- --
-x -7
-

(b) y = tan(2 sinx), X

43. lim Ii m.
x • 1- 1 -'• 1+ x J
- 1

50. f(x) = tan

x
(a)
1 1 1
f(x) = (a) x = - , -;:-,
7r ’ ’
... f(x) =
(b) 4 4 4
(c)
(b) x = - , -_-, -;:-, ... f(x) =

(a) (c) llm tan

• u, X

f(x) = .:os 2x 7 cos x 51.

x

m = )1 -

(b)

[c h'!1
 2 .3 91

2.3 I
l

--?‘ ·m K + “a = l· m FJ + Il m
x i

m K - a = l ·m FJ
- --x·m
“ l %

3. lim [cf(x)J = c lim f(x)

4. lim [f(x) g(x)J = lim f(x) . lim g(x)
· m fJ
-m
FJ
- - -g
·m
m * nU

t::::J -1 t::l-, 1.
2.
3.
2. 01
t:::S -1 t::I-, 4.

""'-1 t::I-,
s.

1 1

f(x)
(a) lim2 [f(x) + 59(x)] (b) [f(x) g(x)J (c) li Il!
.;:':;2 g(x)

(a)

lim2 f(x) = liIn2 g(x) = -1

[f(x) + 5g(x)] = f(x) + [59(x)] 1)

= +5 g(x) 3)
92

= 1 + 5(- 1) = -4

(b) =

E?- 9(x) = -2, g(x) = -1

[f(x) g(x)] = . = 2 . (-2) = -4

= · = 2 . (-1) = -2

(c)

f(x) = g(x) = 0

g(x) =

6· [f(X)]" = f(x) )",

L-..x.. t::::I-, 7.

lim f(x) >

8. lim c = c 9. lim x = a
I •(/ r •(/

y = c

f(x) =

10. lim x!' = a" ,

,-•(/

f(x) =

[c h'!1
 2.3 93

1661
11. lim =

x + 2 --x
(a) (2x 2 - 3x + 4) - -5 --

(1)
(2)
(3) (a) li ll! (2x 2 - 3x + 4) = li ll! (2x 2 ) - li ll! (3x) + li ll! 4 1)
x• 5 x• 5 x• 5 x• 5
(4)
= 2 lim x 2 - 3 lim x + lim 4 3)
r• 5 x• 5 x• 5

= 2(5 2 ) - 3(5) +4 10, 9 , 8)

= 39

(b)

lim (x 3 + 2X2 - 1)
Xj + 2x" - 1 :':• -2 ,
5)
5 - 3x = (5 3x)

lim x 3 + 2 x lim x2 - lim 1

x • -2 • -2 x • -2
l ‘ 2 , 3)
lim 5 - 3 lim x
x• 2 x• 2

(-2)3 + 2(-2)2 - 1 10 , 9 , 8)
5 - 3(-2)

11 •
l
f(x) = 2x 2 - 3x + = f(5) =

59 ,

lim f(x) = f(a)

c (1 ( I r 1
94

x• I X - 1

f(x) = - 1)/(x - x =

x2 - 1 (x - 1)(x + 1)
x-l x-l

x - x =1= 1,

l. x2 - 1 ,. (x - 1)(x + 1)
1m = 11m - - - - -
x• I X - 1 x• I X - 1

= lim (x + 1) = 1 + 1 = 2
x- • l

(1 , y =
•

NOTE f(x) = (x 2 - 1)/(x - 1)

g(x) = x + x =
f(x) = =

y=f(x)
3 f(x) = lim f(x) = 1im
2

x + ’’ x * m
’
A
=
i

x =
ll

1 2 3 x ’ x

y = g(l) =

• y=g(x) g(x) = x +
g(x) = (x + 1) = 2

l
x

x = 2

(3 + h)2 - 9
5 h

[c h'!1
 2.3 95

F(h) = (9
,-
+ 6h + h2 )
---, -- ,
- 9 = 6h +
,
h2 = h(6 h)
-' -, --, = 6 + h
h h

(3 + h? - 9
h = (6 + h) = 6

+9
t
v
(2
t; - 3

l - - 3 +3
l lT!
t• o
.2
t
=
Ill• lT!Ô (2 +3
%
- vm

+ 3)

+3

5, 1, 7, 8, 10)
+ 9) + 3

•
·

limf(x) = L lim f(x) =L = linL f(x)

F o I
96

1I 1lx =

-/~1 [/

’’’’.‘‘,,
r

x - lk f
x<O

y
|x| =

y=lxl Ixl

Ixl = (-x) = 0

= 0 l

lim I x I L..
x• o x

Ixl Ixl
y IXI X
lim -'-' - lirn - = lirn 1 = 1
x-• 0+ X x-->O+ X x-• 0+
- |X|
y- -
Ixl_
m -'-""-' = lim -
-x
lim (-1) = -1
0 x x---+U- X X x---+U -
1

=
•
I./x - 4" x > 4
9 f(x) = i18-2x " x<4- ’
"";• 4

f(x) =

f(x) = 8 -

y = (8 - 2x) = 8 - 2 " 4 = 0

= 0
0 4 x

•
10 greatest integer function)

F 0 0 h'!1
 2.3 97

[x] = 4, [4.8 ] = 4, = 3, [J2] = = -1)

y
4
[x] =
3t • --0

lim. [x] = lim. 3 = 3

2 x-• ]T x-• .F

-----..0

[x] =
0 1 234 5 x
liqL RxR = 2=2
...--0

a f(x)

lim f(x) lim g(x)

a f(x) g(x)
lim f(x) = lim h(x) = L
g
lim g(x) = L
x-• a

f g(x)
a
x a h(x)

11 lim x2sin l =
x• o x

sin(l/ 5

g(x) = :? sin(l/
x •
l
x
-1 Sin -L 1
x

8 Y = 2- sin (l /x)

c (1 ( I r 1
98

-x 2 X2 Sln -L x2
x

x2 = (-r) = f(x) = -x2 , g(x) = r sin (l/x) ,

h(x) =

lim x2 sin
o
-L o =
r• x

•
2.3 I

1. f(x) = 4, g(x) = -2, h(x) = 10. (a)

x ‘‘ + x r0
- - -x-- 2 - x +

(a) [f (x) + 5g(x)] (b) [g(X)]3 (b)

3f(x) x +x z0

(c) (d) li lT!

-J l -m - -x-- - = --xm x +
r\ ' 2
x• i g(x) x

(e) li lT! :
g(x)
•• mm -
11 -34
x • i h(x)
”“ ’l m ‘,\/
2. 11. lim_(3x-7) x
x-•

t - 2t - 8
2 X2
+ 3x
13. l i m - - - - 14. lim
r• 4 t - 4 x• 3 ‘
x - 12
(a) [f(x) + g(x)] (b) [f(x) - g(x)]
15. lim
X2
+ 5x + 4 16. lim
X2 + 3x
f(x)
,. x• 2 X - 2 x• 4
‘
- x - 12
(c) [f(x)9(x)] (d) lilT!'::"";-:;-
X• 3 g(x)
17. lim
X 2-x-6
18. lim --_
+ 9x - 5
(n f(-l) + lirnl 9(x) x• 2 3x" + 5x - 2
‘
x• 5 x" - 25
(3 - 27
u+ 1
19. lim - - - , - _ - - 20. lim - _ - -
t • 3 t" - 9 u • -1 u' + 1

(h - 3)2 - 9 'J -x
21. lim 22. lim
h x • 93-

- 3 2 x
23. lim 24. lim--=--
’‘• o h x• 2 x+2-2
3-9
1 1
3
25. l i m - - -
x (-2 + h)-1
26. lim _"----'-
+ 2- 1
3. (4x 2 - 5x) 4. liIn3 (2x3 + 6x2 9) x• 3 X - 3
"• o h

3t 2 + 1
5. li lT! (v 2 + 5) 6. lim
u• 2 I• 7 t" - 5t
27 28
7· lim2 - u 3 + 2u 2 8. - 3x)
X2 - 4x +4
29. 30. lim---;
9 r• 16 16x - x" x • 2 x' -
‘
-4

[c h'!1
 2.3 99

32. Ii m -5
31 x• -4 X +4 47

1 1
(x + h)3 - x3 (x + h)2 x2 49.
33. lim 34. lim
h• o h h• o h
l-l , x<O
sgnx = 0, x = 0
1 1, x> 0
‘
ffi 35. (a) f(x) = -
(a)
(b)
X

1
(i) sgn x (ii)
(b)
(iii) li I1! sgn x (i v) 1 sgnxl
x-• u

(c) 50. g(x) = sgn(sin

(a)
ffi 36. (a) f(x) = .j3
x

(b)
(
x
vm
+
(ii)
/I\ ”x -a
g(x)
l·m g
(iii)

(vi) lim g(x)

g(x)

( l ·m ”g 7 >
)Z
x
(c)
(c)
ffi 37. Ii m x cos
2

1. g(x)
f(x ) = -.x2, g(x) = x? cos 20 7TX, h(x) = =
Ix - 21
(a) (i) (il)
ffi 38. (b)

lim .Jx 3 + x2 sin =0 (c)

r• o x
I x + 1,
2
x < 1
g, 2. f( x) = C '::,
1(x - 2)2, x 1
39. x 4x - 9 x2 - 4x + (a)
(b)
4 2
40. 2x g(x) x - x + (c)

2
m x m -x - 53. B(0 = t < lim
I , /t + c. t 2 I• 2

42· e s in(."þ) =

Ix. x < 1
43-48
54. g(x) = • 3, ? x= l
12 - x", 1 < x 2
Ix-3 , x>2
43· (lx + 4 |- 44. Ii m Ix + 41
..!..'_ _...!...

r• :':4 2x + 8 (a)

”
x
2t ---1-x 2 -Ixl
(i) g(x) (ii) g(x) (iii) g(1)
-3
46. Ii m "
x-• - 2 2 +x (iv) (v) (vi)
(b)

c (1 ( I r 1
100

55. (a) [ f(x)

(a) li%f(x) (b) lim
x• o x

(i) UxI| (i1) [x] (iIi) [[xI|

63· f(x) = {x < x e Qc li Ill f(x) =
(b) 10 , x E QC

(i) UxB (ii)

(c) lim 64. lim

56. f(x) = [cos X bm [f (x) +

(a) tJ

(b)
…”
(i) f(x) (li) f(x)

(iii) f(x) (iv) f(x)

66 lim
(c) lim j - x - 1

57. f(x) = [x] + 3x 2 + ax + a + 3

67. lim-=----------;;
x• 2 x" + x - 2

58.
68. (x - li +i =

(0 ,
lim

59. lim p(x) = y

60. P
lim r(x) =

f(x) - 8
61. =
R x
f(x)
62.
x• o x •

2.4 I

lim ( x 3 + ) = 0.0001 -1
x• o 10 ,000 J x - l

[c h'!1
 2 .4 101

- -

If(x) - 51 < 0.1

01=

If(x) - 51 < 0 ‘ l

0< Ix - 31 < (0.1)/2 =

If(x) - 51 = 1(2x - 1) - 51 = 12x - 61 = 21x - 31 < 2(0.05) = 0.1

o< 1x - 31 < If(x) - 51 < 0.1

(0.01)/2 =

0< Ix - 31 < If(x) - 51 <

o< 1x - 31 < If(x) - 51 <

0.1 , 0.01 ,

O< |x - 3 | < 8 = 1 - 51 < E;

x 01= 3)

[c h'!1
102

3 - 8 < x < 3 + 8 (x -=1= 5- 8 < f(x) < 5 + 8

(3 - 8 , 3 + x

(-=1= (5 - 8, 5 +

3-8 } 3+8
x

0< Ix - al < If(x) - LI < 8

limf(x) = L

Ix - If(x) -

limf(x) =

limf(x) =

Ix - al < -8 < x -
0< Ix -
-=1= 0, If(x) - LI < L - 8 <f(x)

limf(x) = (0 - 8, 0 +
(L - e , L +

x a f{a) f{x)

c (1 ( I r 1
 2 .4 103

(L - 8, L+ 8, a + 8)
(L - 8 ,L+ 8)

(a - 8 , a + 3

x f(x)

a-ô a a+ô L-6 L L+6

=L- 8,Y =L+ 4

limf(x) = (a - 8, a + x =1= y =
5
.

y y
y4 /y=f(X)
y=L+6
y=L+6
L
L-6/1 y=L-6
y=L-6
y=L-e

0 G x
0
/ a \
x 0
/a\ x
a-8 a+8
a)

1 f(x) = x 3 - 5x + = f (1)

= 13 - 5(1) + 6 =

1(x 3 - 5x + 6) - 21 < 0.2

15
a = 1, L = f(x) = x 3 - 5x +6
8 =

(1 , 2)
3
1(x 3 - 5x + 6) - 21 < 0.2
-5
-0.2 < (x 3 - 5x + 6) - 2 < 0.2

[c h'!1
104

2.3 3
1. 8 < X - 5x +6< 2.2
y=2.2
5x+ 6 y = xl - 5x + y = y =
3
(1 , 2) (l, y = x - 5x + 6, y = 1. 8 , y =
3
y = 1. 8 = = x - 5x +
%n
1. 2 = x3 - 5x + = = 1.1 24

0.92 < x < 1.8 < x 3 - 5x +6< 2.2

= x =
1 - 0.92 =
=

Ix - 11 < 1(x 3 - 5x + 6) - 21 < 0.2

0.08 0.2
=

8 =

A,
B
- LI <

lim f(x) =

- 5) =

1.

0< Ix - 31 < 1(4x - 5) - 71 < 8

1(4x - 5) - 71 = 14x - 121 = 41 (x - 3) 1 = 41x - 31

41 (x - 3)1 < 8

[c h'!1
 2.4 105

0< Ix - 31 < |x-3|<5

"
8=
2. e> 8 =
y
y=4x- 5
7+e
7 | 5) - 71 = 14x - 121 = 41 x - 31 < 48 = 4(:) = e
7-e

0< Ix - 31 < 1(4x - 5) - 71 < e

0 j
(4x - 5) = 7

. R

3 lim x 2 =

1. e>

0< Ix - 31 < Ix
2
- 91 < s

Ix2 - Ix - Ix2 - 91
= I(x + 3)(x -
Ix+31I x -31<s

Ix + 311x - 31 < clx - 31

Ix - 31 < clx - 31 < 8 =

1
Ix + 31 <
Ix -
106

Ix - 31 < =
C 7
18
t:/ 7
8 = min {l ,
2. 8 = min {l ,
Ix + 31 <
Ix - 31 <

1x 2 - 91 = 1x + 311 x - 31 < 7 =e

x2 =
•
(Cauchy, 1789-

If(x) - LI < e

lim f(x) = L

If(x) - LI < 8

ligLf(x) = L

(a - 8, a + (a - 8,
(a - 8 , a +
(a , a +
4

[c h'!1
 2 .4 107

1.

O[ < 8

-
---"

x < e2

8 =

e> 8 = 0 <x<8

O[ < 8

f(x) = (6x2 - 8x + 9)/(2x2 -

Iim f(x) = L , Iim g(x) =

Iirn [f (x) + g(x)] = L +M

0< [x- [f(x) + g(x) - (L + M)[ < e

|“ + bl 1(/1 + Ibl

[f(x) + g(x) - (L + M) [ = [(f (x) - L) + (g(x) - M) [

[f(x) - L[ + [g(x) - M[

[f(x) - [g(x) -
[f(x) + g(x) - (L +
e/2 > Iimf(x) =
108

|f(x)-L|<5

81> lim g(x) =

0< [x - a[ < | 9(x) - M | < 5

82> 8 = min(81 ,

0< [x- 0< [x- < 0< [x - a[ < 82

|f(x) L| < |9(x) - M| < 5

[f(x) + g(x) - (L + M) [ [f(x) - L [ + [g(x) - M [

<
E
-2 + -2
E
- E

[f(x) + g(x) - (L + M)[ < e

lim [f(x) + g(x)] = L +M

limf(x) =

M y=M
0< [x - a[ < f(x) > M

6 x =1= a)
/ a\
a- 8

y (a - 8 , + x =l=

[c h'!1
 2 .4 109

= =

x• o x'

0< Ixl < ÷

x
>M

y
2
a+å x Ixl

8 = 0< Ixl < 8 = 1/x2 >

y=N
x • 1/x2 •
•
11

1imf(x) =

0< Ix - al < f(x) <N

2.4 I
1. 2.

Ix - 11 < If(x) - 11 < 0.2 0< Ix - 31 < If(x) - 21 < 0.5

y y

ii2
2.5
l
nU8 2
1. 5

0.7 1 l.l x 0 2.6 3 3.8 x

c (1 ( I r 1
110

3. f(x) =
(c) lim f(x) = E:,

Ix - 41 < 21 < 0.4

y
12.
2.4
2
1. 6

? 4 ? x = 0.lw 2 + 2.155w + 20

4. f(x) = (a)
(b)
Ix - 11 < Ix -11
2
<t
(c) lim f(x) = E:,
y

1. 5

13. (a) Ix - 21 < 14x - 81 < E:, t: =

0.5
(b) t: =
0 ? x 14. li% (5x - 7) = t: - 0.1 , t: =
0.05 , t: =
5.
15-18
|
t:,
- 31 < 0.3
15. - 1) = 1 16. (2 - 3x) = -4
6.
17. lim. (-2x
x ....
+ 1) = 5 18. lim (2x - 5) = -3

Ix- Icos x - 2
< 0.1
19-32 t:,

+ 4)
7. (x 3 - 3x = t: = 0.2 ,
19. - = -2 20. Gx - D= 7
t: =
X 2-2x-8 9 - 4x 2
21. lim =6 22. lim = 6
8. lim t: = 0.5 , t: = 0.1 x• 4 X - 4 x• -1. 5 3 + 2x
x• o x
mX = a M
x
’
1l
m C ----C

2X
= (| M ll
X
‘‘- nU

9. (a) x

= 0
28.
““ --
4x +
2
-
> 100
” (x 2 + 2x - 7) = 1
1lA
---,-----,- 30.
ln(x - 1)
r, = 3 32. lim x = 8 3
(b) } 2

lim csc 2 x =
(a) M = 500, (b) M = 33. 8 = min[2, t: /8}

11.
(a) 34. lim
(b)

F o I
 2 .5 111

35. (a) + x + 1) = mn FJ K -
nU x
1i x nT
8 =
(b)

(c) 8 = 40.

1 1 41· --L-;
36. lim - = (x + 3)4 >
. .-- .I. V ,VVV 2 \..!.-,
x • lX L

37. a > lim =

42. lim
lx- a|
=
x• :':3 (x + 3)
=
43. Inx=
38. li%
44. limf(x) = lim g(x) =
(a) lim [f(x) + g(x)] =
8 =
(b) c> lim [f (x)g(x)] =

(c) c < lim [f (x)g(x)] =

2.5 I
•

y
y=f(x) lim f(x) = f(a)
| •
t f(a)----
II

1.

2. lim
0 - G <1_ X

3. lim f(x) = f(a)

a
112

. 1

a =

a =
0 3 4 5 x ·

a = ·

f(x) =,F f(5)

•
2X--xx ?•
x --2
x ?• --x -- 2 - x 4r
( -- -- -
”fJ
=

1 x = ?~

(c) f(x) = { (d) f(x) = [x]

l l. x=O

(a)

(b) f(2) =

2 -x- 2 ,. ( x - 2)(x + 1)
li lI! f(x) = li lI! -- -- - = lim ,-- " = lim (x + 1) = 3
x• 2 - x• 2 X - 2 x• 2 X - 2 x• 2

f(x) =,F f(2)

(c) f(O) =

l1m f(x) = l1m

X • -.)U x-’ u
4
X

[c h'!1
 2.5 113

6
(d) f(x) =

55 •

(b)

g(x) = x +

j :l
y y

1+

0 1 2 x x 0 x I 2 3 x

lifg f(x) = f(a)

lim f(x) = f(a)

3 f(x) = 3(d)

f(x) = l1fR UxD = n = f(n)

lim f(x) = lim = n - 1 #- f(n)

= 1- -1 ,

[c h'!1
114

lim f(x) = lim (1 -

= 1 - lim 2 , 8)

- x 2) 7)

= 1 - 2 , 8, 10)

= f(a)

-1 < a <

f(x) = 1= = 1= f (1)
y

[-1 ,

x x2 + (y - 1)2 = 1

•
•

1. f +9 2. f - 9 3‘ cf
4. fg 5. L
9
g(a) "* 0)
l

lim f(x) = lim g(x) = g(a)

lim (f + g)(x) = lim [f (x) + g(x)]

= lim f(x) + lim g(x) 1)

= f(a) + g(a)
= (f + g)(a)

c (1 ( I r 1
 2 .5 115

+ g, j - cj,
*-

(a) !ffi=(

(a) CQ , CI , ... ,

P(x) = C"X" +C ,, _IX

n
-
1
+ ... + CIX + Co

lim Co = Co 8)
x-• a

lim X ’ =a ’'"
'11 m = 1, 2 , ... , n 10)
x-’ a

j(x) =
g(x) =

(b)

P(x)
j(x) =
Q(x)

D = {x E !ffi I Q(x) *-

h(t) = 15t -

3. + 2X2 - 1
lim
x• -2 5 - 3x

[c h'!1
116

X3 + 2X2 - 1
j(x) =
5 - 3x

{xlx

3 + 2X2 - 1
lim -- - = lim _f (x) =j(-2)
x• - 2 5 - 3x X • 2

( 2)3 + 2( -2)2 - 1 1
5 - 3(-2) 11

y
•
P(cos (J, sin (J)

sin cos (cos() , •

cos () • sin () •
(1 , 0) x
lim cos () = 1 lim sin () = 0
8• O 8• O

cos () = sin () =
sin (J < (J ((J >

66 , 67

m
-m

cosx =

= ... 6

y = y =
y = y = 10gb
6 y = tanx (0 ,

• • •
• •
• •
 2.5 117

ln x + tan-1x
6 f(x) = 2
x - 1

y = In x> y = tan- J
y = In x + tan - J (0 , y=

x = :t (0 , (1 ,

•
7 lim-= smx
4 cos x

y = = 2 +
cosx -
+ cosx >
s u
= -+ -m-x

= limf(x) = =
2 + cos x 2 + cos 1T 2 - 1

fo 9

g(x) = =

: =

(lim-
, _1 - )
(1 -

c (1 ( I r 1
118

- …… 1
m -2 - -ro
•
f(x) =

f(g(x)) =

g(x)) =

(f 0 9 )(x) =
fo

lim g(x) = g(a)

b=

lim f(g(x)) = f(g(a))

•
(a) h(x) = sin (x 2 ) (b) F(x) = ln (1 + cosx)

2 (a) g(x) = f(x) = h(x) =

= fo
-10
10 (b) f(x) = g(x) 1 + =
y = F(x) =
ln (l + 1 + cosx > cosx
-6 =
7 y = ln (1 + cos x) 7 •

[c h'!1
 2.5 119

Value Theorem) [a ,

f(a) f(b) f(c) =

(a , b)

f(b)
(a)]
(b)]

y y

f(h) f(b)

N
y=f(x)
N

f(a) f(a)

0 Q c b X 0 a C1 C2 C3 b X

(a) (b)

y
f(a)
y = y = f(b)
N

f(b)

a b X

52

4x 3 - 6x 2 + 3x - 2 = 0

f(x) = 4x3 - 6x2 + 3x - f(c) =

= 1, b = 2, N = 0

f (1) = 4- 6 + 3 - 2 = -1 < 0,
f(2) = 32 - 24 +6 - 2 = 12 > 0

< 0 < f(2) ,

t (1 ( I f 1
120

f(c) = 2
4x 3 - 6x2 + 3x - 2 = (1 , 2)

f( 1. 2) = -0.128 < f( 1.3) = 0.548 > 0

1.3

f( 1. 22) = -0.007008 < f( 1. 23) = 0.056068 > 0

1. 23)
•
[-1 , 3] X

2 [1. 2, 1.3] X

3 0.2

, 3 1. 2 1.3

4
- -0.2
10 11

2.5 I
y
1.

2. (

3. (a)
-4 -2 0 6 x
(b)

[c h'!1
 2.5 121

4. (d)
(e)
y

_/
13-16

13. f(x) = 3.? + (x + 2)5 , a = - [

‘ l
2 3 t 2 + 5t
14. g(t) a = 2
2t + 1

15. p(v) = a =[

5-6
16. f( r) = V4r 2 - 2r + 7, “ = -2
(a) [im

(b) 17-18
(c) li m

5. y 6. 17. f(x) = x + [4,

18. g(x) = -2)

3x + 6

01 1 j x 19-24

7-10 a =-2

l
7. m n - -x-+ x 4r

a = - 2
1 x =
8.

9.
21 f(X) = {Z + 3; ;1 a =-[

10. 1x2 - X

22. f(x) = x ;6 1 a=1

11 , x = 1

11 .
1cosx , x <0
23. f(x) = 0 , x = 0 a=O
11 - x 2 , x> 0
(a)
1 2x 2 - 5x - 3
1 ,
(b) 24. f(x) = { x - 3 a=3
16 , x =3

12.
(a) 25-26 (a) =
(b) (b) x =
(c)

t (1 ( I f 1
122

X2 - 7x + 12 1x + 2 , x < 0
25. f(x) = 26. f(x) = ‘
X- - ':J X-j
45. f(x) = e' , 0 X 1
12-x , x>1

27-34
46.

27. f(x) =
3v - 1
28. g(v) = ---;;
+2 v" + 2v - 15
“
“ 1 GMr
r<R
c 2
= ----- -c F(r) = i
30. B(u) = +
31. L(v) = v ln (1 - v 2 ) 32. f(t) = e- 12 1n (l + t 2 ) I

47.
33. M(x) = 34. g(t) = cos- 1(e ' - 1)
I cx 2 + 2x. x < 2
f(x) = • 1 ‘ (
I X- - CX , x.:::;:.

35-38
48.
35. 36· sin(tantos 8)) Ix 2 - 4

‘
x<2
I x - 2
38. lim f(x) = lax"-bx+3 , 2 x<3
7 .\'-)4

12x-a+b , x 3

49. g(2) = 6 , [3f(x) + f(x)g(x)] = 36

39· f(x) = 40. Y = arctan -

- sm x x 50. f(x) = l/x , g(x) =
(a)
(b) fo
41 -42
51.
41. f(x) = -x , x
Ilnx , X.?l
2
f

42. f(x) = :: 2;; (a) f(x) =

x - 1
a = 1

(b) f(x) = x3 _ x2 ; , a = 2
X - L.

(c) f(x) = [sin a= 7r

43 -45
52. [0 , 1(0) = 1,
f (1) =
x < l
= l
-x [ < 1li

ril-- 53. f(x) = + f(c) =

x l
4 = < x 1 < x
·lllL
x > 4 54. [1 , = = 1, x = 4
f(2) = f(3) >

F 0 0 h'!1
 2.6 123

55-58 (b)

69.
55. - xl + 4x + 1 = 0 , ( - 1, 0)
70. l
56. In x = x- (2 , 3)
71.

‘
2
57. = 3 - 2x, (0 , 1) 58. sinx = x - x , (1 , 2)
f(x) = [1 ,

59-60 (a)
72.
(b)

g(x) = i -,
1
59. cosx = 60. In x = 3 - 2x

73.
(a)
(b) I x 4 sin (l /x) , x

61. 100e-x!IOO = 62. arctanx = 1 - x

(

63-64 74.
a b
+ _ = 0
xJ + xJ + x - 2
“

- 1
63. Y = sinx3 , (1 , 2) 64. Y = 3 + l/x, (0 , 2)

65. + h) = 75.

66.
Ii m sin x = sin
Iim. sin(a + h) = sin a
Ir• 0 76.
(a) F(x) =
(b)

67.
(c)
68. (a)

2.6 I
y =

x?- --+-----li
- -x-‘
-

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
124

x f(x)
0
::!::l 0 y
::!::2 0.600000
::!::3 0.800000
::!::4 0.882353
::!::5 0.923077
::!::10 0.980198
::!::50 0.999200 1
::!::100 0.999800
::!::1000 0.999998

y =

x2 - 1
lim" = 1
+ 1

lim f(x) = L

(a ,

lim f(x) = L

limf(x) =
f(x) • L

Ii m f(x)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 2.6 125

y y y

y=L
y=f(x)

y=L
0 x 0 x 0 x

2 limf(x) =

--+----li
@
x
m -x - ,
1
i

y=L lim f(x) = L

0 x

y=f(x) lim f(x) =

3 lim f(x) =

lim f(x) = L lim f(x) = L

y=

x2 -
y
1T l1m 1 =
2
+ 1

y =
y = 4

1T
2 7T
lim tan-1x = lim tan-'x = -
2 2
4 y = tan-1x
126

y = =

IY 1
•- ••
1\
.J.....-- 2 1/ x •
\ llIF l f(x) =
x
N
•-
1-

t-I+
= =

x = -

lim f(x) = lim f(x) = 2

= l

1im lim
x x-• x

--m
1_ = 0.01 --=0.0001 - nu m
100 10,000

Y= x

l
x lim - = 0
x

1
lim - = 0
x--> x

lim l = 0, lim lx =O y = y = 6 .
x
•
l

11 • a" 3 • "x •

[c h'!1
 2.6 127

r>

lim-L=o
xr

r>

lim L= 0
x

x2 - X - 2
lim ‘
+ 4x + 1

3x 2 - X - 2
2
‘ 3-_!
- ----
l 3x - 2 X - x x x
1m = 11m . = 11m
+ 4x + 1 + 4x + 1 4 1
5+-+- .
x2 x x-
1
--+
-x --+
-4 5)
-x

lim 3 - lim lx - 2 1im

x
y 1, 2, 3)

x x

3-0-0
5)
5+0+0
3
5

x •
y = =
3.x 2 - x - 2
y = -S-x-2-+-4-x-+-l l

f(x)
"'x - J

t (1 ( I f 1
128

+ 1
x x2
1im = lim = lim ’ a (x > =
3x - 5 - 5 3x - 5
x x

vm@ 1
lim 2 + lim ----:;-
J2
x
-vm%
3-5.0 3
lim 3 - 5 lim LX

y =

x• x <

J2

y=
J2
vm
.. … -
3x - 5 1 3
3 - 5 1im -
X

y= 3x-5 y = l

5 1im -
1

lim - x) = lim 1 +x
x ‘ +l+x

y .. (x 2 + 1) - x 2 •. 1
- .. … - …
+x +x

x • +

lim x) = 1im =0
0 x x" + 1 + x

[c h'!1
 2.6 129

t = l/(x - x • t •

x• 2+
I 1 \
lim arctan I - - - I
\ X - 2 I
= lim t =-
2 •
= b>l

| = 0 I

x e X

0 1.00000
0.36788
2 0.13534
3 0.04979
5 0.00674
x 8 0.00034
10 0.00005

7 1im

m t = x • t •
81

lim e 1/ x = lim e l
t-•
= 0
•
8 lim sin

-1
lim •

1im f(x) =

lim f(x) = lim f(x) = lim f(x) =

9 1im 1im
130

10 3 = 1000 100 3 = 1,000,000 1000 3 = 1,000 ,000 ,000

lim x 3 =

11
lim x 3 = lim x 3 =
lim x 3 =
X --7- CO
y

y =
•
lim e X
=

100
x • y =

0 x

lim (x 2 -

lim x 2 = limx=

•
- x -

lim (x 2 - x) = lim x(x - 1) =

•
lim
j-X

x• x + 1•
- 1
2x + x x + 1i
m -3 -- -x - -
m -3-----
-x

[c h'!1
 2.6 131

y = (x - 2)4(X + l)\x -1)

f(O) = (-2)4(1)3(-1) = y = x = 2,
-1 , (x -

lim (x - 2)4(X + 1)3(x - 1) =

lim (x - 2)4(X + l?(x - 1) =

13
y = (x - 2)4(X + 1)3(x - 1) l

(a ,

1im f(x) = L

If(x) - LI < 8

f(x)
E

y=L+8

=L I
132

y=L+s
L
y=L-s

: ’l L x
--x
m n = IL
N

lim f(x) = L

If(x) - LI < e

y=f(x)

N x
lim j(x) = L

3x 2 - x- 2 3
11m
+ 4x + 1
‘ -
5

L = 3= O 6, e =
‘

13

- 0.61 < 0.1

3x 2 - X - 2
0.5 < < 0.7
+ 4x +
‘
1

[c h'!1
 2.6 133

y = y = 0.7 x

y=O.7

y = x =
= = 0.7

17
1S
| - 0.61 < 0.1
8 = N =

- 01 < 8

I/x < 8 x > N =

X > N= -01=:<8

1
lim-=O
X

~ N=5
g = 0.1
N= 10 x

l
134

y=M
(a ,
M
lim f(x) =

0 N x
f(x) > M

lim f(x) =

80

2.6 I
1. 5-10
(a) lim f(x) = 5 (b) lim f(x) = 3
5. f(2) = 4, f( -2) = -4, lim f(x) = 0, lim f(x) = 2
2. (a) y =
6. f(O) = 0, = f(x) =

(b) y =
lim f(x) = -2 , lim f(x) = -2
7· f(x) = f(x) = f(x) =
3. lim f(x) = 1, lim f(x) = -1
(a) lim f(x) (b) lim f(x)
8. f(x) = f(x) = f(x) =

(c) f(x) (d) Iilq f(x) f(x) = lim f(x) =

(e) 9. f(O) = 0, f(x) = lim f(x) =

10. = =
f(x) = 1, f(3) = 4, = 4, =1

x =
f(x) =
x2
Ii m -
2'
4.
(a) lim g(x) (b) lim g(x)

(c) li%9(x) (d) g(x)

I 2 \'
(a) f(x) = 11 - '::'1 lim
(e) g(x) (f) ‘ X I

(b)
.

.\1 13-14

c (1 ( I r 1
 2.6 135

2x2 --x
”Il (b)
H
-
-‘·m -2X- -+ --
14. lim
45. (a) f(x) =

lim +
15-42 (b)
(c)
4x + 3 -2
15. lim - - - - 16. lim - - -
5x - 1 3x + 7 (a) f(x) = .J3x 2 + 8x + 6 - .J3x 2 + 3x +
ro 2 + --?-
3t + t 2
--m - t- -Q/--t-2--t
17. lim
t' - 4t + 1
. t %
-

(b)
3
r - r 3x - 8x + 2
3
19. lim ---_ - 20. lim
2 - + 3r'
‘ ‘
4x' - 5x" - 2 (c)
( u2 + --2 2u nu
21.
”“. n -- - -+ -7- - 47-52
2+ “• 4

m… ~
3. Ii" t + 3 5 + 4x %
.
x?-
: -+
-x
+ ------
24. __ 47. Y = -.- /-
-

4x - 1 2t 2 - I x+3

2x 2 +x
- 1 1 + x4
25. 26. lim ‘ 1 + L1 y6 49. y = ? 50. y =
2 - x' +x-2 x- - x
r• 2 - x'
X3 - X
2X 5 - X q3 + 6q - 4 5 1. Y = ? 52. Y =
27.
r•
lim
x ‘ +3
28. Ii m ‘
3q + 3
6x +5 e-- - :)

29. 30. + 2x)

-10 X

31. 3,x 3 + 500x 2

f(x) = 1
x' + 50C
32. -
33. lim (x 2 + 2x 7 ) 34. + 2 cos 3x)
sin 2 x /?y2 + 1
35. lim (e- 2x cos x) 36. lim - , - - (a) f(x)
,

+1 = •
5
e --- - e
‘ “

37. llm 38. Ii m --:-

, ----::-
1 + 2e x e-'X + e- .] x
39. lim e Sccx 40. liim ,.
r• (,,/2) + , lim
3x - 5 3x - 5
41. [In(l + x 2 ) - In(l + x)]
(b)
42- [ln(2 + x) - In (1 + x)]
(c)

43. (a) f( x ) =
mx
55. P , (a) (b)
(i) f(x) (i i) . f(x) (iii) f(x)
P(x)
(b) lim lim
Q(x)
(c)
56. y
2 1
44. (a) f(x) = :::_ - -.
x mx (i) 11 = 0 (ii) 11 > 0,
(i) Ii m f (x) (ll) f(x) (iii) n > 0, (iv) 11 < 0,
(i ii) j(x) (iv) (v) 11 < 0,

[c h'!1
 136

(b) t •
x-”x
(b)
r 69.
l
x (d) lim x" v(t) = v*(1 - e - gl/’ 1

57.
= 0, = f(2) = 0, (a) lim

= xEqL f(x) = (b) v* = Im/s , 9 =

58. x = 1, x = y =
(a) y = y =
59. x = 4, e-xjlO <
= lim
f(x) = l • -1 (b)

(a) f(O) (b) 71.

60-64 x • •
123f t11- 1< 1. 5 0.05

60. y = 2x 3 - x 4 61. Y = .4
- x
1 - 3x
3
’ A 72.
62. Y = x (x + 2)2(x - 1) 63. y = (3 - x)(1 + - x)‘ yx ‘ +1
t: = 0.1 , t: =
64. Y = - 1)2(x + 2)
73. 1im
‘-’ -t- I

65. (a) lim t: = 0.1 , t: =

x
Efl (b) f(x) = (sin 74. = M = 100
66. x• . X: •
75. (a) <

÷
(a) [-2 , 2] x [-2 , 2] , [-10 , 10] x [-10 ,000 ,

(b) Iim =
x-

P(x) = 3x5 - 5x3 + 2x Q(x) =

76. (a) <
(b) x •

(b) /' = lim

x
67. x> 1 lim

77. l1m L
x
=
10e' - 21 x
Le ‘ - 1 78. lim x 3 =

68. (a) 79. lim e" =

80. lim f(x) =

lim (1 + x 3 ) =
C(t) = 30t/(200 + t)
 2.7 137

81. (a)
(b) llm x sin
.r -’ UT X
=

2.7 I
y

f(x) - f(a)

x-a

•
y = P(a ,
x x
Q(x , x *
f (x) - f(a)
mpQ -
x-a

P(a , y =
,. f(x) - f(a)
m = 11m
x •(/ x - a

1 P(I , y =
a = =
2
,. f(x) - f (l) ,. x - 1
m = um = I1m - - -
x• 1 X - 1 x• 1 X - 1

" (x-l)(x+l)
= llm-----
x• 1 X - 1

= (x + 1) = 1 + 1 = 2

(XI , P (l ,

Y-YI =m(x- xl) y - 1 = 2 (x - 1) y =2x-l

c (1 ( I r 1
138

•
y =

2 1. 5 l ‘l

(l
, U (I n
’ ” (1 ””

0 2 0.5 1. 5 0.9 1.1

y= (1 ,

f (a + h) - f(a)
mpQ =
I J(o + 17) - f(o)

i h<
0 u

= x-

m =
,. f(a
llm -'-------'.
+ h) - f(a)
"• o h

(3 , =

f(x) = (3 ,
fJ + pn
m - -m - - - -h

3 -1 3- (3 + h)
3 +h 3+h
= 11m 11m
"• o h "• o h

-h 1 1
= 11m = ’ 1m - - - - - = - -
h(3 + h) 3 +h 3

(3 ,

y - 1= - 3)

( - (
t r <
I r 1
 2.7 139

x + 3y - 6 =

l
CN

= u
a + h s =

s t = t = a + h
0
f(a + h) - f(a) f(a + h) - 5

K + n
-- - -h --
s
Q(a + h , f(a + 11))
[a , a +
t -
velocity)]

0 G

----
mm
”7
”-H
f (a + h) - f(a)
-- U(a) = h

t =

t =

CN
(a)
(b)

2.1 t = t = (/
s = f (t) =

v(a) = lim J ,-' + ..h), -

f (a f(a)
J ,--, ,.
lim 4.9(a
'_ ,-- + ..h,)Z - 4.9a 2
h-• o 11 h-• o 17.

" 4.9(a 2
+ 2ah +h 2
- a 2
) ,. 4.9(2ah + h2)
= 11m = 11m - - - -
h• o h "• o h
4 .9h(2a + h)
= h = ji96 4 9(2a + h) = 9 8a
140

(a) v(5) = (9.8)(5) =

(b) s(t) =
4.9 r2 = 450

2
t t=

= 94m/s •
•

FJ a( + K
l -m - - - - -h --
h

f (a h) - f(a)
r
‘
f(a) = h

• x •

f (x) - f(a)
f ’(a) = lim
x• a X - a

4 (a) (b) f(x) = x 2 - 8x +

(a)

[c h'!1
 2.7 141

f(2 + h) - f(2)
f(2) = h

,. (2 + h)2 - 8(2 + h) + 9 - (-3)

= 11m
"• o h
4 + 4h + h 2 - 16 - 8h + 9 + 3
= 11m
h• o h
h 2 - 4h " h(h - 4)
= 1iJ1! = li J1! .,. , = liIl! (h - 4) = -4
h• o h "• o h "• 0

,
/ f (a + h) - f(a)
f ’(a) =
l

" [(a + h)2 - 8(a + h) + 9] - [a 2 - 8a + 9]

= 11m
• o h
a2 + 2ah + h 2 - 8a - 8h + 9 - a 2 + 8a - 9
= 11m
"• o h
2 ah + h 2 - 8h
= h = (2a +h- 8) = 2a - 8

a = f ’ (2) = 2(2) - 8 =
•
5 a (a > f(x) =

f (x) - f(a)
f ’(a) = 1im
.'(-'Þ(I X - a

=1 1 Ja Fx Ja
x- = x - a

= 1 .
- a) - a)

= l- - (x - a) -- l -1
- + +

3 2
+ 2a /

•
P(a , y =
142

(a , y = (a ,

(a , y =

y - f(a) = f ’ (a)(x - a)

y=x 2- 8x+ 9 6 (3 ,

f(x) = 2 - 8x + f ’ (a) = 2a -
x
(3 , f ’ (3) = 2(3) - 8 =

y - (-6) = (-2)(x - 3) y = -2x

•
y =
XI

= X2 - XI
y

= f(X2) - f(xl)

f(X2) - f(xl)
01 X, X2 X X2 - XI
- 1n PQ

[XI , rate of

rate of P(XI ,
y =

f(X2) - f(Xl)
= lim lim
L). x • o ßx x• x, , X2 - Xl

y = X=

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 2.7 143

y =

y =

9 s =
t -
If ’(a)

7
c=
(a)
(b) 1' (lOOO) =
1' (500)

(a)

tlC
f ’(x) = Iim_
Ax -> U Ll X

tlc/

(b) 1'(1 000) =

=
tlx = x =
x=
tlC tlC
1000 1'(1 000) = -:-- = -:- = tlC
tlx 1

(c)
x = x =

f ’ (50) > f ’ (500)

144

f ’ (5000) > l' (500)

8 2016
D(t)
2000 5662.2
2004 7596.1
2008 10,699.8
t =
2012 16,432.7
2016 19,976.8
L

D (t) - D(2008)
D'(2008) = liæ
t • 2008 t - 2008

D(t) - D(2008)
t
t - 2008

2000 [2000 , 2008] 629.7

2004 [2004 , 2008] 775.93
2012 [2008 , 2012] 1433.23
2016 [2008 , 2016] 1159.63

10
D'(2008) =

t =

3, 7,

fL (‘){:' 1
 2 .7 145

2.7 I
1. y = (c)
(a) P(3 , f(3)) , Q(x ,
10. (a) x =
(b) (1 ,
(b)

ffi 2. [-1 , 1] X [0 , 2 ], [-0.5 , 0.5] X [0.5 , 1.5] , [-0.1 , 0.1]

ru (c)

11. 30m
X [0.9 , y= (0 ,
=
(a)
3. (a) y= + (b)

12.
(i)
= 101 -
(ii)
(a)
(b)
(b) ( =
(c)
(c)
(-1 ,
(d)

13. s=
4. (a) (1 , y= +
t = a , ( = 1, t = 2, t =

(i)
(ii) 14.
(b) s = !t 2 - 6t +
(c) (a)
(i) [4 , 8] (ii) [6 , 8] (iii) [8 , 10] (iv) [8 , 12]
(b) t =
5-8
(c)
5. y = 2x2 - 5x + 1, (3 , 4) 6. y = X2 - (1 , -1)

x+2
7. y = (2 , -4) 8. y =.j l - 3x , (-1 , 2)
X-5
15. (a)

9. (a) x = y = 3 + -
..
(b) (b)
146

s 19. f(x) = “ =6
4
20. f(x) = 5x\ a = -1

21 -22

21. f(x) = a = 3 22. f(x) = a = 1

16. LOOm Z

(a)
(b) 23-26
(c) 23. f(x) = 2x2 - 5x + 3 24. f(l) = ?- 3t
s
25. f(t) 26· f(x) = -3--
80 - l 1 - 4x

27. B(6) = B ’ (6) = y = x=6

o 4 8 12 I
28. g(5) = -3 , g'(5) = y = x =
17.

29. f(x) = 3x2 -

o 9’(-2) g'(O) 9’(2) g'(4) = 3x2
y
y=g(x) 30. g(x) = x 4 -

(1, y = x4 -

31. (a) F(x) = 5x/(1 +

3 4 x (2 , y = 5x/(1 +

(b)

18.
(a) 32. (a) G(x) = -
(b) (2 , 8) , (3 , y = 4x2 -

f(40) - f(10)
(c)
40 - 10 (b)

(d)
33. a = y = y = 4x -
(e) f ’ (10) >
f(2) ,
f(80) - f(40)
(t) f ’ (60) >
80 - 40 34. (4 , y = (0 ,
y f(4) ,
800
35-36 s =

20 40 60 x
45
35. f(l) = 80t - 6 (2 36. f(t) = LO + -. _',--.
t +1
19-20

[c h'!1
 2.7 147

37. (a)

(i)x = x = 105 (ii) x = x = 101

(b) x =
38.

50.

(a)
T(OC) (b)

80 51. C=
P
(a)
40 t--
f' (22) =
Y

(b)
(c)

o 30 60 90 120 150 t
52. Q = f (P)
39. f(O) = 0 , 1' (0) = 3 , f ’ ([)=O , f ’ (2) = - [
(a)
(b)
40. g(O) = g(2) = g(4) = 0 , 9’ (1) = g'(3) = 0 , 9’ (0) = g'(4) =
1 , g'(2) = -1 , Iim g(x) = lim g(x) = 53.

4 1. g(O) = 1, 9’ (0) = 1, 9’ (-2) =

0, g(x) = g(x) =
(a)
42. = -2 , = (b)
St(mg/L)

43-48 16

12

+ h - 3 e- 2 + h _ e- 2 8
43. lim"':_ 44. lim - - - - -
h• o h o "• h 4

1
-4 0 8 16 24 32 40 T(o C)
45. lim .x
6
- 64
_. x
46. lim - - , -
x• 2 X - 2 x • 1/4 X - 4 SOllrce: C. Kupchella et al., Environmelltal Sciellce: Li ving Withù ,
the System 01 Natllre , 2ded. (Boslon: AlI yn and Bacon , 1989)

h) - 1
48.
Sln t1 "
54.

(a)
8
(b)

49.

C(x) = 5000 + 10x +

[c h'!1
148

S t (cmjs) (c)

20
,I
J
F q
l
M -x X # O
J ”( =
“
0 10 20 T(O C) o
’ X =

55.

58. f{x) = ‘I
x 2 sin.!_ , x

10 ,
x
x =
0

EE 59. (a) X f(x) = sinx

-
(a)
(b) [-0 .4, 0 .4] X [-0.25 ,
(i) [l. 0, 2.0] (ii) [1. 5 , 2.0]
(iii) [2.0 2.5] (iv) [2.0, 3.0] (c) [-0.008 , 0.008] X [-0.005 ,
(b) t =

60. Difference Quotients)

Sow ‘r:e:Adapled from P. Wilkinson Cl al., "PharmacokinClics of Elhanol a fL er
‘
Orul Admini tration in thc Fasting State ," }ollnwl 01 P/I(l rmacokilletics muJ
BioplUl rlllacelllics 5 (1977): 207-24

56. [a - d , a +

N f (a + d) - f{a - d) f{a + d) - f{a - d)

(a + d) - (a - d) 2d
2008 16,680
2010 16,858 (a) [2004 ,
2012 18,066
2014 21 ,366
2016 25 ,085 (b) x = [a - d, [a ,
a+
(a)
(c) f(x) = xl - 2x2 + d =

(i)
[1 - d , 1] , [1 , 1 + - d, 1 +
(ii)
x=1
(b)

Fermat,
Barrow,
 2.8 149

(1 ,

1. C. H. Edwards , The Hislorica/ Developmen. 1 of Ihe Calcu/us (New York: Spring-

er-Verlag , 1979) , pp. 124, 132.

2. Howard Eves , AII Inlroduclioll 10 Ihe HisIOI}I of Malhemafics, 6th ed. (New York:
Saunders , 1990) , pp. 391 , 395.

3. Morris Kline , Malhe ll1 afica/ f/'olll Anciel1 l fo Modem Ti ll1 es (New York:
Oxford University Press , 1972) , pp. 344 , 346.

4. Uta Merzbach and Carl Boyer, A HisfO/'y of Mafhemafics, 3rd ed. (Hoboken , NJ
1) , pp. 323 , 356.

2.8 I

f (a + h) - f(a)
f ’(n) = h

f (x + h) - f(x)
= h

of

(x ,
150

1
y

y=f(x)

(x ,
x =

1' (3) = =
P ’ (3 , P

A ’ (A

= D
C’ (C ’

B
0 x

C’

5
0 x

[c h'!1
 2.8 151

(a) f(x) = X
3
-

(b)

(a)
2

[(x + h)3 - (X 3
f'(x) = lim f(x + h) - f(x)
J " . "/ J '''/ =
,.
1im L'" .,.. + h)] - [X - XJ
" /
2 "• o 11 "• o h

x3 + 3x 2h + 3xh 2 + h3 - X - h - x3 + x
- 11m
"• o h

3x h2
+ 3xh 2 + h 3
- h
= 11m
"• o h

2
= (3x 2 + 3xh + h 2 - 1) = 3x 2 - 1

(b) f ’ (x) =

3 f(x) =

f (x + h) - -
f(x) = h = h

I • --5
..;__ .;_ 1 •. ,-, ^ ..
h• Ô\ h + \1...:... 1 - I 11 - 1- 1/

-
,.
.. …
(x + h) x
-
,.
“…
h
+ ";:':ô +

- .. …

(0 , [0 ,
•

.f' (x) =
(0 , 0)

[c h'!1
152

y )’

0 x 0 A

l
(a) f (x ) = J;

=
L.-r x
f (x + h) - f(x)
f(x) = h
1 - (x + h) 1- x
2 + (x + h) 2 +x
= Ii m
"• O h
,. (1 - x - h)(2 + x) - (1 - x)( 2 + x + h)
h(2 + x + h)(2 + x)
,. (2 - x - 2h - x 2 - xh) - (2 - x +h - x2 - xh)
h(2 + x + h)(2 + x)
- 311
h(2 + x + h)(2 + x)
-3 3
= (2 + x + h)(2 + x) -
-
•
•
y =

dv df d
f ’(x) = y ’ = .::.;:- = = __:;:- f(x) = Df(x) = D.d(x)
dx dx dx

dy ,. Ll y
--_…-
dx Ll X

dx ,
I =a - dx 1

( - (
t r <
I r 1
 2.8 153

((1, b) (a , (1)

=
=
Ix + hl = x +
(x + x
J
I Il m --·h
- m - - - -h -
·h

- Iim = Ii m 1 = 1
"• o h "• 0

Ixl =
Ix + hl = -(x +

I' (x) = Iim_ |,--

x+hl-Ix
.• I ,-- 1
I
_
-
,, __ -(x
Ii m ,--
+ .h)-/ - (-x)
• o h Iz • o h

= = -1

f(0 + h) - f(O)
f ’(0) = h

..

1h 1 _ h
,, __
m -,_, = lim - = Ii m 1 = 1
Iz • 0+h h
Iz • 0 + " • 0+

lim
1m
Iz • 0 -
l!1
_._. =
h
= 111m
Iz • O

F o I ,:->1
154

flll
y x > nU
,
fJ - <
lll-
- --- x < nU

0 x y = 5(a) •

(a) y = f(x) = Ix I
y

0 x
, lim f(x) = f(x) - 0

(b) y = f ’(x)

f (x) - f(a)
f ’(a) = lim
x• l/ X - a

f(x) -

f(x) - f(a) =
f (x)
J ,--/
- f(a)
,--/ (x - a)
J

x-a

lim [!(x) - f(a)] = lim

f (x)
J ,--/
- f(a)
,--/ (x - a)
J
l •“ l • l/ X - a

_ lim f (x)
J ,--/
- Jf(a)
,--/ • lim (x - a)
l • a X - a x •“

=f’(a) .0 = 0

lim f(x) = lim [!(a) + (f (x) - f(a))]

= lim f(a) + lim [f(x) - f(a)]

= f(a) +0 = f(a)

NOTE
=

= Ixl = 0 = f(O)

[c h'!1
 2.8 155

7
.

•
y =

· ]

Y+
x=

f' (x) I

x •
0 a x

y y y

_/
0 Q x 0 Q x 0 Q x

(a) (b) (c)

(“ , f(a)) 8

y y

0 x 0 Q x
“
8 9
156

•
(1')' =

y =

d d 2y
dx dx 2

f(x) = x 3 -

f ’ (x) = 3x2 -

f ’ (x + h) - 1' (x)
f" (x) = = h

,. [ 3(x + h)2 - 1] - [3x 2 - 1]

= 11m
"• o h
1. 5 3x 2 + 6xh + 3h 2 - 1 - 3x 2 + 1
= lim
11-)0

= (6x + 3h) = 6x
2

10 f , f',
(x , y =
y = -
y y

s =

v(t) = s'(t) =

a(t) = v ’ (t) = s" (t)

dv d 2s
dt2

[c h'!1
 2.8 157

derivative) - (f")']

d (d 2 y \ d 3y
, =f"’(x) = I
dx \ dx" I

s =
- (s")' -

da d 3s
J= dt - dt 3

y =
y =

y(lI) = f(II)(X) =
ax

7 f(x) = x 3 -

f ’(x) = =

f"' (x) = 6

14)(x) = 0
•

[c h'!1
158

2.8 1
1-2 4-11

1. (a) 1' (0) y 4. y 5. y

(b) 1'(1) ....-- y=f(x)

(c) 1' (2) Ì\
(d) I' (3)
H
\
v x

(e) 1'(4) 0 / x
J

(f) 1'(5)
(g) l' (6) 6. 7. y
(h) 1' (7)

2. (a) I'(- 3)
(b) 1'( - 2)
0 x
(c) 1'( - 1)
(d) 1' (0)
(e) 1'(1) 8. 9. y

(f) 1' (2)

(g )f’ (3)

x
x
3.

10. y 11.
(a) (b) y

x
x
01 x
(c) (d)

x 12.

I II

500
x

III IV y 0 5 10 15

---0 I <>---
13.
0 x

(a)
(b)

[c h'!1
 2.8 159

C (b) f ’(-n 1' (-1) ,

100
80 (c)
60 (d)
40
f(x) =
20 (a)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t
f ’ (0) , f ’(t), f ’ (1), f ’ (2) ,

14. (b) f ’(-n f'(-I) , f ’ (-2) , f ’(

(c)
(a) (d)
(b) (e)
(c)
21 -32
•
F (L/lO Okm)
30
21. f(x) = 3x - 8 22. f(x) = 111X +b
20
23. f(t) = 2.5r + 6t 24. f(x) = 4 + 8x - 5x2
10
25. A (P) = 4p 3 + 3p 26. F(t) = (3 - 5t + 1

R” u
o 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 v (kmjh)
27. f(x)
M

x- - 4

15.
t =
29. g(u) = 1 30. f(x) = x4
4U - 1

31. f(x) 32. g(x) =

l+x 1+ x

f t (o C)
33. (a) y =
20
f(x) = 1 +
15
(b)
10
(c)
5

0 (d)
2 4 6 8 10 12 t

16-18 34. (a) f(x) = x +

(b)

16. f(x) = sin .x 17. f(x) = r? 35. (a) f(x) = x 4 +

(b)
18. f(x) = 1n x

36.
=
(a)
1' (0) , f ’(t), 1' (1) ,

t (1 ( I f 1
160

41 -44
t N(t)

2000 5 ,500
2002 4 ,897 41. y 42. y

2004 7 ,470
2006 9 , 138
2008 10,897 4 x
2010 11 ,561
2012 13 ,035
2014 13 ,945
44.
SOllrce: American Society of Plastic Surgeons

(a)
(b) 6 x

(c)
(d)

37.
= x + ( -1 ,

Source: Arkansas Forestry Commission

g(x) = (1 , 0) , (0 , 1) , (-1 , 0)

38.
47-48 f ’(
f"(l)

47. y

SO !l rce: Adapted from J. Chadwick Jr., “ Temperature Effects on

Growth and Stress Physiology of Brook Trou t: Implications for
Climate Change Impacts on an Ic onic Cold-Water Fish." Masters
48. y
Theses. Paper 897. 2012. scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/897.

39.

dP
(a) x

dP I
(b) ? = 3

40.

49. f , f',

[c h'!1
 2.8 161

y
53. f(x) = + 2x + 1 54. f(x) = xl - 3x

f(x) = - f ’ (x) , f"(x) , f"' (x) ,

x

56. (a)

t =
50.
s
a b c d

100

x 0 m 20 t

(b) t =

57. =
51.
(a) a -=1=

(b)
(c) y = (0 ,
y
g
13

58. (a) =
(b) a -=1=

(c) y =
0
(d) y =

59. f(x) = Ix -

52. 60. f(x} =

61. (a) =
y (b)
d
(c)
a
62. (a) g(x) = x +
(b)
(c)

63.
f(-x) = =

f ’ (x) , f ,J', (a)

(b)

[c h'!1
162

64-65 (a)
(b)
f (a + h) - f(a) (c)
fL(a) = h (d)
f (a + h) - f(a)
= h 66.

64. (a)

(a)
n =
nu x nu (b)
x x > nU
67. 5
n o’ x nU
,‘/ =
x’• x > nU

(a)
10 , O (b) ds/
65. f(x) = 0<x<4
68. y = :? (1 ,
1 ,) - X

[c h'!1
Who is Danny / Shutterstock.com

3 Differentiation Rules

163
164

3.1 I

y =

C y=c
f ’ (x) = 1

f ’(x) = li m_ f (x + h)
,-- .-,
J
- f(x)
J ,--, = lim_
,. c - c
= lim 0 = 0
• o h "• o h "• 0
0 x

1 f(x) =
f' (x) =

= 0

•
y = = f(x) =
2
y=x
- - - -
( “”
d
=1 -,-
- -- -
x
n = 2, n =
2 f(x) =
=

= 2x = 3x 2
ax

n = f(x) =

f (x + h) - f(x) = ,. (x + h)4 - x 4
f ’(x) = h h
_
X4
+ 4x 3
h + 6x h 2 2
+ 4xh + 3
h 4 x4
= llm
"• o h
4 x 3h + 6x 2h 2 + 4xh 3 + h4
= lim
"• o h
3 2
= (4x + 6x h + 4xh 2 + h 3) = 4x 3

[c h'!1
 3.1 165

= 4x 3
ax

(d/ dx)(x!')

(xll) = nx ll - I

x" - a" = (x - a)(x ,, -I + X" - 2a + . .. + xa ,, - 2 + a ,, -I)

f(x) =

f ’(a) = lim f (x)

J,--/ - f(a
,._/) J - "lim --x" - .-a"
x •{/ x - a .,• a X - a

= 1im (X ,, -I + X"-2 a + ... + xa ,, -2 +a ,, -I)

x-• a

= a ,, -I + a"-2 a + ... + aa ,, -2 + a ,, -I

= na ,, -I

f (x + h) - f(x) •. (x + h)" - x
h h

(x +
(x +

II x"
..'1 I .11 - 11_
+ nx"-
___ n{n - 1) x__ '1-21_2
'h + .""" I
,, -2h
2 + ... + nxh1_11-1
,, -I
I __ __ '_11
h" I x"
1-
| 2 I
= lim ‘ -
h

nx ’“‘ h+ (n - 1) x.. ,, - 21. 2 + ... + nxh" ‘‘ + 17"

2
= 1im
h• o h

=
__ 11-)
1im II nx’, -1 + ..n{n
,,-
- 1) __ 11-21_ ___ _'-11-2
- / X’ 217 + . .. + nxh"-2 + h" - '
I LII - 1 I
I
"• 01 2 I
= nx ,, - I
166

(a) f(x) = = (b) y =

(c) y = = (d) = l
at ar

= (-1)x - 2

n =

66(c)].

d 1
v

(X I / 2 ) =

n =

(x") = nx ll - t

““/-
pn
1
-2X
(b) y

(a) f(x) = n =

f ’(x) = = -2X- 2 - 1 = -2x- 3 =

4
3
.‘/ dv
4 =
dx dx
d
= (X 2/ 3 ) = = gx-l/3
•
y =

F 0 0 h'!1
 3.1 167

3 (1,

f(x) = = XXI / 2 =

f ’(x) = | = 3xl/2 =

3 (1 , f ’ (l) =

y - 1 = - 1) :;;<.
-, y = 2"'" - t2

3
y - 1 = - - 1) y = +

’
A
y
•
•

y
[cf(x)] = c
ax

g(x) =

0 x
g'(x) = lim .,,--
g(x + •h)-; - g(X)
",--, -
,.
lim
cf(x + h) - cf(x)
• o h h• o h
c =

- um
,.
CI
I f(x + h) - f(x) II
h• o I h I
,. f(x + h) - f(x)
= c llm h

= cf ’(x)
•
c (1 ( I r 1
168

(a) (3x 4 ) = 3 (x 4 ) = 3(4x 3 ) = 12 x 3

ax ax

(b)
ax
=
ax
= (-1)
ax
= -1 (1) = -1
•

(f+ g)' = f ’ +g ’ [f(x) + g(x)] = + g(x)

ax ax ax
(f- g) ’ =f' - g'
[f(x) - g(x)] = - g(x)
ax ax ax

c> c> F(x) = f(x) +

(x + h) - F(x)
F(x) = 31% h

,. [ f(x + h) + g(x + h)] - [f(x) + g(x)]

h

-
'"11m II f(x + h) - f(x) ,
-r
9(x + h) - g(x) I
I
h• 01 h h I

= lim J , + h) - f(x)
f (x lim g(x + h) - g(x)
, , +, ' " J

11 • o h 11• o h

= f'(x) + g'(x)

f +

(f + 9 + h)' = [(f + g) + h] ’ = (f + g)' + h' = f ’ +g ’ +h ’

+ 12 x 5 - 4x 4 + lOx 3 - 6x + 5)
ax
d . " d d
=_:;:-(x M)
n

+ - 4 _:;:- (x 4 )
‘
+ ‘
10 _:;:- (x 3 ) - 6 _:;:- (x) + _:;:- (5)
dx " dx" dx " dx" dx " dx

[c h'!1
 3.1 169

= 8x 7 + 12(5x 4 ) - 4(4x 3 ) + 10(3x 2 ) - 6(1) + 0

= 8x 7 + 60x 4 - 16x 3 + 30x 2 - 6
•
y = X
4
- 6x2 +4

dy d d
"":;:-(X 4) - 6"":;:-(x 2)
?
-:./ =
F ", r F
+ "":;:-(4)
dx dx " dx " dx
x = 4x 3 - 12x +0 = 4x(x 2 - 3)

I - 3 = 0, = = x = 0,
(0 , 4) , -5) , (-)3,

•
_
5

7 s = 2f - 52 + 3t +

v(t) = = 6t 2 - 10t +3
dt

a(t) = = 12t - 10
C( r

a(2) =
•
•
f(x) =

= lim f- ,
(x +h) - f(x) ,. bx+il - b X
, , = lim - - - -
J

"• o h
b"b ’‘ - b X ,. bX(b" - 1)
= l1 m = 11m --'-----'-
"• o h "• o h

b" - 1
f ’(x) = bI h

b J’ - 1
= 1'(0)

f(x) =

f' (x) =
170

2" - 1 3" - 1 b = 2, b =

h
0.1 0.71773 1.1 6123
2'’ 1
0.01 0.69556 1.1 0467 1'(0) = -[- = 0 693
0.001 0.69339 1.09922
3" - 1
0.0001 0.69317 1.09867 f ’(0) = = 1.099
0.00001 0.69315 1.09862
L..__

ax
(2') = (0.693)2'
ax
(3') = (1 .099)3'
1' (0) = b= 2
b = f ’ (0) = 3

lim =
h• o 11
e = 2.71828
y = f(x) = (0 ,
l 7

x x

f ’ (0) =

= e'
ax

[c h'!1
 3.1 171

f(x) =

y = e' 7

8 f(x) = e' -

f ’(x) =
ax
- x) = ax
-
ax
= e X
- 1

-1. 5 1. 5
f" (x) =
ax
- 1) =
ax
-
ax
= eX

f ’ (0) = x >
<

9 y=e‘ y =

y = y' = a 2}

y =

ea = 2 a = ln 2
x
(a , e“) = (ln 2, 9
•
3.1 I
1. (a) 3. g(x) = 4x + 7 4. g(t) = 5t + 4t 2
(b)
5. f(x) = X 75 - X +3 6. g(x) = - 3x + 12
7. f(t) = -2e' 8. F(t) = t3 + e3
2.7" - 1 2.8" - 1 9. W(v) = 1. 8v- 3 10. r(z) = Z-5 - ZI / 2
lim lim - - - -
"• o h ’‘ • o h
11. f(x) = X
3 2
/ + x- 3 12. V(t) = t- 3/ 5 + t4
2. (a) f(x) =
13. s(t) =
1
+
1
14. r(t) =
t"
+ 4
t ’

(b) f(x) = g(x) =

15. Y = 2x + 16. h(w) = -

(c)
17. g(x) = -L
,
+
IX
18. W(t) = Jt - 2e ’

3-34 19. f(x) = x 3 (x + 3) 20. F(t) = (2t - 3)2

172

1
21.y=3e'+ 22. S(R) =
.ijx (c)

23. f(x)
3x 2 +' ..X 3 x +x
= --- 24. y = ,
x x (a) [-1 , 4J X
m --J ?--+ --
--
‘/--
g(x)= e' -
. l - - -r - 26. G(t) =

(b)
27. j(x) = x 24 + e 24 28. = er + r'
l
29. F(z)
A Bz + Cz 2
+ --,
= -- , 30. G(q) = (1 + (c)
Z

1 + 16 t 2
31. D(t) = ,. :; " 32. f(v) =
49-50
(4t)3

2 -w+4 49. f(x) = 0.001x 5 - 0.02x 3 50. G(r) = ;; +

33. = --. ;:._ 34. Y = e ,, +1 + 1
w

ru 51 -52 f , f ’,
35-36
t x 51. f(x) = 2x - 5X 3/ 4 52. f(x) = e' - x J
35. Y = tx 2 + tJx 36. Y
x-
+-[

53. s = P-
37-40
(a)
37. Y = - x2 + 2, (1 , 3)
(b)
38. y = 2e' + x , (0 , 2) (c)

39. Y = x + (2 3), 40. y = - x , (1 , 54. s = t4 - 2t3 + (2 - t 2.)

x

(a)

41 -42 (b)
ru (c)
4 1. Y = x4 + 2e' , (0 , 2) 42. Y = x J/ 2, (1 , 1)

55.

43. Y = 3x 2 - xJ, (1, 2) 44. y = x- (1 , L = 0.0390A J - 0.945A 2 + 1O .03A + 3.07

45. f(x) = x 4 - 2 X3 + x2
46. f(x) = x5 - 2 X3 +x - 1
56.

(a) [-3 , 5J X
S(A) = 0.882A 0.842
[-10 , f(x) = x4 - 3x3 - + 7x
+
(b)

[c h'!1
 3.1 173

57.

69. f(x) = f' (x) =

(a) 50kPa

(b) P = 70.

(a) f(x) = x' (b) f(x) = l/x

58.
71. P(2) = 5 , P ’ (2) = 3 , P"(2) =

72. y’ ,
y" + Y’ - 2y = y=

73. ( - 2 , 6) , (2 , y = ax3 +
+
(a)
74. x = 1 4, x (2 ,
y = + bx +
(b) P = 200, P =

75. < I
x 1

59. y = x3 + 3x 2 - 9x +
76.

60. f(x) = e"' - 12x ,

g(x) = {2x - x 2, 0 <x<2
12 - x
61. y = 2e.' + 3x +

62. y = x4 + 32x - Y = 77. (a) f(x) = Ix2 -

63. y = x1 - 3x2 + 3x - 3x - y = (b)

78. h(x) = Ix 11 + Ix + h'

y= 1 + 2e' - 3x - y =
79. (1, y = 3x -
+
65. y= 80. y= + ax3 + bx2 + cx +
y=2x+ = y=2

66. y= -
81. y =

67. y = (0 ,
82. y = +

68. (a) (2 , y= 83. =

(b) (2 ,

( 1( 'f
174

84. = + bx + y

[p,

I y2 y .:: 'J
85. f(x) = i “ ’ -
I mx + b. x> 2
x

86. g7]-
89. y =

x> 1
90. - 2x +
1000 ,
87.
x• I X - I

88. xy = 91. c > (0 , y =

(a) P C

(b)

|
rI ? f
0.8, y =
// f(x) = ar + If + c = = L2(X)
Q L2

1. (a) Q
b,
(b)
(c) LI ,f,
(d) Q

2. <
LI(X) , 0 X
ER
]
3 X q(x) = + bx +
)

g(X) = kx 3 + Ix2 + mx + n
~
h(x) = px 3
+ qx 2 + rx + s 27 < X 30

(a)

(b) q(x ), g(x) ,

(c) LI , g , q , h ,

F 0 0 h'!1
 3.2 175

3.2

•
t:::I t:::I-,

f(x) = g(x) =

f ’ (x) = 1, g'(x) = (/g)(x) = (/g) ’ (x) =

(/g) ’ ,t. f'

llv ullv llu llv u = V=

1

U uv vllu
ßu = f(x + ßx) - f(x) ßv = g(x + ßx) - g(x)
u llu
(u + ßu)(v +
1

ß(UV) = (u + ßU)(v + ßV) - uv = U ßv + v ßu + ßu ßv

=

ßx •

ß(uv) "
__:;:- (uv) = lim _ -:---' = 1 ‘
dx" ßx • o ßx
l{\ .. ßv.
ßx
ßu..
ßx -
ßv \
ßx /
l
dy ,. !1y
- = 11m -•-
ax t\. x • o Ll x

= u lim + v lim + ( lim ßu ) ( lim

ßx• o ßx ßx-• Oßx \Ax • o 1\ ßx • o ßx I
dv du dv
=u-+V-+O'_
dx dx dx

dv du
__:;:- (uv) = u -=;- + V'::;:-
dx" dx dx

u , v , ßu ,

( 1( I t I
176

(fg) ’ =fg ’ + gf ’
[f (x)g(x)] = f(x) [g(x)] + g(x) [f(x)]
ax ax ax

f(x) =

(a)
(b)

(a)

f ’(x) = (xe X
)
ax
3
+
ax ax
= xe X +e X
• 1 = (x + l )e-'

-3 1. 5

(b)

f" (x) = +
ax

= (x + + + 1)
ax ax

= (x + 1)e X + eX • 1 = (x + 2)e-'

f"'(x) = (x + 3)e-' f(4)(X) = (x + 4 )e-'

f(II)(X) = (x + n )e-'

•
2 f(t) = Jt (a +
1

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 3.2 177

f' (t) = Jï (a + bt) + (a + bt) (Jt)

= Jt. b + (a + bt) • !t- I / 2
_'- a + bt a + 3bt
= n ... I -+- - - - - =
2 Jt 2 Jt
T

f(t) = a Jt + bt Jt = at l/2 + bt 3/ 2

f ’ (t) = !ar l/2 +

f(x) = g(4) = 2, g'(4) =

f' (x) = g(x)] = [g(x)] + g(x)

= + g(x)

= +

1'(4) = g'(4) +
214
= 2.3 +
•
u = v =

x , U, u/v

{ u\
6. 1 :.:_ I =
u
-
+ 6. u -
u
:.:_ =
(u + 6. u)v - u(v + 6. v)
\ vJ v + 6. v v v(v + 6. v)
1; 6. u - u 6. v
v(v + 6. v)

6. u 6. v
d ( u\ ,.6. (u/v) ,. v Ax U Ax
.-, -… ---- .. …
dx \ v J t,_-;=;o 6. x t,_-;=;o v(v + 6. v)

( 1( 'f
178

Llx • Ll v •

Ll u Ll v du dv
v 11m -• --u11m-•- v---u--
Ax• o ßx tu • o ßx dx dx
= v lim (v + Ll v) v2
I!. x • 0

Ir f(x), 1I "g(x)
p/ [f (x)]
dx LJ ' --'J
- f(x) [g(x)J
J ,--, dx L"

--,---,-
dx L g(x) J [g(X)]2

2 +x-2
y= 1
x .l +6
-1.86
(x 3 + 6) (x 2 + x - 2) - (x 2 + x - 2) (x 3 + 6)
ax
y ’=
(x 3 + 6)2
1. 5

(x 3 + 6)(2x + 1) - (x 2 + x - 2)(3x 2)
(x 3 + 6)2
4
(2x 4
+x + 3
12x + 6) - (3x 4 + 3x 3 - 6x 2)
(x 3 + 6)2
-1. 5 - x4 2X3 + 6x 2 + 12x +6
•
-

(x 3 + 6)2

= e"j(1 + x 2 ) (

d d
+x e nl --x
e +x
dy - - -+ -
dx
(1 + x 2)e x - eX(2x) e X(1 - 2x + x 2)
(l + X 2 ) 2 (1 + X 2 )2
eX (l - X)2
(1 + x 2 f

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 3.2 179

2.5
(1 ,

3.5 (1 , y= 4
-2
0
•

NOTE

F(x) = 3_..x 2 +. - v"

F(x) = 3x + 2X-l /2

= 0 = nx" - 1 = eX
ax ax ax

(cf) ’ = cf ’ (1+ g) ’ = f' + g' (1- g)' = f ’ - g'

(lg) ’ =fg ’ + gf ’ (f)'

3.2 I
1. f(x) = (1 + 2x 2)(x - 7. f(x) = (3x 2 - 5x)e X 8. g(x) = (x + eX

ex
9. y 10. Y =
e 1 - e-
4 3
. F(x) =
x - 5x
’
+ VA 3 - 2t 6u 4 - 5u
11. g(t) = : . -; 12. G(u) = __._.- -
x
5t + 1 u + 1

13. f(t) 14. F(x) = l ?

2x j
- 6x' + 5
3-30
s- s
15. Y 16. v .jX
(4x 2 + 3)(2x
=
3. Y = + 5) / .jX +l
4. Y = (l Ox 2 + 7x 2)(2 - x 2)

5. Y = x 3 e' 6. y = (e X + 2)(2e X
- 1)
17. J(u) =

t (1 ( 'f 1
180

18. = (w 2 + 43 . .f(x) = + 1"(

19. H(u) = (u - J; )(u + 44. g(x) = x/

20. f(z) = (1 - e')(z + e' ) 45. f(5) = 1,.f’ (5) = 6 , g(5) = -3 , g'(5) =

2 1. V(t) = (t + 22. W(t) = e'(1 + te')

(a) (.fg) ’ (5) (b) (.f /g) ’ (5) (c) (g //)'(5)
23. y = eP(p + pJP) 24. h( ,-) 46 . .f(4) 2 , g(4) 5 , .f' (4) 6 , g'(4)
b + e' = = = =

25. f(t) = 26. y = (Z2 + e' ) Jz (a) h(x) = 3.f(x) + 8g(x) (b) h(x) = f(x)g(x)
.f (x)
(c) h(x) = J ;-; (d) h(x) = r l ,;:} ','" 1 ,
At g(x) f(x) + g(x)
27 f(x) = 28. F(t) =
x- -t- e ’ Bt L Ct ‘
47 . .f(x) = g(O) = 2, g'(O) = .f'
+ ’0
fJ = -+d-, 48. h(2) = 4 , h ’ (2) =

31 -34
49. g(x) = x.f(x ), .f(3) = 4 , .f’ (3) = x =
31. f(x) = x 2 e ‘ 32. f(x) = .j;e'
x
IJ -x-2 -- 50 • .f(2) =10 , .f' (x) =
- -1i
34 . .f(x) =
1 + x
51. u(x ) = v(x) =

35-36 (a) u ’ (1) (b) v'(4)

1 -j
35. Y = (1 , 36. Y = ,
l-;-X 1+e

37-38

37.
1 + 5x L
(1 ,
•
38. Y = x + (0 , 0)

52. P(x) = F(x)G(x) , Q(x) =

39. (a) y = 1/ (1 + of
(a) P’ (2) (b) Q’ (7)
Maria (-1 ,

(b)

40. (a) y = x/ (1 +
(3 ,

I IIII N
(b) 9J 1 I I I I I I’
4 1. (a) .f(x) = (.0 -
53.
(b)

x
(a) y = xg(x) (b) y =
42. (a) .f(x) = (x 2 - + g(x)
(b) f , f ’ , q(x)
(c) y = =-:._
x

[c h'!1
 3 .3 181

54. 0.14[5J
v=
0.015 + [5J
f(x)
(a) y = x 2f(x) (b) y =
x'

(c) y =
1 + xf(x)
f(x) (d) y
62.

55. (1 , y = x/(x +

t = 50
56. x - 2y = y= 0.14
x+ 1
t =

x - 3x + 3
57. R(x) = 1 ;'.., ..
1 + 3x + 6x
3-'1'
3 .<..6--:
6
+
" .. 9
9x
63.
f(x) , (a) f , g, (f gh) ’
f(O) , f' (0) , g(O) , g' =f' gh+fg ’ h +
(b)

l + x + X 2 + xe" [f (X)J3 = 3[f (x) J2 f' (X)

58. Q(x) = : ",
. .. . ax
1 - x + x" - xe"
(c) y =

59. 64. (a) f , F(x) =

F" = /"g + +
(b)
(c)

65. f(x) =

1 9’(x)
60. 66. ";-11 1
1 - r

x 1 g(x) 1 [g(x)] ‘

=
(a) f(20) = f ’ (20) =
(a)
(b)

(b) (c)

61. (x- ’‘) = -nx- ’‘ -1

äx

3.3

f(x) = sinx

F 0 0 h'!1
182

cos , tan , csc , sec ,

.

•
f(x) =
16
1

y =f(x) = sin x

y
y=f ’(x)

f(x) = 1' (x) =

f (x + h) - f(x)
h

=
,. sin(x 17)
llm - - - - -
+ - sin x
"• o 11

= lim sh + cos x sin ---- --x

---- ..h - sin
h• o h

I sin x cos 17 - sin x cos x sin 17 I

= hm I + I
"• 0117 17 I

= [sin x + cos x

cos 17 - 1 sin h
= lim sin x . lim + lim cos x . lim -==----
"• o "• o 17 "• o "• o h

h•

lim sin x = sin x lim cos x = cos x

h• O
"• O

[c h'!1
 3.3 183

l sin h . lim cos h - 1

1m =
"• o h h• o h

cos h - 1
f' (x) = li rn_ sin x . lim_ --_ .; + li rn_ cos x . lim_ sin h
_"'- .-
"• o "• o h "• o "• o h
= (sin x) . 0 + (cos x) . 1 = cos x

(sin x) = cos x
ax

y = x2

, + sinxA(x 2)
dx dx ,-- - dx
5
= x 2 cos X + 2xsin x
•
-4 4
26

(cos x) =
4
-
ax

x) =

cos x (sin x) - sin x (cos x )

ax ax
COS2X

cos x . cos x - sin x (-sin x)

7
cos-x
cos 2x sin 2x
+
COS2X

1
= --,- = sec"x (cos 2x + sin 2x = 1)
‘

cos-x

x) = sec 2x
ax

csc, sec,

c I 1( I r 1
184

23-25

(sin x) = cos x (csc x) = -csc x cot x

ax ax

(cos x) = -sin x (sec x) = sec x tan x

ax ax

(tan X) = sec2x (cot x) = -CSC 2X

ax ax

2 f(x) =
1 + tan x

(1 + tan x) (sec x) - sec x (1 + tan x)

ax ax
f' (x) =
(1 + tan X)2
0-$
+ --n ar x -- $ x
-x -+-t-a-n - - - -
3
x -- $
-$
-x -1
-/1
U
-2 -

- 7r nx U-
-(--- -m (sec 2 x = tm12x + 1)

4
J sec tan x = f' (x) =

- + 3
•

3 4cm t =
-4

0 s = f(t) = 4 cos t
L 4

ds d
v= = (4 cos t) = 4 (cos t) = -4 sin t
dt dt ' dt
dv d d
a= = (-4 sin t) = -4 (sin t) = -4 cos t
dt dt ' dt
F 0 0 h'!1
 3.3 185

U
= (s =
4
cos
Ivl = Isin tl = 1, cos t =

= sin t =
0

a = -4 cos t =
-4
5 •

f(x) =

f ’(x) = -sin x
f"(x) = -cos x
f" '(x) = sin x
f(4)(X) = cos X
f(5)(X) = -sin x

f")(X) = cos

f(24)(X) = cos X

f (27 )(x) = sin x

D •
•

l.
lm--= 1
sin 8 1
O• o 8
0
C A
(a)
0<8< 0, 8,

E
= IBCI = 10BI sin 8 = sin
A
IBCI < IABI < AB

(b)
‘ sin 8
sin 8 < -8 < 1
186

AB < IAEI +

8= AB < IAEI + IEBI

<IAEI + IEDI
= I AD I = I OA I tan 8

<

sin 8
cos6 < -a-< l

U% 1 = 8=

sin 8
11m - - = 1 (0 < Ð
9->0+ 8

(sin

l im ----.
Sln 6 = 1
8• o 8

l cos8-1
1m =
8• o 8

cos 8 +
cos 8 - 1 { cos 8 - 1 cos 8 + 1\ cos28 - 1
um 11m I . I =
+ 1J
j
o":;õ 8 Õ• õ\ 8 cos 8 õ• õ 8 (cos 8 + 1)

sin 28 { sin 8 sin 8 \

cos 8 + 1 J
- .. … -…
ô:':;ô 8 (cos 8 + 1) õ=:ô \ 8

sin 8 sin 8
- - um - - . l1 m -----
8• o 8 9• o cos 8 + 1

= -1. = 0
•
5 lim
r• o 4x

[c h'!1
 3.3 187

sin 7x 7 sin
:
e= x • 6•

l sin 7x
1m - - - =
7
-
/ sin 7x
11m I - - - I
l
x• o 4x 4 x • 0\ 7x /

e
7
= - lim - - = - . 1 = -
4 0• o
sin
e
7
4
7
4 •
lim xcot

.
xcos x
lim x cot x = lim - - -
x• o x • o sm x

mx
x-x
m-M -M--x-

x->O X
x

cos 0

•
cos e- 1
7 lim .
8• o sm tJ

m 8 ---8 1li

--s
-8
m6
--
1i
lo -s --m8 -
l8 -
’ m
8

lim cos 1 e-
lm-----
o e 0
•
0•
=T=0
sin e
lim -•-
O• o H

3.3 I
1-22 5. h( (J) = (J 2 sin (J 6. g(x) = 3x + x 2 cosx
1. f(x) = 3 sim x - 2 cos x 2. f(x) = tan x - 4 sin x 7. Y = sec (J tan (J 8. Y = sin (J cos (J

3. Y = x 2 + cot x 4. Y = 2 sec x - csc x 9. f( (J) = ((J - cos (J) sin (J 10. g( (J) = eO(tan (J - (J)

t (1 ( I f 1
188

11. H(t) = 12. f(x) = e' sin x + cos x 37. (a)

cos x f(x)
13. f( f)) = 14. Y = . sec x
1 + cos f) 1 - smx

16. f(t) =
(b) SLl1
2 - tanx e

17.
1 + s--- -- sm t (c)
18. Y = • ,
sec w + tan t
<_

1 - 1
38. = 4, = g(x) = f(x) sin x , h(x) =
t sm t
19. Y = • _, 2O· 9(z) = z
1 + t cz + tan z
(a) (b)
21. f( f)) = f) cos f) sin f) 22. f(t) = te l cot t
39-40

39. f(x) = x + 2 sin x 40. f(x) = e-'cos x

23 (csc x) = -csc x cot
ax

24. (sec x) = sec x tan 41.

ax x(t) = 8 sin t

25. x) =
ax (a)

26. = = -sinx (b) t =

27-30

27. Y = sinx + cosx , (0, 1)

28. Y = x + sin x ,

29. Y = e" cos x + sin x , (0 , 1) 0 j

l

30. Y =
1 + si
.--- - -1)
COSX
42.

= 2 cos t + 3 sin t , t O
31. (a)
C I11,
(b)
(a)
(b)
32. (a) Y = 3x + 6 + (c)
(d)
(b) (e)
43. 6111
33. (a) f(x) = sec x -
(b) Ixl <

34. (a) f(x) = e‘ 44.

(b) f , j ’ 6

35. g( f)) =
F
f) + cos f)
36. f(t) = sec

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3 .4 189

ffi (c) y =x
(a)
65.
(b)
ffi (c) m = 20kg, = x
=
x - M
-m-x (b) secx = - -
cos x
1 + cot x
(c) sin x + cos x = ----
csc x
45-60
66.
sm;)x smx
45.1im-_- 46. l i m - - PQR
x• o jx r • o sm 7l'X

sin 3t sin-----
48. lim --- 3x 2
47. lim--
t • o sm t r• o x lim
8 • 0+ B(8)
Sm x - Slll X COS X 1 - sec x
49. lim ‘ 50. l i m - - -
r• o xL .t• o 2x
tan 2x sm
51.1im-- 52.1im-•- P Q
r• o x 0• Õ tan 78
sm5x sin 3x sin 5x
53. lim -:;---- 54. lim _
r • o 5x
J
- 4x I • o x‘
’---m
”
u
56. lim csc x sin(sin x)
x-• u
R
cos 8 - 1 in(x 2)
57. lim ---::---
0• o 2IJ" X- )O X
67. d,
1 - tanx sin(x - 1)
59. lim 60. lim
sín x - cos x r• i x" +x - 2
lim
1m .!..
-
8• 0+ d

6 1-62
.
.J 99 .135
61. (sin x) 62. (x sin x)
ax'- ax"

63. y" + Y ’ - 2y =
y = A sin x + B cos
f(x) =
1 - cos 2x
64· (a) lim x sin
x (a)
(b)
(b) l1In x sin
!• u X

3.4 I
F(x) =

y = f(u) = Fu, u = g(x) = ;;- + y =

F(x) = f(g(x)) , F = fo

t (1 ( 'f 1
190

F = f 0

dy/du

dy dy du
dx du dx

F(x) =

F = fo

F'(x) = f' (g(X)) . 9 ’(x)

y = u =

dy dy du
dx du dx

mes Gregory, 1638- Ll u = g(X + Ll x) - g(X)

Ll y = f(u + Ll u) - f(u)

,a Av
-x = 1l .m “-x
A

,. Ll y Ll u
"m --.--
Ll u Ll x
Lly Ll u
= ,.’, m --.
,.
11m --
ßx-->O Ll u ßX-->O Ll x

[c h'!1
 3.4 191

•. Ll y •. Ll U
= 11m - - . nm - -
o Ll U ð.-;• o Ll X
ð.1I • ßx • ßu •

dy du
du dx

Ll U = O(àx =F

•
=

1 f(u) = g(x) = x2 +
F(x) = (f 0 g)(x) =

f' (u) = g'(x) = 2x

u

F ’(x) = . 9’(x)
1 x
- • =

2 u = + 1, y =

F'(x) = (2x) = --L-- (2x) =

U dx

(y = =

= F'(x) =
+ 1 au

NOTE

d
f (g(x)) f' (g(x)) g'(x)
dx

- - -
,t I
192

(a) y = (b) y = sin 2x

(a) y =

dy d
-=-- sm (x 2 ) cos (x 2 ) 2x
dx dx '----v---'

= 2x COS(X2)

(b) y = sin2x =

dy d
2 .
1. \7
(sin x) cosx
dx dx '----r--'

2 sinx cos x sin

•
y=
sin

dy dy du du
dx = cosu tlx

u) = cos
ax ax

y = [g(x)]"
u= y = f(u) =

dy dy du
- = - - = null l - = n[g(x)] ”
dx du dx dx

u=

(u") = nu ll - 1

ax ax

= n[g(x)]"-I . g'(x)
ax

t n
U
( ” u
!
,••
t
t f r
 3 .4 193

n =

y = -

u = g(x) = x 3 - n =

dv d
= (x 3 - 1)100 = 100(x 3 - 1)99 (X 3 - 1)
dx dx
= 100(x 3 - 1)99 . 3x 2 = 300X 2(X 3 - 1)99

•
4 f (x) =
{_/x l +x + 1

f(x) = (x 2 + x + 1t l / 3

f' (x) = + x + 1) - 4/3 (x 2 + x + 1)

ax

= -k( x 2 + x + 1) -4/3(2x + 1)
•
=
“ \ 2t + 1 I

g'(t) =

45(t - 2)8
= + l
(2t + 1)10

y = (2x + 1)SCx3 - X +
1
y’
y ’ =0
dy
-.J = (2x + 1)5 (X 3 - X + 1)4 + (x 3 - X + 1)4 (2x + 1) 5
ax ax ax

(2x + 1)5 • 4(x 3 - X + 1)3 (x 3 - X + 1)

10
=
ax

‘ + (X 3 - X + 1)4 . 5(2x + 1)4 (2x + 1)

ax
y
= 4(2x + 1) 5(X 3 - X + 1?(3x 2 - 1) + 5(x 3 - X + 1)4(2x + 1)4 . 2
-10
2(2x + -x+

t (1 ( I f 1
194

dy
-./ = 2(2x + 1)4(x 3 - X + 1)3 (l 7x 3 + 6x 2 - 9x + 3)
ax

7 y =

= sin =

dv d
-L = -dx ' dx
=
ax
•
f , g, y = f(u) , u = x =

dy dy dx dy du dx
dt dx dt du dx dt

f(x) = sin(cos(tan

f ’(x) = cos(cos(tan x)) cos(tan x)

= -cos(cos(tan x)) sin(tan x)

•
y =

= e ,cc39 (sec 38)

d8 d8

= e ,cc30 sec 38 tan 38 (38)

d8
= 3e ,cc30 sec 38 tan 38

, LJILJ I r
 3 .4 195

bX = e(ln b)x

ln

(b X ) = (e (i nb)x) = e(i nb)x [(ln b)x]

ax ax ax
= e(i nb)x (l n b) = b X ln b

nx ,, - = b X ln b
ax
= l
ax

10
(a) g(x) = 2x (b) h(x) = 5 ‘-

(a)

g'(x) = (2 X ) = 2 x ln 2
ax

In 2 =
(2 .10) = (0.693)2 X

ax

(b)

=
ax
= 5x2 ln 5
ax
= 2x . 5 .10
2
ln 5
•
•
y = a +
!:"y = f(a + !:"x) - f(a)

f' (a)
ax-’ U Ll. X

= - f' (a)) = f'(a) - f'(a) = 0

t (1 ( 'f 1
196

8=
Ll X
- f' (a) Lly = f' (a) Ll X + 8 Ll X

Lly = f ’(a) Ll X + 8 Ll X

Ll X • •

U= y = b =

Ll u = 9’(a) Ll X + 81 Ll X = [g ’(a) + 81] Ll X

81

Lly = f' (b) Ll U + 82 Ll U = [f’(b) + 82] LlU

Ll U • 82 •
Lly = [f’ (b) + 82][g ’(a) + 81] Ll X

= + 82][g ’(a) + 81]

LlX • Ll U • Llx •

=lim = lim_ [f' (b) + 82][g'(a) + 81]

ax ßx • U Ll X ßx • U

=f ’(b) g'(a) = f'(g(a)) 9’(a)

•
3.4 I
1-6 u = g(X) 7 -52
y =
7. f(x) = (2x 3 - 5x 2 + 4)5 8. f(x) = (x 5 + 3x 2 - X)50

1. Y = (5 - 4
X )3 2. Y
9. f(x) = o. f(x)

3. y = sin(cosx) 4. Y = tan(x 2 )
11. g(t) = \? 12. F(t) =
+ 1)2
5. Y = e';; 6. Y

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 3 .4 197

13. f(e) = cos(e 2) 14. g(e) = cos 2e 61. (a) (0 , y = 2/(1 +

xL
15. g(x) = e , 16. Y = 5;;
(b)
17. y = x e-2 3x
18. f(t)=tsin
19. f(t) = e"' sin bt 20. A(r) = J; . e , 2+1 62. (a) (1 ,

21. F(x) = (4x + W(x 2 - 2x +W

(b)
22. G(z) = (l -
/
63. (a) f(x) =
5

--‘x +
I
V =
l (b)
y= \
25. Y = e ,nnO 26. f(t) = 2 ,3
/Ll\ 64. f(x) = sin(x + sin 2x) , 0 X
1i
---- + 28. s(t) =
(a)
m 30. f(z) = e , /(, -I)

m= r --+U
-” 32. J(e) = tan (ne)2
(b)

65. f(x) = 2 sin x +

33. F(t) = e tsin 2, 34. F(t)

66. 6x + 2y =
35. G(x) = 36. U(y) =

37. f(x) = sin x cos (l - x 2) 67. F(x) = f(-2) = 8 ,1' (-2) = 4 , f ’ (5) = 3 , g(5)
39. F(t) = tan 40. G(z) = (1 + 2
COS Z)3 = -2 , g'(5) =

42. Y = esin2x + sin(e 2., ) 68. h(x) = f (l) = f ’(1) =

43. g(x) = 44. f(t) =

69. f , g,
45. f(t) = tan(sec(cos t)) 46. Y = +
x f(x) g(x) f' (x) g'(x)
34
47. f(x) = e Sin2 (x 2) 48. y = 2 3 2 4 6
49. Y = - 1)4 2 1 8 5 7
3 7 2 7 9
50. y = sin(Ø + tan(e + cos e))
51. y = 52. Y = sin 3 (cos(x 2)) (a) h(x) =
(b) H(x) =

53-56 70.
(a) F(x) =
53. Y = cos(sin 3e) 54. Y = (1 + (b) G(x) =

55. y = 56. Y = e
Cx

u(x) = f(g(x)) , v(x)

= g(f(x)) , =

57-60
(a) u'(l) (b) v' (l) (c) w'(I)
57. Y = 2x
’
( nU n ” 58. y = (2 , 3)
2
59. Y = sin(s.in x). 60. Y = xe • x (0 , 0)
’

F 0 0 h'!1
198

82. = y" - 4y' +Y=

83. y = cos

84. =

85. s(t) = 10 + *
72. h(x) = g(x)
=
86. s = A +
(a) 11'(2) (b) g'(2)

(a)
(b)

87.

73. g(x) = [[>>, g'(3)

8(1) = 4.0 + 0.35

(a)
(b) 1

88. l

74. F(x) =
fV'I) , G(x) = (a) (b) L(t) = 12 + 2.8 sinlI 365 '
- 80)
,
II
75. F(x) = G(x) =
= 5
(a) F'
=
76. g(x) = e‘ \ + f(x) , h(x) = f(O) = 3, 1' (0) = 5,
/,, (0) =

(a)

77. r(x) = f(g h (l) = 2 , g(2) = 3 , h ’ (1) = 4 , g'(2)

= 5 , /'(3) =
s(t) = 2e- I. St sin 2 7T t
78. f(x) =
cm)O f

79. F(x) = f(O) = 0, f ’ (0) =

90.
80. F(x) = f(l) = 2 , f(2) = 3 , f ’ (1) = 4 ,
f ’ (2) = 5 , 1' (3) = p(t)
l ae- K
81. = e 2 '(A cos 3x + B sin y" - 4y ’ +
13y =
 3.4 199

95.
(a) (a)

(b) (b)

(c) a = 10 , k = 96.
f(x)/g(x) = f(x)[g(x )r 1]
97.
91.
(SlI1 6) = cos 8
d8 ' 180

C(t) =

98. (a)
(a)
(b)
SOllrce: Adapled from P. Wilkinson el al. , “ Pharmacokinelics of Elhanol afle. Ixl
Oral Adminislralion in lhc Fasling Slale," JOllnlal oJ P/wnnacokinetics and
Biop/wr/ll acelltics 5 (1977): 207-24

92. (b) f(x) = 1sinx

(a) (c) g(x) =

(b)

93. s(t) , v(t) , 99. (a ,

(c , O)

a(t) = V(t)
as

94.

C a x
1790 3 ,929 ,000 1830 12,861 ,000
1800 5 ,308 ,000 1840 17 ,063 ,000 I
100. y=b ‘ (b> 0 , b 1
1810 7 ,240 ,000 1850 23 , 192,000
(xo ,
1820 9 ,639 ,000 1860 31 ,443 ,000
)'0 =

(a) 101. g,

(b)
F'(x) = f ’ (g(h(x))) . 9’ (h(x)) . h ’ (x)

(c)
102.

(d)

F" (x) = /,, (g(x)) . [g ’ (X)]2 + f ’ (g(x)) . g"(x)

200

-- |
y

(i)

y '= P(x) (ii)

(iii)

1.

01 x P(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx +
2.
’K

3. k = 1385

4.

3.5

y = xsm x

y =

x2 + y2 = 25

x3 + y3 =

y
f(x) = g(x) =
x2 + l = 1

F 0 0 h'!1
 3.5 201

y y y

x 0 x 0 x

(a) X
2
+ i = 25 (b) f(x) = (c) g(x) =

x 3 + [J (x)]3 =

y y y y
x 3+ y3 = 6xy

x 0 x 0 x 0 J

\
3

x2 +l = dy 01 oJ 01 ..2 , •.2
x" + yL = 25
dx

x2 +l =

+ y2) =
ax ax

+ = 0
ax ax

[c h'!1
202

"
_:;- (y2) d (y2)
= _:;-
/ "dy
:::;- =
^ dy
2y:::;-
dx '" dy '" dx -, dx

d, v
/
‘
x + v -,;
ax
- n
u

a, x
-,
d
- -
y

(3 , x = 3, y =

dy 3
dx 4

(3 ,

y - 4 = -i(x - 3) 3x + 4y = 25

x2 + l = y (3 ,

y= f(x) =

= - x2 t l
/
2
ax
(25 - x 2)

= 1(25 - x 2 t l
/
2( -2x) =
- xL

f ’(3) = = 3
3x + 4y =
•
NOTE 1 =

y = f(x) =

dy x x
dx y

y = g(x) =

dy x x x
dx y

c (1 ( I r 1
 3.5 203

(a) X3 + y3 =

(b) x 3 + y3 = 6xy (3 ,
(c)

(a) x 3 + l =

y'
3x 2 + 3y2y' = 6xy' + 6y

-, x 2 + y2y' = 2xy' + 2y

y2y' - 2xy’ = 2y - x 2
(y2 - 2x)y' = 2y - x 2
2y - x 2
y'
y2 - 2x

x
(b) x = y =

2.3 - 3 2
y l
32 - 2 · 3

(3 ,
(3 ,

y-3= l(x - 3) -
-, x+y=6

4 (c) y'= 2y - x 2 = 0
y'= 2x y=

x 3 + (!X2)3 = 6x(!x2)

X6 = = =

0 4 16 1/ 3 = y = !(2 8/ 3) = (2 4/ 3,
(2 4/ 3, (2.5198 ,

NOTE 2

x oJl
204

y = f(x) = 1--!-X3 + + -

y = H-f(x) R :!: + -

y5 + 3X 2y2 + 5x 4 = 12
riste

sin(x + y) = l cos

cos(x + y) . (1 + y') = y2( -sin x) + (cos x)(2yy')

? y'

cos(x + y) + y2 sin x = (2y cos x)y' - cos(x + y) . Y’

- 2

Y’ - y 2 sin x + COS(X + y)
2y cos x - COS(X + y)
-2
sin(x + y) = l
y' =

4 15

-4 -15 15 -12

-4 -15 -12

(x 2 - 1)(x 2 - 4)(x 2 - 9) cos(x - sin y) = sin(y - sin x) sin(xy) = sin x + sin y

= y2(y2 _ 4)(y 2 - 9)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.5 205

x4 +l =

4x 3 + 4y 3 y' =0

x3
y
y

y3 (d/dx)(x 3) - X3 (d/dx)(y3)
(y3 )2
y3 . 3x 2 _ x3(3y2y ’)
y6

3X2y 3 _ 3x 3y2 (
y"=
y6
3 (X 2y4 + X6) 3X2(y4 + X4)
y7 y7

x4 +l =

11 3x 2(l 6) X2
y"= =
y ’ y ’

•
y
+l = 16 x4 + l = 16
+i = 4 2

0 2 x

y' =
206

3.5 I
1-4 32. x 2 + 2xy + 4y2 = 12, (2, 1)
(a)
33. x 2 + l = (2x 2 + 2y 2 - X)2 ,
(b)
y

(c)

x
1. 5x 2 - y3 = 7 2. 6x 4 + y5 = 2x

2 1
3. 4. - - -= 4
x y
34. x 2y2 = (y + 1)2(4 - y2) , 1)

5-22 y

5. x 2 - 4xy + y2 = 4 6. 2X2 + xy - y2 =2
7. x 4 + x 2y2 + y3 = 5 8. x 3 - xy2 + y3 = 1

x-2
9. + 1 10. xe Y = x - y
x+y

11. sinx + cosy = 2x - 3y 12. e" siny = x +y

35. 2(x 2 + y2)2 = 25(x 2 - y2) , (3 , 1)
13. sin(x + y) = cos x + cos y 14. tan(x - y) = 2xi +1
15. ycosx = + y2 16. sin(xy) = cos(x + y)
17. 2xe Y + ye X
= 3 18. sinx cosy = x2 - 5y x

19. = x4 + y4 20. xy

21. ,
e . jy = x - y 22. cos(x 2 + y2) = xe Y 36. lV - 4) 2 2
= X (X - 5) , (0 , -2)

23. f(x) + x 2 [f (X)]3 = f(l) =

24. g(x) + x sin g(x) =

x

25-26

25. x 4i - x 3y + 2xi = 0 26. Y sec x = x tan y

37. (a) i = -

27-36 (b)

27. ye"n ., = x cos y , (0, 0)

28. tan(x + y) + sec(x - y) = 2, 38. (a)

(1 ,
29. X2j3 + y2 j3 = 4, 1)
30. y2(6 - x) = x 3, (2 , (b)
(c)
31. x 2 -xy -y2=1 , (2 , 1)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.5 207

39-42 53-56

39. x 2 + 4y2 = 4 40. x 2 + xy + y2 = 3

41. sin y + cos x = 1 42. x 3 - y3 = 7

53. x 2 + y2 = r 2, ax + by = 0
43 ..:I:y + f?' =
54. x 2 + y2 = ax , x2 + y2 = by
44.
55. Y = cx 2 , x2 + 2y 2 = k

56. Y = ax 3, x 2 + 3y2 = b

(a)
57. x 2/A2 - = A2
y(y2 - l)(y - 2) = x(x - l) (x - 2)
< a2 - b2 = A2 +

58. y = (x + = a(x +
(b) (0 ,
(c)
(d) 59. V, P,

46. (a) 2i + l - i = _é - +
(P + - nb) = nRT

(b)
a,

47. (a)

(b) V = P = 2.5atm
48. + = 1 (xo ,
a- D-

a = 3.592L2-atm/mo1e 2, b = 0.04267
a-
+ 0-
=
L/mo1e)

49. - = 1 (xo, 60. (a) x 2 + y'

a- b‘

(b)
50. +.JY=,.Íc
(c)

51.
61. -

52.
n = y = f(x) =
y = y" = 62. (a) +l = 3 (-1 ,

(b)
y ’ = lx( ”/tl)- l
q
63. =

- - -
I t I
208

64. (12 , + 4l = (a)

(b)

65. 67.

= y2 +1 yoé 0
x2 + 4l
y

y
x = y3 +Y yoé 0

r
_-
.---
-5 x

66. y = +
y’ + xy = = 1

1.

y2 _ 2x 2(x + 8) = c[(y + 1)2(y + 9) - x 2]

(a) c =

(b) c = 5, c =

2. (a)
x 2 + y2 + cx 2y2 = 1

(c) c = y’ (b)

3.6 I
.

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 3.6 209

= =

dx ' 0 '"
= -L-
x 1n b

y = /J)' =
= b ln b
X

dy
(bY1nb) -,./ = 1
ax

•
b = e 2} 1n b = 1n e = 10ge x = 1n

x) = _!_
ax x

1n e =

1 y = ln(x 3 +
y = 1n

dy dy du 1 du " 3x 2
-=-
dx du dx
=--=
u dx x “ +1' + 1 •

_:;- (ln u) =
1 du
- [ln 9(x)] = L-
n’(x)
ax u ax dx ,"'--'" g(x)

F
o I ,:->1
210

2 ln(sin
ax

1 d 1
_:;:-ln(sin x) = - .--- _:;:- (sin x) =
dx sm x dx sm x
cos x = cot x -::-:-=- •

3 f(x) =

= (l n t (ln x) = _
dx ,... --,
1 1
- = _
x

f(x) = log lO (2 + sin

b =

f' (x) = logIO(2 + sin x)

ax

1 + sin x)
(2 + sin x) ln 10 dx
cos x
(2 + sin x) ln 10
•
ax - L ‘

d x+l 1 d x+l
1 --.- ln , - - - - - = 1 -,-
- 2 x + 1 - 2
y

- (x + - 2t l / 2
x+l x-2
x - 2 - !(x + 1)
0 x (x + l) (x - 2)
x -5
2(x + 1)(x - 2)

= + 1) - ! ln(x - 2)]

6 f(x) = ln JxJ

c (1 ( I r 1
 3.6 211

= In x>O
f' (x) =
x<O
y = In

3
x>O
f' (x) = x.
! • -(-1)=-=- , x<o
4
l -x X
3
f ’ (x) =
•
‘
-

y
.1 (3x + 2)5

ln y = ln x + t ln(x 2 + 1) - 5 ln(3x + 2)

1 dy 3 1 1 2x 3
y dx 4 x ’ 2 x2 + 1 - 3x +2

dy (3. x 15 \
--=
dx (3x + 2)5 \
,--.
4x
....-’
x2 + 1 3x + 2 ) •

1. y =

2.
3.

( 1( I f
212

f(x) < Iyl = If(x)

= x'
f ’(x) =

x = ln 1 y 1 = ln 1x 1" = n ln 1x 1 x O
f ’ (0) =
y’ n
y x

y , = n -y = n -x ” = nx.” - l l
x x

= IIx" - J
1 C
11

= b ‘ 111

E -6 ""11 ^IT " 6 . 1. (b") = 0 (b ,

ax

2 [f (x)]" = n[f (x)]"-I f' (X)

ax

3. [b 9('<)] = b9(X)(l n b)g’(x)

ax

44.
ax

8 y

f(x) = ln y = ln x ..rx = ln x

y
y x

y' = +

2 x .JX = e .JX In
0 x
(x ..rx) = (e ..rx 1nx
) = e..rx 1nx
ln x)

l
2 .Jx

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.6 213

e
f(x) = ln f ’ (x) = f'(l) =

f'(l) = lim f (1
,- J
+ h)
.:' - f (1)
J ,-, = ,- + --,
•.lim f (l
J
x) - f (1)
/1-• u n x-> lJ X

= lim ln(l
---, - + --,
x) - ln
--- 1- = lim ":"'ln(1 + x)
X --Ò)O U X X

ln(l + X)I/X

‘ f ’ (1) =

lim ln (1 + X)I/X = 1

l • o X• O

j ‘
e = (1 + X)I/X

y = (1 +
x (1 + x)
0.1 2.59374246 e = 2.7182818
0.01 2.70481383
0.001 2.71692393 17 = x• n•
0.0001 2.71814593
0.00001 2.71826824
0.000001 2.71828047
0.0000001 2.71828169
e= +
0.00000001 2.71828181

7T 7T
y = smy = V -
2 “ 2

[c h'!1
214

smy =

a,
m -,-x
d
- 1li

---,

y cosy

cosy = 1)

ax

f(x) = y = tan y
f ’ (x) = 1/( 1 +

• tan-1x • ‘ dv
x • • ax
dy 1
1. 5
dx sec 2y 1 + tan2y 1 + x2

-6 6
(tan- 1x) =
dx ' 1 + x"

1. 5

ax
(sin- 'x) =
1 - x" dx
(csc-lx) = --4=1 -

ax
(cos -1x) =
1 - x2 ax
(sec- lx) = -4==
- 1

(tan-lx) = (cot lx) =

ax 1 -r x- ax 1 -r x

(a) y = (b) f(x) = x

sm 'X
 3.6 215

(a) = (sin 1 = -(sin-1x)-2 (sin-1x)

dx dx'

(
arctan f' (x) = (1. X- I / 2) +
1+

Fx
2(1 + x)
I
•
10 g(x) =

9 ’ (x) = 1 (2x) =
- 1 •

3.6 I

1. y = In y = log/}
28.
ax V

2-26 29-32 y' ,

2. g(t) = +t )
In(3 2
Inx
29. y = 30. Y =
2
3. f(x) = In(x + 3x + 5) 4. f(x) = xlnx - x 1 + Inx

5. = 6. f(x) = In(sin 2x) 31. y=lnlsecxl 32. y = In (1 + Inx)

7. = In _.!:_ 8. y= -,-
x mx
33-36
9. g(x) = In(xe- 2') 10. g(t) =
11. F( t) = (In t) 2 sin t 12. p(t) = 33· f(x) = x 34. f(x) =
1 - In(x - 1)
13. y = logs(x 2 + 3x) 14. Y = logJO sec x
35. f(x) = In(x 2 - 2x) 36. f(x) = In In In x

15. F(s) = In ln s 16. P(v) =

1 - v
37. f(x) = In(x + ln
t((2 + 1)4
17. T(z) = 2= IOg2Z 18. g(t) = ln
2t - 1 38. f(x) = cos (l n

19. Y = In 13 - 2x 5
1 20. Y = In(csc x - cot x)
39-40
21. y = In(e- X
+ xe •,) 22. g(x) = ex21nx
39. y = 3x + 1) , (3 ,
23. h(x) ex2+lnx
11 + 2x
= 24. v In'\ 1 - - - x 2 In x ,
“
=
- 2x 40. y = (1 , 0)

U
X
25. Y =
- 26. y = IOg2 (x IOg5 x)
r:B 41. f(x) = sinx + ln

27 + r:B 42. = (l n x)/x (1 ,

,/x 2 + 1

[c h'!1
216

43. f(x) = cx + In(cos =

y=

44. f(x) = log {J (3x 2 - f'( 1) =

45-56

%
e --+
m2 x 79. f(x) = arcsin x 80. f(x) = - x)
45. Y = (x 2 + 2)2(X 4 + 4)4 . -x-2 -----
-r--+

81.
17. y= 48. Y = + lf/3

49. Y = k' 50. y = x1 j., 82. (a)

51. y=x"nx y = sec-1x Ç=:> sec y = x, 0 y<

52. Y =

53. Y = (cos x)X 54. Y = (sin x)lnx

55. Y = x 1nx 56. Y = (I n x)CO' X

ax x2 - 1

(b)
57. Y = In (x 2 +
y = sec - 1x sec y = x, 0 y y '"
58.

59. = In(x -

60 (x R ln dx ,--- lx)
--, =
Ix
a x-

61. 83.
l ln(1 + x)
1m =
r• o x

62. x> (1 + = c
(f ’)l(x) =
f'(f -I(X))

63-78

63. f(x) = sin - I(5x) 64. g(x) = sec - I(e x) 84-86

65. y = 66. Y = tan- I(x 2 ) 84. f(4) = 5, f' (4) =

67. y = (tan- 1x )2 68. g(x) =

85. f(x) = x +

69. h(x) = (arcsin x) ln x 70. g(t) =

86. f(x) = + 3 sinx + 2

87. l1 (x) =
71. h(t)
f(z) == coC1(t) + cot- l(l/t)

74. R(t) = arcsin(l/t) h’ = 9 'fY -I'f ’ + (lnf) . fY . g'

75. Y = x
88.
76. Y = cos-l(sin - 1t) (a) l1 (x) = (b) l1 (x) = 3' (c) h(x) = (sin x)'

7. Y = +

[c h'!1
 3.7 217

3.7 I
y =

XI

Ll x = X2 - XI

y
Lly = f(X2) - f(Xl)

n-
0
[XI ,
m m~ : :
m = inj = Ll x •
P(XI ,

dVL VL
- ’l m
X ia X

y =

s = Ll s /
V =

a(t) = v'(t) =

s = f(t) = t 3 - 6t 2 + 9t

(a)
(b)
(c)

[c h'!1
218

(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h) 0 t

(i)

(a)

s = f(t) = t3 - 6t 2 + 9t

v(t) = = 3t 2 - 12t + 9
dt

(b) t =

v(2) = = 3(2)2 - 12(2) + 9 = -3 m/s

v(4) = 3(4)2 - 12(4) +9= 9 m/s

(c) v(t) =

3t 2 - 12t + 9 = 3(t 2 - 4t + 3) = 3(t - l)(t - 3) = 0

t = 1
(d) v(t) >
3t 2 - 12t +9 = 3(t - 1)(t - 3) > 0

t= 3 3) < 1)
t< t> 1<t<3
)
; (e)
t= 1
s=O s=4
(f) [0 , 1] , [1 , 3] , [3 ,

If (1) - f(O) 1 = 14 - 01 = 4 m,

t = t =

If(3) - f (1) 1 = 10 - 41 = 4 m,
 3.7 219

t = t =

If(5) - f(3) 1 = 120 - 01 = 20 m

25 + 4 + 20 = 28
(g)

12s dv
a(t) = =..:.:.:_ = 6t - 12
0 5 dt ‘ dt

a(4) = 6(4) - 12 = 12 m/s2

12
(h) S, v,
(i)

1<
t< 2, t> 0 r
< 1, 2 < t <

2 = m/l)

m =

I<-- - - - - X

..\"1 X2
5

x = = X2 ð. m = f(X2) -

f (X2) - f(x ,)
=--=
Ll X X2 - X ,
220

ßx • X2 • XI

density) ßX •

ßm dm
p= l1m =
• o ßX dx

m = f(x) = 1 X

_ßm = f (, 1.- -,
2)
J
- f (l,-,)
J
Jf.2 -
Y
1 = 0^ .4, 8n ,k!!/m
I

ßX 1. 2 - 1 0.2

x =

dm
p = dx = I = 0.50

•
3

ßQ Q2 - Q1
-
v " ßt t2 - t1

ßQ dQ
1 = lim -=- =
ð. t • o ßt dt

2H2 + O2• 2H20

F 0 0 h'!1
 3.7 221

( = 6.022 x
[A] , [B] ,
tl t

Ll[C] [C](h) - [C](t ,)

!1 t t2 - t ,

!1[C] d[C]
- ‘ llt • o ð.t dt

d[B]/dt

=
---

aA + + dD

1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[C] 1 d[D]

a b c d

26 •

<

1 dV
ß = - -;:- -;::;-
V dP
222

5.3
V=p

P = 50

1 dV 0.00212
R= 1
1 ‘
= - - - = O O2
V dP I 5.3
50

•
l
6 n =

t = t = t2 ð.. n = f(t2) -
tl t t2

ð.. n f(t2) - f(tl)

ð. t t2 - tl

= l. m
A
-
n =

f (l) = 2f(0) = 2no

f(2) = 2f (1) = 22no

f(3) = 2f(2) =

[c h'!1
 3.7 223

f(t) = 2'no

n =

= bXln b
ax

dn d
= -=;- (no 2') = no 2' ln 2
dt dt

| = 100 • 24ln 2 = 16001n 2 : 1109

dt I

7
R,

,. 01
224

u= - r2 )

W. Nichols, M. [0 ,

‘
0 ’Rourke and C. Vlachopoulos (eds.) ,
McDonald ’5 Blood Flow in Arteries:
Theoretical, Experimental, and C1inical
r= r =

ßv vh) - v(r1)
Principles, 6th ed.} (Boca Raton. FL,
ßr r2 - r1

ßr •
@
- A
1 ·m = --m

dv P.. Pr
:..-;- = --:----: (0 - 2r) =
dr 4 T/ 1'

= 0.027 , R = 0.008cm , 1 = 2cm ,

P =

v = .,;4000 (0.000064 - r‘2 )

4(0.027)2
= l. 85 X 10 4 (6 .4 X 10- 5 - r2 )

r =

v(0.002) = l. 85 X 10 4 (64 X 10- 6 - 4 X 10- 6 ) = 1.1 1cm/s

dv I 4000(0.002)
| = - : -74(cm/s)/cm
dr I 2(0.027)2

r = r =
dV/dr =

•
8
XI

[c h'!1
 3 .7 225

6. C = C(X2) -

6. C C(X2) - C(Xl) C(Xl + 6. X) - C(Xl)

6. x X2 - Xl 6. x

6. C dC
= lim -=-
åx• o 6. x dx

ð.x =

C ’(n) = C(n + 1) - C(n)

C(x) = a + bx + CX 2 + dx 3

C(x) = 10 ,000 + 5x + 0.01x 2

C ’(x) = 5 + 0.02x

C'(500) = 5 + 0.02(500) =

x =

C(501) - = + 5(50 1) + 0.01(501)2]

[10 ,000
- [10,000 + 5(500) + 0.01(50W]
=

C'(500) = C(501) -
•
226

19

dP/dt

42
43

90 .

Fourier,

3.7 I

1-4 s = f(t) , t (f)

(a) (h) 0 t
(b)
(c) ro
(d)
(e) 1. f(t) = t3 - 8t 2 + 24t 2. f(t)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.7 227

3. f(t) = 4. f(t) = t 2e- t

11.
5. h = 15t -
(a)
(a) v+ (b) v (b) 25m

12. s = t4 - 4fl - 20? + 20t, t

(a)
(b)
6.

(a) q (b) s 13. (a)

(b)

7.

y 14. (a)

vè} x =
\
0 t (b)

15. (a)
8.
(i) 3 (Î i) 2.5 (iii) 2.1
(b) r =

(c)
9. 2m 24.5m/s
h = 2 + 24.5t - 4.9?

(a)
(b) 16.
(c) (a) (b) (c)
(d)
(e) 17. rojj
10. =

s = 24.5t -
(a) (a) 20cm (b) 40cin (c) 60cm
(b) 29 .4 m
228

18. (a) V= 24.

= 10- 6 m). 2m,

(i) 8 (i i) 6 (iii) 5.1

(b) D(t) = 7 + 5 cos[0.503(t - 6.75)]

(c)
(a) 3:00 (b) 6:00
(c) 9:00 (d)

19. 25.
(a) 1m, (b) 2m, (c) =

2 (a)
(b)
20.

V = 5000(1 - 0 t 40 (c) 5 =

(a) (b) (c) (d) 26.

[A] = [B] =

[c] = a2kt/(akt + 1)
21.
Q(t) = ? - 2r- + 6t + (a) t = (b)
t 3 (a)
(1 A =
(b) =

22.
k(a - X)2

GmM
r
(c) t •
(d) t •
(a) (e) (c) ,

27.
(b) r = 2N/krn
r =

23.
F = F = ma (a 28.
=

n =f(t) = --LE
1 + be

(1 - 2)3 / 2
t =

[c h'!1
 3 .7 229

[!] 29. (b) r = 0, r = r =

t=
(c)

I f
32.
0 1650 60 3040
10 1750 70 3710
1 IT
20 1860 80 4450 f= 2L \jr;
30 2070 90 5280
40 2300 100 6080 [D. E. Hall
50 2560 110 6870
(2002) , Acoustics(3rd ed.)) CA: Pacitìc

(a)
(a) (i)
(i i)
(b)
(iii)

(c)
(b)
(d)

(i)
(e)

f(t) = X 10 9 ) • (1. 01395)'

(ii)
(iii)

(f)
33.
(g)
C(x) = 2000 + 3x + 0.01x 2 + 0.0002x J
[!] 30.
(a)
(b)
t A(t) t A(t)
(c)
1950 23.0 1985 25.5
1955 23 .8 1990 25.9
1960 24 .4 1995 26 .3 34.
1965 24.5 2000 27.0
1970 24.2 2005 28.0 C(q) = 84 + 0.16q - 0 .0006 q 2 + 0.000003q3
1975 24.7 2010 28.8
(a)
1980 25.2 2015 29 .4
(b)
(a) 35.

(b)
p(x)
(c) A(x) = ..r....:::..::.
x
(d) A ,
(a) A ’ (x) >
31.

(b) A'(x) >

=

(a) r = 0, r = r= R =

t (1 ( 'f 1
230

36. x <j 41.

40 + 24x 0.4 dC
-=-=- = aC - bCW
dW
- = -cW+ dCW
R =
1 + 4x 0.4
n.
dt dt

(a)
(a) (b)
(b) (c) a = 0.05 , b = 0.001 , c = d =
(C ,

37.
42.
> 1 Joumal of Mathematical

( 3c+ 9c 2 - 8c \ R(t) = a + b(l +

t = lnl I
\ 2 /

b,
l R(O) =
38.
(a)
=

(b)

39. P(atm) , (c)

PV = 43.
= P = 0.10 W
V=
n =

40. 1 = log

(a)

(b)

(a)
(b)
5% , (c)

(c)

[c h'!1
 3.8 231

3.8 I

f' (t) = kf (t)

f' (t) =

| ky

<

y(t) =

ci'
= C(ke k' ) = k(Ce k' ) = ky

y(Q) = Ce k ' O = C

dyjdt = y(t) = .

dP
..::.:..::...._= kP k
dt p

dPjdt
P
232

dP
_:_:_ = 0.02P
dt

k =

P(t) = POeO.02t

t =

P(O) = P(1 0) = dP/dt =

P(t) = P(O)e kt = 2560e kt

p (1 0) = 2560e IOk = 3040

k
1 ln _-_-_-
= _- 3040 = 0.017185
10 2560

P(t) = 2560eO.017185t

P(43) = 2560e00 I7 185(43) =

P(75) = 2560eO.OI7185(75) =

[c h'!1
 3.8 233

6000

""
l....!. ì--'-

0 20 40
l

dm/dt
m

dm
--=km
dt

m(t) = mOe kl

(a)
(b) mg
(c)

(a) dm/ dt = km , m(O) =

m(t) = m(O)e kl = 100e kl

m(l 590) =

1OOe 1590k = 50 el590k *

-= 2

t (1 ( I f 1
234

1590k = ln = -ln 2

ln 2
k = - ----:-::-::-
1590

m(t) = 100e- (I n 2)r/1590

e 1n 2 =

m(t) = 100 x 2-r/1590

(b)

m (1 000) = 100e- (I n2)JOOO/1590 = 65 mg

(c) m(t) =

100e-(ln2)r/1590 = 30 :;;<..
-,
e- (I n2)r/1590 = 0.3

ln 2
---t = ln 0.3
1590
150
ln 0.3
m = 100e-(In
t = -1590 -_-_- =
ln 2 •
m = m(t)
4000 t =

dT
k(T- E)

y(t) = -
y ’ (t) =

dy
.:.:..::._ = ky
dt

[c h'!1
 3.8 235

(a)
(b)

(a) Ts =

dT
= k(T - 7)

y(O) = - 7 = 24 - 7 =

dy
= ky y(O) = 17

y(t) = = 17ekl

T(30) = y(30) = 16 - 7 =

30k e 30k
17e = 9 = 17

k = _"_,, = -0.02120
30

y(t) = 17e-0.021201

T(t) = 7 + 17e-0.021201

T(60) = 7 + 17e-002120(60) = 11. 8

(b) =

7 + 17 e -0.021201 = 10
e-0.021201 =

t = "" = 81. 8
-0.02120

•
lim T(t) = lim (7 + 17e-0.02120/) = 7 + 17. 0 = 7

0 30 60 90 (mlJ)

( 1( 1 t I
236

l
4
5000( 1. 02) = [5000( 1. 02)]( 1. 02) =

r = Ao(l +
r/n

/
A - A
l 1 +
-

$5000( 1.02)3 =

$5000( 1. 01)6 =

$5000( 1. 005)12 =

$5000( 1 + 3 = 5309

rrH

= Ao[ ( 1 + i) /] t

+: )"Iry
/
/
”
-
|
A l 1 ·m l
!
, + | ( -
- )
1
l l
l
‘\
1
i , /
J• J
1
Lm

e= + +) = Aoe rr

dA
-=:-=- = rAoerl = rA(t)
dt

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 3.8 237

A(3) = $5000e(O.02)3 =

3.8 I
1. cerevisi- (a) 1900
ae ,

(b) 1950

2.
(c) 2000

(a)
(b) 6.
(c)
=r-
(d)
(e)
1950 83
3.
1960 100
1970 122
(a)
1980 150
(b)
(c)
1990 182
(d) 2000 214

4. (a)

(a)
(b) (b)
(c)
(d) (c)
(e)
(f) (d)
5.

7.

1750 790 1900 1650 N20 S• 2N0 2 +

1800 980 1950 2560
1850 1260 2000 6080
238

-L- ':-J"
d[Nzüs]
dt
= O.0005[Nzüs]
14. (0 ,
y

(a)
15.
(b)
(a)

8.
(b)
(a)
16.
(b)
(c)
(d) 17.
9. 10 0 C
(a)

(a) (b)
(b) 18. 20 0 C
(c)

10.
(a) 19.
(b) h
=
11 -13
(a)
(b)

20. (a)

J4C (i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v) (vi)
(b) .
11. 74%
t(O f

12.
21. (a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v) (vi)
(b)
13.

22. (a)

(b)

[c h'!1
 3.9 239

1.

2.
Eg

~ 25%
ANH
3. ANH

3.9

F o I
240

dV
-=-;-
dt
= 100 cm3/s

dr
r =
dt

V=

dV dV dr ‘ dr
dt dr dt dt

dr 1 dV
dt dt

r = 25 , dV/dt =

dr 1
--,-^ 100 = _-_
dt

3m

5
y x,

x
dx/dt = x = 2
1

x2 + y2 = 25

dx dv
2x-. + 0
dt “ dt

dx dy x dx
dt dt y dt

x = dx/dt =

[c h'!1
 3.9 241

dy 3
:::..:;-- = -'::-(1) =
dt 4

1.
2.
3.
4.
r =
r= s.
dV/dt =

6.
7.

3 2m ,
3m

T||||| V, r

Tll dvjdt = =
4
h
h
V=

r 2 h
-=- r=-
h 4 2

v= = Eh3
242

dV 2 dh
dt 4 dt

dh 4 dV
dt nh 2 dt

h = 3m , dV/dt =

dh 4 8
---_. ,---
dt -

= l

C x A
X , y, A, B

dx/dt = -80km/h , dy/dt =

B
)
x, y, Z

Z2 = x2 + y2

dz dx , dy
2z-
, = 2x-, +
dt dt - dt
dz 1{ dx. dy\
-=-IX- V-I
dt z \ dt “ dt /

x = 0.3km , y = z=
dz 1
-: = [0.3(-80) + = -128 km/h
dt 0.5

•
5 6m

4.5m

[c h'!1
 3.9 243

X,

dx/dt = =
6
x
- = tan () x = 6 tan ()
6

_ = 6 sec'(}
^
_d(}-
dt dt
d(}- _ -1
- dx
dt 6 - -- - dt

2
= = cos (}

x = cos () = =

n
U m -s ×
-
-2
- ×
d(}
_-
dt 6 \5/
1
150
I
- =""::""1-1 =_- = 0.107
4 \2 16

F 0,

•
3.9 I
1. (a) 6.
-

(b)
7.

8. a,
2. (a)

(b) A= sin f)

(a) a = 2cm , b =
f) =
2.]'.
3. (b) a =

b = f)=

4.
(c)
a=
5. 2cm , b = 3cm, f) =
244

9. + 9/ =

(a) dy/dt = x = 2, Y = 4m
(b) dx/dt = = -2 , Y =

10. x 2 +/ + z2 = 9 , dx/dt = 5 , dy/dt = (x , y , z) = 19. P

(2 , 2 , 200m

11.

0 20.
= -m -7+-hh7 ’

(a)

(b)

12. xy = (4 ,

13-16
(a)
(b)
(c)
21.
(d)
10cm ,
(e)

13.
22. 1m

3km
8m

14.

15. 6m 2m

10m
23-24 d =

16. 150km
23.

24. 10m
17.

18. 12m 2m 25.

[c h'!1
 3.9 245

1 25m

34.
26. y = (t, I)
. 35. 3m

27. 30cm , 36.

80cm ,

37.

28. 1m ,
pv=
600cm 3
’
29.

lL =
1000cm3
’
v= - .)]

39.

1 1
-R +
ì -
- -|- -i1 - -

=
R2 =

30. 1m

TiLf|---
’
l

40.
f t t R R

PV L4 =
3
400cm ,
1. 5 3 4 1. 5

31.
41.
60km/h
32. 50m
100m

0
2
= + c2 - 2bccos
33.

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
246

42. B (b) TV
= g
W =
46. 3km
cm

Ikm
18cm

47.
43. 12m ,
2 /min
0

rad/min

44.
48.
4m
16m

3m 49.

50.

51.
200m

45. TV 1200m

52.

53.

(a) TV

3.10 I
y

0 x
(a ,

t f
n
U I
b ”- / t r
’’ t
 3.10 247

y = (a , f(a))

y = f(a) + f ’(a)(x - a)

L(x) = f(a) + f' (a)(x - a)

f(x) = L(x)

f(x) = f(a) + f ’(a)(x - a)

approximation)
line

a = f(x) =

f(x) = (x +

f'(x) = +
-r _j

f(l) = 2, f ’(1) =

L(x) =f(1) +f(1)(x - 1) = 2 + i(x - 1) = I +

4 4

: 5+ |

+ = 1.995 , = + = 2.0125

1‘ 0 x

•
1

t 1 11 'f 1
248

x L(x)

.j3.9 0.9 1. 975 1. 97484176 .. .

0.98 1.995 1. 99499373 ...
.j4 2 2.00000000 ...
1. 05 2.0125 2.01246117 . ..
1.1 2.025 2.02484567 ...
15 2 2.25 2.23606797 .. .
j6 3 2.5 2 .44948974 . . .

7 x
~~ -4 + -4

4.3 | (5 + I < 0 .5

-, ,
I X
L(x) r-----
x + 3 - 0 .5 <- +- <
r---
x + 3 + 0.5
-4 10
’ 4 4 ’

I 0.5 , 0.5

y = (7 + y= +

7 x
~~ -4 + -4

2.6 < x <

• 5
-1.1 <x<
•

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.10 249

sin
sin sin
f(x) = L(x) =

smx =x

50

sin cos

sin e = cos e = 1

[Eugene <Optics , 5th ed ) (Boston , 2017) ,

p.164

10.1 1 .

dx 'i' y = differential)
‘-
dy
----;:- = f ’(x)
ax = f' (x) dx

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
250

P(x , Q(x + Llx ,

f(x +

Ll y = f(x + Ll x) - f(x)

f' (x)
dx =

y =

y = f(x) = X 3 + x 2 - 2x + (a) (b) 2.01

(a) f(2) = 2 3 + 2 2 - 2(2) +1= 9

f(2 .05) = (2.05)3 + (2.05)2 - 2(2.05) + 1 = 9.717625
Lly = f(2.05) - f(2) = 0.717625

dy =f ’(x) dx = + 2x - 2) dx

= dx = Llx =
[1. 8, 2.5] X [6 ,
= [3(2)2 + 2(2) - 2]0.05 = 0.7

(b) f(2 .01) = (2.01)3 + (2.01)2 - 2(2.01) + 1 = 9 .1 40701

Ll y = f(2.01) - f(2) = 0.140701
dx = Ll x = 0.01

dy = [3(2)2 + 2(2) - 2]0.01 = 0.14

•
Ll y =

f(x) = f(a) + f ’(a)(x - =x-a x=

a +
f(a + dx) = f(a) + dy

f(x) =

dy = f' (x) dx =
4“ x -r j

a = = Llx =

0.05
dv = 0.0125
2 .. /1 +3

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.10 251

= 1( 1.05) = 1 (1 + 0.05) = 1(1) + dy = 2.0125

V= d ,.

dV=

r = 21 , dr =

dV= = 277

NOTE

ð. V dV 4 7T r 2 dr dr
--=--= = --
V V - r

= 0.05/21 =
0.24% ,

I
1-4 6. a = g(x) =
1. f(x) = x3 - x2 + 3, a = -2
2. f(x) = e 3X, a = 0
a =
3. f(x) = a = 8

4. f(x) = cos 2x , a =
7. tan-1x =x 8. (1 + X)-3 = 1 - 3x
~ I + -‘‘ : 2
.
1
n
5. a =
--
10. - - - = 1 - ;\-x
1 + e.' ‘

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
252

11 -18 37-39

11. Y = e 5.' 12. Y

37. In 1. 04 = 0.04 38. 2.005
1 + 2u
13. Y = ,-, 14. Y = (J 2sin2 (J
1 + 3u % n
u m
15. Y 16. Y =

eX 40. f(x) = (x - 1)2, g(x) = e- 2 " h(x) = 1 + ln(l -

17. Y = In(sin (J) 18. Y = e
1 - (a) a =

(b) f , g,
19-22 (a) (b)

19. Y = e X (1O, x = 0, dx = 0.1

41.
20. Y = cos t
x = , dx = -0.02

21. Y = x= 1, dx= -0.1

(a) (b)
x + 1
22. Y = --:,
X-I
x = 2 , dx = 0 ‘ 05 42.
(a)

23-26 dx = (b)
dx ,
43.
(a)
23. Y = x 2 - 4x , x = 3, ðx = 0.5 7]-?
(b)
24. Y = x - x J , X = 0, ðx = -0.3

25. Y = 2 , x = 3, ðx = 0.8
44.
26. Y = e X , x = 0, ðx = 0.5

45. (a) h, r, ðl
27-30
l (b)

ðy = 46.
27. f(x) = x 4 - X + 1 28. f(x) = e 2x - 2
(a)
29. f(x) = 30. f(x) =
X" + 1
(b)

47. v= RI
31-36

31. (1. 99W 32. 1/4.002

33. 34. 48.

35. e O•1 36. cos

F = kR 4

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3 .10 253

(c)

51 . =

(a)
5%
(b)
49.

(a) dc =0 (b) d(cu) = c du

(c) d(u + v) = du + dv (d) d(uv) = u dv + v du

(e) dl( u \
| =
v du - u dv
(f) d(x") = Il X ,, -1 dx
\ V / v-

50.

a 1' =
52. g(2) =
9 sin sin (J
g'(x) =
sin
(a) g(
(a) sin x =
(b)
(b) (J = sin

|
x =

(i) P(a) = f(a) ,

(ii) P ’ (a) = f ’ (a) , )
(iii) P"(a) = f" (a) , )

1. a = (i) , (ii) , =
P(x) = A + Bx+
2. f(x) = P(x)7} 0.1
y = P(x) , y = cos x - 0.1 , y = cos x +

3. a

P(x) = A + B(x - a)+ C(x - ai

(i) , (i i) ,

P(x) = f(a) + f ’(a)(x - a) + !f" (a)(x - a )2

t (1 ( I f 1
254

4. a = 1 = f,

5. x =

T,, (x) = Co + CI(X - a) + C2(X - a)2 + C3(X - a)3 + ... + c (x - a)n ,,

x = Co = f(a) , Cl = f' (a) , C2 =

T,, (x) = f(a)

" +. ... +. j<")(a)
, - a)2
+ f ’(a)(x - a) + J" (a) (x J - a)n
2! 1l!

6. =

[-5 , 5] X [-1. 4, T2 , T4 , T6 ,

3.11 I
•

functions) ,

L..! c-.---I

-.
smnx= - - - -
e"" - e
2
csch x = •
smnx
L
e X + e- x 1
cosh x = 2 sechx = ---
cosh x
Lux
x - x = -x

1
t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.11 255

y=l

y=-l
x
EI 1
--V

/
= x - l%- f
y = coshx = + y = tanhx

[1 ,
y = 27

y = c + a cosh(x/a)

X 4
4 y = c + a cosh(x/a)

L m
”u - - Q
“ -
L-

5, 57

-x) = -sinh x cosh( -x) = cosh x

cosh2x - sinh2x = 1 1 - tanh 2x = sech 2x
sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

t (1 ( I f 1
256

1
(a) cosh 2x sinh 2x = 1 (b) 1 - tanh 2x = sech 2x

‘ • { e X + e- X\ 2 (e x _ e-x \ 2
(a) cosh'x - sinh'x = I 1 - I 1
\ 2 / \ 2 /
e 2x + 2 + e- 2x e 2x - 2 + e- 2x
4 4
4
- -4 - ,‘
1

(b) cosh 2x - sinh 2x = 1

1 sinh2x 1
sech2x
=
56) - - - -2- - - -2- :;;<.
---, 1- = l
cosh x cosh x

P(cos t , sin cos 2 t sin 2 t =

Q x
P(cosh t , sinh cosh 2t - sinh 2t =
cosh t -l = t

y
P(cosh 1, sinh t)
\
I e X - e- x \ e X + e- x
.:;:- (sinh x)
dx ,-- - ,
=':;:-1
dx \
- 2
- 1
/
= - = cosh x
x

x2 _ y2 = 1

(sinh x) = cosh x (csch x) = -csch x coth x

ax ax

x) = (sech x) = -sech x tanh x

ax ax

(tanh x) = sech2x (coth x) = -csch2x

ax ax

t f
n
U
( ” n
” !
’l
/ f r
 3.11 257

2 y = cosh

ax ax
=
•
l

[0 , y =

[1,

y = sinh-'x <==> = X

y = cosh-'x <==> coshy =

y = tanh-'x <==> tanhy = x

32
sinh- I , cosh- I ,

y y

x I1 x
0 x

8 y=sinh- 1x 9 y = cosh- I X y= tanh- I x

= =[1 , = [0, = (-1 , 1) ,

sinh-'x = ln(x + xEIR

30, 31
cosh-'x = ln(x +

tanh-'x = ! -1 <x< 1

3 sinh-'x = ln(x +

1 11 I f
258

y = sinh- I
7
x mv
”
2- -
“

eY - 2x - e-Y = 0

e 2Y - 2xe Y - 1 = 0

(e y)2 - 2x(e Y) - 1 = 0

x- < O(x <

eY = x

y = ln(e Y ) = ln(x +

sinh- 1x = ln(x +

29
•

coth
(sinh-1x) = i (csch-lx) = -
ax 1 + x" dx '

Ixl < IX) (sech-1x) =

Ixl > 1 ax x ‘ -1 ax - X2

(tanh-1x) = =
ax 1 - x- ax 1 - x-

ax 1 + x"
1 y = sinhy =

dy
cosh y -;:- = 1
ax

cosh 2y - sinh 2y = cosh y coshy =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.11 259

dy 1
dx cosh y

(sinh-Ix) = ln(x +
ax ax

(1
+x

1 •
5 [tanh-'(sin

._ 1 d
dx [tanh-'(sin
L---'" ,_ ... -x)]
-/J
=.1 - (sin
/ . x ")2 dx (sin x)

1 cos x
= _ cosx •
1 - sin'x cos'x

1-6 11 -23

1. (a) sinh 0 (b) cosh 0 11. sinh(-x) = -sinhx

2. (a) tanh 0 (b) tanh 1

12. cosh( - x) = cosh x
3. (a) cosh (l n 5) (b) cosh 5
)
4. (a) sinh 4 (b) sinh (l n 4)
13. cosh x + sinh x = e"
5. (a) sech 0 (b) cosh- I 1
14. cosh x - sinh x = e-x
6. (a) sinh 1 (b) sinh- I 1
15. sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
16. cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
7. 8 sinhx + 5
17. coth 2 x - 1 = csch 2 X
8. 2e 2x + cosh
tanh x + tanhy
9. sinh(ln 18. tanh(x + y) =
1 + tanh x tanh y
10. cosh(4 ln

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
260

19. sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x 39. G(t) = sinh (l n t) 40. F(t) = In(sinh t)

20. coth 2x = cosh 2 X + sinh 2 x 41. f(x) = 42. H(v) = e ‘anh 2u

21. tanh (l n x) =
43. y = sech x tanh x 44. Y = sech(tanh x)
x‘ i

22.
1 + tanh x
=
45. g(t) = t 46. f(t) =:11 +- sinh
-:"":" t".
sinh t

1 - tanh x
47. f(x) = sinh- 1( -2x) 48. g(x) = tanh- 1(x 3 )
23. (cosh x + sinh x)" = cosh nx + sinh % O 8 < 2
=

V/ = % O< 8 < 2
24. tanhx =
rL -+-u-2
, j
25. coshx

26. (a)
=
sinh , cosh , tanh csch ,
n
“ V/ = “ h
- -x-2
-

sech, y = x sinh- 1(x/3) -

(b)

54. =
27. dx V 1 - tanh x -
(a) lim tanh x (b) lim tanh x

(c) lim sinh x (d) lim sinh x 55. x) = sech

ax
(e) lim sech x (f) lim coth x 56.
(g) coth x (h) coth x

sinhx y = 21 1. 49 - 20.96 cosh 0.03291765x

(i) lim csch x (j)
e-

28. Ixl
(a) cosh, (b) tanh, (c) csch, (d) sech, (e) coth (a)
29. y = (b)
(c) 100m
(d)
30.
57.
31. (a) (b)

”L
5
32. (i) v= -” na - -L
4
(ii) (iii)

5
(a) csch- I (b)sech- I (c) coth - I

33.
(a) cosh- I (b) tanh- I (c) coth - I
v=
34.
(a) sech- I (b) coth- I
y = c + a cosh(x/a)
35-53
a >
35. f(x) = cosh 3x 36. f(x) = e X cosh x 60 y = a cosh(x/

2
37. h(x) = 38. g(x) = sinh x

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 3.11 261

59. 14m 62.

y = 20 cosh(x/20) - X, Y

v(t) =
(a)
(b) 9 =
y

(a) lim
(b)

k = k=

60.
SOllrce: L. Long et al., “ How Terminal Is Terminal Velocity?" Americall
Matilemlltical MOllthly 113 (2006) : 752-55

63. (a) = A sinh I11 X + B cosh y" = 1I12y

y = (b) y" = 9y , y(O) = -4 , y'(O) = y =

64. x = In(sec () + tan sec () = cosh

l

65. y = cosh

y = f(x) =

f,, (x) = tanh(n sin x)

6 1. p = 200m

(a)
67. a =p 0, b =p +
a sinh(x + a cosh(x + ß)
(b)
a, f(x) = ae' +
be- x

[c h'!1
010.2089.7621
v
A n
m ” m m m

4 Applications of Differentiation

263
[c h'!1
264

4.1 I

•
(3 ,
f(3) = f(6) = f(3) = 5
f(6) =

2
f(c) max-
imum
f(c) min-
imum
y

(d , (a ,
(a , f(x)
e X c (b ,
f(c)
2

c f(c) max-
imum
c f(c) min-
imum

[c h'!1
 4.1 265

y
c
6 f(4) =
4
12
/
2
J
K f(4) =

+ K
8 f(8) =
0 4 12 x

y
f(x) = 3x 4 - 16x 3 + 18x 2 -1 X 4
(-1 , 37) y = 3x 4 - 16x 3 + 18x 2

f(l) = f(-l) =
f(O) = f(3) =

2 f(x) =
(3 , -27 ) COS -1 < cosx <
5 cos(2n + =

./

/ '
y = cosx l

2
3 f(x) = x f(x) f(O)
y =
6
x

6 0, •
4 f(x) =

•
x

Extreme Value Theorem) [a ,

7
[a ,
266

y y y

01
?y
a c d b x 01 a c d=b x

y y

0 2 x 0 2 x

9 = 0 10

[0 ,
[0 ,

13(b)

(0 ,
(1 , )

y
b
(c , f(c))

C x f' (c) = 0,

11

[c h'!1
 4.1 267

Theorem) f ’ (c)
Fermat,
f' (c) =

f(c) >

f(c) f(c + h)

f(c + h) - f(c) 0

f(c + o
h

f(c + h) - f(c)
lim Ii m 0= 0
h• 0+ h "• 0+

f(c + h) - f(c ) ,. f (c + h) - f(c)

f ’(c) = h = h

f' (c)

f(c + - f(c)
h

f'(c) = lim f(c

,- J
+ ._,
h) - f(c)_ _
,-, =
J
1:_ f(c + h) - f(c)
h• o h " • 0- h

f'(c)
f' (c) =

•
f ’ (x) =
268

5 f(x) = f' (x) = f ’ (0) =

x3 >
x3 < 1' (0) =
j
y=
‘

(0 ,
l

12 J(x) = =
6 f(x) =

f' (x) =

13 l

13 J(x) = =

f ’(c) = 0

f' (c) =

(a) f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 1 (b) f(x) = x 3 / 5(4 -

x = 1. 5 (f ’ (x) =
(a) f ’ (x) = 3x 2 - 6x = 3x(x -
=
=

3.5 (b)

3(4 - x)
f ’(x) = X 3/ 5 ( -1) + (4 - 2/5) = _X 3/ 5 +
:lX- '-
-0.5 5 - 5x + 3(4 - x) 12 - 8x
5 X 2/ 5 5X2/5

-2 f(x) = 4x3 / 5 - 12 -
14
8x = 0, x = f' (x) = x =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 4.1 269

Closed Interval Method) [a ,

1. (a ,
2.
3.

f(x) = x3 - 3x 2 + 1 -! X 4

y
x = 0 x =

y 3
= X - 3x 2 + 1
20
(4 , 17)
f(O) = 1 f(2) = -3

f(-!) = k f(4) = 17
x
5 (2 , -3 ) f(4) = f(2) =

(a) = x - 2 sin x, 0 X

(b)
O
L
(a) x [-1 ,
270

x =

x =

(b) = x - 2 sin f' (x) = 1 - 2 cosx

= f' (x) = x=

11" 11" r-
= - - 2 S1n - = - - 3 = -0.684853
3 3 ’

r
= - - - 2 sin - - = - - + 3 = 6.968039
3 3 ’

f(O) = 0 = 6.28

= -
= +
•
10
t = t =

v(t) = 0.000397t 3 - 0.02752t 2 + 7.1 96t - 0.9397

a(t) = v'(t) = (0.000397t 3 - 0.02752t 2 + 7.196t - 0.9397)

dt
= 0.001191t 2 - 0.05504t + 7.196
0 t

a'(t) = 0.0023808t - 0.05504

0.05504
t, = = 23.12
0.0023808

[c h'!1
 4.1 271

a(Q) = 7.196 a(tl) = a(23.12) = 6.56 a (1 26) = 19 .1 6

4.1 I
1. 9.

2. [a , 10.
(a)

(b)
11. (a)

3-4
(b)

(c)
3. y

12. (a) [-) ,

c d I s x

13. (a) [-1 ,

4. y

14. (a)
01 a b s x
(b)

5-6
15-28

15. f(x) = 3 - 2x, x -1

16. f(x) = x , -1
2
x<2
17. f(x) = l/x , x l
-
-

18. f(x) = l/x, 1< x< 3

19. f(x) = sin x, 0 x<
7-10 [1 ,
20. f(x) = sinx, 0 < x

21. f(x) = sinx, X

7.
22. f(t) = cos t , t
8.
272

23. f(x) = lnx, 0< x 2

57. f(x) = x + [0.2, 4J
x
24. f(x) = Ixl x
( [ nU
%
. “
Il -x
-2 -x -+----
,
25. f(x) = 1-

26. f(x) = eX 59. f(t) = t - [-1 , 4J

J
F ( -
l
l X
l
<
l
l
l
r

7
2

’j x
-1 ,,:; x O 60.
l
e •,
x"
3]

f( ------
m s-, [ M
< 1 f( 1i + 2m 6 4
’
f( x
[ ’-
-
?-

29-48 64. f(x) = xe x /2, [-3 , lJ

29. f(x) = 3x 2 + x - 2 30. g(v) = v 3 - 12v +4 65. f(x) = In(x
2
+x + 1) , [-1 , 1]

31. f(x) = 3x 4 + 8x 3 - 48x 2 32. f(x) = 2X3 + x 2 + 8x 66. f(x) = x - 2 tan- 1x , [0 , 4]

33. g(t) = t 5 + 5t 3 + 50t 34. A(x) = 13 - 2x 1

1 '1' P- 1 67. a , f(x) = x“(1 - 4 ,0 X

35. g(y) = ? J 36. h(p) =
y" - y l ‘ p" 4

x2 + 2 t2 + 9 f(x) = 11 + 5x -
37. p(x) = 38. q(t) =
2x - 1 ', , t" - 9

39. h(t) = t 3/4 - 2t1/4 40. g(x) =

41. F(x) = X 4/5 (x - 4)2 42. h(x) = X- 1/3 (x - 2) (a)

43. = x 1/ 3(4 - X)2/3 44. f(()) = () + J2 cos () (b)

45. f(()) = 2 cos () + sin 2
() 46. p(t) = te 4' 69. f(x) = x 5 - x 3 + 2 , -1 X l
47. g(x) = x 2 1nx 48. ß(u) = 4 tan- 1u - u 70. f(x) = e" + e- 2x , 0 X I

71. f(x) =

72. f(x) = x - 2 cos x , -2 X O

100 cos 2 x
49. f ’(x) = 5e- 0 . I1 xl sinx - 1 50. f ’(x) = -.-: ;- - 1 73.
10 x"

51 -66 BAC

51. f(x) = 12 + 4x - x 2, [0 , 5J g/dL

C(t) = 0.135te- 2802 '
52. f(x) = 5 + 54x - 2x 3, [0 , 4J

53. f(x) = 2 X 3 - 3x 2 - 12x + 1, [-2 , 3J

54. f(x) = x3 - 6x 2 + 5 , [-3 , 5J SOflrce: Adap1ed from P. Wilkinson et al., “ Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol after
Oral Administration in the Fasting State ," JOfl l"li al of mld
55. f(x) = 3X4 - 4x 3 - 12x2 + 1, [-2 , 3J Biopharlll (l ceutics 5 (1977): 207-24

56. f(t) = (t 2
- 4)3 , [-2 , 3J 74.
C(t) = 8(e- 0.4' - e 0.6')
•

[c h'!1
 4.1 273

(b)

75. 300 C

79.
V = 999.87 - 0.06426T + 0.0085043T 2 - 0.0000679T 3

76.

3
F
(J + cos (J

8 tan (J =

v{r) = k{ro - r)r 2 1ro r

77.

L{t) = 0.00439t 3 - 0.1273t 2 + 0.8239t + 323.1

(a) [1ro ,

(b)
(c) [0 ,

80. f(x) = X
IOI
+21+x + 1

81. (a) g(x) = -

0 0
10 56.4 (b)
15 97.2 82.
89% 20 136.2
32 226.2 f(x) = cx +d (a 0)
59 403.9
62 440 .4
125 1265.2 (a)

(a)
t E [0 , (b)

t (1 ( I f 1
274

- |

1.

sina =

k k=
BC

of
deviation)

D(a) = (a - ß) + - 2ß) + (a - ß) = +2a-4ß

a = D(a) =
a = D ’ (a) = t:J. D/ t:J. a =
a =
17-}
180 0 - 138 0 =

2. 17-}

k = k = k

3.

D(a) = 2a - 6ß +

osa

k=

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 4.2 275

4. 17.]-

c“
~

4.2

Rolle, (Méthode
1. [a ,
pour resoudre les 2. (a ,
1691
3. f(a) = f(b)
f' (c) = (a , b)

f ’ (c) = (c ,

y y y y

7T\
0 x 0 a C b x 0 a c , C2 b x 0 a C b x

(a) (b) (c) (d)

( 1( I f
276

m 1 f(x) = k,
f' (x) = (a , b)

11 (a , b) f(x) > f(a) l(b)

[a ,
f(a) = (a , b)
f' (c)

111 (a , b) f(x) <f(a) l(c)

[a , f(a) = (a , b) c
f' (c) =
•
1 s =

t = t = f(a) =

f' (c) = 0, b t =

•
=

3
= X

f(O) = -1 < f(l) = 1 >

3 f(c) = 1

-2 2
f(a) = 0 =

(a , [a ,
2
} f ’(c) = b (x

f ’ (x) = +1 1

•
l

F 0 0 h'!1
 4.2 277

Mean Value Theorem)

1. [a ,
2. (a ,
(a ,

f (b) - f(a)
f ’(c) = l

IJ-a

f(b) - f(a) = f ’(c)(b - a)

A(a , B(b ,

f (b) - f(a)
mAB -

(c ,

P(c ,

y y

B(b , f(b))

0 Q c j 0 u C1 C2 b X

---n
A
k
FJ - - -’O -a- x

\
+ f (b)
nU
a X b x - f(a)
+ -” b ---
H fJ -, y = f(a) J ' -./ J , _. / (x - a)
”
H -a- x- IJ - a

t (1 ( I f 1
278

f (b) - f(a)
@] h(x) = f(x) - f(a) - b- a (x - a)

1. [a ,

2. (a ,

f (b) - f(a)
= f' (x) - J '-,
o-a

[f(b) - f(a)]/(b -
f (b) - f(a)
3. h(a) =f(a) -f(a) b- a (a - a) = 0

f (b) - f(a)
h(b) =f(b) -f(a) - b- a (b - a)
Lagrange ,

= f(b) - f(a) - [f (b) - f(a)] =

h(a) =

h ’ (c) = (a ,

f (b) - f(a)
16 0=11 ’(c) = f'(c) - J '.,
o-a

f (b) - f(a)
f(c) = b - a

•
3 f(x) = x 3 - x , a = 0, b =
[0 ,

y
f(2) - f(O) = f ’(c)(2 - 0)

(0 , 2) f(2) = 6, f(O) = = 3x2 - 1

6 = (3c 2 - 1)2 = 6c 2 - 2
x

c2 c= (0, 2)
c=

c (1 ( ,r 1
 4.2 279

s = t =
t= b

f (b) - f(a)
b-a

t = b
t =

5 f(O) = 1' (X)

[0 ,

f(2) - f(O) = f' (c) (2 - 0)

f(2) = + 2f' (c) = -3 + 21'(c)

f' (X) 1' (c)

21' (c)

f(2) = -3 + -3 + 10 = 7

(a , (a ,

XI < (a , (a ,
(XI , [XI ,
[XI , XI <c<
f(X2) - f(x ,) = 1'(C)(X2 - XI)
280

f' (x) = f' (c) =

f(X2) - f(Xl) = 0 f(X2) = f(Xl)

(a ,
l

(a , f' (x) = f - (a ,
f(x) = g(x) +

F(x) = f(x) - (a ,

F'(x) = f ’(x) - 9 ’(x) =

NOTE

x>o
x<o

D = Ixlx "t. D f' (x) =

tan - 1x + coC1x =

f(x) = tan-1x +

f ’(x) =
1 + x"
- 1 + x"
f(x) =

C = f (1) = tan- 11 + coC 11 = + = 3E

442

+ cot- 1x =
•

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 4.2 281

4.2 I
1. [0, 9-12

IY y=f(x) 9. f(x) = 2X2 - 4x + 5, [-1 , 3]

r-
10. f(x) = x3 - 2X2 - 4x + 2, [-2 , 2J
L 11. f(x) = sin(x/2) ,
t- l
0
12. f(x) = x + l/x , [t, 2J
\ \ \ \ x
2. f(O) = f(8) = 13. f(x) = 1- = (-1 ,
f ’ (c) =

3.
14. f(x) = f(O) = (0 , f ’ (c) =

15-18

0 XI
15. f(x) = 2X2 - 3x + 1, [0 , 2J
(a)
16. f(x) = x3 - 3x + 2, [-2 , 2J

(b) 17.f(x)=lnx, [1 , 4J
(c) . 18. f(x) = I/x , [1 , 3J
4. f(O) = 1, f(8) =

5-8 (c ,

19. f(x) = J;, [0 , 4J 20. f(x) = e- ' , [0 , 2J

5. 6. y

/ \ 21. f(x) (x - f(4) - f(l) f ’ (c) (4 -

v = =

1-
-þ h
/ \
(1 ,

17T
f- l
1"- /
0
I I j 0 i lll l_:\: 22. f(x) = 2 - 12t - f(3) - f(O) = f' (c)(3 - 0)
8. y (0 ,

•-
1"'-. 23-24
\
l
i
‘-
I j IJ I
23. 2x + cos x = 0 24. x 3 + e" = 0

( 1( I t I
282

25. - 15x + c = [ 36. f ’ (x) = c

f(x) = cx +
26. 37. j(x) =

x>O
27. (a) g(x) = X ' 1
(b) 11
l
+-
x
x<O

28. (a)
f ’ (x) =

(b)
38-39
(c)

29. j (1) = 10 , f' (x) 2 (1 X

39. 2 sin- 1x = coÇI(l - 2x 2 ) , x O

30. 3 18 f(8) - f(2)

40. 10
31. j(O) = -1 , f(2) =

32. j , g7]- [a , (a ,
41.
j(a) = f ’ (x) < f(b)
<

j(t) = g(t) - ]
33. 0 < x < sinx <
42. f(a) =

34. -,6

(-b , f ’ (c) = c

35.

Isin a - sin b I la - bl

4.3 I

y
D (x , y =

B
.

•
A C
0
x B
1 f' (x) > C

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 4.3 283

f' (x) <

Testl
I/ D (a) f' (x) >
(b) f' (x) <

c>C>

(a) XI <
f(xl) <
f' (X) > [Xl ,

f(X2) - f(x ,) = f' (C)(X2 - X,)

X2 f ’(C) > XI < X2

X2 - Xl >
f(X2) - f(x ,) > 0 f(x ,) < f(X2)

•
1 f(x) = 3x4 - 4x 3 - 12x2 +

f ’(X) = 12x 3 - 12x 2 - 24x = 12x(x - 2)(x + 1)

-[ 0 2 x f' (x) > f'(x) <

f' (x) = x = 0, 2 ,

12x, x - 2 , x +

f' (x) < (0 , 2)

12x x-2 x+ 1 f ’ (x) f

x <-1
-1 < x < 0 + +
0<x<2 + +
x>2 + + + + (2 ,

1 11 I t I
284

20
•
-2 3
•

-30

(-1 , (0 , f(O) =

f ’(x) > O <x

f ’ (x) <

(a)
(b)
(c)

f ’ (x)

y y y

f ’(x)>O
f' (x) <0

0 x 0 C x 0 c x 0 C
-‘
(a) (b) (c) ·

f(-l)

f(2) = -27 f(O) =

•
g(x) = x + 2 sin x 0 X

‘ r H I t
 4.3 285

g'(x) = 1 + 2 cos x

cos x = g ’ (x) =

cosx > 9 ’ (x) g ’(x) = 1 + 2 cos x 9

y = cosx
+
<x<
<x< +

6
= + 2 sin = + + = 3.83

l ‘ 3 \
= - + 2 sin - = -
-,
+ 2l | = - - 3 = 2 .46
[

4 7T 3 3 2 / 3 ,-
3 3

5 g(x) = x + 2 sin x
•
(a , B

y B y B

9
f

A A

0 a b x 0 a b x

(a) (b)

( 1( 't I
286

(a ,
(a ,

y B y B

A A

0 a b X 0 a b X

(a) (b)

upward ,
downward , CD)

(b , c) , (d , e) , (e , (a , b) , (c ,

(p,

y
D

C d e p q x

• --CD CU-•j- CD CU CU CD •|

(a) f" (x) >

(b) f" (x) <

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 4.3 287

80

60

40

20

o 3 6 9 12 15 18 t

t =

(0 , (1 2 ,

•
(12 ,

(inftection

(i) f' (x) > 0, (1, f ’ (x) < 0

(ii) (2 , f" (x) > 0, (- 2, f" (x) < 0
(iii) 1im f(x) = -2, 1im =0

(1 ,
(2 ,

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
288

y y = =

y 10
x
x =

y=-2 x < 2
l

y
f 1 c
(a) f ’ (c) = >
(b) f' (c) = f" (c) <

c f"(x) > c
0 C X

11 f" (C) > 0, 11

NOTE f"(x) =

y = x4 -

f(x) = x4 -

f ’(x) = 4x 3 - 12x2 = 4x 2(x - 3)

f" (x) = 12x2 - 24x = 12x(x - 2)

f' (x) =

=0 f" (3) = 36 > 0

f ’ (3) = f" (3) > f(3) =

f" (O) =

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 4.3 289

1' (x) <

x=O f" (x) =

f" (x) = 12x(x - 2)

+
(0, 2)
15 (2 , +
4
- 5
(0 ,
(2 ,

-30
y = x4 - 4.,2 l

7 f(x) = :2P(6 -

=, 3(6 -- x
x1 f3
?/1
X)2 / 3
f" (x) = -.” -
8

1' (x) = x=O

4,

4-x X
I/3 (6 - X) 2/ 3 f' (x) f
x<O + +
0<x < 4 + + + +
4<x < 6 + +
x>6 + +

= f(4) =

4 3
X / <
f" (x) < f" (x) >

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
290

(6 , (6 ,
x • x • If' (x) I • (0 , (6 ,

VJ

(4 , 2 ' /3 )

x=6
www.5 tewartCalculus
0 2 3 4 5 7 x

13
y = x2/3(6 - X)1/3
•
8 f(x) =
{x Ix •
t =

im e l // x
lim = lim e' =
x • 0+

• t = l/x •
lim e l / x = lim e' = 0
x-)>O-

• l/x •

lim e 1/-, =- ee O
1m e"-- - =

y =

f ’(x) =
x-

el / x > f' (x) < 0

( (0 ,

x 2e 1/-'( -1/x2) - e e I/X(2x + 1)

f" (x) = 4
x x 4

el / x > x4 > x > -5 (X f" (x) > X <

f"(x) < (-5 , (0 ,
e

y =

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 4.3 291

14(a)]
(0 , x
• f(x) •

V -- ’’ y
’’
&
’
4

---.. y=l
‘-- 4
J
3

0 x 0 x

(a) (b) (c)

4.3 I

1-2 (a)
(a) (b)
(b)
5. Y
(c) y= f' (x)
(d)
(e)

y 2. y
11
./ 6. yt y = f ’(x)
1\ \ 1-
If
1-

1- 1 •-
FK \ /
0
IJ x 01 1 x

3.
7. x
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
y
4. (a)
(b)

8 x

5-6

t (1 ( I f 1
292

8. 29-30
(a)
(b)
(c) 29. f(x) = 1 + 3x 2 - 2X3 30. f(x)
x - 1

(d)
31.
y
f ’ (x) = (x - 4)2(X + 3)1 (x - 5)8

0
32. (a) f(x) = x 4(x -
(b)

9-16
(c)

33.
9. f(x) = 2X3 - 15x 2 + 24x - 5
(a) 1' (2) = 0,1"(2) =
10. f(x) = x 3 - 6x 2 - 135x

11. f(x) = 6x 4 - 16x 3 + 1 12. f(x) = X2/3 (x - 3)

(b) f ’ (6) = 0, 1"(6) =

x2 - 24
13. f(x) = -- " 14. =x+
x-::> x 34-41

15. f(x) = sin x + cos x , 0 X 34. (a) f' (x) < 0 , f" (x) < 0
16. f(x) = x 4 e- x
(b) f' (x) > 0, f" (x) > 0
35. (a) f ’ (x) > 0 , f" (x) < 0
(b) f ’ (x) < 0, f" (x) > 0
17-22
36. = 0,
x f' (x) > 0 , x > -2 (x =p f'(x) < 0
17. f(x) = x 3 - 3x 2 - 9x +4 f" (x) < 0 , x > f" (x) > 0
18. f(x) = 2 X 3 - 9x 2 + 12x - 3
37. 1' (0) = f ’ (2) = f ’ (4) = 0,
19. f(x) = sin 2x - cos 2x, 0 X x<O f ’ (x) > 0
0<x<2 f ’ (x) < 0
20. f(x) = 1n(2 + sin x) , 0 X
f" (x) > 0,
21. f(x) = ln(x 2
+ 5) 22. f(x) =
x<l
e"' +2
38. =p f' (x) > 0 , x = 1,
x<1 f" (x) > 0,
zg
f f" (x) < 0
7E

f * L1 39. f ’ (5) = 0, x < f ’ (x) < 0

-
--
AE f ’ (x) > 0 , 1" (2) = 0 , 1" (8) = 0,
x<2 f" (x) < 0
23. f(x) = x4 - 2X2 +3 ”” ---- x
-x -+---x f" (x) > 0
lim f(x) 3, lim f(x) 3
25. f(x) = x 2
- X - ln x
“
n
2X 1m
= =

27. f(x) = xe 2x
40. f ’ (0) = f ’ (4) = 0, x < f ’ (x) = 1
f' (x) > 0,
28. f(x) = cos 2x - 2 sin x , 0 X -1<x<0 2<x<4 f' (x) < 0,

[c h'!1
 4.3 293

= = (c)
(d)
-1<x<2 f" (x) > 0,
f" (x) < 0
45. f(x) = x3 - 3x 2 + 4 46. f(x) = 36x + 3x 2 - 2X3
41. x "'" f ’ (x) > 0 , x < f"(x) > 0,
f" (x) < 0 , (2 , 5) , 47. f(x) = !x 4 - 4x 2 + 3 48. g(x) = 200 + 8x 3 + x4
= 8, = 0
49. g(t) = 3t 4 - 8t 3 + 12 50. h(x) = 3x 5

51. f(z) = Z7 - 112 z2 52. f(x) = (x 2 - 4)3

42. =
53. F(x) = 54. G(x) = 5X 2/ 3 - 2 X5/3

(a) 55. C(x) = I 3

X / (X + 4) 56. f(x) = In(x 2 + 9)
dx .

(b)
57. f(()) = 2 cos () + cos 2() , 0 8
dx . dx ‘
58. S(x) = x - sinx, 0 X
(c)
ax ax-
y
D 59-66
C E
(a)
(b)
A B (c)
(d)
0 x (e)
1 1
43-44
59. f(x) = 1 + ..:... - 60. f(x) =
x x- x- 4
(a)
(b) 61. f(x) = e- 2 / x 62. f(x)
1 - e ’

(c)
(d)
63. f(x) = e- x ' 64. f(x) = x - ðX2 - In x
(e) f(O) = 65. f(x) = In (l - In x) 66. f(x) = e.

67-68

67. = x4 - CX , C> 0

68. f(x) = x3 - 3c 2x +

(a)

(b)

69. f(x) 70. f(x) = x 2e- x

-5 x2 + I
‘ F -
294

79.
(a) K(8) - K(3) - K(2)

(b)

71. f(x) = sin 2x + sin 4x , 0 X 80.

72. f(x) = (x - 1)'(x + 1)3

73· f(x) = 74. =

x' +x + 1 l x-

75.

700 S(t) =

600
500 A = 0.01 , p = 4, k = t
400
300
200
100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 82. density

(a) y =

(b)
(c)

(d)
f(x) =
76. TV (a)
(b)
(c)

83. x = x =

f(x) = + bx2 + cx +
77.
84. f(x) = f(2) = a, b

78. t
85. y = (1 + x)/(1 +

86. = -e = e- x
(a) 1' (3) = 2, 1"(3) = 4
(b) 1' (3) = 2, 1"(3) = -4
87. y = x i(x2 + 4) =
(c) f'(3) = -2, 1" (3) = 4
(d) f'(3) = -2 , f"(3) = -4

[c h'!1
 4 .4 295

88-90

94. f(x) = f" (0) = (0 ,

88. (a) f +
95. g(x) = xlxl (0 ,
(b) g(x) =

96. f' (c) = f" (c) = > f

89. (a)

(b)
(c) 97.
> I

98. f(x) = cx + x" j

90. h(x) =

99.

91.
X] ,
X2 , (XI + X2 +
f(X) = x4Sln i 9@) = x4(2 + sin i)
P(x) = x4 +
h(x) = x< -2 + sin )

(a) 0

93. (c , (b)
f" (c) =

4.4 I

F(x) =
x - 1

x = l

ln x
lim---
x• lx-l

2.3

[c h'!1
296

l
”’g
x• f(x) • g(x) •

1im f(x)
g(x)

minate

2
" x - x" x(x - 1) " x 1
..... - .. … - "… -
x2 - 1 (x + 1)(x - 1) x + 1 2

SIl1 X
lim--= 1
x->O X

l.l mIn x
---
x - 1

f(x) • g(x) •

1im f(x)
g(x)

l x2 - 1 1- 1- 0 1
im = 1im - - - -
2x" + 1 1 2+0 2
x

[c h'!1
 4 .4 297

y
f Rule) “
g'(x) ""

lim f(x) = 0 lim g(X) = 0

0 x

-, '-- lim f(x) = lim g(X) =

x-• a
y
y=ml(x-a)
g )

0 x lim -f(x)
--_ " " ,f'
= lim - (X)
--
x• ;, g(X) ;• a 9’(x)
1

x • 1

(a ,

NOTE 2
I1! I (x - a) 1111
3• x • a+ , x • a , x • ,x•
11! 2(X - a) m2

,.J(x) ,. J'(x) NOTE 3 f(a) = g(a) = 0 ,

"…--- =
• :;;, g(x)
11 TTl

9’ (x)
---

,. f(x) - f(a) f (x) - f(a)

lim
1m - -,-.- = - - - _ j!5?l x a x -a
(Marquis de I ’ Hospital , 1661-1704)
x:• a 9’(x) g'(a) ,. 9(x) - g(a) = 9 (x) - g(a)
11m
x• a X - a x-a

_
,.
.. …
f(x) - f(a )
;:::;;, g(x) - g(a)
…-
f(x)
g(x)
,.
If(a) = =

1 lim
x• 1 X - 1

In x = In 1 = (x - 1) =

F o ,
298

•
l
nx dx'
x) 1/
l/x
lim - - - = lim = lim __:_•
r• 1 Y _ 1 x• 1 t1 x• 1 I
… --:;- (x - 1)

1
= lim -
I • lX
= 1
•

lim ((" = lim x 2 =

(e X
)
e ax e
r

lim ----;;- = lim = lim •-

75 y-
(X 2)
/.Y
… --:;- -…
ax
20

• • 2x •

eX
y= -, X _X __1:

x- lim _ lim _-_ = lim _:_ =

x" 2x 2
0 10

•
x
x •
x• ln x • •
76 l. lnx , 1/X l/x
1m ---=- 11m -,--,,-^ 11m
2
=
ix l/4
= ---,-----,-,-

y-lE:I
J
10 ,000

1 l
im
ln x
---=- = lim
1/x
_. =
,
lim
2
--=
JX = 0
•

y = y =

75

F 0 0 h'!1
 4.4 299

4 lim 48
r• o x J

x• tanx - x • x3 •

tanx-x 1
l1m = 11m
x• o x J
X• o

sec 2x - 1 2 sec 2x tan x

lim = li
x• o 3x ‘ 6x
^

Iim sec2x = 1

48(d) 2 sec 2x tan x 1 .. _

tan x
.:=.:....:.::. tan x
1 .. .:=.:....:.::.
= • xIimo sec 2x =
0
Iim
•
. Iim lim
x• o óx J • x• o x J x• o x

(sin x)/(cos

t mx tanx-x sec 2x-J 2 sec 2x tan x

” = - - -‘
r
---‘ Iim =Iim Iim---_
r• o X• o x• o
I
x J
Jx" óx
--3
J
l
1 x l
0
= -3 -x- =
4
m -1 -3 - l

Iim
1 - COS X

mx
vm - -x
·M
-

x• S In X •
-

o
•
smx
Ii m = •---= =0-
x •"' - 1 - cos x 1 - cos 1 - (-1)

3,
300

l .
lim f(x) = lim g(x) = lim
9
g7}

1 ^ 1
lim x 2 = 0, lim - = x" . - = lim x = 0
x • 0+ x ___,. o+ X x ___,. Q+ X x - >O+

1 1 1
lim x = lim lim x . --;;- = lim -
x• . 0+ x• 0+ x" x• 0+ x• 0+ X

1 1
lim x = 0‘ lim - - x .- = lim 1 = 1
x• 0+ X x • 0+ X x • 0+

O.

l/g fg =

x •
x =
x =

y
x ln x = =
-•"" U' x • u, x • U'T

y= xln x

•
NOTE
0 x
x
lim x ln x = lim - . -
x • 0+ 1I1n x
x • 0+

• -
lim f(x) = lim g(x) =

lim [f(x) - g(x)]

[c h'!1
 4 .4 301

- g

x• 1/(ln x) • 1/(x - 1) • -

I 1 1 \ x - 1 -lnx
@ - 1) Inx

1- _!_
x - 1 - lnx X x - 1
.. … - .. … = lim
•
x T+ (x - 1) ln x • 1+ (x-l).":"'+lnx
x x• l+x -l+xlnx

lim __ x - 1 1
1m = 11m
x• 1+ X - 1 + x ln x x • 1+ 1
l+x.-+lnx
x

1 1
= 11m
x • 1+ 2 + ln x
=-
2 •
8 lim (e-' -

e x X
- = 1)
x• •

er - x) = - 1)]=
•

( 1( I f
302

lim

1. lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0

2. lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0

3. f(x) = g(x) =

0 0,
88
y= ln y = g(x) lnf(x)

= e ’(x) Inf(x)

ln

9 lm+ (1 + sin
x• 1 + sin4x • cotx •

y = (1 + sin 4X)CO'X

ln (1 + sin 4x)
ln y = ln[(1 + sin 4x)<"'xJ = cot x ln(1 + sin 4x) =

4 cos 4x
" +. sin 4x)
ln (l
lim ln y = lim ... .--, = ,.lim 1' +. sin 4x = 4 U'" u:.. ".
x• 0+ X• 0+ tan x x • 0+ secLx
x •
ln
y =

2 lin.l (1
x-• UT
+ sin '= li!Il. Y = li!Il. e 1n )' = e 4
x-• U l x-+ u ’ •
0‘ xO =
.
2
0
6 x X = (e1nxy = e.dn .,

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 4 .4 303

lim x ln x = 0

lim X
X
= lim e x1n .< = e O = 1
x-')O+ •
4.4 I
1-4 lim f(x) =0 lim g(x) =0 lim h(x) = 1 7.
f(x)
lim p(x) = lim q(x) = lim
x• o e" - 1
x-• a x-• 1I

f(x) f(x)
1. (a) lim J " ••: (b)
g(x) p(x)
h(x) p(x)
(c) lim ; ..: (d) lim •,: "
p(x) r •;, f(x)
p(x)
(e) lim r; .:
q(x) 8-70

2. (a) lim [f(x)p(x)] (b) lim [h(x)p(x)]

(c) x-3
8. lim-_--
x • 3 x" - 9
3. (a) - p(x)] (b) lim [p(x) - q(x)] n6
-m x --x
?--

x3 + 8
. xl 4 -
n1 --
4 -
10. lim - - -
(c) [p(x) + q(x)] x• -2 X +2
x7 - 1 - 2
4. (a) lim (b) lim [f (x )]P(') 11. 12. lim
r • lX “ - 1 r• 4 X - 4
(c) lim [h(x)]p(x) (d) lim [p(x) J!(') S mx - cosx tan 3x
13. lim 14.1im--
tan x - 1 l • o sin 2x
(e) lim (e) lim
e 21 - 1 x2
15.1im--• 16. lim - - - -
t• o sm t x • o 1 - cos x

f(x) s x --r n 1 + cos (J

5-6 (2 , lim : . ' : .Qj
J . ---x
m-
x
- -2 18. lim - - - -
I • i g(x) 0•7T 1 - cos (J

x + x2
19. 20. lim ----::-
5. Y 6. Y 1 +e X
1 - 2x ‘
”
vJ = - 3( X - -
/
//

lnx x
//
\ /
\ / 1J 21. lim-- 22. lim --._-
// r• 0+ X x
//

/
ln(x/3) 8 ' - 5'
23. lim - '-'- ' 24. lim---
r• 3 3 - x t• o t
0
e ,, ;IO
25. lim • 26. lim - .-
• o x u"

( 1( 1 t I
304

e., + e-' - 2 sinhx - x

27. lim 28. lim ----::----
x • o e' - x - 1 x• o

--x -x---m x
x
29. l i m - - -x 5" - 4'
x• o tanx 71 72. l i m - - -
(1 l • o 3' - 2'
sin- 1x
31. “” -
x• o x x
- ‘ ') ,
ex + e-" - 2 cos x x=o x • 0
33.lim-_-- 34. lim
x • 03' - 1 x• o xsmx
ln (1 + x) x sin(x - 1)
35. lim 36. lim ’
x• o cos x + e' - 1 x• 1 2x 4 - X - 1 73. f(x) = e X - 1, g(x) = x 3 + 4x
n x
”“ -x- - 38.1im---
x-’ smx
‘
74. f(x) = 2x sin x , g(x) = sec x - 1
r • o smx - x

xa - 1 e x
39. lim--;•-_‘ b O 40. lim --:-.---:-.--:-.- - - - , 75.
r• 1 x" - 1 - tan ’x
er
cos x - 1 +h2 x - smx lim -=
x"
41. lim ‘ 42. lim ..
x• o x x• ô x sin(x ‘)

43. lim x sin 44. lim .jie-'/2

76. P >
45. lim sin 5x csc 3x 1
x• 0
ln x
I.im -----= 0
Xl’
47. lim x 3e - -, ' 48. lim 3 2
X / sin(l/x)
x •@

49. ln x 50. lim cos x sec 5x

52. lim (csc x - cot x) 77-78

51 r• O

sec x
3 4 78. lim - -
,
tan x
+ 1
1 1
55. lim - - - - - 56. lim (x - ln x)
x• 0+ X tanx 79. f(x) = - x •

57. lim x J7 58. (tan

r • 0+

59. (1 - 2X)'/' 60 (1 + 80.

61. lim Xl/(I-x) 62. lim (e-' + lOx)'/' v= - e -,, /n’)

x • 1+
C

63. lim x 1/ x 64. lim x e-'

(a)
65. (4x + l) cotx 66. lim‘ (1 - cosx) “ nx
x-• UT
(b)
67. (1 + sin 3x) 1/' 68. ll% (cos x)l/r2
x-• U'

69. lim - - -- - 70
x • 0+ ln .x + x - 1 81.

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 4 .4 305
/
I (b)
A - A J --- +

84.
n •
=

82.

v =

(a) Jim. v (b) Ii m. v

K - • r' r-• UT
B
85.
A f(A nalyse des

y=

86.

--? m7
P - 1li

- -o -’ -m
r- m
P
’

(a)
p =

(b) 0 Q R

(c)
87 -
SOllrce: Adapted from W. Sliles and B. Crawford ,‘fhe Luminous Efficiency
Rays Enleri ng lhe Eyc Pupil al Differenl Poinls." ProceedÎlI gs of l"e Roy- 88.
al SocÎe1y of London , SerÎes B: Biological S cÎences 112 (1933): 428-50 g(x) =
83.
Ii m =0

P(t) =
1 + Ae-<'
89· f(x) = g(x) =

f(x)
(a) li lJ!
x•
J ••
õ g(x)
= 7 (b) li lJ!
,-, x• 0
g(x)] = 7
M- Pn

(a)

- - -
I t I
306

90.

=0
J 1 x 1"
92. f(x) = ‘ n
1 1. x=u

1. f(x) = L
I e- ',I
/
X
' x -;é 0
.. ' :
(a)
1U X = U (b) (0,
(a)
(b) (c)

.f/)(X) = pl(x)f(x)/1'"

A N A L YSE <A nalyse des lnfiniment

D “ Ber-
m m M M
””
m m
“
m
… Eves

(Gillispie Struik Katz

A PA R 1 S.
Chn [TIENN l:. rA I ILlON . rucS ’ •
•lU<C Arm t"l J ..... n};lt"t crrc

M DCCXVI
--
AP C‘ .A'‘l ‘ ROß.tl TJON LT r ‘ JYu.t. cr. D lJ AOr.
1. Howard W. Eves , Mathemalical Circles: Volume J (Washington , D.C.: Mathematical
Association of America , 2003) , First published 1969 as ln Mathematical Circles
(Volume 2: Quadrants III and lV) by Prindle Weber and Schmid t.

www.Stewar tC alculus.com 2. C. C. Gillispie, ed. , Dictional)J of Scientific Biography , 8 vols. (New York: Scrib-
ner’ s , 1981). See the article on Johann Bernoulli by E . A. Fellmann and J . O.
Fleckenstein in Volume II and the article on the Marquis de 1’Hospital by Abraham
History of Robinson in Volume III.

3. Victor Katz , A Hisl O/ y of Malhematics: An lnlroduclion. 3rd ed. (New York: Pear-
son , 2018)

4. Dirk Jan Struik, ed. , A Sourcebook in Mathemalics , 1200-1800(1969;repr., Prince-

ton , NJ: Princeton University Press , 2016).

t f
n
U
( ” n
”!
’l
/ f r
 4.5 307

4.5 I

“ Graphing calculaors and

30 y=8x'-21x 2+18x+2

f(x) = 8x3 - 21 2- + 18x +

4 x = x =

-10

y = 8x' - 21x2+ 18x+ 2

0 2
6

y =

A. D,

B.
y =

C.
(i) D f(-x) =

( 1( I t I
308

3(a) .
x y = X
2
,Y = X
4
,Y = Ixl , y = COSX

(ii) D f( -x) = -
(a)

3(b)

y = x, y = X
3
,Y = 1/x , y = sin
(iii) D f(x p) =

(b)
y = y =

y
p
“

a-p a+p a+2p x

4

D.
(i) Ii m f(x) = L Ii m f(x) = y=L
y = lim f(x) =

(ii)

f(x) = lim f(x) =

= lim f(x) =

f(x)

(iii)
E.

E = 0

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 4 .5 309

c]

.f"(c) .f"(c) >

f" (c) <
G. > 0
.f"(x) <

H.

2X2
1 y = ?
x- - 1

A.
{x I x 2 - 1 -1) U (-1 , 1) U

B.
C. f( - x) =
2X2 2
D. lim ^
x" - 1
- lim
1 - l/ x"
=2
I 1 Y

= -----1-- x =2:
y=2 |
2X2 2X2
lim = lim
I O[ I X l • 1+ x" - 1 l • 1- x" - 1
2X2 2X2
x = -l h 1 l lx = 1 lim -^--
x • - 1+ 1 l
lim -^--=
• - 1- - 1
5
x = x

E.
(x 2 - 1) (4x) - 2X2 . 2x -4x
.f'(x) =
(x 2 - 1)2 (x 2 - 1)2

x < 0 (x 1' (x) > x> 0 (x f ’ (x) <

(-1 , (0 , (1,
310

E
f(O) =

G.
(x 2 - 1)2(-4) + 4x . 2(x 2 - 1)2 X 12x2 + 4
f" (x) =
(x 2 - 1)4 (X 2 - 1)3

12x2 +4>

x
f" (x) > 0 x2 - 1> 0 Ixl > 1

< 0

2 2XL
V - -x
2- -
-
H. •

f(x) =
x+1
A. = !xlx + 1 > = !xlx > -1) = (-1 ,
B.
c.
x2
D. lim __ =
.J x + }
x •-}+

x =

E.

(2x) - x 2 . 3x 2 + 4x x(3x + 4)
f ’(x) =
x + } 2(x + 1)3/2 2(x + 1)3/2

x = 0 f' (x) =
f' (x) < f ’(x) >
(0 ,
E f ’ (0) = =

G.
2 (x + 1)3/2(6x + 4) - (3x 2 + 4x)3(x + 1)1/2 3x 2 + 8x +8
f" (x) =
4(x + 1? 4(x +

[c h'!1
 4 .5 311

+ 8x +
2
b - 4ac =

f" (x) >

x2
H. •
x
x=-j i 3 f(x) =

A.
B.
C.
D. x• lim xe' =

x 1
lim xe x = lim - - - lim -•• = lim (-e X
= 0
e .. -e ..
_. - . ‘ /
)

E. f ’(x ) = xe x + e. = T
(x + l) e x
f ’ (x) > f ’ (x) <
(-1 ,
y y=xe X
E 1' (-1) = x =

f(-I) = -e- = 1

G. f"(X) = (x + l )e- + e T
X
= (x + 2)e- T

x> f" (x) > x f" (x) < (-2 ,

2
j
(-2 , -2e- ) = (-2, -0.27)
(-I , -I /e)

H. . •

=
-r smx
A.
B. y = +

C. f(x + = f(x)
0 X

D.
E.

(2 + sinx)(-sinx) - cosx (cosx) 2 sinx + 1

I' (x) =
(2 + sin X) 2 (2 + sin X)2
312

2 sin x + 1 < 0 <==> sin x < -1 f ’ (x) > 0

(
F. =

G.
2 cos x (1 - sin x)
f" (x) =
(2 + sin X)3

(2 + si l1 x)3 1 - sin x cosx <

< x < >
(0 ,

H. 0 X

y
y
?

l
x

10 l

5 y = In (4 -
A.
{x 1 4 - x 2 > O} = {x 1 x 2 < 4} = {x I 1 x < 2} = (-2 , 2)
1

B. r(O) = In

y = ln(4 - x 2 ) = 0

111 1 = 4 - x2 = 1 => x 2 = 3,
C. f(-x) =

D. • 2- , x •
4 - x2 •
ln(4 - x 2 ) = ln(4 - x2) =

E.
4 x
fr = -- -x
“

F 0 0 h'!1
 4.5 313

-2 < x < f' (x) > f' (x) < (-2 , 0)

y
O n
E
x= f = ln
G.
\ O
r) /' \ i x
(4 - x 2)(-2) + 2x(-2x) -8 - 2X2
‘ \1 f" (x) (4 - X2)2
=
(4 - X2)2
l
l
f" (x) < (-2 ,
-1 y = n j
?-

H. •

•
y

lim [f(x) - (mx + b)] = 0

m 'i= 0) y = 111X +
y = y = 111X +b .
(x •
x

12

6 f(x) =
x- -r 1
A.
ß.
c. f( -X) = -

D. •
f(x) • x • f(x) •

f(x) =
x" + 1 x" + 1

f(x) - x =
x" i
1 +---;;-
x-
314

E.

(x 2 + 1) (3x 2) - X
3
• 2X 2 2
X (X + 3)
f ’(x) =
(x 2
+ 1)2 (x 2 + 1)2

f' (x) > (

E 1' (0) =

G.
(x 2 + 1)2(4x 3 + 6x) - (x 4 + 3x 2) . 2(x 2 + 1)2x 2x(3 - X
2)
f" (x) =
(x 2 + 1)4 (X
2
+ 1?

”” x=o x= f" (x) =

x 3 - x2 (x 2 + 1)3 f" (x) f

x <-J3 + +
+ +
x
+ + + + (0 ,
+ +

y=x (0 , 0) ,
13 H.

4.5 I
1-54 x3
19. y= ,-, , 20. y
X• + 1 x
1. y=x 3 + 3x 2 2. y = 2X 3 - 12x2 + 18x
22. y = (x -
3. Y = x4 - 4x 4. Y = x4 - 8x 2 + 8
23. Y = 24. Y = -x
5. y = x(x - 4)3 6. y = x5 - 5x
x
7. y = kx 5 - + 16x 8. Y = (4 - X
2
)5 25. y= 26. Y =
x2 + I
2x + 3 x 2 + 5x
9. y = _ 10.
x + 2 - x" 27. Y 28. Y
x .J x 2 1
x’---
-

---‘-- x
1 1
. -- -- -x 12. Y = 1 + -x 29. y = x - 3X I / 3 30. Y = 5 3
X / -
2 3
5X /
x-

x l 31. Y 32. Y
13. Y 14. y
x- - 4
33. y = sin 3 x 34. Y = x + cos x
x 2
(x - 1)2
15. y= ,-,-_ 16. y = 35. Y = x tan x , < x<
x" + 3 x" l
36. y = 2x - <x <
x
17. Y
x
18. y = -,-.
r - 1 37.y=sinx+ x, X

[c f!J? 1
 4.5 315

38. Y = cscx - 2sinx, 0 < x <

smx smx
39. Y = . . 40. Y =
1 + cos x 2 + cos x

41. Y = arctan(e') 42. y = (1 - x)e' 61.

43. Y = 1/(1 + e-')

1 + ae
44. Y = e- x sin x ,

45. Y = + lnx 46. y=X(lnX)2

(a)
47. Y = (1 + e')-2 48. Y = e'/x2 (b)
(c)
49. Y = ln(sin x) 50. Y = ln (1 + x 3)
lnx 62.
51. Y = xe- 1/., 52. Y
x C(t) = K(e …_ e- br )

53. Y = ,
earetan .
4. Y =
a, b , b >

55-58 63.

(a)
(b)
W ‘ WL WL 2
(c) y= - - - x ‘ + ---x' - ---x"‘
24EI ' 12EI 24EI
(d)

-- y

64.
55. g(x) = 56. g(x) =

l
57. g(x) = I f(x) I 58. g(x) = l/f(x)

59.
k k
F(x) = -__:_:, + ,
x 2 . (x - 2)2
0<x<2
m=

0 x 2
60.

E= + h 2c 2/A2

‘ :.1 ( , ,')1
316

65-68 75. y = x - tan- I y=x+ y=

x-
x2 + 1
65. Y = -,-•
x+1 76. y= y = x + y = - x
4x 3
- 10x 2
- 11x +1 -
66. y = 7 ‘
X- - jX
77. y = -(b/a) (.>? / ( 2 ) _ (l / b2 )
2 X3 - 5x 2
+ 3x 6x 4
+ 2x 3 + 3 =1
67. y = ? ( 68. Y = ‘ 1
X- - x - x
78. f(x) = (x 3 +
[f (x) - x 2 ] = 0
69-74

y=
“ 2
l + 5x - 2X2 y = y =
69. y = 70. y =
x - 1 X-L
3x
x3 +4 79. f(x) = (x 4 +
71. Y = --,- . - -+ -n-2
-(
x ”
x-

73. Y = 1 + + e- x 74. Y = 1 - x + e l +x /3 80. f(x) = sinx

+

4.6 I

“Graphing Calcalus and Computers'‘

41 ,000

1 f(x) = 2x 6 + + 3x3

-•
5
-1000
-5 X

100 y =
[-3 , 2] X
[-50 ,

2
{
J

-50 x = -15 .33

( -1. 62 ,

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 4.6 317

-1

f ’(x) = 12x 5 + 15x 4 + 9x 2 - 4x

f" (x) = 60x 4 + 60x 3 + 18x - 4

x =

x = 0.35

• 2
•

10

-3 2

x=
( -1. 23)
30 (0.19,
(-1. 23 , (0.19 ,

f(x) = ..
2 + 7x + 3
?
x-

[-10, 10] X

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
318

3 X 10" 10

y=f(x) -10 10

-5
I\_ 5
-10

X2 + 7x + 3
lim ‘ =
x• o

10

;2 + 7x + 3 =

y=1
x = (-7 :t
-20 20 [-20 , x [-5 ,
_l_ y =
-5

X2 + 7x + 3 I 7 3 \
lim ‘ lim I 1 + +-0 1=
X‘ \ x x. I

2 [- 3, 0] X [-4, 2] 9
x= -3.1 (0 ,
4
‘ 0
(-0.9 ,

7 6 7x + 6
----:;-
-4 x- x' x

f' (x) > x<

=
x = x = -2

M mm x +
FJ -3X + -
4X - - -X-4 -

x> (x # > (-g , (0 ,

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 4.6 319

•
x 2(X + 1)3
= ( __ .. _. -,
(x - 2f(x - 4)
10 [-10 , 10] X [-10 ,

y=f(x)
[ 10
-10
(x - 2)2
(x -
-10

2x + nu
l x 2(X + 1)3
. _. = è.I
·m -x --
4
-- -
;:::î (X - 2 )2 (x - 4)4 - I

x 2 (x + 1)3
i(1 +ir
(x - 2 )2 (x - 4)4 (x 4]4
(1- -
x- X' \ x/ \ x/

x • f(x) •
y \\\\

-- (x + 1)3

1 2 3 4 x

11

0.05 0.0001 500

y=f(x)
/ 0.5

10
-0 ‘ 05 -0.0001 -10

13

x = x =

; c •
J (J. ( 8L ,:-> 1
"
320

x = -35 ,
-5 , -1 0

15
12, 13 , 14)

4 f(x) = sin(x + sin 0 X

1.1

y=f(x)

\1
7T
If(x) I
[0 , X [-1.1 , 15

-1.1
f ’(x) = cos(x + sin 2x) • (1 + 2 cos 2x)
15

1. 2

(0 , 0.6) , (1. 0 , 1. 6) , (2.1, 2.5)

0 7T
1. 0) , (1 .6 , 2.1) , (2.5 ,
f(0.6) = 1,/(1. 6) = 1,/(2.5) = 1
-1.2 = 0.94,/(2.1) = 0.94

1. 2
f" (x) = -(1 + 2 cos 2xf sin(x + sin 2x) - 4 sin 2x cos(x + sin 2x)

0 7T

(0.8, 1.3), (1. 8, 2.3)

0.8) , (1.3, 1. 8) , (2 .3,
-1. 2
(0 , 0) , (0.8 , 0.97) , (1.3, 0.97) , (1. 8, 0.97) , (2.3 , 0.97)
17
0 X

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 4.6 321

1. 2

= sin(x + sin cx)

2 7T

c=

18 -1. 2
•
of

2 5 f(x) = 1/(x2 + 2x +
= c =

y = -x2
;;-r
::-+-2-:-x-
' +-2
c
-2
1
c= 2 =0
x 2 + 2x +c
y= 2 2+
x + 2x- 2
2
c >
19 c= =-1
~ l4

lim = lim . .^ =
x 2 + 2x
^
x• 1 + 1 x• :::1 (x + 1)2
-2
c = -2 c < 20

+2
FJ - -x + -+

x = -1 (c f ’ (x) = f ’ (x) > 0 ,

x> f ’ (x) < (-1 ,
c > f( -1) = 1/(c - c < f(-1)
= 1/(c -
[-5 , 4] X
c = c> 1

( 1( I f
322

c• l/(c - 1) •
2JI=C
c• c• 1/(c - 1) •

//'i--_

c=-l c=O c=l c=2 c=3

21 f(x) = + 2x +

FJ
-- -
c >
x
-/’ -q4
-VL
+ @ + Ail
--+ -+-‘ -
v

x = -1:::+:::

4.6 I
1-8 1 8 1
9. f(x) = 1 + _:_ +
x x- x.

1 2 X 10 8
10. f(x) =
x. x
1. f(x) = x 5
- 5x 4 - x3 + 28x 2 - 2x

2. f(x) = -2x6 + 5x 5 + 140x 3 - 110x 2

11 -12
3. f(x) = x6 - 5x 5 + 25x 3 - 6x 2 - 48x (a)
-A .. 3 (b) x•
4. f(x) = …? ” :
x- - x - 0 (c)

s. f(x) = - ; X ’
x'+xL+l xe l / x
11. f(x) = x 2 1nx 12. f(x) =

6. f(x) = 6 sinx - x 2 , -5 X 3

7. f(x) = 6 sinx + cotx ,

13-14
8. f(x) = e X
- O.186x 4

9-10
----i- K
(x + ‘ ””x 2
(2x +1 / 3)2 (x - 2)5
-- -(
-4X -x-- - 14. f(x) = ,_ .. -, ,..
x 3 (x - 5)2

[c h'!1
 4.6 323

15. X [-1. 2,

28-35

16.

17-22
28. f(x) = x3 + cx
29. f(x) = x2 + 6x + c/x
17. f(x)
X3 +• 5x + 2
1
=
x’
;'.
+ x'
_. .
- x'
?

+2 30. f(x) = 31. f(x) = ex + ce-'

18.
32. f(x) = ln(x 2 + c) 33. f(x) = -,
1 +
l x +x 4

19. f(x) = x 20 34. = 35. f(x) = cx + sin x

C 1"' cos X
20. f(x) = x - tan- l (x 2 )
1 _ nl / x 36. a , b , b > a 'i! f(t) = C( e- at -
21. t
1 + e' l =

nn -+ -·M -x
.

23-24
37. f(x) =

x •
1 - cos(x 4 )
23. 24. f(x) = ex + lnlx - 41
x

25-26 38. (a) f(x) = cx4 - +

(a)
(b) x • 0+ (b) y +

(c)

25. f(x) = x I /x 26. f(x) = (sin x) ,;nx

27. f(x) = sin(x + sin

x
c =
[0 , x [-1. 2 ,

39. f(x) = x4 + +

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
324

40. (a) f(x) = +

(b)
y =x -

4.7 I

l
1.

2.

3.
(a , b , c, "', x ,

A, h, t

4.
5.

Q=

6.

r 1 n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t
1 ’
 4.7 325

400m

IOOOm

-“-

= 100.1000= 100,000m2 = 400.400 = 160,000m2 500.200 = 100 ,OOOm 2

1

A =xy

2x + Y = 1200

y = 1200 -

A = xy = x(1200 - 2x) = 1200x - 2X2

X A

A(x) = 1200x - 2X2 0 X 600

A’ (x) = 1200 -

1200 - 4x = 0

x = A(O)
= 0, A(300) = 180,000 , A(600) = A(300) =

A"(X) = -4 <
x =

300m ,
•
2

t (1 ( I f 1
326

cm)

e------ +
E

1L,

= 1000

h =

‘ ( 1000 \I =
‘ 2000
+ -------
\ 7f r- I r

‘ 2000
+ ..::..::...:... r> 0
r

2000 - 500)
A’(r) =
r r-

J+ . = A'(r) = r=
(0 ,

1000+ \ / y=A(r) r< A ’ (r) < r> A ’ (r) >

r =

0 r • 0+ • r • A(r) •
10
5
r=

1000 100o /500

h = --
, = __ . '^" = 2 ..3/- = 2
‘ ‘

•
NOTE 1

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 4.7 327

(a) x < f' (x) > f ’(x) <

(b) x < f ’ (x) < x> f ’ (x) >

NOTE 2

+ = 1000

A’ + + = 0

2r + rh ’ +h=O rh' + 2h = 0

2r - h = 0 h =

y 3 l= (1 ,
y2=2x
(x , y)

d= - 4)2

x
6 (x , x=

d = v(b 2 - 1)2 + (y - 4?

d2 = f(y) = (i y2 - 1)2 + (y - 4)2

f'(y) = 2(b 2 - l)y + 2(y - 4) = y3 - 8

f'(y) = y < f ’ (y) < f ’(y)

y =

x=

‘ :.1 ( , , ')1
328

l = 2x (2 , d = Jjfi) =
•

4
8km 7

IDBI = 8 -
IADI =

(8 -

‘ Jx 2 +9 8- x
T(x) =

[0 ,

T ’(x) = 6 ,,/x 2 + 9 15

x 1 ,.......,....--
T ’(x) = 0 <==> _ +9 = -;:;-
8
<==> 4x =
Y
x2
••
+9
9
<==> 16x 2 = 9(x 2 + 9) 7x 2 = 81 x=--=

T = [0 ,
y=T(x)

T(O) = 1. 5 =1+ = 1. 33 T(8) 1.42

0 x x =
2 4 6

9/J7km (=

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 4.7 329

y 1 x2 + l =

(x , y <U

2x
0 r X A = 2xy

(x , y =

0 X

2
A' = 2."/r2
..“ -= 2(r - 2X2)
V ’ ‘’

2x2 = (x x= A(O) = A(r)

2
r

A(8) = (2r cos 8)(r sin 8) = r2(2 sin 8 cos 8) = r2sin 28

sin 28 = 8=

•
l
function)

function)

t (1 ( 'f 1
330

R(x) = × = xp(x)

revenue

P(x) = R(x) - C(x)

profit

6 TV

x -

p(x) = 350 - - 200) = 450 - !x

R(x) = xp(x) = 450x - !X2

= 450 - x = R ’ (x) =

p(450) = 450 - = 225

350 - 225 = 125

•
4.7 I

1.

(a) 1 22 22
2 21 42
3 20 60
(b)

[c h'!1
 4.7 331

2. (a)

3.

4.
(b)

5. -1 X y = y=x+2
(c)
(d)
6. + =x -

(e)
7. (f)

13. 15 ,000m 2
8.

9. 14.

kN
1

10.

= -, -1001
p = ----
12 + 1 + 4
15.

11.

(a)
16.

(b) 17. (a)

(c) (b)
(d)

18.
(e)
(f)

12.
19.

( 1( I t I
 332

20. 30. x2/a 2 + l/b 2 =

31.

32.

:rrrrFij x
2 33.

34.
21.

35.

22. 36. y = 4
-

23. 37. l

38.

39. r '?l

40.

-
72

24.

25.

26.

27. +l = 4

ffi 28. y = smx (4 ,

41 .
29.
384cm2

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 4.7 333

49.

50.
• 4

F
(J + cos (J

42.
51.

2
43. 10m = -, -E-R
p - --
(R +

(a) (b)

52.
44.

45. u(u <

L/(v -

46. 1m 2m
E(v) = av3. _L_
v-u

(a)
(b)
NOTE:
50%

m
53.

47.

A B
S = 6sh - (J + csc (J

(a)
(b)
48. (c)
NOTE:
334

T||1l 63. Y = 3/x

h 64. y=4- .c

65. (a) c(x)

=

54.
(b) c(x) = 16 ,000 + 200x + (i)
(ii)
(iii)

66. (a)
55. 5km

(b) C(x) = 16,000 + 500x -1. 6x 2 +

56. p(x) = 1700 -

3km/h
67.

(a)
A C (b)

68.

57.
6km (a)
(b)
400 ,000

69.

(a)
(b)
59.
4m
(c) = 35 ,000 +

70.

60.

61. (a ,

71.
62. y = 1 + 40y -

F 0 0 h'!1
 4.7 335

72.

6km

73 + = 1 0 40 80 120 U
a- D-

77 .
(a)
(b) a+

(c)
M no
- -
M AO
-
74.

B
tl'j 75. AD
x
=
78.

Ð, =

76. Q R T

79. 30cm X 20cm

v =

t (1 ( I f 1
336

84.

80. 3m

85.

81.

86.
P

Laws)

L
R=
r
82.

C
1
|•- 10cm •|• 10 cm •|• 10 cm •| ..-e
./
/"
./

‘, r.,:..-" //
/"
83. AB
./
I ///

B 2
/"

Pj
___ __B
n

(a)

A 5

F 0 0 h'!1
 4.7 337

a ’nu t no ’b no
R - -rl
-A
‘
-- - + -
”
- -4-2-
!
l
‘

(b)
5km:

cos (J = --=:-
rl'
Bi \.[ D

(c)

87. e

5km C (a)
(b) d = x =

(a) (c) d =
C
(d) d = d = 10m
(b)

P
(c) e
l‘ - - - x - -•|
d

(d) 4km
..__----lOm
•

h =

3.8

( 1( I t I
338

1.
21

t
/
r -- ] -h = _:_8 = 2.55
r 7r

2.

4
”

3. h/r

h/r

+ + + h)

,/ 7rh - h/r
Y r -

4. x =

S.

--
1
-

ER)

a
@
~
1Em
l. Adapted from R. McNeil1 Alexander, Opl Î IIl O for AIIÎIIl O / S (Princelon , NJ: Princeton University
-(-‘
Ieg Press , 1996.)

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 4.8 339

1.
2
‘ BL
P=Av' +--
U

2.
E =

3.

4.

P nap = (A b + Aw)v ,3 +. -B(mg/x)2

v._" , --,
U

Pfold =

P = XP nap + (1 - X)P fo1d =

1
AbV 3 +, • 1
+, :::...:.:..:...
xv

5.

6. E=

4.8 I

48x (1 + - (1 + X)60 + 1 = 0

41
+ bx +c =

t (1 ( I f 1
340

1 COSX =

0 0.012
0.008
-0.05

(Newton ’ s method)

f(x) =

(Xl , y =

,,_
y - f(xt) = f ’(Xt)(X - Xt)

(X2 ,

o- f(xt) = !'(Xt)(X2 - Xt)

f ’ (Xl)
f(Xt)
X2 = Xt

(X2 ,

f(X2)
X3 = X2 -

Xl , X2 , X3 , X4 , ..
f ’ (X II ) #-

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 4.8 341

f(x lI )
XII +l = Xn -

10.1
lim X II =r

X) x

1 XI = x

f(x) = X3 - 2x - f' (X) = 3X2 - 2

f ’ (2)
f(l) = -6 ,
= (2 , y=K- 2x 1(2) = -1 , /(3) = Xl =
- y = IOx
= 2. 1 f(x lI ) X,: - 2xII - 5
XII +1 = XII -_-.-,- -
, = XII
-
f' (X II
)
-
3x ,; - 2

n =

f(Xl) - 2Xl - 5
1. 8 2.2
X2 = Xl - = Xl - - 2

23 - 2(2) - 5
=2- ‘ = 2.1
C- y= lO x -21 3(2)2 - 2
-2
n =

3 = X2 -
x?• _-2X2 - 5
0
.
•
(2.1)3 - 2(2.1) - 5
= 2.1 - '_ _ , _ _, = 2.0946 0 _
3xi - 2 _._ 3(2.1)2 - 2

X3 = •

‘ o ( I , ')1
342

n +

X6 - 2 = 0

6
f(x) = X - f'(x) =

f(x ,,) - 2
…
X" .j. l = x" - - -.-.- = x
11 f'(x lI ) "^'II

X2 = 1.1 6666667
X3 = 1.1 2644368
X4 = 1.1 2249707
Xs = 1.1 2246205
X6 = 1.1 2246205

= 1.12246205 •
3 COSX =

cos X - X = 0

= cosx - = -sinx -
y
y=x Cos x" - x.. cos x.. - x ..
X ,, +l = X" - = X" + - _ _::___....::
- sin x" - 1 sin x" + 1

X y =

Xl =
X2 = 0.75036387
X3 = 0.73911289
X4 = 0.73908513
Xs = 0.73908513

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 4.8 343

Xl =
y=X

O X2 = 0.73911114
,
I X3 = 0.73908513
X4 = 0.73908513

4.8 I
1. S. Xl = a , b , c, d
Xl = f(x) = f(x) =

(a) X2 y

(b) Xl =

a b c d X

6-8

6. 2 X 3 - 3x 2 + 2 = 0, X ,= -1

2
2. 7. .=.
x
-
‘
X2 + 1 = 0, X ,= 2 8. X5 = X2 + 1, x , = 1
=

3. y =
9. Xl = +
f(x) =
x +3 = (-1 ,
Xl =

4.

= x4 - X

- 1=
(a) Xl = 0 (b) Xl = 1 (c) Xl = 3
(d) Xl = 4 (e) Xl = 5
y

11 -12

11. 12.
x

t (1 ( I f 1
 344

13-14 (a) = 2x" -

(b)

13. 3x 4 - 8x 3 +2 = 0 , [2 , 3] (b) ]
14. -2x 5
+ 9x 4
- 7x 3 - llx = 0 , [3 , 4]
31. x) =

15-16
32. (a) x) = r - x =

15. cosx =
(b) x) =
16. e 2 ‘ (c) x) =

17-22 rn
(d) f(x) = r - x -] x) = 1, 0.6 , 0.57

17. sin x = x - 1 18. cos 2x = x3

33. x) ""

19. 2 x = 2 - x2

21. arctanx=x 2 -3 22. x 3 = 5x - 3

34.

rn 23-28
f(x) JJ, x<O

X) ""

23. -2x7 - 5x 4 + 9x 3 + 5 = 0
24. x 5 - 3x 4 + x3 - x2 - X +6= 0
35. (a) f(x) = x6 - x4 + - 2x
X r---
25. - ^ - - = ]-x
x‘ + 1
26. cos(x 2 - x) = x4 (b)

27. e x2 36. = x cos x , 0 X

28. ln(x 2 + 2) =
+ 1 37. y = x 2 sinx , 0 X

29. (a) - a = 38. y =

X"+1 = +( x" + :,.)

39.
(x - 1)2
y=

(b)
40.

30. (a) l/x - a =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 4.9 345

5cm L" L2 , L3 , L4 ,

points;

r = 117 2/ (117' +
41.
p(x) = x 5 - (2 + r)x 4 + (1 + 2r)x 3 - (1 - r)x 2
+ 2(1 - r)x + r - 1 =0

p(x) - 2rx 2 = 0
A= [1 - (1 + it"]
r = X (a) (b)

48x (l + - (1 + X)60 + 1= 0 ----- .

L4

42. (1 ,
Ls
, L‘ L2 X

l
LJ
AU = 1.496 x •

4.9 I

F ’ (x) =

f(x) =

F(x) = F ’ (x) = x 2 = G(x)

G '(x) = G

FL
‘ l ,..
J:J 1
346

H(x) = tx 3 +

F'(x) = f(x) = G ’(x)

G(x) - F(x) = G(x) = F(x) +

- = +

- VJ = +

-V =
lF
+’l

-
J

=
lF F(x) + C
x
- y= 3x - l
]

- y= f(x) = +
1

1 f(x) =

1
(a) f(x) = sin x (b) f(x) = l/x (c) f(x) = x' , n -1

(a) F(x) = -cos F'(x) =

G(x) = -cosx +
(b)

ax
= Jx
(0 , ln x +

|x|) = t
=

ln Ixl +

fll
n C.
R - <---
+ C?‘
x>O
x<O

r H ,t
 4.9 347

(c) n 'i'

d { X"+I \ (n + l)x"
--1---1= =x
dx\n+l/ n+l

f(x) =

•• 11+1
F(x) = ----.- . +c
n + 1

f(x) = n
n -1) ,

F ’ =f, G'=

= 4 sin x +
x

g ’(x) = 4 sin x + - Fx = 4 sin x + 2x 4 -

x x yX

g'(x) = 4 sin x + 2x 4 -
I 2
X- /

g(x) = 4( -cos x) + - -
+C

= -4 cos x + x5 - +C

•
tial

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

348

cf(x) cF(x) SIn X -cosx

f(x) + g(x) F(x) + G(x) sec 2x tanx
X"+I
x" (n -1) sec x tan x secx
1
n +1
ln Ixl sin- 1x
x
l
eX eX tan-1x
1 + X2
bX
bX coshx sinhx
lnb
cos x SIn X sinhx coshx

f ’ (x) = (!t + 20 (1 + f(O) =

> 20
f ’(x) = eX + , -- ?
1 + x2

f(x) = e-' + 20 tan- 1x + C

40
f(O)

f(O) = e O + 20tan- 1 0 + C = -2

-2 3 c= -2 - 1 =

f(x) = e + 20 tan-1x - 3
X

-25

•
f" (x) = + 6x - 4 , f(O) = f(l) =

f"(x) = 12x2 + 6x -
•. 3 .. 2
f' (x) = 12 + 6 _:::_ - 4x +C= 4x 3 + 3x 2 - 4x +C
3 2

x3 x2
f(x) = 4 .:::- + 3 - 4 ': + Cx +D = x4 + x3 - 2X2 + Cx +D
432

f(O) = =

f(O) = 0 +D = D

f (1) = 1 + 1 - 2 + C + 4 = 1

C=
I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 4.9 349

f(x) = X4 + X3 - 2X2 - 3x +4

•
•

F(O) = (0 ,
F'(x) =

y
5 F(O) =

x y = (0 ,
f(l) = f(3) = 0
x =

3
(3 , • f(x) •
y
y = F(x) x • F"(x) =

0
x •

s = v(t) =
a(t) =

6 a (t) = 6t +
v(O) = s(O) =

= a(t) = 6t +

v(t) = 6 + 4t + C = 3t 2 + 4t + C

v(O) = v(O) = C=

v(t) = 3t 2 + 4t - 6

v(t) =

s(t) = 3
3
+4
2
- 6t + D = t 3 + 2t 2 - 6t + D

( 1( ,t I
350

s(O) = s (0) =

s(t) = t3 + 2t 2 - 6t +9
•
9.8m/s2

7 130m t

a(t) = = -9.8

v(t) = -9.8t +C

v(O) =
15 = 0 +
v(t) = -9 .8t + 15

v(t) = s' (t) =

s(t) = -4.9t 2 + 1St +D

s(O) = 130 = 0 +
s(t) = -4.9t 2 + 1St + 130

s (t) = 0,
150
-4 .9t 2 + 1St + 130 = 0, 4.9t 2 - 1St - 130 =0

lS ::t:
t = 9.8
8

(15 + =
•
I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 4.9 351

4.9 I
1-4 29-54

1. (a) f(x) = 6 (b) g(t) = 3 (1 29. = 24x 30. f" (t) = t2 - 4

2. (a) f(x) = 2x (b) g(x) = 31. f" (x) = 4x 3 + 24x 1 32. f" (x) = 6x - x 4 + 3x 5
3. (a) h(q) = cos q (b) f(x) = e' 33. f" (x) = 2x + 3e x 34. f" (x) = 1/ x 2 , x> 0

4. (a) g(t) = l/t (b) r(8) = sec 2 8 35. 1"’(t) = 12 + sin t 36. f ’"(t) = .j( - 2 cos t

37. f ’ (x) = 8x 3 + x> 0, f(l) = -3

5-26 x

38. = - 2, f(9) =4
5. f(x) = 4x +7 6. f(x) = x 2 - 3x +2 39. f ’(t) = 4/ (1 + t 2 ) , f (1) = 0
7. f(x) = 2X 3 - + 5x 8. f(x) = 6x 5 - 8x 4 - 9x 2 40. f ’ (t) = t+ l/t 3, t> 0 , f (1) =6
9. f(x) = x(12x + 8) 10. f(x) = (x - W 41. f ’ (x) = 5x 2 /3, f(8) = 21
11. g(x) = 4X- 2/ 3 - 2X 5/3 12. h(z) = 3z 08 + Z-2.5 42. f ’ (x) = (x + f(l) = 5

13. f(x) = 14. g(x) = - x + 6x 2 ) 43. f ’ (t) = sec t (sec t + tan t) , < t<
= -1
15. f(t) = 2t - 3 .j( 16. f(x) = +
44. f ’ (t) = Y - 3/t , f (1) = 2, f(-I) = 1

45. f" (x) = -2 + 12x - 12x2, =4 , f ’ (0) = 12

17. f(x) =
:J x
- x-
46. f" (x) = 8x 3 + 5, f(l) = 0, 1'(1) = 8
18. f(x) =
5_..x 2 -
, +4
6x
x>O 47. 1" (8) = sin 8 + cos 8, = 3, =4
x-

10 48. f" (t) = t2 + l jt2’ t> 0, f(2) = 3, 1' (1) = 2

19. g(t) = 7e' - e 3 20. = - ; - 2eX + 3
x-
49. f" (x) = 4 + 6x + 24x 2 , = 3, f (l) = 10
21. f(8) = 2sin8 - 3sec8tan8
50. f" (x) = x3 + sinh x , f(O) = 1, f(2) = 2.6
22. h(x) = sec 2x + cosx
4
5 1. f" (x) = eX - 2 sin x , f(O) = 3 , = 0
” 52. f" (t) = - cos t , f(O) = 2, f( 1) = 2

53. f" (x) = x- 2, x> 0 , f(l) = 0 , f(2) = 0

24. g(v) = 2 cos v -
1 - v' 54. f"' (x) = cos x , f(O) = 1, f'(O) = 2 , 1"(0) = 3
+5 2X2
25. f(x) = 2' + 4 x 26. f(x) = , -
x" + 1
55. (2 , (x ,
3 -

56. f' (x) =

27. f(x) = 2e' - 6x , = 1

28. f(x) = 4 - 3(1 + X2)-1 ’ F(1) = 0

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

352

57-58 (d)

57. Yt ,

63. f(x) = X
1 + x"

64. f(x) = .Jx 4 - 2X2 + 2 - 2, -3 X 3

65-70

65. v(t) = 2 cos t + 4 sin t, s(O) = 3

x
66. v(t) = t2 - 3 Jf, s(4) = 8

67. a(t) = 2t + 1, s(O) = 3, v(O) = -2

68. a(t) = 3 cos t - 2 sin t , = 0, v(O) = 4
59. F(O) =
69. a(t) = sin t - cos t, s(O) = 0,

y 70. a(t) = t 2 - 4t + 6, s(O) = 0 , s (l) = 20

x 71. 4S0m CN

(a)
(b)
60.
(c)
(d)
U

72. a, VQ ,

s = !at 2 + vot + So
61. [0 , f(O) =

73.
y

2
y=f’(x) 19.6[s(t) - so}

2 x
74.

(a) f(x) = 2x - 75.

(b) F(O) = F

(c) F(x)

r H I t
 4.9 353

76. 81.
y =

Ely" = mg(L - x) + - xf 82.

60m

g(<
(a) 83. 80m
(b) f(L)

84.
a(t) =
5
x

(a)

77.
1. 92 - (b)
(c)

78. 1m p(x) = 85.

(a) 20

79. (b)

0 t 10 (c) 72km
t> 10
(d)
500m

80.

( 1( I t I
010.2089.7621
ixpert / Shutterstock.com

5
8

[c h'!1 355
356

5.1 I

l
y = f(x)
y
f(x)
= b,
x=a

01 a b x

S = {(x , y)
0 y 2

l b

A=tbh A =A 1 +A2 +AJ +A4

y 1 y= x?

y=x 2 0
1
S
x = t x =!, x = S" S2 , S3 , S4

[t f(x) =

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 5.1 357

y y

S4

Sl

01 _!_ _!_ x 1 1 3 x
4 2 4 4 2 4
(
(a)

W, (!)2, W,
2 2

R4 = *. (*)2 + *. m2+ *. + *. 12= = 0.46875

A < .40 6875

y

L4 = i -02 + i -(i)2 + i -(5)2 + i -(a)2 = = 0.21875

01 1 1 3 x
424
0.21875 < A < 0.46875

y y

01 1 x x
8

(a) (b)
358

0.2734375 < A < 0.3984375

O‘ 3984375

n Ln Rn
10 0.2850000 0.3850000
20 0.3087500 0.3587500
30 0.3168519 0.3501852 0.3434 1000
50 0.3234000 0.3434000
100 0.3283500 0.3383500
1000 0.3328335 0.3338335 0.3338335 A =
•

lim Rn =:}

y
(1 1)
,
l/n , 2/n , 3/n , " ', f(x) =
y = X2
(1/n)2, (2/n)2 , (3/n)2 , "',

Rn= + + + ... +
n ‘‘
U l
‘
-- x
= i ( i ) 2 + i (3)2 +i (3)2 + +i
1 1
- -n ·‘ ’ ’ !
/ 1
i
+ ?• ’ + j
•
?
• + + n2‘‘

‘/
‘----
,..

= (1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ... + n 2 )
n

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + - -+ n2 = ----g

R” -- -- I l(n + 1)(2n + 1) -
1 .- (n + 1)(2n + 1)
---------
"n 3 6 6n 2

[c h'!1
 5.1 359

lim R" = lim'(n + + 1)(2n

"
6n"
^
1)
lim

R” =
=

=L-1·2=L
6 3 •
limL” =5

A= lim R"
/1-‘ co
= lim L" = :\-

y y y

11 = 10 RlO = 0.385 11 = 30 R JO = 0.3502 11 = 50 Rso = 0.3434

0 1 x 0 1 x 0 1 x

8 f(x) =

y y y

11 = 10 L lO = 0.285 11 = 30 L JO = 0.3169 11 = 50 Lso = 0.3234

0 1 x 0 1 x 0

9 f(x) =

c (1 ( I r 1
360

s‘ I I I SII

0 a x , X2 X3 ... Xj-l Xj ... X -l

,, b x

[a ,

[a ,
[XQ , Xt] , [x J, X2] , [X2 , X3] , ... , [XII-t , XII ]

Xo = =
Xt = a + Ll X,
X2 = a + 2 Ll X,

X3 = a + 3 Ll X,

Xi = a + Ll X,

11

R lI = f(Xl) Ll X + f(X2) Ll X + .. . + f(x Ll X lI )

y
Ll x

0 a x , x2 x3 Xj-l Xj b x
11

[c h'!1
 5.1 361

n = 2 , 4 , 8,
n•

y y y y

01 a ‘ x, b x 01 a x, x, x) b x a b x a b x

(a) n = 2 (b) n=4 (c) n = 8 (d) n = 12

A = lim RII = lim [f (XI)!::.X + f(X2)!::.X + ... + f(x !::.xJ lI )

A = lim LII = lim [f(xo)!::.x + f(x ,)!::.x + ... + f(xll - l) !::.xJ

[Xi-l , Xi]
. ..

A = lim + + ... + !::.xJ

0 x

c (1 ( I r 1
362

NOTE

14

y y y

01 a b x 01 a b x 01 a b x

(a)

RII
f(x) = [0 ,
9

- 2: f(xj)ßx
1 = _j L f(Xi) ßx = f(Xl) ßX + f(X2) ßx + ... + f(x lI ) ßX

A = 1im L f(Xi) ßx

A = lim L f(x i-1) ßx

A = lim L f(x;"} ßx

•
7 , 1- =
.0 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

(a)

(b)

i, h'!1
 5.1 363

(a) a = 0

ßx
x==2---0- =
= -
n n

Xl = 2/11 , X2 = 4/11 , X3 = 6/n , Xi = XIl =

RII = f(Xl) ßx + f(X2) ßx + .. . + f(x lI ) ßx

= e- ßxX
' + e- x , ßx + ... + e- ßx X
'

=
2
e- /
1I
( + ...
A = lim RII = lim (e- 2 / 11 + e- 4/ 11 + e- 6/ 11 + ... + e- 211 / 1l
)

A = lim L e- 2i/ 1I

32

y
(b) ßx = [0, 0.5] , [0.5 , 1] , [1 , 1. 5] ,
[1.5 , x;!: = 0.25 , = 0.75 , = 1. 25 , = 1.7 5
15

M4 = Lf(xnßx
2 x i=l

= f(0.25) ßx + f(0.75) ßx + f( 1. 25) ßx + f( 1. 75) ß x

= e- O.25 (0 .5) + e- 075 (0.5) + e- I + e- 1.75(0.5)
= 0.5 (e- O.25 + e- O.75 + e- 1.25 + e- 1.75) = 0.8557

A = 0.8557
y

[0 , 0.2] , [0.2 , 0 .4], . . . , [1.8 ,

x;!‘ = 0.1, X{ = 0.3, = 0.5, . .. , =

A = MIO = f(O.I) ßx + f(0.3) ßx + f(0.5) ßx + .. . + f( 1. 9) ßx

1 2 x = 0.2(e- O. 1 + e- O.3 e- 05 + ... + e- 1.9) = 0.8632

•
t 1 1( I f 1
364

1000/3600m/s).

8 m/s X 5 s = 40 m

t = t =

5s = 45 m

(8 X 5) + (9 X 5) + (1 0 X 5) + (1 2 X 5) + (1 3 X 5) + (12 X 5) = 320 m

(9 X 5) + (1 0 X 5) + (12 X 5) + (13 X 5) + (12 X 5) + (1 1 X 5) = 335 m

[c h'!1
 5.1 365

20 x 5=
15

10

5 L6 =

10 20 30 ‘t
(a)

20

15
•
v = a t
10
f(t)
5
to(= a) , t" t2 , ... , t,,(=
J 1 11 11
10
11 11 11 1
20 30
•
t 6. t = (b a)/n

(b)

20

15
f(to) 6. t + f(t ,) 6.t + ... + f(t ll - ,) 6. t = "L f(t; - ,) 6. t
10

01
10 20 30 t
f(t I) 6.t + 6. t + .. . + 6. t = "L f(t;) 6. 1
(c)

d = "L f(t;- ,) 6. t = lim "L f(t;) 6.t

366

5.1 I
1. (a)
x= (b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
y

4 rs \ 6. (a)

f(x) = e.,-x 2 0 X 2

2 (b) (i) (ii)

ì- “~
0 4 8 x

(c)
2. (a) x=
7. f(x) = 6- -2 X 2, n =

(i) L6
8. f(x) = 1 + cos(x/2) , x< n=
(ii) R6
(iii) M6
(b) 9. 3
(c)
(d) 4 . R6. M6
y
1--
““‘
8
r-

f': 10.
4 \
\
N
\ (a)

0 4 8 12 x
(b)
3. (a) x =
f(x)= (c)

(b)
0 182.9
4. (a) x =
10 168.0
x= f(x) = 20 10 6.6
30 99.8
40 124.5
(b) 50 176.1
60 175.6
5. (a) x = -1
f(x)=1 +
11.

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 5.1 367

15.
t =

t = t =

12. to , tl , (3 , ... f(t) = -t (t - 21)(t + 1)

I1 tj = tj -

En-

1000

0 12 21 t
0 0
SOflrce: 1. M. Hcffeman et al., “'An In.Host Model of Acute Infection: Measles
10 56
as a Case Study," Theoretica/ Pop fI /atioll Bi%gy 73 (2006): 134- 47
15 97
89% 20 136
67% 32 226 16-19
104% 59 404
62 440
16. f(x) = x 2 e' , 0 X 4
125 1265
17. f(x) = 2 + sin 2x, 0 X

13.
18. f(x) = x + lnx, 3 X 8

U (mjs)
19. f(x) = X 5

10
‘\ 20-23
Ì"---
15 ••-
Ì'-“ “ ‘
0 2 4 6 t 20

.:... 2 1
14. 21. lim >: - n 1
... .
+ (2i/n)
.:... 3 I 3i
22. lim
n"
-'''1+-
/1

120
’rr i7r
>: -
11
23. lim tan-
80 4n 4 /1

24. (a)

0 10 20 30 (b)

‘ o ( I , ')1
368

leftbox , rightbox ,

3
t = 29. f(x) = + 1), 0 X

(a) 11 = 10 , 30 ,
25.
L II ,
(b)
(c) f o.’791
(a) A , L II ,
(b) 30. f(x) = In x , 1 X

(a) n = 10, 30 ,
R" - L" [f (b) - f(a)]

RII -
(b)
(c) f 2.59

(c)
31. (a) y=
Rn - A < [f(b) - f(a)]

(b)
26.
RII - A< (c)

[î] 32. y =

1s>
command For-EndFor 0 b = cosx
FOR-NEXT
n = 10, 30 , 50 , b =

34. (a)
27. y =

28. y=

A l .2 271·
,,= 2:!U'- sm-
n

(b) lim AII =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 5.2 369

5.2 I

E = [f(xn ðx + ðx + ... + f(x:) ðx]

a X [a ,
ðx = (b - Xo(= a) , Xj , X2 ,

. . , XII(= ...
[Xi-I ,

Ef(x) dx = f(xnðx

[a ,

[Xi-I ,

I - <e

NOTE 1
S:'f(x) f(x)
of
limit) ,
S:'f(x)

t (1 ( I f 1
370

NOTE 2 f!f(x)
x

S: f(x) dx = S: f(t) dt = S: f(r) dr

NOTE 3

2: f(x7:) Ll x

Riemann ,
mann

1 f!f(x) x=a
y = f(x) 2

y y

y=f(x)

0 a xi b x 0 a b x

1 2 f(x) ;;, f!f(x)

Lf(x1') = f(x)

S: f(x)dx = A ,- A 2

y y
y=f(x)

3 Lf(x1') 4

n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 5.2 371

1 f(x) = X
3
- 6x , 0 X =

ð. x = (3 - 0)/6 =

X1 = 0.5 X2 = 1.0 X3 = 1. 5 X4 = 2.0 X5 = 2.5 X6 = 3.0

R6 = L f(x;) ð. x
y

= f(0.5) ð. x + f( 1.0) ð. x + f(1 ð. x + f(2 .0) ð. x + f(2.5) ð. x + f(3.0) ð. x

5 y=x 3 _ 6x
= !( -2.875 - 5 - 5.625 - 4 + 0.625 + 9)
= -3.9375
0

NOTE 4 [a , f!f(x)

ð.x l , ð.x2 , ... ,

S: f(x) dx = Ef(xf) AXl

81-82

[a ,
[a , f!f(x)

[a ,

t 1 11 I f 1
372

[a , .ð. x= Xi = a + i .ð. x

r f(x)dx = E f(Xl) Ax

2 [0 ,

lim L (XT
i=1
+ Xi sin Xi) .ð. x

a = 0, b = f(x) = x3 +x sinx

(xT + Xi sin Xi) .ð. X = r(x + 3

X sin x) dx

1
m r” F,t/ xl 4 AX - ‘,”’U I a, x
l
n i
J ‘
f
,,- “l
l

lim

L1 = n
”
n(n + 1)
2
•
;J,
.0
Z- =
n(n
-----
+ 1) (2n + 1)
;:j 6

F 0 0 h'!1
 5.2 373

~ 2: Cai = c 2: ai

COI + C02 + ’ + C{/" 2: (ai + bi ) = 2: ai + 2: bi

C(OI + “2 + ... + 0 ,,) 2: (ai - bi ) = 2: ai - 2: bi

3 S: (x 3
- 6x)

f(x) = x 3 - 6x , a = 0, b =

- - - =3-0
x =b-a
/1 x= ---=- = =1
n n n

XQ = 0, X , = 0 + 1(3/n) = 3/n , X2 = 0 + 2(3/n) = 6/n ,

X3 = 0 + 3(3/n) = Xi = 0 + dI 3 \I = 3i
\ n I n

K(x3 - 6x)dx = lim if(Xi) Ax =

i=l
lim if( \ n I n

Z - (c =

3 :., I 27 18
= 11m - .1. , - , r -
,
-! ,I
n I n- n I

= lim III 81
n'
.:...,
2: i 3
-
54':'"
n-
2: i I
I
I

[ n(n g1) ]
y

“
54 n n +
5 y= 3
X - 6x

0
(1 + : Y- 1+ :) J 27(

81 27
= -- - 27 = - - = -6.75
4 4

f: (X
3
- 6x) dx = AI - A2 = -6.75 -

n =
n •

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

374

y
n R"

y= x 3 - 6x 40 -6.3998
100 -6.6130
0 500 -6.7229
1000 -6.7365
5000 -6.7473
R40 = -6.3998

(a) n eX
(b)

f( x ) = (a) f(x) = e"', a = 1, b =

Xo = 1, Xl = 1 + 2/ n , X2 = 1 + 4/ n , X3 = 1 +
2i
Xi = 1 +-
LO n

3 x
r eXdx = f( Xi) ßx

I 2i \ 2
= lim L fl1 + ..::: 1":::'
n / n
\

= ,,_ 2
n
‘ . _.,l1 r
1+2i

(b)

11 n (311 + 2)/ 11 _ n (11+ 2)/ 11

R‘ 0 1+2i/'1 = ‘ ‘
e 2/ 11 - 1

•• ,., n (3"+2)/ ,, _ n

I eXdx
J = lim . " , = e3 - e
Jl n -

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
•
 5.2 375

(a) fOl (b) f: (x - l)dx

x 2 + y2= 1

(a) f(x) = y=

0 x
+l=

dx= =

y
(3 , 2)

(b) y = x -

f: (x l)dx = A 1 - A2 . 2) - !(l . 1) = 1.5 •

x

Rule)

f f(x) : f(Xi) ßx = ßx [f (Xl) + ... + f(x lI ) ]

ßx= = !(Xi-l + x;) = [Xi- l,

n =

ll x = 0.2 1
, 1.5 , 1.7A
, 111 l3
, l.2, ßx = (2 - 1)/5 =

1 I 1. 2 I 1. 4 I 1. 6 I 1. 8 I 2 x
l‘ I 1. 3 1.5 !.7 1. 9

11 fl2 Lx dx = Ax [f(l 1) + f(1 3) + f(1 5) + f(1 7) + f(1 9)]

1f1 1 1 1 1\
=-1-+-+-+-+-1
5 \ 1.1 1. 3 1. 5 1. 7 1. 9 /

= 0.691908

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
376

y
1 X f(x) = l/x >
y= -
x
•

0 2 x

M40 = R40 = -6.3998

5t y= x 3 - 6x

13
M40 = -6.7563

S!f(x)

(b - a)/ (a -

l?f(x) dx = Irf(x) dx

6. x =

=0

1 = c(b - a) ,

2. r [f(x) + g(x)] = rf(x)dx + dx

3. r cf(x) dx = c r f(x) dx ,

4. r [f (x) - g(x)] dx = r f(x) dx - dx

r
1
n
U
(‘
- ” -M
’l
/ {
 5.2 377

c (b -

y=c
C

=c(b-a)
14
= c(b - a) 01 a b x

y f+g
f g

f [f (x) + g(x)] dx = [f (Xi) + g(xi)] Li x

b x

15 = j(x;} Li x + g(Xi) Li XJ
I: [f(x) +
= lim 2: j(Xi) Li x + lim 2: g(Xi) Li x
= f>Cx)dx + fg(x)dx
= f j(x) +

- 9= j + = -1

fO' (4 +

fO' (4 + = + fO' 3x 2 dx = JoI4 dx + 3 fO'

= 4(1 - 0) = 4

( 1( I t I
378

fOI (4 3x 2) dx = + 3 Ix2dx

•
y
I
y=f(x) L S: f(x) dx + S: f(x) dx S: f(x) dx =

f(x)
L__‘
C
b x y =

f(x) dx = 17 , f(x) dx = f;Of(x)

I$f(x) dx + 4lOf(x) dx = LlOf(x) dx

dx = dx - f
0
8 f(x) = 17 - 12 = 5

•
a < b, a =
a

6 a X f(x) If(x) dx =
7 a x

8. a x m

m(b - a) 1: f(x) dx M(b - a)

f(x) f!f(x) 6
a, b

f-9

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 5.2 379

y
f(x)
M
[a , b] 8
m <?l

m f(x)

f: mdx S: S: Mdx

a) S: f(x) dx M(b - a)

9 Ie
f(x) = [0 , 1] M = f(O) =
m = f(l) =

e- 1(1 - 0) 1 1
1(1 - 0)

y
y=l
..., e- 1
I l

y=e-X
e- I =
y = l/e 0.367
I 1

0 x
•
1

5.2 I
1. f(x) = x - 1, -6 X

3. - 4, 0 X

/1 =

2. f(x) = cos x , 0 X

1 11 I t I
380

4. (a) f(x) = l/x, 1 X 11 -14

n ’ rl

“L:
e
/ -x
dx
’ n - 6
12. dx , /1 = 5

(b) ”n ll!J,
l
-x-2-
x
-+- x n - 14. fo'" x n= 4
5.
(a) (b) (c)

RiemannSum middlesum,
middlebox
n = n
=

[l] 16. n =
f(x) = x/(x +

r2 X
6. 0.8946 < I - - d x < 0.9081
Jo x + 1
(a) (b) (c)
g(x)
17. n = 5, 10, 50,
y
J; sio
\

f 0 1\
/ \ l
/ -\j 18. n = 5, 10, 50,
\ \ j JJ e- , 2

1"-. j L",
fl
7.
f(x) 19-22

19. Iim y .:l x , [0 , 1]

1 + Xj

20. lim L: .:lx , [2, 5]

8.
(a) (b) 21. lim L: [5(x1Y - ] .:l x , [2, 7]
(c) f: f(x) ” x
,‘‘ 1 m -x --+1 -Ail X

23-24

4 .:'-. I 4i 16i 2 I
23. 1r4 (x ‘
- x 2 ) dx , R" = ....:... 2: 1. . :. .:. -
‘ o n I n /1- I
9-10
m ,2 n. , _ 2 .:'-. I _ 26i 32i 2 8i 3 I
--’ ( x + L: 16 + _:::::_:_
^'
i
l
l

‘l ]
” a, x 24. 1" (x 3
01
+ 5x 2 ) dx , R" = _.::..
11 I n
+
n-
+
Ir
1
I

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 5.2 381

25-26

l, 3 A X d, x
- l
m 38. [ (2 -
S: (X2
i

25.
·

26. +

39-40
27-34
(a) n =

27. fo2 3x dx 28. S:

(b)
%
3
( -3x + d:
;l 30. S04 (6 - x 2) (c)
(d)
”5 (
ll!

v,
l
x?- +7 d, x
32. t (4x 2 + x + 2) dx
” ----
i
--, ( x3 ’J x,‘ ) dx 39. S08 (3 - 2x) dx 40. S04 (x 2 - dx
•,, ‘
v ,
34. S02 (2x - x 3 ) dx

35. 41-46

41. t (10 - dx 42. [ (2x - 1) dx

(a) dx (b)
43. 44. S 12x - 1 1dx
(c) dx (d) S37f (X)dx
45 + dx 46. [ (2x -
(e) 1 dx (f) Lf(x) dx
O

47

48

l, , m
’
l m “r x d, x % ---, x 6 dx
i

“’,] ‘,, z
36.

(a) (b) dx (c)

51. f
52. So'" sin x
4
f sin I:J
4

53. 5.1 jJ x2 dx = .
(5 - 6x 2)

54. - 1)

55.

37-38 56. S;/2cosxdx = 1 (5.1 33) ,

(a) (2 cos x - 5x)

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

382

57. f:f(x) 64. m,

L f(x) dx + f: f(x) - L 1
f(x)dx
65-68

58. f: f(x) dx = 7 .3, f; f(x) dx = f: f(x)

65. fo4 (x 2 - 4x + 4) dx O
59. dx = 37, g(x) dx = + 3g(x)] dx l” -
d, x
----l
-
a, x
%
. !
m ,.
“,-

60. 67.

= 3, x
[X ,
‘

x"'"
3
j
68. _..
12
r,,/ 3
1"" sinxdx
‘ 11 'TT
12

61.
69-74

(A) f(x) dx (B) f(x) dx (C) f: f(x) d :x ”,,‘ 3 J

% ---, x uX
“, , 70.
(D) f! f(x) dx (E) f ’(1)

f02 (x 3 -
y
71. 72. 3x + 3) dx
/
2
/
1/ 73. f: x
xe- dx 74 r(x -

1/
/ 5 x
75-76

= r3 26
62. F(x)
75. Jl + 1 dx 76.
Jo
7/2x sin x dX
8
(A) F(O) (B) F(l)
(C) F(2)
(E) F(4)
(D) F(3) 77. n arctan x dx , n Fx dx , narctan(sin x) dx
y
78. COS(X2) dx , COS

79.
0
80. (a)

63. A , B, C 3 IJ: f(x) dx I J: I I

f(x) dx

f4 [f (x) + 2x + 5] dx
y

(b) [a ,

r H I t
 5.2 383

83-84
(c)
83. lim 2: f(x) =
IJ: f(x) sin 2x dx I J: If(x) Idx j_ 1 n -

84. 1im -
n
>: 1 + (i/n)
.. ‘ . 0

81. =

= [0 ,

82. 0 <x f(O) = 0 , f(x) = [0 , 85.

=

1 1 1
m(m + 1) m m + 1

|
1. (a) y = 2t + t = 1,
t=3
(b) x > y = 2t + 1 t= t=x

(c)

2. (a) x

A(x) = t (1 + t 2 ) dt

(b)
(c)
(d) x A(x + h) -

(e)

A(x + h) -
= 1• -r x-
,
h

(0

3. (a) [0 , 2] x [- 1.25 , =
(b)

g(x) = f: cos(t 2
) dt

(c) g(0.2) , g(O .4), g(0.6) , ... , g( 1. 8) ,

; c ' J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

384

(d)

4. [a ,

g(x) =

5.3 I
Theorem of

Barrow,

• 1
y
y=f(t)
[a , b

=g(x)
g(x) = r f(t) dt

x t

f:f(t) f;; f(t)

1 g(x) = g(O) , g(I) ,

g(2) , g(3) , g(4) ,

g(O) = dt =

g(1) = dt = ! (1 . 2) = 1

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 5.3 385

1 2 3 t

g (1) =1 g(2)=3 g(3) = 4.3

g(4)=3 g(5) = 1.7

g(2) = dt = fo' f(t) dt + r f(t) dt = 1 + (1 . 2) = 3

g(3) = g(2) + f: f(t) dt = 3 + 1. 3 = 4.3

y
t>
4

3
9 g(4) = g(3) + r f(t) dt = 4.3 + (-1. 3) = 3.0

2
g(5) = g(4) + S: f(t) dt = 3 + (-1.3) = 1.7

t < f (t)
1 2 3 4 5 x
t < x = 3
4 g(x) = fo' f(t) dt x >

f(t) = g(x)

g(x) = f: tdt =

9 ’ (x) = x,

f(x)
y
g(x) = S: f(t)

g(x + h) -

( 1( I t I
386

g(x + h) - g(x) = hf(x)

- ~~ n
ns(x +
- -- - -h - -

g (x + h) - g(x)
g ’(x) = 3 h s =f(x)

1 [a ,

g(x) = r f(t) dt a X b

[a , (a ,
=

(a , b)

g(x + h) - g(x) = S: +h S: f(t) dt

f(t) dt -

= (t' f(t) dt + S: f(t) dt) - S: f(t) dt +h 5)

y
= I+hf(t) dt
y=f(x)

a,‘/ x + Q·‘
t
/ 1
K” d,‘‘
M -h - = -h|l
“
- I

[x , x + h]
x u v=x+h x f(u) = f(v) = [x , x + h]
6 [x , x + 6

mh S: +h f(t) dt Mh

-"
f(u)h f: +h f(t) dt

h>

f(u) i I+hf(t) dt

r H I t
 5.3 387

9 (x + h) - g(x)
f(u) 3 ’ 3

h <

h• u • •

= = = =

g(x + h) - g(x)
9 ’(x) = s h a

[a ,

r f(t) dt = f(x)

= f:
f(t) =

g ’(x) =

3 g(x) = dt
functîon)

= f:
Fresnel ,

S’(x) =

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
388

y+

81
f(x) = sin S(x) =

0 x S(x)
x =
7 FJ = m ‘‘/----’
$ = FS m
S ’ (x) = f(x) >
f(x) <
y

x 4
ax
r ‘ sec t
x

Jl

u =
d x
Fli--
d ‘
$ t ,dt = i d,,‘
’’l

S(x) = fox dt d du
u
= $ t ,d -x (

du
= sec u -_-
ax
= sec(x 4 ) • 4x 3
•
2
•

2 [a ,

S: f(x) = F(b) - F(a)

g(x) = I: f(t) 9 ’ (x) =

[a ,

F(x) = g(x) + C

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 5.3 389

[a ,
• • b-) x =

9(a) = I:
‘ f(t) dt = 0

F(b) - F(a) = [g(b) + C] - [g(a) + C]

= g(b) - g(a) = g(b) = S: f(t) dt •
f:f(x)
[a , X

v(t) = S'

dt = s(b) - s(a)

r
f(x) = F(x) =

l3 = F(3) - F(1) = e3 - e

e" +7
e‘ +C F(x) =

= F(b) - F(a)

S: f(x) dx = F(x) J:
F(x)

y=

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
390

f(x) = F(x) =

x3 T 13 03 1
A = Jo
rI ‘

dx= = - = •

7 [6
J3 X

Kidx
f(x) = F(x) = ln X F(x) = ln x

r6 1 6
J3 X
16
I -dx = lnxL = ln 6 - ln 3 = 1n - = ln 2
j •
y
O b

f(x) = F(x) =

x
A = S: cos xdx = sin = - sin 0 = sin b

b= sin =

9
•
de

1=
t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 5.3 391

f(x) = 1/X?- f S!f(x) dx

f(x) =

[3
J-l X ‘ •
•

[a ,
1. g(x) = S: f(t) =
2. f!f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a) ,

L" f(t) dt = f(x)

F'(x) =

S: F'(t) dt = F(x) - F(a)

F(b) - F(a)

5.3 I
1. (b)
(c)

2. g(x) = f(t)
(d)
(a) x=O. 3, 4, 5,
392

7-8

(a)
(b)

7. g(x) = r t 2 dt 8. = t (2 + sin t) dt

3. =
(a) g(O) , g(I) , g(2) , g(3) , 9 -20
(b)
(c)
(d)
9. g(x) = I: dt 10. g(x) = r ln(1 + t2) dt

11. g(w) = I: sin (1 + t 3 ) dt 12

13. F(x) = r
t dt = -

14. = El el+r2 dt

4. g(x) = S; f(t)
(a) 15. h(x) = f' ln tdt 16. h(x) =

(b) g(3) , 9 ’ (3) ,

(c) 17. v = I
“
f ],,

J1
+2
--,
1
t
+t J
dt 18 y = Ianxe t2dt
(d) 19. v I 8 tan 8 d8
=
J j;
20. Y =

y
r--
/1\ 21 -24
/ \ 1f
\ n
H /
V
\ v |
h
x3 “J X 22. I04 (x
2
- 4x) dx

0
1 1

I I I I
3 1 |I I I 1 1
t
23 (2 dx 24. [ (e + 2) X

5-6 x f 25-54

(a) 25- f (x2 + 2x - 4) dx

,l
. “‘,--,,, x d, x

(b)
n iF Z .‘/
! ,‘
‘‘
n
r
3 L2 + dt
28. Ia (1 1
- + 16v7) dv

5. y 6‘ y r8 3
d, x
1(1) = 3 f(t) = 3t 29.
l
h x

” r /
1
--,’ (t ’ + t 2 ) d,t --‘ -2Z +
j I
a,‘7
A
i
l l
!
l

“,] ,‘ l1
\
0 x t 0 x m o
n ’’
j A
F a d, x
2

[c h'!1
 5.3 393

35. fol (u + 2)(u - 3) du 36. f 4 (4 - t) jï dt

0

37. I
I 2 +x2 dx 38. t (3u - 2){u + 1) du
sec () tan () d()= sec () ]:/3 = -3
65.

39. r (2X + ) dx
5
40. f5 J t 2 + sin t dt 66·
I sec2x dx = tan =0

41 r3 sec 8 tan 8 d8 42 Yy 3 - y22l Y dy 67-71

3
43. fOI {1 + r)3 dr 44. f: (2 sin x - e-') dx 67. g{x) =
f2 :‘ du

45.U
f
u3 + 3u6
du A 46 [ = f(u) du +
Kf(u) du]
68. = l l r t sin t dI
47. fOI (X C + e-') dx 48. fOI cosh

49. --- 'i dx

1+ x
50. l3
1.
, - + 1)2
(3x
x•• 3
-,
dx
69. F{x) = r ,
e dt
2

70. F{x) = arctan t dt

51. f042sds 52.
J /1 - dx
71. Y =
e: ln (1 + 2v)dv
53.
r f{x) dx , f{x) =
i 72. f{x) = (1 - t 2 )e
,2
54.
t f{x) dx , f{x) =
i x 2, 73.

y=
55-58

55. y = y = 0, x = 4
74. F{x) = f; f{t)
56. Y = x 3 , y = 0, x = 1

57. y = 4 - x 2, Y =0
58. Y = 2x - x 2, Y = 0

,2
59. Y = X 27
75. F{x) = J; e y =

60. Y = x- 4, 1 X 6
76. f{x) = dt , g{y) = fj f{x) dx g"(
61. Y = sinx, 0 X

62. Y = sec 2x , 0 X
77-78

1 r_, 2t_
_
77. 1im -;;- 1 dt
x• o Jo + 1 x- JO

‘ o ( , , ')1
394

79. f(l) = J:f ’ (x)dx = 84. y

0.4

80. 0.2

erf(x) = I e-tZ dt
-0 .2
(a) J: e- t2
dl = t -
(b) y= y ’ = 2xy +
85-86 [0 ,
81. 7,

(a) 85
(b)
(c)
86 ...
t dt = 0.2
87. h <
88.

E:)f(0 dt = f(h(x)) hl(x) - f(9(X)) gI(X)

f(t) = (sin t
t •
f(O) =
89. (a) 1 1 + x 3, X
(a) (b) 1 dx
(b) 90. (a) cosx, 0 X
(c)
(b) J;/6 COS(X2) dx
(d)
(e) 91.

l
’ t
- O [lo
Js x ‘ +x ‘
xr + 1
dX 0.1

83-84 g(x) f(t) 10

1 , x < 0

“
= 92.
1 x. r
(a) f(x) =
| X,
’ _" _:,
1 <.. X :::::::
g(x) = I_- f(t) dt
JU
(b)
lO, x>2
(c)
(d)
(a)
83. (b) f,
(c)
2
93.
fx f(t).. I
dt = 2-../x

-2

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 5 .4 395

94.
y (a) f(s)
y= eX

(b) C =

= +[ +A
a x

95.
(c) t = =

5.4 I

FfC2
.

f:f(t) f!f(x) F(b) -

f f(x)

f f(x) = F(x) F ’(x) = f(x)

c) = f

• J:: f(x)
JJ(x)
[a ,
396

f: f(x) dx = f f(x)

4.9

(tan x + C) = f = tan x + C

f cf(x) dx = c f f(x) dx

f [!(x) + g(x)] dx = f f(x) dx + f g(x) dx

f x"dx xll+ll
= ----. - . + C (n'" -1) f dx = ln Ix I + C
n "t' 1

f = e
X
+C f bXdx = --
bi
ln b
+ C
”---,“
·m +
X 1d x = x C
f cos = sin x + C
’’
a, x -- m + C
f
2X
,,“
il
nb g
= -cot x + C

f sec x tan x dx = sec x + C f csc x cot x dx = -CSC x + C

fx + 1 2
= tan-lx + C f
I - X.
= sin-1x + C

f sinh + C dx = sinh x + C

=
x

(0 , (
f(x) = 1/x2 , X

[c h'!1
 5 .4 397

I -_!__ + C x<o
F(x) = ‘;
1-- +
I X
C2 ,
h

x>o
4

1 f (1 0x 4
- 2 sec 2x)
-1. 5 1. 5

f (1 0x 4 - 2 sec 2x) dx = 10 f x 4 dx - 2 f sec x dx 2

=
5
1 = 2X 5 - 2 tan x + C
y
l

= f csc () cot () d(} = -csc () + C l

f: (x 3 - 6x)

[3 (X3 - 6x) dx =
Jo ' 4 2 Jo

= (t . 3 4
- 3 .3 2 ) - (t. 0 4
- 3 .0 2 )

= - 27 - 0 +0 =

4 î 2
( 2X 3 - 6x +
x" 1I
I

- 6x + -6 +3 lxI
= - 3x 2 + 3

( 1( I t I
398

= !(2 4 ) - 3(2 2) + 3 tan- I 2 - 0

= -4 + :1 tan- I 2
tan- 12
y

3
- 6x + = -0.67855
+
0 l

+ - 1

+ 1 dt = f (2 + - t- 2 )

_ _t_' I
_.

|
“

= 2t + = 2t + +
;
‘
t J1
_ (2 . 1
= (2 . 9 + .9 3/ 2 + b) + . 13/ 2 + t)
_
= 18 + 18 + b- 2 - 1= l

• [a ,

F(b) - F(a)
S: f(x) dx =

F'=

F(b) - F(a)
S: F'(x) dx =
y = - y

F(b) -

Change Theorem)

F(b) - F(a)
S: F'(x) dx =

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 5 .4 399

• V'(t)

I:z v’(t) = V(t2) - V(t ,)

It2 d[C]
l = [C](t2) - [C](t ,)

p(x) =

S: p(X) dx = m(b) - m(a)

I;2 = n(t2) - n(t ,)

= C(X2) - C( X,)

• v(t) =

dt = - s(t ,)

• v(t) o
v(t) o

t (1 ( I f 1
400

” Mt A2 + A3
llL
--= = / 1 -+
“
dt = A A‘
4
+A

• a(t) =

1:' a(t) dt = V(t2) - V(tl)

6 v(t) = ? - t -

(a) 1 t 4
(b)

(a)

s(4) - s (l) = f v(t) dt = r (t 2 - t - 6)

4.5m
v(t)
v(t)
(b) v(t) = ? - t - 6 = (t - 3) (t + [1 , v (t)
v(t)

rI v(t) I f [-v(t)] + dt

r r
=

= (-t 2 + t + 6) + (t 2 - t - 6) dt

= + + 6tT + - 5-6tI
=61 10.17m

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 5 .4 401

v
‘./
800

1/ “ “‘
600
1
,/
400

200

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Pacific Gas &Elcctric

I024 P(t) = I4 E ’(t) dt = E(24) - E(O)

ð.t =

I4 p(0 dt = [P(1) + P(3) + P(5) + + P(21) + P(23)] At

= (440 + 400 + 420 + 620 + 790 + 840 + 850
+ 840 + 810 + 690 + 670 + 550)(2)
= 15 ,840

•
P(t)

f!f(x)

5.4 I

1-4 , 1 1 + x2
+C
+ x2
1. f ln x dx = x ln x - x +C
J x

2. f tan 2x dx = tanx - x +C
4. f - 2a)(a + bX)3/2 + C

F o I
 402

5-24
41 I(5- E) 42. f01 (5x - 5") dx
5. f (3x 2 + 4x + 1) dx 6. f (5 + dx
43. f2 (sinh x + 44 K/4 (3ex - 4 sec x tan x) dx
7. f (x + cosx)dx
1 + cos 2e 46. If ,,’/3 Sin e + sin e tan 2 e
8. f dx
45. 1 ’ de . .. _. . . de

Jo Jo sec ‘ 6
9. f (x l.3 + 10.
f lO 2e X

47. 48. 1 dx
J- 1O sinh x + cosh x
11. 12. f (u 6 2u 5 - u 3 + du

Er
-

49. 5O csc t cot t dt

13. f (u + 4)(2u + 1) du 14. f .jt(t 2 + 3t + 2) dt
f1/ J] t2 1
JO'.
-
51.
15. 1 dx 16. f (X2 +1+ 1)
x ,3 2
%
. “·’’, ·M x ax
i
l 1

f1 (x -
l

53.
(e
J

x
17. f + 18. f (2 + 3 X ) dx

ffi 55. y = 1- 2x - x
19. f (sin x + dx 20. f

21. f (2 + tan 2e) de 22. f sec t (sec t + tan t) dt y= + 1) -1 -

23. f 3 csc 2t dt 24. 1 - - d x

smx 57. x = 2y -
(2y - /)
y
ffi25 -26
= 2y - i

25. f (cosx 26. f (e' - 2X2) dx

27-54

27 - 28. f (4x 3 - 3x 2 + 2x)

x
29. r (8t 3 - 6t- 2) dt 30. f: (k +
58. = 1, y =
31. f02 (2x - 3)(4x 2 + 1) dx 32. f dx
x2 x3

2 y
33. r (3X + :x + 1 ) 34. f1 t(1 - t)2 dt y=l

) du 36. f01 1 +
4 p ‘4 dp

37. (4 sec 2y) dy 38. r 2

(.jt - 3
0 1 x

39. f01 + dx 40.

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 5 .4 403

59. kg w'(t) dt 70. v(t) = t2 - 2t - 3, 2 t 4

60. I(t) = 71-72

3 s: I(t) (a) (b)

61.
I;2Or(t) 71. a(t) = t + 4, = 5, 0 t 10

62. 72. a(t) = 2t + 3, v(O) = -4 , 0 t 3

63. 73. p(x) = 9 + 2';-;

64. xkm f(x) 74. r(t) = 200 -

t 50).

65.
75.
go h(t)
66.

t (s) v t (s) v
67.
0 0 60 90
M%f(x) 10 61 70 85
68. 20 84 80 80
30 93 90 76
t =
40 89 100 72
(a) t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 82
50

(b)
76.
(c)
=
y ‘

1/ \

1 / \
\ 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 1\ /1t (a)
\ (b)
N /
77. C ’ (x) = 3 -
2
O.Olx + 0.000006x

69-70
(a) (b)
78.
r(t) t

69. v(t) = 3t - 5, 0 t 3

t (1 ( 'f 1
404

r D
v-’
2000 0.8
1/
(

N
\
1000
.......

0 2
\
3\ 4 / 0.4 tz 1-

\
-1000

79. m/s2 o 2 4 6

a
83.
3
/ \1
2 t-----l

v
/

0 2 4 6 / p

16
80. M K
/ \
U 1) 1'-.

10
1 1 I I I I I I 1I I I I I I I I I I I _I
o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 t

SOllrce: US Energy Information Administration

149
181
!Il 84. STS-49

72
120
85
108 (a)
70
74 (b)
85

81. t =

1000.2' 0 0
10 56
15 97
82.
89% 20 136
67% 32 226
104% 59 404
62 440
125 1265

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 5 .4 405

1630-1677)

1. Carl Boyer and Uta Merzbach, A History of Mathe ll1 atics (New York: Wiley, 1987),
Chapter 19.

2. Carl Boyer, The History of the Calculus and lts Conceptua! Development (New York:
Dover, 1959) , Chapter V.

3. C. H. Edwards , The Historica! Development of the Ca!culus (New York: Springer-

Verlag , 1979), Chapters 8 and 9.

4. Howard Eves , An Introduction to the History of Mathematics , 6th ed. (New York:
Saunders , 1990) , Chapter 11.

5. C. C. Gillispie, ed., Dictiol1G/ Y of Scientific Biography (New York: Scribner’s, 1974).

See the article on Leibniz by Joseph Hofmann in Volume VIII and the article on
Newton by 1. B. Cohen in Volume X.

6. Victor Katz , A HistolY of Mathematics: An lntroduction (New York: HarperCollins ,

1993), Chapter 12.

7. Morris K1 ine , Mathematica! Thought fro l11 Ancient to Modern Times (New York:
Oxford University Press , 1972) , Chapter 17.

1. John Fauvel and Jeremy Gray, eds., The HistOlY of Mathematics: A Reader (London:
MacMillan Press , 1987) , Chapters 12 and 13.

2. D. E. Smith, ed. , A Sourcebook in Mathematics (New York: Dover, 1959), Chapter V.

3. D. J. Struik, ed. , A Sourcebook il1 Mathematics , 1200-1800 (Princeton, NJ: Prince-

ton University Press , 1969) , Chapter V.
406

5.5 I

u=
du =
du =f’ (x) dx
ITl
f f f
= +C= + X 2)3 /2 + C

ax
I + X 2)3 / 2 + -
= + X 2)1 /2 • 2x =

5f(g(x)) g'(x) dx F'= f

fF ’ (g(x)) 9’(x) dx = F(g(x)) + C

[F(g(x))] = F'(g(x)) 9’(x)

ax

u=

fF ’(g(x)) 9’(x) = + C = F(u) + C =

f f(g(x)) g'(x) dx = f f(u) du

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 5.5 407

[!] u =

f j(g(x)) = f j(u)

u = du = 9 ’(x)

1 f x cos(x
3 4
+ 2)
u = x4 + du = 4x3 u = x4 +
x 3 dx =

f x cos(x
3 4
+ 2) dx = f cos u . *du = cos u

siM=i
= sin(x4 + 2) + C

•
fx 3
cos(x 4 + 2) cos

1 u = 2x + du = dx=

t (1 ( I f 1
408

I = f 5du = 5f ul/2du
1 ,, 3/2
= . + C = }u 3/ 2 + C
2 3/2 J

= t(2x + 1)3/2 +C

2 u =

du = dx = du = udu
T 1

u2 = 2x + 2u du =

dx = f u . u du f = U2 du

= + c = t(2x + c

•
J 1 - 4x 2

du = xdx = -k
f dx= -H du = -H I 2
U- / du

= + c= +C
f

•
j
f(x) = x/ g(x) =
X
= -iE --A4=--2 (C =
x
h --4 {1 lI : -x
f(x) =
J
“

f
u = du = dx =

fe 5x
dx = e" du = ke" + C = ke 5X + C

•
NOTE 1-4

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 5.5 409

f 3
X COS(X
4 + 2) dx = f cos(x 4 + 2) . x 3
dx = cos(x 4 + 2) . (4x 3) dx

= cos(x 4 + 2) . (x 4 2) = ;Ìs in(x 4 + 2) + C

J ax

f = 5e dx
5x
= kf dx = ke
5x
+ C

f
x4 . du = 2x
=! = (u -
f
= f -ru (u - 1)2. ! du = (u 2 - 2u + l)du

= (U 5/2 - 2U 3/2 + U1/2) du

- 2 - gu5/2 + +C
= + x 2 )1 /2 - + X 2 )5/2 + + X 2 )3/2 + C •

f tan

f tan
u = du = sinx dx =

‘
j
,‘----’
x a, x =
”---’ m x ,
-m-xax ,,‘
l
- 1
-u“J u

= -ln 1 u 1 + c= -ln 1 cos x 1 + C

•
-ln 1 cos x 1 = ln Cl cos x 1- 1) = ln (l /Icos x i) = ln 1 sec x 1

I f ln 1 sec x 1 +c

t (1 ( I f 1
410

= !(2x + = !C9)3/ 2 - t(1) 3/2

= !(27 - 1) =

dx [a , =

f: f(g(x))g ’(x) dx = du

F f(g(x))

f: f(g(x)) 9’(x) dx = = F(g(b)) - F(g(a))

Krf(u) du = = F(g(b)) - F(g(a))

dx =!
u = 2(0) +1 = 1 = u = 2(4) +1

= f5JJdu

= !(9 3/ 2 _ 13/ 2 ) = l

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 5.5 411

8 f2
Jl (3 - 5X)2

l u = 3 - du = dx =- k x = u

= = u

=-1 --+ -1 = -
5 \ 7 2J 14

f(x) = (l n
x>
u = ln du = x =
u = ln 1 = x = u = ln e =

=
y

0.5 In x
y=-_- fOl Udu =
x

0 •

[-a ,

(a) -x) = ta
(b) = ta

a a
taf(x) = faf(X) + fo f(x) = - raf(x) + fo

u - du = =

-r a
f(x) dx = - f: f( -u) (-du) = du

dx = If(-u) du + If(x)

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
412

(a) f( -u) =

f“ f(x) dx = foa + I;'f(x) =2 I;’ f(x) dx

a 0I a x (b) f(-u) =
a
(a) f f(x) = 2 f:f(x) = - fo f(u) du + dx = 0

•
-a
y = f(x)

y = f(x)
(b) f f(x)dx=O

10 f(x) = x6 + f(-x) =

E2(x6 + 1) dx 2 I (x6 + 1) =

= + = + 2) =
•
11 f(x) = (tanx)/(l + + f( - x) =

r1 tan x
I _ .dx=O l
J-l 1 +

5.5 I

1-8
7. u
1. f cos 2x dx , u = 2x

2. f U = -x 2
8. f zrz=-I dz , u = z- 1

3. f u = x3 + 1 9 -54

4. f sin f1 cos
2
= sin (J 9. f 10. f (5 - 3X)lO dx

------ ---,
, 3
I ‘a
4 dI
5. u = x 4
- 5 “, 12. f
’
---, ,‘
M m
1 13. f dt •,
u +- “
j

6. = 1
x
16. f y2(4 - y3)2/3dy

t n
U
( ” u f
!
r
 5.5 413

r cos (J r Z2 = 0).
17. I _ d (J 18. 1 - _- -dz
J 1 (J J z' + 1

l
f
·-, m 3n
0 ·” M
m m --’ a • ri
l
,
d•’r
55. f x(x 2
- 1)3
,
% ‘---,ti
l

“
” o
n $
2n
o

‘ ’ L

57. 5
i

58. 5sin x cos 4x

21. .l.. 1 ax
J x-

r a+ bx 2 r t + 1 59-80
23. 1 dx 24. 1 ‘
J .,J 3ax + bx3 J 3t" + 6t - 5
1
59. 50 dt 60. (3t -
25. r (I n X)2 26. f sin x sin(cos dx
J X
61. csc2 ( dt
‘ -- l
l

“!
$
2n
U t --no
28. 5 Sin t 64. [4
63. 1 '

29. f (x- +
JO

r2
COS"t

e 1/-'
JI
r1 e"
65. 1
J1 X‘
66. 1
Jo
•--_-.
1 + e‘
. dx x

30. (a "" 0)
67. (x3 + x4 tan dx 68 I/2 COS X Sln(Sln x) dx

32.
69.
r 13

Jo
dx
70. 5:
sec 2(J
tan (J tan"x 71- (a > 0) 72 sinxdx

35·
x' +
2 1 dx 36. 1 , ,
(x 2 + l)arctanx
dx
73. r 74. 1
r4

JO , /1 + 2x
X

37. f 5' sin(5') dt 38. I 1 , _!_2n d

1 + sinL (J % ‘..,, ?- (x ”
n e( r ’- d
x
I ,
‘,
,]

39. f cos (1 + 5t) dt 40. I dx + --z

:.2'
x
,
?-,
l
e
-e -+ a,z
78.
2'
41. f dx 42. J 2 ’ +3 dt 12

L(1 +
rI 6 X /
80. 1 .. _ dx
79 J1 1 + x' ,‘
43. f coshxdx 44.
cos 2t J1 + tan t

45-l- ,-x dx 46. 1 _ dx

+ cos 1 + cos 2x

47. f 48. 1 ' dt 81. Y = 0 X 1

t
82. Y = 2 sin x - sin 2x , 0 X

sin- 1x 1+ x
83.

1+ x
d :xx 52. 5
53. f x(2x + 54. 5 fz (x + dx

84.

x
r ( 1( 1
414

fo' dx u(t)

92.
85.
y .t.
I 100 \
|
___, -_- =
\- (t + 10)2 )

01 ix 0

0 'Tr ‘r 93. dx =
2

86. R(t) = 85 94. dx = f: xf(x 2 )

- 0.18
95.
R(t)
S: f( -x) dx = [ " f(x)
87. t =

r(t) = 100e- O.011 f(x) 0, 0 < a <

88. 96.
r(t) =
If(x + c) dx = I r f(x)

89. f(x)

97.

f (t) = 1sin (2 7T t / fo' x"(1 - = fo' xb (l

90. 98. [0 , u=

G(t) =
60.000e- O•61
’ n‘ ?
fo" xf(sin dx= fo" f(sin x)
(1 + 5e -0.6 1 )2

25 ,000 99.
xsmx
Jo 1 + cos"x
91.

100.(a)

I /2f(cos x) dx = I/2f(S1n x)
u(t) = COe - rr / v

(b) IJ/2 cos2x

t =

v g. /(
Rock and Wasp / Shutterstock.com

6 -, L!.. - I 0
Applications of Integration

f(x i")

[c h'!1 415
416

6.1 I

y •
y=f(x)
y = y = g(x)
1 x E [a , f(x)

0
-
2

g(x) y f(x)}
2: [f (x i") - g(x i")] ð. x

y y

0 x 0

n•

A = lim 2: [f (X t} - g(X nJ ð. x

x E [a , f(x)
y = = g(X) ,

A= I [f(x) - 9(x)] dx
c (1 (J / l ’r 1
 6.1 417

y
g(x) =

A = [y = f(x) - [y = g(x)

r
b
f g(x)
X

= ff(x) - = S: - g(x)J dx
3 A =

1 y = y = x=O
=

y
=

f(x) = e\ g(x) = x, a = 0, b =
x=l
A= I (ex x)dx = ex - 5x2]L
•
0 x

YT ,
(Y T -
y

Yy-
A = E (YT - áx = S: (YT - Yn) dx

ÁX

0 a b x

= 2x
- X2 2x (x - 1) = x=O
(1,

YT = 2x - Yn = X2
x

(YT - Yn) áx = (2x - X2 - X2) áx = (2x - 2X2) áx

; c 'J (J . ( " ,:"'1

418

A = fOl (2x - 2X2) dx = 2 fOl (x - x 2) dx

= - = - =

3 y = x4 -

x
-x
+ 1

1. 5

x =

f!8
2

A= - (x 4 - x)]
l

u = + du = 2x = 1.1 8
u = 2.39 , x = u=

A= - fo 1.l 8 (x 4 - dx

= _ -

= 0.785

y
•
f(x) ;;=: g(x)
y=g(x)
y = y=
A2 , . S! , S2 , .. .
= A! + A2 + .
b x
lf(x) - g(x) , f(x) g(x)
I f(x) - g(x) I = il g(x)
- f(x) , g(x) f(x)

r H I t
 6.1 419

y = f(x) , y = x = a, x =

A = S: 1 f(x) - g(x) 1 dx

...

y = sin x , y = cos x = 0, x =

y
sin x = cos O X x=
y = cos x
O X cos x SIn X SIn X cos

A = r21 cos x - sin x | dx = Al + A2

= I/4 (cos x SIn x) dx + (sin x - cos x)

= [sin x + cos X]:/4 + [-cos x - sin

y
+ - 0 - 1) + ( -0 - 1 + +

x=
c •--- ' ' '= y-C / A = 2Al = 2I%osx - sinx)dx
0 x
l

y l
d C y
f (y) x = f (y), x = y = C, Y =

c A = r [f(y) - g(y)] dy

0 X

11

1 11 I t I
420

A = r (XR - x L) dy

XR -

y (-1 ,

XL = 5y2 - XR = Y+ 1

x y

A= (XR - x L) dy = fJ(y + 1) - (h 2
- 3)] dy

= f2 (-h 2+ Y + 4) dy
12

y = - + 4y I
= + 8 + 16 - (1 + 2 - 8) = 18

•
X NOTE y

13
y = l/x, y = X, Y =

(a) (b)

(a)

+ A2 = I(x ix)& + fl2(t -

= + [lnx- = ln 2

(b)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 6.1 421

A --=+ A?-’
=
rlA
]
U
” -1%
1
d + r! -y
“
iay

1J;4
M
o
· + --n y - l
V2 =
-n 2

y y

2 x

(a) (b) l

U (kmjh)
m
m A þ
B
•-

%
7 B t- = m/s).

m
-1
t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 t VA 0 10.4 16.5 20 .4 23.2 25.6 27.1 28.0 29.0
Vß 0 6.4 10 .4 13 .4 15 .5 17.1 18.3 19.2 19.8

VA - VB 0 4.0 6.1 7.0 7.7 8.5 8.8 8.8 9.2

D.. t = tl = 2, t2 = 6, t3 = 10,
t4 =

I6 (W UB) dt = At [4 0 + 7 0 + 8 5 + 8 8]
= 4(28.3) = 113 .2 m l
422

N
1500

-<1-

1000

<
500

17
n 1 U ”
U
t
SOllrce: J. M. Heffeman et al., ‘ An In-Host
+1 •
Model of Acute Infection: Measles as a Case
Study," Theoretical Pop lI latioll Biology 73
(2008): 13 4-4 7

(a) f(t) = -t(t - 21)(t + tl =

t2 =

(b) N = P1(t1 , P2 (t2,

0 10
18

(a) f (1 0) = f (1 8) =
(b) = = N-
1210 = -23 (t - 10) <=> N = -23t +

fIt [f(t) - (-23t + = (-t 3 + 20t 2 + 21t + 23t - dt

= (-t 3 + 20t 2 + 44t - 1440) dt

= [

= -6156 - (-8033t) = 1877

.
•
t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 6.1 423

6.1 I

1-4 10. x = y4 , X = 2 _ y2
(a)
(b)
11 -18
1. y 2.

11.y=x 2 +2 , y=-x-l , x=O , x=l

12.y=1+x3 , y=2-x , x=-I , x=O

x
13. Y = l/ x , Y = X = 2
3. y 4. y
14. Y = cos x , y = e"' , x =

15. y = (x - 2)2’ y=x

16. Y = x 2 - 4x, y = 2x
X 17. x = 1 - y2 , X = y2 - 1
;:-;'-y - y21 18. 4x + y2 = 12, x = y

5-6 19-36
5. yt I / y=x
19. Y = 12 - x 2 , y = x 2 - 6

20. Y = x 2, Y = 4x - x 2
x
21. x = 2y 2, X = 4 + y2

22. y= x-y=1

23. Y =
y
24. Y = x 3 , Y = x

25. Y = = tx, 0 X 16

26. Y = cos x , y = 2 - cos x , 0 X 27T

27. Y = cos x , y = sin 2x , 0 X

0 x 28. Y = cos x , y = 1 - cos x , 0 X

29. Y = sec 2x, y = 8 cos x , X

30. Y = x 4 - 3x 2, Y = x2 31. Y = x 4 , Y = 2 - Ix I
7-10
E
”x v
“
- x‘ V - 33. Y = sinT’
7TX ‘
y= x'
7. y = 2-', y = 3" x = 1
34. Y = 4 - 2 cosh x , y = sinh x
8. Y = ln x .. y = ln(x 2 ) , x = 2
35. Y = l/x , y = x, y = x> 0
9. y = 2 - x , Y = 2x - x 2

t (1 ( I f 1
424

36. y = Y = 2X2 , X +Y= 3, x O

2
49. Y Y = x2 50. y = el - x ' , y = x4
37. 1 + x"
(a) 0 X 51. y = tan 2x , y =
(b) fg [f (x) -
52. Y = cos x, y = x + 2 sin 4x
y

54. x - 2l 0, 1 - x - Iyl O

0 2 3 4 5 x 55.

38. v t Vc VK t Vc VK

X x2 0 0 0 6 110 128
39. y = -.-,- -
0' Y I 32 35 7 120 138
1 + x• “ 1+x J

2 51 59 8 130 150
ln x (l n X)2 3 74 83 9 138 157
40. y = --, y = ----
x x 4 86 98 10 144 163
5 99 114

41 -42
56. 2m

41. (0 , 0) , (3 , 1) , (1, 2)

42. (2 , 0) , (0 , 2) , (-1 , 1)

43-44

43 r2 | sinx - cos dx 44. f II 3' - dx 57.

20cm 5 ,8 , 20.3 , 26.7 , 29 ,0 , 27 ,6, 27.3 ,
23.8 , 20.5 , 15 , 1,

45. y = x sin(x 2 ) , y = x4 X O
’
I 200cm - - - - - -
x
46. y= ,?, ., 0 ' y=x'-x , X O
(x 2 1)2 ’ J

58. b(t) =
47. Y = 3x 2 - 2x , y = x3 - 3x +4 d(t) = 0 f

48. Y = 1. 3" y =

g(t) = 0 ,9

[c h'!1
 6.1 425

(a) 63.
l= + 3)
(b)
P3 ,
P"
64. y = (1 ,

(c)
65. =

f(t) = 0.73 tJ -2 (1 +t+

g(t) = 0.17 (1 - 0.5t + 1. 1 t 66. (a) = l/x 2, 1 X

(b)

61.
67. y = x2 - y = 2
C -

(a) 68. 0 < C < y= COSX, Y = cos (X - C) , X = 0

(b) y = COS(X - C) , X =
(c)
(d)
U
69. y = 8x -

y
y=8x-27x 3

0 2

62. C’
x

70. y = y = +

0 50 100 x

t (1 ( I f 1
426

|
y

(Gini index Gini

[0,
y =

(a/l00 ,

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1 x (0.8,

1
(0 ,
(1 , L(x) =

y= y=x

coefficient of y=x

y (l n y
l

1 x 1 x

1. (a) y=x

G = 2 fOI [x - L(x)] dx

(b)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 6.2 427

2.

(a)
(b)

(c)

3. 2

x 0.0 0.2 0 .4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1980 0.000 0.042 0.144 0.312 0.559 1.000

1990 0.000 0.038 0.134 0.293 0.533 1.000

2000 0.000 0.036 0.125 0.273 0.503 1.000

2010 0.000 0.033 0.118 0.264 0 .498 1.000

[î] 4.
= 2
2(b) ,

6.2 I

A, B2
428

V=Ah

V=
l(b) l,
l(c)

82
h
1:
h
L.
-l_ h
w
BI

(a) V=Ah (b) V= V= lwh

x(a X Px
2

A(a) _.
", A(b)

0 Q b x

P x " P X2 , . ..

Px
3

[c h'!1
 6.2 429

y y
t::.x

01 a I Xj'-"'\Xj
Xj'_1
b x O[ a=xo x, X2 ,
X X4 Xs X6 x,=b X

V(S;) = A(xn Âx

”Z
V : x*
l
A
X

n•

V= A(xn Âx = S:

V = f! A(x)

A(x) = V = f:A dx
= A(b -

1 V =

A(x) = = -
2
X )

a
430

v= tr A(x) = tr - X
2
) dx

(r 2 - X
2
) dx
r /
= r ‘‘/ x - 7
\
’r
-- - ‘
‘‘
L 0

•
r =

=
n =

2: A(xj) Ll X = 2: - Ll X

r ~
\
\

(a) I! = 5, V = 4.2726 (b) I! = 10, V = 4.2097 (a) 11 = 20 , V = 4.1940

X =

A(x) = =

Llx'?l
A(x) Ll x = 7T X Ll X

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 6.2 431

v =fo' A(x) dx =fo' =

y
Yl y = ..rx'\._

[0, 1]

+---l - - - •- ' ---•

. 12 • 1= 0 x x 0 1 I X

ßX

/
(a) ‘, l

3 y = Y =8 =
x3 , ,x

x(x =

A(y) = = =
y '-v-'

y ‘
y=8

x= 1ÿ

(a) (b)

t (1 ( I f 1
432

A(y) ßy = ßy

r8 r8 ‘'" " ‘ 18
V =
Jo A(y), -dy_,
I_- ",-" = 1 --_,
Jo dy =
-J --L'_'
|JO
= --
5

•
4 y =

(1 ,

r,

A(x) = - = - x 4)
‘,,- '--v‘

V = fOl A(x) = fOl - x 4) dx

3x
- -3 - -n
h

}{.l)
A(x)
r

(a) (b) (c) l

t 1

1
P
U
I
U
”-
’’
’t t rt
 6.2 433

2 - x, 2

A(x) = - x 2 )2 - - X)2
'--v--'

v = So'

= - 2
X )2 - (2 - xndx

= (x 4 - 5x 2 + 4x) dx

= -5 +4

y=2 y=2

x
•x x x

NOTE

v= s: v= S: A(y)dy

A=
434

• 8, 9,

A= _

rin

1 + y,
1 +
A(y) = _

= + _ + y?

v= fo1A(y)dY= [(1 + JY)2 - (1 + y)2]dy

= (2JY - y - y2)dy = - - =

x
11 x=-l
•
t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 6.2 435

7 1

IABI = 2y =

12
A(x) . = (1 - x 2 )

v= [A(x) =[ (1 - x 2 )dx

- x 2 ) dx =
rx- x 3
1' =

y
y B(x, y)
C

•
A A B

(a) (b) (c)

13

y y
P

L
0 --- x 0 x

15
o I
436

x s/2 s
h L/2 L

s =

y =

A(x) = S2 =

x =

V= KA(x)dx =

L2 x 3 1'‘ L2 h
= - 2- - - ’ - - -
h 3 Jo 3

•
NOTE

rh e. L 2h
o•...... -----• Jo
. 0

V=
/

- \ --
- - - .....
\ C y= -4 X

A y=
IBC I = y tan 30 =
0

C
A(x)

16 - x 2

A y B

17

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 6.2 437

v= = t4
r4 .
2
n. 1 r x3 14 128
= (16 - x ) dx = -

•
6.2 I
1-4 10. x = y = 0, X = 4

(a)
(b) 11 -28
(c)

1. 2.
11. y = x + 1, y = 0, x = 0 , x = 2
y y
12. y = I/x , y = 0, x = 1, x = 4
y=x 2+ 5
13. y= y = 0, x = 5
14. y = e" y = 0, x = -1 , x = 1
0 3 x 15. x = 2 J;, x = 0, y = 9

3. 4. 16. 2x = i , x = 0, y = 4
y
y
17. y = x 2, Y = 2x
y=9
18. y = 6 - x 2, Y = 2

19. = x 3, Y
y=X3+ 1
20. x = 2 - y2 , X = y4
0 x 21. Y = y = x 2, X = y2

22. Y = y = x 3 , Y = 1, x = 2

5-10 23. Y = 1 y = 1 + sec x , y = 3

24. Y = -1 y = sin x , y = cos x , 0 X

5. y = In x , y = 0, x = 3
25. x = y = x 3 , Y = 0, x = 1
6. x= y= 0, x = 0
26. x xy = 1, y = 0, x = 1, x = 2
7. 8y = x 2, Y =
27. x = x = y2 , X = 1 _ y2
8. y = (x - 2)2 , Y = x + 10 28. X = y = x , y = 0 , x = 2, x = 4
9. Y = y = sin x , y = 0, 0 X 7T

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

 438

29-40

B(1 , 1) y = sin2 x , y = 0 , 0 X

48. y = y = x, y = xe'-(x/2)

49-54

0 A(l , O) x
49. r2 50.

29. 51 fo' (X 4 - X6) dx 52 (l - y2)2 dy

31. '2ll., 32. BCoj] '2ll.,

53 Y dy 54. dx
'2ll.2

35. '2ll. 2 36. 55.

'2ll. 3
1.5cm
39. '2ll. 3 40.
0 , 18 , 58 , 79 ,
94 , 106 , 117 , 128 , 63 , 39 ,

41.y=e- x2 , y=0 , x=-1 , x=1

ER
(a) (b) y = ]

42. y = 0, y = cos 2 x , X

(a) (b) y = ~
43. x 2 + 4y2 = 4
(a) y = (b) x =
44. y = x 2, x 2 + y2 = 1, y O
(a) (b) 56. 10m 1m

)n =
W45 -46
x (m) A (m2 ) x (m) A (m2 )

45. y = 1n(x 6 + 2) , 0 0.68 6 0.53

0.65 7 0.5 5
46. y = 1 + .xe- x3 , y = arctanx 2 2 0.64 8 0.52
3 0.61 9 0.50
4 0.58 10 0 .4 8
5 0.59

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 6.2 439

57. (a) 64.

y
4
__ f!... - -
2
a
a

o 2 4 6 8 10 x

(b) 65. 3cm, 4cm ,

[!J 58. (a) 66.

f(x) = (ax 3 + bx 2 + cx +

(b) a = -0.06, b = 0.04, c = 0.1 , d =

59-74

59. 67. 9.? + 4l =

60. R,
-/'-

68. (0, 0), (1, 0), (0,

69.

61.
70.

71.

72.

62. a,
a

-- ‘

y= 2 -x 2
b
y
a=

63. b,

( 1( I t I
440

73. y = t(l T|
-1 X
h

/
r

79. r 'tl
r'tl
x
x

\
74. \
\
-- \
y= X 4). - ’
\
t/

80.

0 4 x

75. (a)

(b)

81. r '?l

82.

76.
83. r(R>
(a)
(b)

77. 84. r(R > r)

85.
78-79

{Stereo-
metria
78. (a)
(b)

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 6.3 441

(a) h, y = R - c:x?,
-h/2 X h/2
(a)
d = (b)
(b)
(c)
+ r2 -
(d)
y (cm)
y (cm) y= 8c
86.
y = -k
'211, 2

87. (x , (cx ,

0 x(cm) 0 x(cm)

6.3 |
y =
-
1
y=

y
y= 2x 2 - x 3

XL =?

0 2 x
-“

l.. ÅI

•
of
cylindrical shell , rr ,

- - ~~f\‘
r2 ,

~-~ --/

F
L J ( 8L " ,:->1
442

V1
= 'TT' r?h= - r?)h
= + rl)(r2 - rl)h

- rl)

Àr = - r = !(r2 +

V = 2 'TT' rhÀr

x x

y = f(x) f(x) 0) , y = 0 , x = a , x = b b>a

3

)’

y=f(x)

b X b x

[a , [Xi-l ,
[Xi-l , [Xi-l ,
Xi , f(Xi) ,
4

= (2 'TT' Xi)[f(Xi)] Àx

V -r ”
4
V
n =
”
?
4
-[
‘
/
-m J -X AX

E Àx = S: f(x) dx

r H I t
 6.3 443

y=f(x) y=f(x)

y = f(x)

v= dx a < b)

81
X,

f(x) ,

f(x)

x 2 7T X Âx

x, f(x) = 2x2 -

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

444

v= S: (2x 2 - x3)
‘-----' ‘

S02 (2x 3 - x 4 ) dx = - 5x5];

NOTE

Y+ x,
II / / Y=x
?

=X-X
2 V = Jol - x 2) SOI (x 2 - x 3)
‘,0 '

3 y= Fx

r H I t
 6.3 445

- ,.
,
,.|
-V/
|

y,
X = --‘
- V

1
•
-
0 x

-
•

2 - x, - x) , x-

y y

y=x-x 2

x 4 x

v= - x)(x - x 2 ) dx
1
50 (x 3 - 3x 2 + 2x) dx

- x
3
+x1 =
2
•
•

y = f(x) x = g(y)

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
446

x=-l Y = =

x = (a)
(b)

(a)

11 v= + 1)(2x - x 2)dx = (x 2 + 2x - x 3 ) dx

+ x2 - =

(b)

v= + 1)2 - + 1)2] = (2JY - h 2)

m
- A

”
n
- -3

x=-l Y x=-( y

/’
/
‘/

’
I
l
f
/
t

J
V - x’-

•-•
2 x

(a) (b) (c)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 6.3 447

6.3 I
1. 7. y = y = sin-1x, y = =0
8. x = y = 4x - :?-, y = x

9-14 y
y

y = x(x -1)2 9. y y = 0, x = 4

10. Y = x 3, Y = 0, x = 1, x =2
0 x
11. y = 1/x , y = 0, x = 1, x =4

= e- , = 0, = 0, = 1
x2
2. 12. y y x x

13. y =
”
y
“
= 0, x = 0, x =2
2
14. Y = 4x - x , Y= x
y

y = sin(x 2 ) 15-20

15. xy = 1, x = 0, y = 1, y =3
0 X 16. Y = x = 0, y = 2
VJ = x ”, y = 8 F = o
3-4
X = -l2 + L - R x = nU

(a) x = + fty -x’ x = 2

x +y = A?
= “v2 - 4y + A4
(b)

3. 4.
y
yt y=2-x y= ,.fx 21 -22
(a)
(b)

21. y = x 2, Y =
22. y = x 3, Y = 4x 2
0 ,f;fi x 0 2 x

23-24
5-8
(a)
(b)

5. y = ln x , y = 0, x = 2
(c)
6. Y =x3, y = 8, x = 0

( 1( I t I
448

23. x = 24. y = 39-42

m ‘‘
”3
y y= 4x-x 2 y ‘,----,
‘ J
uX
“] 40. lny dy

{4 Y +2
41. I -'
JI
-?-dy
y-
42. - x)(3" - 2")

0 4 x 0 x

25-30
x
43. Y = 2x , y = 1.-,-,
x" + 1
25. x = y = x 3, Y = 8, x = 0 44. Y = e, x, Y = x
jn
2
- 4x +5
26. x = y = 4 - 2x, y = 0, x = 0

27. x = y = 4x y = 3

28. x = y= x = 2y

29. y = x = 21, y O, x = 2
45. x = y = sin 2 x , y = sin4x, 0 X

30. Y = x = 21, x = l +1 46. x = -1 y= sin x , y = 0, 0 X

31 -36
47-52
(a)

(a)
(b)

(b)
x
31. y = xe- , y = 0, x = 2
47. 48.
32. x = y = tan x , y = 0, x = y y

4 4
33. x = y = cos x , Y = -cos x , X

34. x = -1 y = x , y = 2x/(l + x 3 )

35. y = x= y x= 0
y=x 2
36. y = -l = 7, x = 4 x 0 x

49. 50.
37. n = l y J
V
”
/v
- A
i
l
X X
2

38. 11 = 5

0 X x
4 N 7T

1'-- !‘ ..--'"

2
~“ ~
1'-
0 2 4 6 8 10 x 01 G
 6.4 449

51. 52. Y = 60. (0 , 0) , (1, 0) , (1 ,

= a (a >
y yt I x=2

61-63

61.

0 1 x 0 2 x 62.
2
63.

53-59
64.

53. y= - X 2 + 6x - 8, y =0
54. y = -x 2 + 6x - 8, y = 0 (a)
(b)
55. l- = 1, y = 2
56. l- = 1, y = 2
T|1
57. + (y - 1)2 = 1

58. Y = x = (y - 3?, x = 4 h

59. x x = (y - 1)2, X - Y = 1

6.4 I

F = ma =
d2S
m--_
dt<

SI
=
Customary

( 1( I t I
450

W=Fd = ×

(a) 0.7m
9 =

(b) 20lb 6ft

(a)

F = mg = (1. 2)(9.8) = 11.76 N

W = Fd = (1 1.76 N)(0.7 m) = 8.2 J

(b) F = 20
W = Fd = (20 lb)(6ft) = 120 ft-lb

•
b
[a , xQ , Xl , ...

[Xi-l ,

[Xi-l , Xi]

[Xi-l ,

W; =f(xn t:. x

W~
n
p f x” AX
i

n•

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 6 .4 451

” r
W - ---‘m ?
””
i J
f I
‘
l
/
x ”A X = !
“
’1
/

J
f t/
i
l
d, x

2 xl

(a)
o x
w= r 2
(X + 2x) = +x
2
I =

l
f(x)=kx

x
f(x) = kx
0 x

(b)

1 1

x f(x)
5cm =
f(0 .05) =

0.05k = 40 800

f(x) =

w=
,= 400[(0.0 8Y - (0.05)2] = 1. 56 J

4 90kg
(a)
(b) 6m

(a)

‘ l' ..r ‘ 1. I [ t. I
452

ot

x* (30/7kgjm)(9 .8 m/s2)( Llx m) = 42Llx

’

21 (42 Ll X) • xr = 42xt Llx

‘-.,.-----J
7-l cl
x
• 0)

W= 42xfAx =
W= KI 42(21 - x) dx = 21x2];l = 18900 I

(b)

W1 = = 21x 2 ]: = 756 J

15m

W2 = lim
i=1
( 6 . 42Ll X) =
'-.r---' /
r21 252 = 3780 J

15m 15 . 30/7 . 9.8 = 630

'\
630 . 6 = 3780
10m Wj + W2 = 756 + 3780 = 4536
•
10 - x;* r
i

5
•
8m

4
2m 10m [2 , XQ , Xj , .. . , n

r; ,
10

ri 4
= - x t)
10 - xt 10

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 6 .4 453

v
n ~ m ‘‘ AX l
- m xl */‘.,?- A
X

mi=

= 1000. (1 0 - xtY Ll x = 1607T(1O - x T) 2 Ll x

25

Fì = mig = (9.8)160 7T(1 0 - x T) 2 Ll x

= - xtY Ll x

Wi = Fixt = - xtY Ll x

n •

W= - xf)2 Ax = - xf

flo | 2Ox3 x4 ] lO
=
J2
(1 00x - 20x 2
,- - -
+ x 3 ) dx = L 50x 2 - -::-
3
+ -=:-
4 J2
I

= 10 6 J
•

6 .4 1

1. Ft(N)

2. 10m
m
3. xm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x (m)
x = x =

6. f(x)
4. xm x=
x =

s.
8m

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
454

7. 10cm 18.
15cm
20m

8.
19.
12m

9.
12m

(a)
20.
(b)

10. 1m 16J 21. 2m ,

11. 22.

=
12.

23-26

13-22

23. 24.
13. 35m

(a)

(b)

14. 20m , 25. 26.

7m

(a)
(b)

15. 4.7 X 105

16. 28.
6rn

17. 3m 29.
p =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 6 .4 455

F= 34.
x =
mp J V
W - 1 = = 1.5
- u

35. (a)
11l 111l2
F=G____:_';-::-
r-

30. P, PV1.4 = k )
r=

1100kPa , (b)

29 5.98 X 1024 kg

6.37 X G = 6.67 X
31-33
36. 20

mvl- !
2400
31. x = (a)
v(t) , (b)

w= r f(x) dx = f' f(s(t)) v(t) dl

= ×
u =

32.

33. 5.7x2
~
+

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
456

6.5
Y2 , .. .

Yl + Y2 + ... + Y"
Y.vg =
n

15

10

5 a X Y= [a , b]
vg
T. Llx = (b -
0
xf , ... f(xf) ,

f(x t} + .. . +
n

n =

Llx = (b - n = (b - a)/

f (x t) + .. . + f(x:n = _,_-_ [f (x t} + .. . + f(x;)] ð. x

b-a b-a
ð. x
= [f(xf) Ax + --- + f(xf) Ax]
o-a
”Z
- -’
0
-a FJX AX

liihL
tJ _ a
i f(xf ) Ax
tJ - a
| bf(x) dx
Ja

[a ,

= jff(x) dx

1 [-1 , 2] f(x) = 1 +

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 6.5 457

/.vg f(x) dx + =2 .

f(c) =

Value Theorem for Integrals)

[a , b]

f(c) = &vg = |bf(x) dx

o-a

y -, , S: f(x) dx = f(c)(b - a)

[a , b]

f(c) = f.vg

01 a C b
x
2 [a ,
[a , b]

= 1 +x [-1 , 2]
y
(2 , 5)

L(1 + x 2 ) dx = f(c) [2 - (-1)]

[-1 , 2]
favg = f(c) = favg = 1+
favg = 2 C2 = 2, c2 = [-1 , 2]

1 2 x =
•
3 [t1 ,

[t"

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
458

“
n-
-

V. vg = I:2 U(t) dt = I:2sl(t) dt

= - S(tl)]

- -n

•
6.5 I
1-8 13. dx = [1 ,

1. f(x) = 3x 2 + 8x , [-1 , 2]
2. = [0 , 4] 14. [0 , f(x) = 2 + 6x -

3. g(x) = 3 cos x ,
15.
4. f(z) =
z
,
[1 4]

S. g(t) = [0 , 2]
1 + t"

6. f(x) = ’, 1
+ 3)
16.
7. h(x) = cos 4 x sin x , [0 ,
(a)

8. h(u) = [1 , 5]
u
(b)
U

9-12 60 ........-1

(a)
40 /
(b) f avg = /
(c) 20
/
v
0 4 8 12 t
9. f(t) = 1/ t 2 , [1 , 3]
10. g(x) = (x + 1)3, [0 , 2] 17.

11. f(x) = 2 sin x - sin 2x , [0 , T(t) = 10 +

12
12. f(x) = 2xe- , [0 , 2]x2

t 1 P I / [
1
U U
 6.5 459

18.
k =
n= (b)

23.

T (O C) 24. s=
25

20 1-1-
V- I\ = s oJ j
w K
15
, 1
• 1-
Vavg =
25. [a ,
10 \ / K
- 1-1- H -I-
5
t
4 8 12 16 20 t

y
19. xm

20.
0 b X

U(r) = (R2 r2)

26-27 [a ,

26. a < c <

7 0 r

f ,vg[a , b] = /avg[a , c] + b]
21. P(t) =

27 • ,ll.'!\ f avg[a , t] =
22. (a)

T(t) = 20 + 75e- kt 28. F(x) = f;; f(t)

; c • J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

460

Physics of ßasebatl) York,

1.

p = mv
F =

(a) [10 , t i]

p(tl) - p(to) = I; F(t) dt

(b)
(The Physics o[

(i)
(ii)

2.

K=
F=

F(s) = l1l a=

(a)

W= ElF(s) =

Vo = V1 =
dv dv ds dv
---:- = l1l ---:- ---:- = I1lV ---:-)
dt .. ds dt - ds '
(b)

3. (a) 85m
du/dt =

(b)

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 6 .5 461

(c)

|
11 | 2.7m
3m 7.5m
0.9m
a =
I I O X

1------ x,
3m
1.2m
2.7m

1. a2 = (2.7 + x cos a)2 + (9.3 - x sin a)2 ,

b2 = (2.7 + x cos a)2 + (x sin a - 1. 8)2

(J = arccos( !!.2 +

2.

3. d (J /dx =

4. O X

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
010.2089.7621
 7.1

Sen Cooper / Science Faction / GeUy Images; inse t: Aasvan IlI ESCU/ AlamyStock

7 Techniques of Integration
t:::I

Skdx=kx +C f sin x dx = -cos x + C f x dx = ln Isec x I + C

Sx" = + C (n ;6 -1)
f cos sinx +C f = ln Isin x I + C

f = +C = 2_ +C
a' a \ a J

f = -cotx +C = + C, a > 0
S e.t
+C
f sec x tan sec x +C f sinh xdx = + C

f csc x cot x = -cscx +C dx = sinh x +C

In b

463
464

7.1 I

by

l ,"i!:'.

[f (x)g(x)J = f(x)g'(x) + g(x) f' (x)

ax

f [f(x)g ’(x) + g(x)f'(x)J dx = f(x)g(x)

f f(x)g'(x) dx + f g(x)f’(x) dx = f(x)g(x)

I f f(x)g ’(x) dx = f(x)g(x) - f g(x)f’(x) dx

u= v = du = f ’ (x)
= g'(x)

|f u dv = uv - f v du
f
f(x) = g'(x) = f' (x) = 1 g(x) = -cosx

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.1 465

f x sin x dx = f(x)g(x) -f g(x)f’(x) dx

= x( -cos x) - f (-cos x) dx = -x cos x + f cos x

= - x cos x + sin x + C

u=x dv = sin xdx

du = dx v = -cosx

l “ fu 11 V v du

f x sin x dx f x sin
= = x (-cosx) - f
= - x cos x + f cos
= - x cos x + sin x + C •
NOTE
f x sin x f cos x
u = sin x , dv = x du = cos x dx , v =

f x sin x = (sin - x 2 cos xdx

2
X COS

u -

dv = g'(x)

f ln

u = lnx dv = dx

du = Ldx v=x
x

t (1 ( 'f 1
466

J 1n J
f1 =x1nx- J
=x1nx-x+C

f(x) = 1n

•
Jt e' 2

u = t2 dv = e' dt

du = 2tdt v = e'

Jt e' dt 2
= t 2 e' - 2 Jte ' dt
te '
u = t , dv = e l
du = dt , V =

Jte' dt = te' - Je' dt

= te' - e' +C

Jt 2
e' dt = t 2 e' - 2 J te ' dt
= - 2(te ’ -e’ + C)

= t 2 e' - 2te' + 2e' + C1

Cl =
•
JeXsin x

u= = du = e" dx , V =

JeXsin = -eXcosx + f xdx

f eXcos
t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.1 467

u = ff , dv = cos x
du = ff dx , v = sin

1 = i' sin
F(x) = x - cos x)
f eXsin x

=
f eXsin = x + e Xsin x - f eXsin x dx

12 f eXsin x
fe X
sin x

2 f eXsin -e xcos x + eXsin x

4
“ 6

-4
f eXsin = x - cos x) + C l

l ;";;i:!:'. .o-..,&r

S: - S:

u = tan-1x dv = dx
,du - v=x

11tan-1x dx = x tan - fOI

= 1 . tan- I 1 - 0 . tan- 10 - dx
o 1 +
7r rI X
=--1
4 Jo 1 + x L

c (1 ( ,r 1
468

X tan- I x dt = 2x x dx =5 t = =
t =
y

y = tan-1x
It
= !(ln 2 - ln 1) =

x ln 2
rl
| ‘ tan-1x dx = ...:.:_ - l'
Jo 4
7T

Jo 1
rt
--
+ x‘
^ dx = •
4
7T
--
2 •
•

- -
6 n
reduction for-
I sin"xdx = - cosxsin"-1x +

u = sin"-Ix dv = sin x dx

du = (n - 1) sin"-2x cos x dx v = -cosx

I sin"x dx = -cos x

cos 2 X =1- sin 2

I = -cos x

f sin"x dx

n I = -cos x + (n - 1) I
""-
-, I sin"x = -L cOS X Sinn
n n J

•
f sin"x f sin x dx f (sin x)Odx = f dx

[c h'!1
 7.1 469

7.1 I

1-4
39. fO"/3 sin x ln(cos dx 40.
+ r2
1. u = x , dv = e 2x dx
41. fo" cos x sinh 42. -
2. f u = lnx, dv =

3. f xcos 4x u = x , dv = cos 4x 43-48

4. f u = sin-'x, dv = dx
43. f 44. f cos(ln x) dx

5-42 45 0 3 COS(02) dO 46. fo" e COSl sin 2t dt

47. f x) dx I ax
J X
7. f xsin 8. - COS 71'X dx

ffi 49-52 C
9. 10. J =

2 + 2x)cosxdx
12. f t 2 sin ßt dt
r
11. f (x . J’ g . x uJ X

13. f 14. f ln 51. f 52. f x 2 sin 2x dx

15. f t 4 1ntdt
53. (a)
17. f t csc2t dt 18. f
f 2
dx= •
X
- -Sln2x
-+C
2 4
19. f (l n x)2dx 20. f l zOz d
(b) f
21. f e 3xcosx 22. f eXsin
54. (a)

23. f e 20 sin 36 dO 8
24. f e- cos 20 dO
f cosnx dx =
n
COS ,, -I X sin x +
n J
f cos.- 2x dx

25. f Z3e , dz 26. f x )2 dx

(b) f cos 2x

27. f (1 + x 2) e 3x dx 28 I /2 8 sm (c) f

55. (a)
29. fO'xYdx 30. Jo (1 + X)2‘ d
’

’ ”,
if “‘
m” x d’ x -
n --n ‘,’ ,‘
-
1
l
--,
i
m” • x dx
,-

‘, J
F

31. f02 y sinh y dy 32.

n
33. dR 34. f:" t 2 sin 2t dt (b) sin 3X

t/
(c)
3
35. fo" x sin x cos x dx 36. dx

{"/2 _:_2n+L J._ _ 2 .4.6 .... . 2n

37. r e 38.
r
(ln )2
x dx
1

X“
. ‘…
Jo ----
. “. -
-- --- 3 . 5 . 7 . ... . (2n + 1)

t (1 ( I f 1
470

56. 74.

_:_2 ,, __ _ 1 . 3 . 5 . ... . (2n - 1)

. ‘… T'" _
Jo ---- 2 . 4 . 6 . ... . 2n 2

57-60

57. f (ln = x(ln x)" - n f (ln X) ,, -I

v(t) = -gt - Ve 1n
m

58. f n f 9 = 9.8m/s2 , m
= 30 ,000kg , r = 160kg/s , Ve =
59. f tan"x = -f (n 1)
75. V(t) = ,z e-I(m/s)
r [ se c" -2x n- 1. r ‘
60. I sec"x dx = ‘ I sec"-2x dx (n 1)
J n-l n-1J

76. f(O) = g(O) = f" ,

61. f (l n X)3
62. f x 4e" f: = f(a)g ’(a) - f ’(a) g(a) + f: dx

63-64 77. f (I) = 2 , f(4) = 7,1' (1) = 5,1' (4) =

63. y = x 2 1n x , y = 41n x 64. y = x 2 e--' , y = xe-"
78. (a)

f f(x) dx = xf(x) - f xf' (x)

(b) f,

Ir
65. y = y = 2 - x2

66. y = x ln(x + 1) , y = 3x - x 2 S: = - af(a) - 9(y) dy

y =
67-70 (c) f,

67. y = y = 0, 0 X l (d)

68. y = e" y = e- x , x = 1 79. (a)

69. x = y = e- x , y = 0, x = -1 , x = 0
70. y=e‘ , x = 0, y = 3

71. = ln x , y = 0, x =
(b) |
J x-
(a) (b)
80. = f3%in ”x
72. [0 , f(x) = x sec 2 (a) h"+2 12,, +1
(b)
73. = dt
[ S(x)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 7.2 471

(c) 81. v=

lim 12,, +L/h, = v= - :_

(d) 55 ,
y =
l.2 2 4 4 6 6 2n 2n
lm-'-'-'-'-'-'
1 3 3 5 5 7 2n - 1 2n + 1 2 v=

2 2 4 4 6 6 /
V
X -
2133557

(e) x=b

0 a x
1

01 I I I i I

t--r-i
7.2

1 f
u = = -sinx

cos 3 cos 2 sin 2 x + cos 2

x =

cos 3x = cos 2x . cos X = (1 - sin 2x) cos x

u = du = cosx

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
472

f COS 3X = f cosxdx= f (1 .- sin2 x)cosxdx

= f (1 - u 2 )du = u - tu 3 + C

= sin x - 5 +C l

sin 2 x + cos2 X =

f sin5x
1- cosx

sin 5x cos 2x = (sin 2xf cos 2x sin x = (1 - COS 2X)2 cos 2x sin x

u = du = -sinx
sin5x = 0)

f sin 5x dx = f (sin 2x)2cos 2x sin x dx

= f (1 -
0.2
2 2
cos x
COS X)2

71"

= -2 +
-0.2
= -5 cos3x + gcos5x - +cos% + C •

sin 2x = - cos cos 2x = + cos 2x)

So''

sin 2x = 1 -

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 7.2 473

f: sin2x dx = ! r (1 - cos 2x) dx

1. 5 = [Hx - ! sin 2x)J:

- 5sin h) - f(o - asin =
2
y = sin x

u =
0 7T

-0.5

4 f sin x4

f 53)
sin4x =

f sin x dx = f (sin2x? dx
4

f [!(1 - cos 2x)P dx

=

= [1 - 2 cos 2x + dx

cos 2(2x) = Hl + cos(2 . 2x)] = !(1 + cos 4x)

f sin x dx
4
= [1 - 2cos2x +!(1 + cos 4x)] dx
= G- 2 cos 2x + ! cos dx

= !Gx - sin 2x + ksin 4x) + C l

m 0, n f sinmx cos"x dx

Jsin’"x
(a) = 2k + 1) ,
cos 2x = 1 -

f sin x COS 2
l1l k+ lX dx = f sin x
l1l dx
X

= Jsin’"x (1 - sin2x)kcos x dx
t (1 ( I f 1
474

u = 1).
(b) = 2k + 1) ,
sin 2x = 1-

f sin2 k+ x COs"x dx
1
= f
= f (1 -
u = 2).
(b) ,

(C) 3, 4).

sin 2x = t (1 - cos 2x) Cos 2x = t (1 + cos

sin x cos x = 5sin 2x

l
f
(d/ dx) tan x =
sec 2x = 1 +
(d/ dx) sec x = sec x tan sec x tanx

5 f sec 4x

sec2x sec 2x sec 2x = 1 +

u = du = sec 2x

f tan 6x sec 4x dx = f tan6x sec 2x dx

= f tan 6x (1 + tan 2x) sec 2x dx

= f (1 + u
6
f + 2
u )du = (u
6 8
u )du

u 7' ..9
u
=-+
7 9
+ C= + + + C •

6 f tan e sec 7e
5

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.2 475

e sec
tan
tan e = sec 2 e -
2

u = sec du = sec e tan e

f tan e sec e de f sec e sec e tan e de

5 7
=
6

f (sec 2e - 1)2 sec 6e sec e tan e de

=

f (U 2 - =

f 2u + u )du = (U
IO
-
8 6

u" u9 U
=--2-+-+C
11 9 7
= sec "e - sec
g
e+ + C •

f tanlllx sec"x dx

f tanfllx sec"x
(a) = 2k, k 2) , sec 2x
sec 2x =1+
f tanfllx sec 2kx dx f tanlllx = sec2x I

f tan’"x (1 + tan 2x)k-1 sec 2x dx

=

u= 5) .
(b) = 2k + 1), secx tanx
= sec 2x -

f tan 2
k+ l x = f (tan 2x)k
= f (sec 2x - 1)k sec ,, -I x sec x tan x

u = sec 6).

t (1 ( I f 1
476

f tan = ln Isec x I + C

f sec + C

secx +
x +t x
,,‘---’’“
$ x a, x - ’-
---’,,‘
pS x
$
-$ -x-+-t -xdx

+ sec x tan x
dx
sec x + tan x

u = sec x + tan du = (sec x tan x +

f (1 ju) du = ln Iu I +

f sec xdx = + + C

f tan x3

tan 2x = sec 2x -

f = f = f x (sec x - 2
1)

= f tan x - f tan x dx
= tan 2x - ln Isec x I + C

u = du =

sec
sec

8 f sec x
3

u = secx dv = sec 2xdx

du = sec x tan x dx v = tanx

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 7.2 477

f dx = sec x tan x - f sec x dx

= sec x tan x - f sec x (sec x - 1)
2

= sec x tan x - f + f sec x

f = Hsec x x + 1n Isec x + tan x 1) + C •

f cot csc"x dx

1 + cot2x =

(a) f sin mx cos nx dx, (b) f sin mx sin nx dx, (c) f cos mx cos nx

(a) sin A cos B = HSin(A - B) + sin(A + B)J

(b) sin A sin B = Hcos(A - B) - cos(A + B)J
(c) cosA cos B = - B) + cos(A + B) ]

f sin 4x cos 5x
(a)

f sin 4x cos 5x = + sin 9xJ dx

= (-sin x + sin 9x) dx

= Hcos x - 9x) +C l
478

7.2 I
,
1-56 % ‘.‘,--,t m5 (‘’ ,‘ , a, t
45 I/2 cos 5t cos 1Ot dt / l

“
rlJ 1m
Sl : O

f cos y
1l
6
-- 2.
d, --
F

f
i
. ---‘
l
48. y) dy
IJ
’
2
m9 x ·M 5X ,dx
4 E/4 sin5x dx
fo"/6 dx 50. dO
t
J . “,
i
i
l
(
·, m- ?
, t
”m ( F
S
2
4 ”” ut
J
6.
f sin2(t/2) dt
49.
’
--‘
t sin 2t dt ••, x xt x d, x
7· U/4 sin2(26)
51.
f “
l
$

8·

fo" cos (2t) 4

sin 2tcos 4tdt
f
53. x dx 54.
fx
9. 10. fo" r dx
55.1--- 56. r sec 01 + 1 dO
11 r2 12-I% - sln 6)2 d8 Jcosx-1 J

13. f dO f
14. (1 + cos t dt 3

’ C = 0).
15. f sin x
-----,
c5 0n ms 3 no
dx
p

“ ” - 5
---,
f, x sin2(x 2) s mx m x d x
c 3 i

57.
p

----,,“ 2X
17. f cotx cos2x dx
J
ta
--n t‘ x
” n
m J x e ·m U x dx % ---, ‘
. d, x
i
‘.
l

’---,,,‘ , ,
,
e
S •“, $

S ·m 2X 2X dx
ll v

-- M ,, s·U1 X p
‘
J

,---’’ ,
‘ l
t X 3
x JuX i
l
l

‘
,,, t
2n
o ea ‘ On
A

61. 5;/4 tan x sec x dx =

6
, J;/4 tan 8x sec x
23. f tan 2x dx 24.
f + tan 4x) dx
62. (a)

25. f tan x sec x 4 6

26. tan 0 dO 6 tanal- lx
I dx = - - -
2n - 1 I tan l-2X
27. f secxdx 28.
f tan5x
29. f . ‘·,, i’
l
l
’ 4
t ‘
A
t d,t
(b)
f
f(x) = sin 2x
]
63.
31. f 32.
f sec xdx
64. 5sin x cos x
33. 34. (a) u =
J sec-x J COS X
(b) u =
r ’
n 0 + tanO
35. 36. 1 dO (c) sm = 2 sinx cosx
J cos'O
‘
JO COS X
(d)
37. cot 2x dx 38 dx

65-66
39 40 csc 4 0 cot 4 0 dO
65. Y = sin2x, y = sin 3x, 0 X

41.
f csc x d .x 42. 66. Y = tan x , y = tan 2x, 0 X

f
43. sin 8x cos 44.
f sin 20 sin 60 dO
t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.3 479
”2 f
--,
,
“ J
m3 x d, x
68. I02 sin cos (a) RMS
(b) RMS
E(t) = A
69-72
75-77 m,

69. y = sin x, y = 0, X
75 mx cos

70. y = sin2x, y = 0, 0 X

71. Y = y = sinx, y = cos x , 0 X

m=n
r0
72. Y = -1 y = sec x , y = cos x , 0
F l’
m n
X
. m m m a’ x = <|
l
‘ m= n

73. v(t) =
f(O) = s = 78.

74. f(x) = 2: a" sin nx

’, - 1

= a 1 sin x + a2 sin 2x + . . . + aN sin Nx

E(t) = 155

RMS(root-mean-square)
am = f(x) sin mx dx

7.3
(a

u = a2 -

= a sin
1 - sin 2 = e

= .Ja 2 - a 2 sin 2 e = .Ja 2(1 - sin 2tJ) = = alcos tJ I

u = a2 - x = a sin

x =

f = f

x = a sin

‘ J ( I ) J 1
480

- X2 1 X = a sin O. -.!!_ 8 1 1 - sin 2 0 = COS 2 0

’ 2 2

J a2 + X 2 I X = a tan O. _...::.. <

’
7T

2
0
7T
< _::_
2
I 1 + = sec 20
3
Jx 2 - a2 1 x = a sec O. 0
7T
0 <2- .!:E..þ o<.::.:.:...
2
7T
I sec 20 - 1=

J X-

x = 3 sin 8, 8 dx = 3 cos 8
}9 - 9 sin 28 = 31 cos 8 1= 3cos 8

8 cos 8

cos

= f cor28 d8

= -cot8 - 8 + C

sin 8 =
sin 8 =

sin () cot
3

sin 8 = =

I J dx = - cot 8 - 8 + C= - x-
J9 - x2
2
_
l )
•
x2 X \ 3/

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.3 481

x2 y2 •
,
a2 . b2 ‘

(0 , b)
y =
a' a' - a
(a , O)

x2 , y2 •
--+---=’ a
a2 b2
‘
‘

x = a sin dx = a cos 8
sin 8 = sin 8 = 1 e=
O 8

..ja 2 - a 2 sin 28 = a Icos 8 I = a cos 8

ra r-•--_ b
A =4"':_1 a2 - X2 dx = 4 ...:_ I ,- a cos 8 . a cos 8 d8
a JO a JO

= 4ab r2 d6 = 4ab + cos 28) d8

= 2ab[e + t sin 28];/2 = +0-0)=

a = b =
r 'll l

NOTE

I
J
‘
+4
x = 2 tan8 , < 8< dx = 2 sec 2e

= .J4(tan 28 + 1) = = 21sec81 = 8

t (1 ( I f 1
482

f = f
-f sec 0 do
2

J 4 tan 20 • 2 sec 0 =-f-

1 sec 0
4 J tan 20 --
j
”

sin cos

sec 0 1 cos 20 cos 0

tan 20 COS 0 sin 20 sin 20

u=

I = ..!_
- - r
- -
4 J sin 0
O
COS. dO =
2 ”
‘
=-I-
4 J
..!.
u2

+c= C

+C
I
I X

j """"'- 0 rl csc 0 =

tan e
2
f -
2 4x
•
I
J +4
x = 2 tan
u = + du = 2x

NOTE

“ ,}x 2 - a2
1 0<0<
dx = a sec 0 tan 0
= .ja 2 (sec 20 - 1) = =altanOI =atanO

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.3 483

f • /v2 _ ,, 2
- |[asecO 6
J a tan
lnlsecO + C

tan 0 =

sec e =
a

= lnlx +

Cl =C- ln

ln IX c,

= a cosh
2
cosh y - sinh y = 2

= ../a 2 (cosh 2 t - 1) = = a sinh t

dx = a sinh t

t+ C

cosh t = t =

cosh-' ( : ) + C

•
NOTE

, x3
(4X2 +

(a 2
+ a2)" /2 0 1

- 1q _ a 2)"/201
“ (4x 2 + 9)1/2 =
=

dx = sec 20

= ../9 tan 20 + 9 = 3 sec 0

x = tanO = tan 0 =

F o I
484

(J=

“ -
x
(4X2 + 9)3 /2 ---
-::-dx =
Jo 27 4
d (J

= =
JO sec “ JO COS ‘ 6

, 1 - cos 2 (J
= l ’ ---::-^- sin (J d (J
lU Jo cos ‘ 8

u = COS = -sin (J (J = u =
u = 5
X
3
1 jl/2 1 - u2
_._ r1 x = au
Jo I
(4x 2 + --ë7 I
16)1 U2
^
_,
’

= -m ’
”3 ’l’ ‘
·‘ -i
t
/
u ) uJ u
4
- 3
-m u
------|
+
U,‘

= [(t + 2) - (1 + 1)] = l

J
I ‘ -=--::-
- 2x - X2

3 - 2x - X2 = 3 - (X 2 + 2x) = 3 + 1 - (X 2 + 2x + 1)
= 4 - (X + 1)2

u =x + = dx , x = u -

fi C- 1 - v2 =f du

u = 2 sÏn du = 2 cos (J d (J, = 2cos

=

- sin
---- (J- - 1
f x dx = f2
I 2 cos (J d (J
3 J3 - 2x - x 2 J 2 cos (J

-4 2

= - 2 cos (J - (J +C
• - sin-I(;) + C

- 2x - x 2
•
= -

[c h'!1
 7.3 485

7.3 I
2
1-4 (a) rO.6 x
27. I 28. dx
(b) Jo .J9 - 25x 2
r d.x
29. I 30.
J
+ 2x + 5
1. I dx 2.
J 1 + x2 J .J9 - x 2 r x2
31.
f x 2 J3 + 2x - x2 32. I
J (3 + 4x - 4X2)3
““ f2
d_.

3. (9 - 4X 2)3/2 r x2 + 1
33. 34. I ‘2 d-
J (x - 2x + 2)2 ‘

. COS t
5-8 35.
f dx 36. I
JO
+ sin 2 t
dt

5. x = sin 8 37. (a)

r x3_
_ I ln(x + +c
6. I dx x = 3 tan 8
J
9 + x2
r .J
. 4x
2 - 25 c
(b) x = a sinh
7. I dx x=*sec8
J X

8.
f x = J2 sin8

38.
9-36
f (x 2 + a 2)3/2 “
9.
f 10.
(a)
(b) = a sinh
12.
39. f(x) = X
ra d.x r dt
13.
Jo (a2 +
14. I 40. 9r - 4l = x =

r3
15. I . •2
dx
..,. 16. 2/3 dx
]z (x - 1)3/2 f0 41. A =
r2 dt 0< 8 <
17. dx

rl dx
20.
19.
Jo (x 2 + 1)2
y
P

21 .
f: dx 22

r x
23. 24. Q R x
J ,/1 + x 2

r1+x 2
25. | • - - - d x 26. I
rO.3

(9 -
x
‘ ”
“
t (1 ( I f 1
486

47. x2 + (y - R)2 =

I 48.
('L-a
E(P) = ,- -,
J-a
1'"
+ b ,\1"
2 )3 /2

P(a ,
43. y = 9/(x2 + 9) , y = 0 , x = 0 , x =

44.0 X = y

• P(a , b)

45. (a)
0 L X

I dt = sin-I(x/a) +

(b)
49. r .ïl}

y
y= Ja 2
- t2

46.
50. lO m'd

7.4 1

2/(x - 1/(x +

2 1 2(x + 2) - (x - 1) x +5
x - 1 x+2 (x - l) (x + 2) x2 +x - 2

tt r 2 dx = f dx

= - 11 - lnlx + 21 + c

[c h'!1
 7 .4 487

p(x)
f(x) = -:._:--:
Q(x)

01=

P(x) = a"x" + al_tX"- t + .. . + atX + aO

deg(P) =
deg(P) deg(R)
<

'-' _" P(x) R(x)

,--, = Q(x)
f(x)
J
-:._:--: = - ,--, +-'-'
Q(x)

J X - 1

;\é 2 +x +2
x - 1 )X 3 + _\
3 •. 2
A
.. 2+X
.x 2 -x
2x
2x-2
f (X2 + x +2+
2

3 2
2x + 2 ln 1x - 11 + c •
+ + bx + c,
b
2
- 4ac < Q(x) =x 4
-

Q(x) = (x 2 - 4)(x 2 + 4) = (x - 2)(x + 2)(x 2 + 4)

A Ax +B
(ax + b) ’ (ax 2 + bx + c)i
488

Q(x) = (a x , + b,)(a2X + b2) .. . (akX + bk)

Al , A2, "',

R(x) A , A2 Ak
--=
Q(x) ,
a x +b , + a2X + b2 + ‘ .. +---
akX + bk

r X
2
+ 2x - 1
’
J 2x j
+ - 2x

2X3 + 3x 2 - 2x = x(2x 2 + 3x - 2) = x(2x - 1)(x + 2)

+ 2x- 1
X2 A B C
-- -----
x(2x - l) (x + 2) x 2x - 1 x +2

A , B, x(2x - 1)(x +
x 2 + 2x - 1 = A(2x - l) (x + 2) + Bx(x + 2) + Cx(2x - 1)

x 2 + 2x - 1 = (2A +B+ 2C)x 2 + (3A + 2B - C)x - 2A

2A +B+
A, B,

2A + B + 2C = 1
3A + 2B - C = 2

-2A = -1

A= ,B = ,C =5 5
t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 7.4 489

dx

12x - 11 - Tö ln 1x + 21 + K

u = 2x - du = 2dx , dx = !

NOTE

-2A = -1 ,
= 5B/4 = = 10C =
C = x = 0, a

x = 0, 5

3 I x-
J - a-
* 0) ‘

1 A B
--------- -- -- ------- -------
x 2
- a 2
(x - a)(x + a) x- a x+a

A(x + a) + B(x - a) = 1

x - A(2a) =
A = x = B(-2a) =
B =

I x2
,
- a2
, =-=-=--II-------Idx
2a J \x - a x +aJ

Ix - a1 al) + C

ln x - ln y =

1 •

t (1 ( I f 1
490

11

(al X + (alX + bl)'

Al/(alX +
A, A? A.
--•-+ _+ “ +
alx + b l (alx + bl)Z (alx + b l )'

X 3_ X +1 A B C D E
XZ(X - v
..,.------::-_ = -
X
+ ---:- + - - +
X- 1 (x -
_ + -----::-
(X - 1)3

r X4 - 2x 2 + 4x 1
J
I":"___'
X- -
’
x- - X -r
‘

x 4 - 2x 2 + 4x +1 4x
“ =x+l+ "
X' - X" - X + 1 x' - x" - x + 1

Q(x) = .0 - :x? - x + Q(I) = 0

x -

x3 - x2 - X + 1 = (x - 1)(x 2 - 1) = (x - 1)(x - l) (x + 1)
= (x - 1) 2(X + 1)

x -

4x A B C
----- - ---- ----
(x - 1) 2(X + 1) x - 1 ’ (x - 1)2 . x+1

(x - 1)2(x +
4x = A(x - l)(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x - 1)2
= (A + C)x 2 + (B - 2C)x + (-A + B + C)

A + C= 0
B - 2C = 4

-A +B + C= 0
A = 1, B = 2, C = -

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.4 491

f [x+ 1 +

ln •
NOTE 2 A, B,
x = 4 =
x = 4 = C =
A , B, C
0= -A
=

111
ax2 + bx + b 2 - 4ac <

Ax +B
ax
2
+ bx + c
f(x) = x/
[(x - 2)(x2 + +
x
(x - 2)(x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4)
A
_----_ Bx + C
x - 2 ' x2 + 1
_Dxx 2 ++ 4E
’

5 r
J x-
x + 4
"t' Lf. X

x3 + 4x = x(x2 +
2X x + A% A B +c
-+ - -x + -x -+-4

+
2X2 - X + 4 = A(x 2 + 4) + (Bx + C)x

= (A + B)x 2 + Cx + 4A

t (1 ( I f
492

A+B=2 c= -1 4A = 4

= 1, B = 1, C =

= f + dx

u = + du = 2x

f 2:;JJ XJ)4 dx f idx + I = f

= 1n JxJ + + 4) - +K
•
r 4x 2
3x +2
1-:
-
o
J 4X- - 4X -t- j

x?- +
x
+ -x-‘ x-- --4, 1

-,‘
-x - -+-q) ,
1
i
‘
-x-+
i
-
x

b2 - 4ac = - 32 < - 4x +

4x 2 - 4x + 3 = (2x - 1)2 + 2

du = 2dx , x= +

I : ;x t = f (1 + 4x2 fJj+ 3) dx

= x+ *l JrI f (u +2 +1) 2-L'

L ' U, '.
1 ,
du
du =
=
, tfu-1
J
xx + ;i1- I u ,2 + 2 du

=x + - i

t f
n
U
( ” n
” !
’l
/ f r
 7.4 493

=x+ + 2) - i
= x + kln(4x 2 - 4x + 3) - +C •

NOTE

A x+B
b2 - 4ac <0
ax
2
+ bx + c ’

f;u" +’;a" = Cf
J u"
u
+ a"
+ 1) f u" +1 a
J
1/
2 du

tan- 1

IV
(ax2 + bx + b2 - 4ac <

AIX + BI A 2 x + B2 Arx + Br
ax 2 + bx + c -
. (ax 2 + bx +
- + .‘ .+. (ax 2 + bx + c)'
C)2'

X3 + X2 + 1
x(x - 1)(x 2 + x + 1)(x 2 + 1)3

X3 + X2 + 1
x(x - 1)(x 2
+x + 1)(x 2 + 1)3

A = -1 , B = k, C = D = -1 , A B Cx+ 1) Ex +F Gx +H Ix+J
=-+--+
x . x - 1 . X -2 + x + 1 +. +1 + + -+ - + 1) -3
E= = -k, G = H = i , •

1 = -!, J =!
r 1- x + 2X2 - x3
8 l' -: ..
J x(x 2 + 1)2

1- x + 2X2 - x3 A Bx + C -- 1)x + E
_--.-
x(x 2 + 1)2 x . x2 + 1 . (x 2 + 1)2
u J,
q
1

1
U
494

+
-x 3 + 2X2 - X + 1 = A(x 2 + 1)2 + (Bx + C)X(X 2 + 1) + (Dx + E)x

= A(x 4 + 2X2 + 1) + B(x 4 + X2) + C(X 3 + X) + DX2 + Ex

= (A + B)x 4 + CX 3 + (2A + B + D)x 2 + (C + E)x + A

A+B=O C=-1 2A +B+D= 2 C + E = -1 A= 1

= 1, B = -1 , C = -1 , D = 1, E =

= ln Ixl- + 1) - tan-lx - --L- + K •

2(x 2 + 1)

f x2 +1

u = x(x2 + 3) = _i3 + du =
+ 3)

f x(x 2 + 3)
= Ix 3 + 3xl + C

u=

r
J X

u= u2 = X + 4, x = u2 - dx=
2u

= = 2 = 2 f (1 du

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 7.4 495

u2 _ (u _ 2)(u +

I Jx x+ 4
-_. - Jd
Iu +J 8
_••.
du
U 2I_- -
4

= 2u +8

l +4 +2 1
+c
•

7.4 1
m-x -””-‘‘ a, x
+x+1 ,3
1-6 rl x2 m- il--

-(-x---
Jo ’!,“ -

19. (x + 1)2(x + 2) d ! -

, + ux --+m
2x +5 r dt
. ,,‘
ili--

-‘--’-- -(X-’- -m dx
1. (a) (b) , 21. 1 ., " x
(x - 3)(x + 5) (x - + 2) J (t 2 - 1)'
, 2X --+
x + nxu
r 10 - -x- a,x
2· (a)
x-6
(b)
x- -r x 23· j (x 1)(x2 + 9) d
M
. ,,“
ill--
- -3
x

3. (a) -;J
X2 +4 (b) x3 T ,
x(2x - 1) (x 2 + 3)2
‘
ro x 3
25. 1 ‘
- 4x +1
26.1 - - ,
2
î2 X 3 + 4x + x - 1
dx
x - 3x ' + 2x J-I - 3x +2d JJ
‘
x" + x
x4 +1 +x +
( -(
-x- -- -- x
”---’.,
2
4x ,‘
1li

4· (a) -3 -2
n
”
r - -2 -+-U
-,‘ dx
x' - 1 27. I “J dx -

x + x ‘ +x+1
lv
J
1 X5 + x2 x3 + 6 x --2X
2
+ +3 ”‘--,.,‘‘
5. (a) I 22
(x - x)(x 4 + 2X2
'1 4 . ?
+ 1),
• • (b)
,-, ,.
x2+x
,
- 6 29. 1--;
r x3 4x
‘ d
nu
. - - -x-4 7*-6 - Ju
X
J x' +4 ,

x4
6. (a) (b) r x +4 îl X
(x 2 - X 1)(x 2 + 2 )2 dx
.. , ..... \.?
x- - q + \1' 'J
31. 1 , d 32. 1
J x" + 2x + 5 Jo + 4x + 13
‘••
il
,
-x
--- --li
dx ””. x3
--
--4X
2 +

-+-A2x -+
--3
-
dx
,,“
7-40 •

7 f (x - 1)(x
5
+ 4) dx
8 fx- 12
35. 1
rJ
‘
x3
+
+ 2x
‘
+3 d
r x5 +x _ 1
Jo x' J x + 1
J

9 f (2x+h 1)(x-1)
+1 10. r . + 4)(2;
J (y
, dv 37. I
Î 5x 4
+ 7x + x + 2
2
dx
r x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
38. 1 -- --- - dx
x(x 2 + 1)2 --- J X5 + 5x 3 + 5x _..
“
-J J ---
rl 2 rl x -4 j
2 [ +7 ” x3 + ?‘ + 3x ?4
11. 1 dx --2
4
dx
Jo 2X' + 3x + 1 -“
12. 1
Jo
‘
- 5x +6 d . -(
-x-2 --A

‘.
-x-+ -2 a, x . ’’--
l
-2X -+ -x-+
- - -( - - -

14 I (x + aL + b) dx
41-56
15. rx - r 3t - 2 . '
1 6 . 1 -• -dt
J

‘--I7 |
-
2 ” -” u
1
’----+7 y
• f
V
J t + 1

rz3x 2 + 6x + 2
18. 1 41·
r
j
dx
42. f
JI
‘
+ 3x + 2 d

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
496

r dx
43. 1 _ 44.
J X2 + x Fx (b)

1 - t2 2t
45.
J + 1 46. f (1 cosx = ---_,
1 + t< 1 + t"

7. f !v 3 !V dx u= (c)
2
a, x

J X - x. ,.
dx

49. f x - +2 dx 50. f 64-67

,
r
51. 1 _
e
2.
dx 52. 1
r Smx
dx
r dx
64.1---
J 1 - cos x
65. r 3. sin x -1 4 cos x dx
J
J e “ + 3e.' +2 J - 3 cos x

53. r tan‘ t+3tant+2

‘ _ dt
r ex 66.
1 + sin x -
1
1
cos x ..
dx 67 , r ‘
sin 2x
---dx
2 + cos x
J 54· j (ex - 2)(e2x + l) d Jo

r dx r c:osh t
55.1-- 56. 1 ‘ :;-dt
J 1 + eX J t + sinhqt 68-69

x2 + 1
68. Y 69. Y
57-58 x. T X _, x - x

70. x = x= + 3x + 2)
57. f In(x 2 - x + ‘
‘,
‘,
I

j
., x t m x a, x
(b)
=

71.
f(x) = - 2x -

r
60.
t=I P+S
P[(r - I)P - 5]

r=
61-62

61.
r 2x + 1
62. 1 dx
J 4x <+ 12x - 7
‘
J x ‘ - 2x

63. Weierstrass ,
t = tan(x/2)

(a)
t = tan(x/2) , <x< <
m
x 1 x t
cos-= ___ s’ n-= _ __
2 _... 2

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 7.5 497

72. x 4 + 76. (a)

f 1/(x 4
+ 1)

73. (a) I (x
2
dx
------
+a
2
)"
x
= ------

4x 3 27x 2 + 5x - 32 2n - 3 r dx
f(x) =
-
+ ..
2a 2 (n - 1) JI (x 2 + a 2)"-1

(b) ff(x) (b)

(a)
(x 2 + 1)2 -,
IJ (X 2
dx
+ 1)3

f(x) =-;-;;
12 X 5 - 7x 3 - 13x 2 +8 77. a'*

(b) fJ (x) f(x)=--L-

x"(x - a)
(c) ff(x) dx
1/(x -

75. Q(x) =
78. f(O) = 1
F(x) G(x)
Q(x) Q(x)
x 2 (x + 1)3 “

F(x) =

7.5 I

t (1 ( I f 1
498

1. I xndx =
J n -r- l
(n -1) 2. r!dx
Jx
= lnlxl

3. f =e X
4. f b dx =
X

5. f sin x = -cos x 6. f cos x = sin x

7. f dx x= 8. f -cot x

9. f sec x tan x dx sec x 10. f csc x cot x

= -csc x =

11. f sec x dx ln 1sec x + tan x 112. f csc

= ln 1csc x - cot x 1

13. f tanxdx lnlsecxl = 14. f ln sin x 1 1

15. f 16. f =

17. f = a > 0
18.

’’
x -x-‘‘ -a-,‘
--l = =
--?=- -n x + -+
-
*19. l
x-+ -’
v
- a

1.

f (1 + = f + x) dx
I sectl
= f cos 0 de
J COS tI
2

= f sin e cos 20 de

f (sin x + cos X)2 dx = f (sin x + 2 sin x cos x + cos x) dx

2 2

= f (1 + 2 sin x cos x) dx

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.5 499

2.
u = du = g'(x)

u = - du = 2x
u -
3.

(a)

(b)

(d)

(i)

(ii)

4.

(a)

(b)

tan-1x, sin- 1x, ln

(c)

t (1 ( 'f 1
500

f --=f--
1 1 + COS x r 1 + cos x
1- COS x J 1 - cos x 1 + cos x --- J 1- COS 2X

f
(d)

f tan 2x sec x tan 2x = sec 2x -

f sec x =f sec x dx - f sec x

3

f sec 3x
8
(e)

J COS-X

f t an lll x sec"x

I = f = f
u=

= f (u- 4
- u- 6 )du •
t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.5 501

f
u= x = u2 , dx = 2u

f sin = f
2 u sin u du

5
3 f -:; x + l_-dx
J x' - 3x ‘ - 10x

r dx
‘ mx
u - ln du =
•

u=

- 5
= sin-1x + +C l

•
502

2 1
f(x) = 1 x - _ + x) - xe sin2x
\J X
j
+ 2x 1

f(x) =
F(x) = I et 2 dt

F'(x) = e X2

f(x) =

fe
X2

fe X2

’’ ,
i
l

,
l
•
e
s x ‘/,, a, x
q i
l
---’ ‘a /
a, x
“ vl

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.5 503

7.5 I

1-8 r 2x - 3
19.1 _ _ dx 20. 1 _ dx
J X 3-/X 2 - 1 J x + 3x j

1. (a) (b)
r cos 3x
21.1 - - d x
J CSC X
22. f ln(1 + x 2) dx
(c) 23. f x secx 24. 1"
JO .J l -
X
2

X2

2 (b) r4 e fi
25. Jo t
‘
dt 26. J 1 Jï dt
X

27. Ir e-'+"
""'.'.
dx 28. Ir e
J J 1 + e""
3. (a) f (b) f r r- r 1nx
29. 1 arctan dx 30. 1 dx
(c) f xlnx dx J J 1 + (l n

4. (a) f sin 2x (b) f 31. fol (1 + dx 32. f (1 + tan X)2 sec x dx

(c) f sin 2x dx 3 jl ---•
1 + 12t
dt 34.
fl 3x2 + 1
1 x ‘3 + x 2 + x + 1 dx
+ 3t _. _ .. Jo

f? . (b) f ?
5. (a)
J x‘ - 4x + 3
dx
" J -
l
4x +4 35. f 36. f sin
f x2 - ;x + 5 dx
(C)
37. f ln(x + dx 38. fl 1e X
- 11
6. (a) f x cos (b) f
(c) f x cos 2 39. f 4O

7. (a) f (b) f r
41. 1 J3 - 2x - X2 dx
r /21 + 4cotx
42. 1"'. _._.'_'• - d x
'Tr

J Jrr/4 4 - cotx
f x e x2 dx
(c)
3

x rl+s ’
43. 1 ‘ 44. 1 - dx
+ cos"x J 1 + cos x
(a) f f 1
8. (b)
rrr/4 _ rrr /3 sin (J cot (J
45. [ /4 tan38 $28 d8 46. { ’ - - - - d(J
(c) Jo sec fJ
r
47. 1
J
sec (J tan (J
sec" (J - sec (J
d (J 48. r sin 6x cos

9-93 ‘..,, 2A
,
n
0 t O
“,
I
50.
9. 1 - -• -dx 10. fol (3x + 1) J2 dx
J 1 - Sln x

11. r JY ln y dy 12.
51. f Fx
J 1 + x3
52. f
J 1- x2
54. lf (x
X

r ln (l n y) . rl x ' - _-'
l)e dx
13. I '" dy 53. J x-
J Y 14. Jo (2x + 1)3
”
--,
t t t a,t 56. f01 x 2 - .J
15. 1 @
J x' +9 -“ “,,
58.1 _ _ dx
17. [4 ’ x + 2 dx f --,-, , dx
18. 1 7. J +1
4x
J2 x‘ + 3x - 4 J X'

t (1 ( I f 1
504

r dx
59. 1 dx 60. 1 - , -'-.-- 83. 84.1 _ _ dx
J x .J 4x 2 + 1 J x(x 4 + 1) J x ln x - x J +1
t
f (x +
f

. “--’’ x
i 2
mx uJ X
62. r 1 + sinx
8 6 . 1 - -• -dx
J 1 - sm x

63. 64. f 87. f x sin x cos x 2

88. 1
r secx cos 2x
J sin x + secx
dx

65. f 66. 89. f n1nU

”-‘ M x m
••
,, 4m - -- -xa,x

r
‘
J

r dx r dx
67. 1 -:-,--
J x 4 - 16 68. J
r d() r d()
69.1---- 70.1
J 1 + cos () J 1 +
92. 1
J
‘

(sin x
l
+ cos X)L
‘ ;;-dx 93- U/6
71. 72.
+ 1
r sin 2x 94. F(x) = ee'
73. 1 dx 74. 1 ,- ln(tan X), dx
J 1 + cos 4 X ‘’,,/4 sm x cos x
r x2
75.
76. 1 --;O ‘ dx
J X + 3x' + 2
77. I ax 78.
J 1
r + 2e" -
1
e- x
dx

” ! + ”n
79. .“ ----,
- - -2 - x (a)
J 1 +e X “ X

95. y = y _
r x + arcsin x r 4x + 10-' y = (2x2 +
81. 1 dx 82. |
‘ 1- x2
J
f (2x 2 + l)e , 2

7.6 I

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.6 505

1 y = arctan x , y = 0 , x =

v= IOI 27T X arctan x dx

f u tan-1u du = u2 1 tan-1u - -:
.. ;_. . Z+ c

rl
I xtan-'xdx =
r
I
x
2
+ 1 x
tan-'x - - I
T
o I 2 2

= + 1) tan-1x - = - 1)

= - lJ =
•
J 5 - 4x 2

11 =
du = 2
X =

dx = I = 2 - u2
•••
+ 2 _... \ a ) + c

u =

I = I =

a2 = 5 a=

J = + 5s1n-l
= + l

3 Ix 3
sin x

n =3

- - -
I t I
506

f X
3sin x dx = - X
3COS X + 3 f x 2cos x dx

85. f u" cos u du f X 2 cos x n =

= u" sin u - 11 fu ,, - J

f x 2cos x dx = x 2sin x - 2 f x sin x

= x 2sin x - 2(sin x - x cos x) +K

c=
f x 3 sin x = - x 3cos X + 3x 2sin x + 6x cos x - 6 sin x + C •

4 + + 4

- + bx + c

x 2 + 2x + 4 = (x + 1)2 + 3

x = u -

+ 4 dx = f (u - 1) du

= f -

t = u2 +

=if Jt dt'= i . = t(u 2 + 3)3/2

21 . =

+ C

”
ill--.
d,
,
“,
i

x + 1
= t(X 2 + 2x + 4)3/2 - .JX2 + 2x + 4 - ln(x + 1 + .JX 2 + 2x + 4) + C
2

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 7.6 507

y = 1/(3x -
Ll = 3x -

3x - 2
= t ln 13x - 21 + c

t ln(3x - 2)

t(x 2 + + 4)3/2 - i(2x + 2)Jx 2 + 2x +4 - (1 + x)

3.11 arcsinh x = ln(x +

( 1( I t I
508

= + x) +

= ln [l+x+ J(l+ 3]
=ln + ln(x + 1 +

(-
5 +x- +x2
-) ‘ + 2x + 4 - -=- sinh- 1( _!• ._ ..
6 6 3 ‘ \ ‘ 1‘

f x(x 2 +
+ gxl6 + 5Oxl4 + + 4375x 'O + 21875x 8 + + 156250x 4 +

(x 2 +

f x(x 2 + 5)8dx = + 5)9 + C

7 f sin x cos 2x
5

f sin\ cos2x dx = -t + cos 5x - t +C

1 _, _4 .. cos"x.. -
sm-x 4
:;'ë
35
_, _2 ..
sm-x
0 J. U A COS"X
,", V ..:J .1\.
-
8
,;:;c COS"X
105

x- 3x + 5x - 7x

r H I t
 7.6 509

7.6 I
’
---, ·m
1-6 31. dx •, 7
“
l

” ,‘
---,
--.- ,‘, m J x m ‘ x d’ x.,
<
/
m

r
l

34.
J

33.
J .J 9 - tan 2(}
2.

3. f x arcsin(x 2) dx; 35. =

4. 36. y = arCSlll x, x
J ..)2 + cos (}

5. I 37. (a) (b) t = a +

J 4 + y'

6. f 38. 31 (a) (b) Ll = asin

7-34

7. fO"/8 2xdx 8·
”

9. I _,_2-- dx 10. 4-e dx

39. f ----,
J
$
5
x dx
sin' x - 9
n

41. f
r dx
2
11.
fI J 9x + 4
. x..2 dx
f J 2y2.. 2-
12. I
3
dy
42. J e'(3e' + 2)
y
43. f cos x dx 4
44. f dx
13. So" cos 6
(} d(} 14. f
45. f tanSx dx
I
1 5 - U -X- dx 16. r x 3sinxdx
46.

(a)
17. fI . ' , dy 18.
y
f(x)
1 - x2
19. f y J6 + 4y - 4y2 dy 2O· ]r 2x3 d-x 3x2
F(x) = Jf(x)
21. f sin 2x cos x ln(sin x) dx 22. I d(}
J5 - sin (}
(b)
23. fI sin26 d(} 24. Jo2 - x dx4

Jcos 4(} + 4
25. f 26. f dx [Ï] 48.

27. f cosSy dy 28. II J(lnx)2

..
- 9 dx f (1 + + (xlnx)2 dx
xlnx

29. I .. 3
x
' dx 30. f

t (1 ( I f 1
510

- |

1. (a)

(i) I
J (x
1.
+, 2)(x +, 3) dx
,,\1.. ,.,\
‘
(ii) I ,.. +, •l)(x +, 5) -d
J (x
\1 <"\

(iii) JI (X
,.. + 2)(x -
, , , \ 1 .. <"'\ dx
5) ’
(i v) JI (X \2 d
,.. +, ,,2)2 ‘

(b)

I(x+a;(x+b)dx

(c)

2. (a)
(i) f sin x cos 2x (ii) f sin 3x cos 7x dx (iii) f sin 8x cos 3x
(b)

f sin ax cos bx dx
(c)

3. (a)
(i) f lnx (ii) f x ln x (iii) fx 2
ln

(iv) f x ln x dx (v) f x 1n x dx
3 7

(b)

f x" lnxdx
(c)

4. (a)
f xe dx fx e --‘
’
x 2 ( 3
•, x ex
J
uX
(i) (ii) .T
‘,

(iv) f x e. 4 t
(v) f e dx
X5 x

(b) J

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 7.7 511

(c)
’
i
l
l
·, xn a x dx
,“

(d)

7.7 I

S!f(x)

fci

y [a , ßx = (b - a)/n
[Xi-I ,

S: f(x) dx = f(x t) Àx

x!" =
01 Xo xJ X2 X
XJ X. X

(a)

S: f(x) dx = L lI = f(Xi - l) Àx
y

f(x)

01 Xo XJ X2 XJ X4 X
f:f(x) dx : R” = Ef(Xl) Ax
(b)
512

•
Y+ % i

Rule)

0 X1 X2 X3 X4 x Lll = (b - = + Xi) = [Xi-l ,

r f(x) dx = M II = Ll x + f(X2) + ... + f(x lI ) ]

= ... + (f(X II -l) + f(x lI ) ) ]

= [f(xo) + 2f(Xl) + 2f(X2) + ... + 2f(x ll -l) + f(x ll ) ]

Lll = (b - = a +

r f(x) =T =II [f(xo) + 2f(x I} + + ... +

01 Xo x, X2 X3 X f(x)
3

Ll x
( f(Xi-l)
J '--'-"2
+ f(Xi
,--"
J
) \
) =
Ll x
[f (Xi-l) + f(Xi)]

1 n = g (1/ x) (a) (b)

(a) n = 5, a = 1, b = Llx = (2 - 1)/5 =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 7.7 513

y=-
I dx = % = [1 (1) + 2f( 1. 2) + 2f( 1. 4) + 2f( 1. 6) + + f(2)]
x

= 0.1 ( +
= 0.695635

(b) 1.1, 1.3, 1. 5 , 1. 7 ,

2

I = ßx [f( 1.1) + f( 1. 3) + f( 1. 5) + f( 1. 7) + f( 1. 9)]

= 0.691908
l

2
•

fidx = mx]t = m2 = 0693147

Iff(x) tl” +

ET = EM =

ET = S: f(x) dx - T", EM = S: f(x) dx - Mn

n = 5,

n Ln Rn T, Mn

5 0.745635 0.645635 0.695635 0.691908

10 0.718771 0.668771 0.693771 0.692835
20 0.705803 0.680803 0.693303 0.693069

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
514

n EL ER ET EM
5 -0.052488 0.047512 -0.002488 0.001239
10 -0.025624 0.024376 -0.000624 0.000312
20 -0.012656 0.012344 -0.000156 0.000078

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

A D
Xi-I x‘ Xl

C (2n)2
=

y =

a X Jf"(x) J

ET,

K(b - a)3 h I _ I _ K(b - a)3

JErJ 1 ,., __ JEMJ 1"'\ A __

f(x)
= f ’ (x) = f" (x) = 1 X 1/x

‘ r H ,t
 7.7 515

If" (x) I

K = 2 , a = 1, b = 2, n =

2(2 - 1)3 1

2 (1 /x)
0.0001
1 X If" (x) I K= 2,
a = 1, b = 0.0001

2-,-,
(1? < 0.0001
0

12n<

‘ 2
n-..;> - - - - - -
12(0.0001)

1
-,
-@

n =

41

2 (1 )3
,-, < 0.0001
0

24n<

-,
0.0012 •

(a) n = J6 ex2

(b)

(a) a = 0, b = 1, n =

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
516

fOl ex 2dx = [/(0.05) + f(0 .1 5) + . . . + f(0.85) + f(0.95)]

= O.l [eO.OO25 + eO.0225 + eO.0625 + eO.1225 + eO.2025 + eO.3025

+ e 0.4225 + e 0.5625 + e 0.7225 + e 0.9025

= 1.460393

(b) f(x) = = f" (x) = (2 + 0 X 1

x
r
O f" (x) = (2 + 4x 2 )e
X2
6e

K = = 0 , b = 1, n =

0.0023 (1 )3
= - e = 0.007
•
6e
- .' -'.^
24 (1 0) ‘ 400

[a , h = =
(b -
Y = f(x)
Yi = x =
Pi(Xì , Pi , Pi+l ,

y y

P2(h , Y2)

0 x , X2 XJ X. X , x 0 x

Xo = - h, Xl = 0, X2 =
PO , Pl , Y = Ar + Bx +
= -h , x = h

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.7 517

+
Ilj + Bx + C) = 2 + C) dx = +

= + + 6C)

Po( -h , yo) , Pl(O , Yl) , P2(h ,

yo = A(-h )2 + B(-h) + C = Ah 2 - Bh + C

YI = C
Y2 = Ah 2 + Bh + C
yo + 4Yl + y2 = 2Ah2 +

(yo + 4YI + Y2)

PO , Pl ,
= x =

+ 4YI + y2)

P2 , P3 , = x =

(Y2 + 4Y3 + Y4)

Ib f(x) dx = h (Yo + 4YI + y2) + h (y2 + 4Y3 + Y4) + ... + (y"-2 + 4Y _1 + y,,)
,,
3

= (yo + 4YI + 2Y2 + 4Y3 + 2Y4 + ... + 2Y"-2 + yn)

f(x)
Simpson ,
1, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2,
Dissertations ,

Rule)
ßx = (b -

S: f(x) dx = S" = [f (xo) + + 2f(X2) + +

+ 2f(xn-2) + 4f(x,, -I) + f(x ,,)]

t (1 ( I f 1
518

n =

/(x) = l/x , n = 10, Llx =

.

0.1 I 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 1\
= -1- + - +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +-1
3 \ 1 1.1 1. 2 1.3 1.4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 2J

= 0.693150
•
=
= =
= 0 ‘ 693147 ...

S211 = +

D
8

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 t

A' (t) = Change Theorem,

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.7 519

t = 12 X 60 2 =
A(43 ,200) = f043.200 t

D(t)

t t D(t) t t D(t)
0 0 3.2 7 25 ,200 l. 3
1 3,600 2.7 8 28 ,800 2.8
2 7,200 1. 9 9 32 ,400 5.7
3 10,800 1.7 10 36 ,000 7.1
4 14,400 1. 3 11 39 ,600 7.7
5 18 ,000 1. 0 12 43 ,200 7.9
6 21 ,600 1.1
L__

n = 12 , !::.t =

S:3.200 A(t) dt = [D(O) + 4D(3600) + 2D(7200) + ... + + D(43 ,200)]

= 3600 [3.2 + 4(2.7) + 2(1.9) + 4(1 .7) + 2(1.3) + 410)

+ 2( 1.1) + 4( 1. 3) + 2(2.8) + 4(5.7) + 2(7.1) + 4(7.7) + 7.9]
= 143 ,880

•
•

n M,
(1/ x)
S"
4 0.69121989 0.69315453
8 0.69266055 0.69314765
16 0.69302521 0.69314721

f
n EM Es
4 0.00192729
8 0.00048663 -0.00000047
16 0.00012197 -0 00000003
‘

a X I f.4l(X)I

Er
J
-w

t (1 ( I f 1
520

6 S; (1/x) 0.0001

f(x) = f4 l(X) = l/x

124 I
IJ<4)(X) I = I |
’ ‘
24

K=

4n
----X-M < nU m
numerical
-
’ A

24
n > 180(0.OOO1)

....,

n =
n = 41 , n =
•

(a) n = f;
(b)

y=
(a) n = ßx =

il exZdx = [f(O) + 4f(0 .1) + 2f(0.2) + ... + 2f(0.8) + 4f(0.9) + f (1)]

0.1 _
= ..:::..:..
3 "
r
e O + 4e O.01 + 2e O.04 + 4e O.09 + 2e O.16 + 4e O.25 + 2e O.36

+ 4e 0.49 + 2e O.64 + 4e 081 + e 1]

= 1.4 62681

(b) f(x) =

f(4l(X) = (1 2 + 48x 2 + 16x 4)e X2

X
x

11
0 (1 2 + 48 + 16)e l = 76e

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 7.7 521

K= = 0 , b = 1, n =

76e(I)S
_-_-.'-' .. = 0.000115
180(1 0)‘

I ex2dx = 1 463 l

7.7 I

1.
1 = f(x)
(a) L2 , R2 ,
(b) ffi 4. f(x) = [0, 1] X [0 , 0.5]
(c) 1=
W L2 , R2 , M2 ,
(d) L" , R" , M" , T" ,
(b) L" , R" , M" , T" ,
y
3
v
f l/ (c) Ls , Rs , Ms ,
v
2
v
5-6 (a) (b)
117
0 l 2 3 4 x

2 f(x) 5. fo'" x sin x n= 6 6. n = 8

JO J1 + x 2

7-18 (a)
(b) (c)
(a)
(b) 7. fOI n=4 8 n = 6
y
9. n=10 1O dx , n = 10

y=f(x)
11 rl ex+C%x, n = 6 12. r el/<dx , n = 8

13. f JY cos y dy,

0
4 n = 8 14. I -.-dt , n= 10
J2 In t
0 2 x
15. fl + x‘
Jo 1
n = lO 16. n = 4
3. n = COS(X2) (a) (b)

( 1( I t I
 522
1
n ‘.,,
,
2
17. fo41n (l + e X ) dx , = 8 18. = 10 x ux R l
2x x
11 fOI 11
,
!
,‘
v]
h

19. (a) s cos (x 2

) Ts ,
27-28 11 = 6,
(b)
Er, EM ,
(c) 0.0001

20. (a) e 1/.' -

(b)
27. [2X 4 dx 28. dx
JO JI
(c) 0.0001

29. 11 =
21. (a)f; sin x TIO , MIO , (a) (b) (c)
Er , EM ,
(b) y

;L \
(c) TII , M II , 0.00001 / \ v
/
/
e
x2
22.
0 2 3 4 5 6 x
00 23.
30.

f(x) = 1=

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
31. (a) f;f(x)

(f)
(g) x f(x) x f(x)
(h)
1.0 2 .4 3.5 4.0
(i)
1.5 2.9 4.0 4.1
U) 0.0001 2.0 3.3 4.5 3.9
2.5 3.6 5.0 3.5

24 I = rI 3.0 3.8

(b) -2

25-26 11 = 5 , 10, LII , R II ,

EL , ER , Er, 32. (a)
f• 6g(X)

r H I t
 7.7 523

x g(x) x g(x) 4

0.0 12.1 1. 0 12.2

2
0.2 11. 6 1. 2 12.6 Ì"--
0 .4 11. 3 1.4 13 .0 ~‘-
0.6 11 .1 1. 6 13.2 o 2 4 6
0.8 11.7
37.
(b) O X -5 g(4)(X)

33.
n =

t P t P
Tt ("C)
25 0:00 1814 3:30 1611
v Ì'-. 0:30 1735 4:00 1621
v 1'-
20 1:00 1686 4:30 1666
-1-- j_
1:30 1646 5:00 1745
15 2:00 1637 5:30 1886
1:: 2:30 1609 6:00 2052
0 4 3:00 1604
8 4 8 t

34. 38.
5

t (s) v (m/s) t (s) v (m/s)

0 0 3.0 10.51 D
0.5 4.67 3.5 10.67 0.8
1.0 7.34 4.0 10.76
1. 5 8.86 4.5 10.81 -
2.0 9.73 5.0 10.81
2.5 10.22 0.4 1-
b
35. a(t)
-

0 2 4 6 8
a
/
6 / 39. (a) (b)
l
/ n =
4
/
2

• i

o 2 4 6

36.
6 8 10 x

( 1( I t I
524

40. À = 632.8
X - 10- 6 < () < 10- 6

44. n = go

41. = 1/(1 + =
45. n =
n =

42.
46. n =

T=4 Uz J1 - dZ s1I1
47. X f(x) > 0 , f" (x) <

= 80
k =

=
sin(!()o)
n =
L T" < r f(x) dx < M"

48.
(a)
----1
A
%

\
(b) f:(x 3 - 6x 2 +
\
~ l
-
1
/
/

(c)
43.

49. + M ,,) =
l(()) = (N 2 sin 2k)/e
50. + =
k = (7TNd sin

7.8 I
[a ,

integral)O

•
y = x =

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 7.8 525

y
S
x =

0 x

1 <

A(t) = (1-+)=1
t • 2

Fdx= 1 x.‘ dx = 1

Y+ ‘
•\
y
Yi \ y

1 3 X l 5 x 01 1 x

(a) t tf(x)

L'" f(x) = S: dx

(b) t f(x)

f(x) dx = r f(x) dx

f: f(x) e f(x)
",

(
(c) f: f(x) f(x)

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
526

f(x) dx = t" + ff(x)dx

88

f(x) J: f(x)
S = {(x , y) I x a, 0 y

A(S) = f f(x) dx

f: f(x) t •

y=f(x)

01 a x

(1/ x)

Jl
lX
dx = lirn |t L dx
Jl X
= Iim ln | x | 1:
J'

= lim (ln t - ln 1) = lim ln t =

(1 /x)

x> y = y =
y = l/x x = 5
y = x =

t • l/x

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.8 527

y y

01 1 X 01 X

4 r (1 /x )dx 2
5 dx :

=
‘ r xexdx

u = x , dv = i ‘ du = dx , v =

1
0
= -
r exdx

= -te' - 1 + e'
t • el •

t 1
lim te = lim -• = lim --• .
l

e -e ‘

= lim (-e') = 0

f ",
xexdx = (-te l - 1 +e l
)

= -0 - 1 + 0 = -1 •
, 1
3J ll
’
J
-+-;Xj ,
-/
= nU

dx= dx + fo'"

t (1 ( I f 1
528

dx = lim |1 = lim
o 1 + Jo 1 +x L
JU

= lim (tan-1t - = lim tan- I t =

/.

ro 1 ro dx . 10
| •--_ dx= lim I •--, = lim tan-'xl
J 1 + x‘ 1 + J'
I 7T \ 7T
- lim (tan- 1 0 - tan-'t) = 0 - I - - 1=-
\ 2 I 2

1 7T 7T
I -•• -;;-dx = - + -
1 +x L
2 2

x 1/(1 + 2) > y = 1/(1 +

6 •

Jl xr

p = p'*

1 rt x- p + 1 I
I - dx = lim I x -p dx = lim I
JI x P Jl -p + 1 Jx=1

= 1]

t • tp - I • 1/t P - 1 •

Jl x P P - 1

<
1
--. = t'-P --i>
tP ’

Jl x"

l 2:
[a ,

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.8 529

b
x=b

0 a t b x

A(t) = {: f(x) dx

t •

frf(x) dx = {:f(x)

f(x) (a) [a ,

y
S: = f: f(x) dx
(b) (a ,

01 a t b x S: f(x) = r f(x)

y
I! f(x)

(c) f: f(x) f:f(x) dx

S: f(x) dx t f(x) dx + S: f(x) dx

=
C b x

5 |5
x-2
=

[2 ,

t (1 ( I f 1
530

f:
y

y=-;= = f =

0 2 5 x

10

=
t• sec t • tan t •

Im sec x dx = lm
j )- Il sec x dx = ) ln | sec x + tan x | ];

- [1n(sec t + tan t) - 1n 1] =

•
7 [3
JO X - 1

x =
[0, 3] c =

t • 1-

-x -- - -x-- - n x

= (1n 1t - 1 1 - 1n 1-11) = 1n(1 - t) =

dx/(x - dx/(x -
dx/(x - •

x =

1n Ix - = 1n 2 - 1n 1 = 1n 2

[a ,

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 7.8 531

ln x = f(x) = ln

I lnxdx =
u = ln x , dv = du = dx/x , v =

f lnx = xln - f dx

= 1 ln 1 - t ln t - (1 - = -t ln t - 1 + t

y
lnt 1/ t
li l!l_._ t ln t = li l!l_._ = lim = =0
0;- • 0;- lI t 1• 0+ -1/t" 1• 0+

=1
folln xdx 0-1+0= 1

= ln
11
•
l

Theorem) X f(x) g(x) O

(a) f: f(x) f: g(x)

(b) f: g(x) f: f(x)
y

y = f(x) y = g(x)
y = g(x)
0 a x y = f(x)
f: g(x) f: f(x)
( 1( J f
532

f: f(x) f: g(x)

9 r
y

fo'" = I + l'"
0 2- -2- e- X2
13 13

l'" = S: = (e- I - e- t ) = e- I

f(x) = e- x, g(x) = fr
•

f; e--x2 dx Ia
0.7468241328
2 0.8820813908
3 0.8862073483
4 0.8862269118
5 0.8862269255
6 0.8862269255
x •
e- X2 •

t J11 [(1 + e-X)/x] dx

2 0.8636306042 X X X
5 1. 8276735512
10 2.5219648704 p=1 (1/x) •
100 4.8245541204
1000 7.1271392134
10000 9.4297243064

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 7.8 533

7.8 I
1.
r4 dx dx
27. dz 28. r
(a)
JI
I --^
X - j
(b) I
J3 X‘ -4
29. ‘ lnXx dx 30.
(c) IOI tan (d)

2.
31. r z' +4 32. r x(1; x)2 dx

(a)
JO
r" sec x dx (b)

(
JO X
r|h 4,
- :> 33. r e- .jÿ dy
34.
-x-+-x
(c)
35· ll fdx 36.
3. x = x = = l/Xl
t = 10, 100, l 37.J{-l42 1 (x +1

4. (a) [0, x [0, [0, 100] x [0, f(x) = 39 f 24dx

X 40. fOl
g(x) =
(b) x = x = t = 10, 100, 104, 106 , 10 10 , 41.
42. | --U-l- dm
w-2

(c) x 43 I /2 tan28 d8 44. L -::2

x" - x - 2

45. IOI rlnrdr 6 d6

5-48

e 1/ x e l/x
48.
1 X
5. 6

7. e- 2x dx 8. 49-54

x+4 x" +4 49. S = {(x , y) 1 x 1, 0 y e- X }

11 jt (x -l2)3/2 12. Jo 1 +x dx
50. S = {(x , y) 1x 0, 0 y

rn 51. S = {(x , y) 1x 1, 0 y l/(Xl + x)}

14. |r-3 --X--;dx
(x2 +
x 1)3 4-x 52. S = {(x , y) 1 x 0, 0 y xe- X }

15. 1.
+.Ax + 1
dx 53. S = 0 x < y < sec 2x}
x 16. 1

x2 +x rn 54. S = {(x , y) 1-2 <x 0, 0 y

17. 1 . . ^ dx 18.
(1 +e x
)2

19 IL xe-x2dx 55. (a) g(x) = t = 2, 5, 10, 100, 1000,

x" + 1 f: g(x)
-1/.,
21. cos 2t dt g(x)
22. JI e X‘ dx

23. sin 2a da 24. sine e'oso de (b) g(x) f(x) =

26. (c) 1 X
x L
+x v2 + 2v - 3
g(x)
534

(b) S;
(c)
(a) g(x) = - t = 5 , 10 , 100 , 1000 ,
g(x) 73
S; g(x)
dx = [f(x) dx

(b) S; g(x) f(x) =

(c) 2 X 74.
S; g(x)
v= e-
v3 M T) dv

57-64

X 1 + sin 2 X
57. I -.--dx 58. -dx
Jo x> + 1 ..jx
” X
% ---, @
X
59. I dx J ] e
h x - lnx

61.
+ cosx 75.
1. I 62. I
” - X J1 x4 + x2
1, 0 y 1/x}
sec 2x sin 2x
63. I
rl

JO
----=-
x
dx 64. 1 ----=- dx

65-68 1 S:f(x)
76.
[a ,

77. m

dx= I: f(x)dx+ ff(x)dx c>a

35

78.
’
----’
1
- a, x
2X
“,’ J 66

67 ff J(1 + x) dx 68. x(r)

69-71 y(s) = r dr

%
’---’’l d m- il”--. 1
dx = -
t- x , -n
--- -nr
‘i
‘j ?

71. 79.

72. (a) Il = 0 , S; l

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 7.8 535

(a) 85-87 t

(b) r(t) = F'

fo"f(t) e- s ' dt
(c) S; r(t) F(s) =

80.

m(t) =
85.
M = -k r tek'dt (a) f(t) = 1 (b) f(t) = e' (c) f(t) = t

86. 0 f(t) Me"' , t s>

k

87. t 0 f(t)
81. O f ’ (t)

s>
)' = I c N(1 - e- “) e - ...•..ac G(s) = sF(s) - f(O)
Jo k

c, k, c,

r r
88. f(x)
N , k,
Source: F. Hoppensteadt et al., “ Threshold Analysis of a Drug Use f(x) dx + f(x) = foo f(x) dx + f(x) dx
Epidemic Model ," Mathematical Biosciellces 53 (198 1): 79 - 87

82.
89. J; x 2e-x2dx = e- x'

90. S; e-x'dx = g
u(t) = Coe- n / v
91.

t =
S;
83.
92.

< 0.001

84. S; e-x2 e-
x2
S: e- x2
Il =
S: 0.0000001 93. [0 , lim f(x) =

S;
94. a > - 1, b > a + 1
x.
I --.dx
Jo 1 + X O

t (1 ( I f 1
0102089.7621
 Gateway

iStock.com I gnogol

8 Further Applications of Integration

537
538

8.1 I

•
1 1

2
y = a X

[a ,
XQ , Xl , . .. , yi =

y
P2

P"

01 a x , X2 Xj-l X;

Pi

Pi

Pi y = f(x) , a

R|Pl-IPl|

Pi - 1

Pi - 1
n •

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 8.1 539

I:::. Yi = Yi -

[Pi-IPd = - Xi_I)2 + (Yi - Yi-l )2 = -.,I(I:::. X)2 + (Äy ;)2

[Xi-l , Xi]

f(Xi) - f(Xi-l) = f ’(Xn(Xi - Xi-I)

-, , I:::.Yi = f' (xn I:::. x

[Pi-1Pd =-.,1(I:::. X)2 + (I:::.Yi )2 = )(I:::. X)2 + [f ’(Xn I:::. X]2

= + = + [!’(xn]2 I:::. x >

L = lim Z | Pi-lR | = lim Z J1 + [f ’(X:")]2 I:::. x

i=l ;= 1

s: )1 + [f' (x) J2 dx

g(X) = -.,1 1 + [f' (X)]2

Length) [a , Y = f(x) ,

l” ‘/
x
1

r !
L u
“

+ dx

1 l= Xl (1 , (4 , 8) 5

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
540

y a, VL “”‘‘
y = x 3/2 -
X
(4 , 8)

2 _ •• 3

+
(I ””
0 x
u= 1 + du = x = u= x=
u =

m
” ”” U’’” L= JJ du = a-gu3/2]:3/4
= - = - l
7615773

x = g(y), c y

L= 13 Ji3)
= 7.633705
@J L= + [g'(y)]2 = +

(1 ,

L = Jol + dy =

dy = !

= sec = tan () =
y = tan () = () = tan- 12 = a è)-

L = f: sec () . ! sec 2
() d(} = sec 3(} d(}
11 = 1, n = I-2
--= $ 8t nU + --
ec nU + t no a
0

n =
a + 1m $ +t a
L) =.j2,
[0,
tan a = sec 2a = 1 + tan 2a
sec a =
L
=
E ln(0 + 2)
= 1.478943
•
+ 4 '
L= + + 2)

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 8.1 541

n LII
1 1.4 14
2 1.445
4 1.464
8 1.472
16 1.476
0 1 x
32 1. 478
64 1.479

(a) (1, (2 , xy =

(b) n =

1 dy 1
(a) y = -, ..:.:..:;_ =
x ax x-

+ dx= r
(b) a = 1, b = 2, n = 10, Ll.x = 0.1 f(x) =

I
L = 1 '\ 11 + --=:;- dx
Jl V X

Ll X
: [f (1) + 4f( 1.1) + 2f( 1. 2) + 4f( 1. 3) + ... + 2f( 1. 8) + 4f( 1. 9) + f(2)]

= 1. 1321
•
•

y = f(x) , a X Po(a ,
Q(x , length

J
U
R
- l
!
“
r
a,
542

= .J 1 +
ax \1 \ ax I

(dS)2 = (dX)2 + (dy)2

y

L = f

0 x

4 Po(1, y = x2 - kln

f(x) = x2 - k1n x è}
f'(x) = 2x - -:Þ-
ðX

l + [f(X)]2 = 1 + (2x - = 1 + 4x2 - 5

+

y
2 + = (2X +

Po
.J 1 + + ÷
ðX
@ >

y =X 2 _ t 1nx
1 x x s(x) = rJ1+1f’ (t)]2 dt

’
/
--
-
l r
i’
‘
••
,,,
I
,‘\
l t + -o-‘‘ d, ‘
‘
l - ‘’
--
4 + -n“ 1
J
l
l
i ‘

=x 2 + x - 1

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 8.1 543

(1 , (3 ,

s(3) = 32
‘
+
1
ln 3 - 1 = 8+
ln 3
= 8.1373
•

8 .1 I
1. y = 3 - 2x, -1 X 3 y4 , 1
14. x = + --:;----,-, 1 y 2
8 4y'

15. Y = ln(sin 2x) , X

y 16. Y = ln(cos x) , 0 X

17. Y = ln(secx) , 0 X

18. x = e Y + ie-Y, 0 y 1

x 19. x = t VY (y - 3), 1 y 9

20. y = 3 + cosh 2x , 0 X l

21. Y = ix 2
- 1 X 2
2.
22. y = + sin-'(.ýi)
23. y = ln (1 - x 2 ) , 0 X 5
y
24. y = 1 - e -x,
(0 , 2)

25-26

0 (2 , 0) x 25. Y = P( -1, t) , Q(I , t)

26. x 2 = (y - 4)3 , P (l, 5) , Q(8 , 8)

3-8

3. Y = x 3, 0 X 2 4. Y = 1 X 3

5. y = x - ln x , 1 X 4 6. x = y2 + y, 0 y 3
27. y = x 2 + x 3, 1 X 2
7. x = siny, 0 y 8. y2 = Inx, -1 y l
28. y = x + cos x , 0 X n/2

29. y
9-24
30. y = x tan x , 0 X 1
9. y = X 2
31. y=xe-", 1 X 2
10. Y = (x + 4)3 /2 , 0 X 4
32. Y = ln(x 2 + 4) , -2 2
11. Y = W+ x 2)3 / 2, 0 X 1
X

12. 36y2 = (x 2 - 4)3 , 2 X 3, y O

33-34 n =

13.y= + -L, 1 X 2
3 4x

F o I
 544

33. Y = xsinx, 0 X 43. (0 , y = sin- I x +

34. Y = e- x ' , 0 X 2
44. y = s(x) =

(a) 0 X
(a)
(b) n =
(b)

(c) 45. 180m

(d)

2x
- -%
y = x + sinx, 0 X

(0 , (2 , y =

00 38. (1, y = 46.

x = y = 50 - O.l(x - 15)2

39. + l/3 =

y = 2

x )

40. (a) y3 =
w
4cm
(b) (0 , (1 ,
T

48-50
(c) (- 1, (8 ,
y = a cosh(x/

y
41. Po (l, y =

42. (a) y = ln(sinx) , 0 < x <

(b)
Q
<
0 x

[c h'!1
 8 .1 545

48. (a) [c , y = a ‘

(b) [c ,

y = 21 1.49 - 20.96 cosh 0.03291765x

49. = =
Ixl

51. f(x) = +
9m
52. :i' + y" = 1, n = 4 , 6 , 8, .. .
n = 2 , 4 , 6 , 8,
n =

53.

-\0 01 10 x y =

Hooke ,

1. f(O) = 0 , f (l) = 0

2. f(x) 0, 0 X l

3. 0 X

y y y y

0 1 x 0 0 1 x 0 1 x

L= 3.249 L= 2.919 L = 3.152 L = 3.213

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
546

8.2 I

hl
e=

41

A = =

A=

//// - --

Tt,

--i==E===S A= + l) - 7T' r1/1 = + r2/]

11 11 + 1
r1 r2

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 8.2 547

r2l , = r ,l , + rd (r2 _ r )l , ,= rd

r = !(n +
y Y = f(x) , a X b
‘

0
__ [a ,
/ Xo , Xl , ... , Yi =
Pi(Xi ,
(a) l =

y r = !(Yì- l +
Po
Yi-' +Y
L __ _
P i-l P i I
01 a/

,
Ipi- p ;j = + [f’ (X;*) J2 Ó. x

[Xi-l , Yì = f(Xi) =
Yi-l = f(Xi-l) =
Ip i-l p ;j = v' 1 + Ó. x

v' 1 + [f’(X;*) J2 Ó. x

n• g(X) = +

v' 1 + Ó. x = J: v' 1 + [f ’(X)]2 dx

Y = f(x) , a X

s= v' 1 + [f’(x )]2 dx

548

x=g (y), c y

m
/

|s = f

|s = f |

ds = Jl + dx = Jl +

NOTE (x ,

Y+

(x , y)
\--
01 x

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 8.2 549

1 y= -1 X

= - X 2 )-1 /2( -2x) =

ax 4-x ‘

s= fI + dx
6

+ dx

“‘
= dx = = •
y 2 x= y=3
3
x - 2 U2
7

ds = + (dx/dy?

0 x S= + dy

n
- ‘
,
|
m
V a, V

u= 1 + y , du =
7 2
r (u - 1) du = r (U
3/ 2
-
1/2
U ) du

-
- ‘."
r Æ: •• 5/2
L5 u
_ L3/214
3“ J1 - 15 " •
3 (1 ,

y = x 2,
- 2x

- - -
I t I
550

ds = + (dy/dx)2

s= f

u = 1 + du = 8x
l
2

kdu

17
= 55 U
1/2
du =

dx 1
x=JY , dy

ds = + (dx/dy)Z

= 28.27] S =f = +

= 30.85
=

= dy

(.jiO) =
= 1
17
du (u = 1 + 4y)

= 1)
•
d1
-x e
y = e -',

x = ln y, ds = .)1 + (dx/dy)2
ds = + (dy/dx?

[c h'!1
 8.2 551

+ dx = fOI dx

50
1
dx = 22.943
•
8.2 I
1-4 18. x 2 /3 +l /3 = 1, 0 y 1
(a) (b)
19. x = y a/2

20. Y = - In x , 1 X 2
1. y

2. x 2 = el', 1 X C

3. x = In(2y + 1) , 0 y l

4. y = tan- 1x, 0 X 1

21. Y = e- x ' , -1 1;
5-8 y 22. xy = l - 1, 1 y
(a) (b)
23. x = y + y3 , 0 y 1;

5. xy = 4, 1 X 8
24. Y = x + sin x , 0 X 27r /3;

25. In y = x - /, 1 y
6. y = (x + 1)4, 0 X 2
26. x = cos 2y, 0 y 7r/2;
7. Y = 1 + sin x , 0 X

8. x = e
2y
,0 2
0027-28

9-16
27. Y = l/x , 1 X 2
9. y = x 3, 0 X 2 10. y = 3 X 5
28. y = 0 X 3
11.y2=X+1 , 0 X 3 12. y = X l

13. y = x) , 0 X 14. Y = + -L, X 1

6 2x

15. X=t(y2 + 2)3/2, 1 y 2

16. x = 1 + 2 y 2, 1 y 2 29. y = x 3, 1

30. y = ln(x + 1), 0 X l

17-20

31-32 n =
17. Y = tx 3 2
/ , 0 X 12

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
552

31. Y = 0 X 5
soid prolate
32. y = x ln x , 1 X 2

(b)
33. y = l/x, x

38.
75
39. (a) y = f(x) , a X
y
f(x) c)

(b) y = y= X
0

y = x 3, 1 X
34. y = e- X, x

35. (a) a> 3al = x(a - (a) x = -1 (b) x = 4

(c) y = 5 (d) y = 10
(b)
41. =

42-43
3ay2 = x(a - X)2

x 42. S=

36. y = 43. R ,
3m

44. y a X

g(x) = f(x) + c
y = g(x) , a X

E 45. = e</2 +
Q

~ 46. f(x)

jn - r’u
l
! n “ V
/ -----+ -F;
’L J 1
l
:
dx
f

37. (a)
‘ 2 ‘ .2
a>b
a- 0-

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 8.2 553

Q(q , f(q)) y= y=mx+b

y Q

01 p q x

1.

|rl [f(x) - mx - b] [l + mf’ (x)] dx

j ;- I1 r Jp

y 2.

3.
y = x+ sín .x

y=x-2
4.

5.
x
6. y= X y =

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

554

8.3 I

•
m = pV =
F = mg =

F
P = X= pgd

1 N/ m2 = 1
p =

P = pgd = 1000 kg/m 3 X 9.8 m/s2 X 2m

= 19 ,600 Pa = 19.6 kP a

P = pgd = 8 =

O.5 m
8 = 62.5 P=
8d = 62.5 X 8 ft = 500

P = pgd

r H I t
 8.3 555

SOm 1

30m
[0 ,
xt E [Xi-J ,

-41 IS 10
'\ -0 m

f
x;*!1 IS ia -a 16 - X/" x;'
a=
n
=ö---
A -,
2 2
l6
IS
= 2 (1 5 + a) = 2(15 + 8 - = 46 - X/"
x
(a)

?F
A;= ßx = (46 - x/) ßx
10

} 16
P; = 1000gx;"
(b)

F; = P;A; = 1000gx r' (46 - xn ßx

n •

F= 1000%) U(46x - x2)dx = -

= 4 .4 3 X 10 7 N •

y = 2x
y - 2x; ‘l' = y;* + 16 -

d;
F = 1000(9 8) r (y + 30)(16 - y) dy : 4 43 × 107

( 1( I t I
556

A j = !::..y

p = 1000 kg/m 3g ,

p. gdj = - y;")

8dj A = (1 000)(9.8)(2 - yt) !::..y

F = lim 2: - y;") !::..y

= 19 ,600 f , (2 - y)

= 19 ,600 . 2 19 ,600 [

y= 1 sin 1

F = 39 ,200 dy = 39 ,200

39.2007T
= -- -.. = 50 ,270 N l

•
P.

of mass ,
ml ,

dl ,

|• -d ,-• 1• ---d I

,
m m2
,,
m d = m2d2

= x- d 2 = X2 -

r H I t
 8.3 557

- XI) = m2(X2 - i)
mlx + m2X = mlxl + m2X2
_ m IXI + m2X2
X=
ml + m2

m=
m1 +

.
0
XI X

/’'---•- _ .'}- -X2

- '\
i
x
ml n X 2 -X m2

X1 , X2 , . .. m1 , 1112 , ... , n

2: mjxj 2: mjXj
X= = -------
2: mj m

M= 2: mjXj

y (X1 , Y1) , (X2 , Y2) , ... , (x" ,

m1 , m2 , ... ,

My = 2: mjXj

Mx = 2: mjYj

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
558

(x ,

M-m
My -y
x=
m

m = mx = my =
(x , m '?l

3 (-1 , 1) , (2 , 3, 4,

8
,- My = 3(-1) + 4(2) + 8(3) = 29
3
Mx = 3(1) + 4( -1) + 8(2) = 15
0 4
m= 3 +4+8=
n
Mv
x=--
" =
29 - -m - -n -
m 15

9 •

y
l

01 a b X

x =b [a ,
(a)
xo , Xl , . .. ,
y
Xi = (X i-l +

pf(x;) tlx

(b)
My(R;) = [pf(x;) tlx] x; = tlx

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 8.3 559

n •
%

%=

Mx(R) = [pf(i';) Ll x] = p . Hf(Xi)]2 Ll x

M,,= E p Ax = p

=My,

m = pA = p f:

_ My P f: xf(x)
m p f: f(x) S: f(x)
- p dx

y = -;;; = p S: f(x) = frf(x) dx

(X ,

X= y = ik5[f(x)]2dx

y
y=

f(x) =

a = -r, b =

l x

11

( 1( I f
560

i =

= aIr dx

= I: (r 2 - x2)dx

2 2r 3 4r
7T r
2
3

(0 ,
•
y = = 0, x =

A = E/2 cos x dx = sin x];/2= 1

= dx = I/2xcos xdx

= x sin x]3/2 - U/2 sm x

=!!_-1
2
y
y = cos X
y= fo"/2 = dx
(f
0 x + cos 2x) dx = i[x + sin 2x]S/2 =

12 - l, = (0.57,
•
y f(x) y = = g(x)

51

--A
’ n
-x - A
--,
, J1
·h
g
d, x

0 a b x
Xi

13 y= - [g(xW} dx

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 8.3 561

6 y=
f(x) =x g(x) = a = =
, X
2
, 0, b

x
A = 2
fol (X - X ) dx = -

x= - = iIx(x -

=6 (x fOI
2
-
3
x ) dx = -
i i
= I _ = i I 5(x2 - x4) dx

(!, •
l

y = y = g(x)

V = b2 n
= x --f
.
= -X oU

= -X A = A 1

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
562

7
R(>

V = Ad = = l

8.3 I
1. 1.5m , O.5m ,
7. 8
m
(a)
(b)
(c)
4m
2. 8m , 4m ,

/ - - - -\ tO .5 m
(a)
(b)
X “

3m
(c)

3-11

11. 2a

4. a

2.5 m
3m 12.

0.5m )2m
\

r-
5.

4-- 12m--•
j (]

13. 2.5m , 12m

753kgjm3

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 8.3 563

19.

Eg

~ 20. (a)

14. F=

(a)

(b) 1.2m
(b)

21 -22

m 1 =6 m2=9
21.
0 10 30 x

m 1 =12 m2 = 15 m 3 =20
15. 22. 1, x
0 2 8
1m (a)
(b)
23-24

16.
15m , 23. ml = 5, mz = 8, m3 = 7;
PI(3 , 1) , Pz(O , 4) , P3(-5 , -2)

24. ml = 4 , mz = 3, m3 = 6, m4 = 3;
17. 10m, PI(6 , 1), P2(3 , -1) , P3(-2 , 2) , P4(-2 , -5)

(a)
(b) 25-28
(c)
(d) 25. 26. y

18.

F = I: d)(

F o I
564

27. yt 28. yt \ 2/3

40.41
39

’ l
2 x 2 x 40. yt 41. y
2

29-33

29. Y = J?, x = l -1 2 x

30. Y = 2 - J?, y = x

31. Y = sin 2x , y = sinx , 0 X

42. a, (ñ l , Øt 2
32. Y = _.3, x + y = 2, Y = 0
33. x + y = 2, x = l (ñ l ,

y
34-35 M.,.Q}

Øt2
34. P =4 35. P =6
y

01• - - - - Q - - -• x

43. X

2 x -2

I: (cx + d)f(x) dx = + d) S: dx

36.
y
44-46
4
/ \
44.
\
2

v
/ ‘- 45.

46. (2 , 3) , (2, 5) , (5 ,
0 2 4 6 8 x

y
37. y = .x3 - x , y = J? -

y=
0

\ 11
r ,... .....
39. ’
(a , 0) , (0 , b) , (c ,

”l
’’
’t tr
 8.3 565

47. 48. (a) = J(x) , J(x)

(b)

x = (l/L) f xds, Y = (l /L) f yds

49.

y= 0 X

y
48-49 O
(a)
(b)
47 (c)

51.

Y+ x=k
h

A, \ A2

0 k x

1. x =

2.

3.

4. x=

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
566

8.4 I
consumer

l
p ‘
p=p(x)

p =

01 X
l

’‘
l
[0 ,
/1 x = xí = ’

/1 x

01 x , X _ xj X x
j 1
= - pJ /1 x

2: [P(Xi) - pJ /1 x

p
n •
p=p(x)
rX
--’
i
D.‘‘/ a, x
’
vi
]
l
l
l
‘ l

P
P
p=P

0
x p=p
x

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 8 .4 567

p = 1200 - 0.2x - 0.0001x 2

x=
P = 1200 - (0.2)(500) - (0.0001)(500)2 = 1075

[p(x) - P] dx = (1 200 - 0.2x - 0.0001x 2 - 1075)

= (125 - 0.2x - 0.000Ix 2 ) dx

x2 -

? (0.0001)(500)3
= (1 25)(500) - (0 .1 )(500)2 - '_._--;

= $33 ,333.33
•
•

(r) = (R2 - r2)

n, , .. .

2 7T ri !1 r !1 r = ri - ri-I
t,. r

= 27T ri v(ri) !1 r

v(ri) !1 r

F o I
568

F = E v(r) dr

= LR (R 2 - r 2) dr
Jo

= C 3
- r )dr = [2 -
R

F=--

dilution

[0 ,
[0 ,
= t =

= !l t)

LC(ti)F !lt = F LC(ti) !l t

n•

A = F S: c(t) dt

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 8.4 569

F - A

2
t c(t) t c(t)
0 0 6 6.1
1 0 .4 7 4.0 A = 5 , b.. t = 1, T=
2 2.8 8 2.3
3 6.5 9 1.1
4 9.8 10 0
5 8.9
llO c(0 dt + 4(0 .4) + 2(2.8) + 4(6.5) + 2(9.8) + 4(8.9)
+ 2(6.1) + 4(4.0) + 2(2.3) + 4( 1.1) + 0]
= 4 1. 87

F= = -E- - 0.12 L/s = 7 2 L/min l

| lu c(t) dt 41 87

8.4 I
1. 6. p = 6 -

C ’ (x) = 0.82 - 0.00003x + 0.000000003x 2 7. 18

C(O) =

2.
8.
48 -
m
3. 0.6 +
p
x
-m -m

4. p(x) = 2000 - 9-11

ps
p = p s(X)
5. p(x) =

( 1( I t I
570

17.

r [P - Ps(x)] dx
f(t) =
e ,(T-t) dt

9. p s(x) = 3 + X =
18.
I: f(t) e- rt

10. p = 125 +
19. x=b

11. N= > k>

p = V30 + 0.0Ixe o.oo1x

=

20.
12.
2200 +

21.
(a) p = 50- p= = 0.027 , R = 0.008cm , 1 = 2cm ,
20 + P =

22.
(b)

Ro ,
P, R
13-14

13. (a) p(x) =

228.4 - p s( x) = 27x + 3

(b)
23.
14. = c(t) = 20te- O.6t , 0 t
p s(x) =

24.

15.

4 t c(t) t c(t)

0 0.0 10 4.3
2 4.1 12 2.5
4 8.9 14 1. 2
16. f(t) =
6 8.5 16 0.2
8 6.7

r H I t
 8.5 571

25. c(t) y
8

o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 I

8.5 I
•

random

P(100 X

1
density function)
n
b

P(a X b) = I: f(x) dx

150-180

0 150 165 180 x

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
572

f(x)

dx = 1

1 0 X f(x) = 0 .006x(10 - f(x) = 0

(a)
(b) P(4 X

(a) 0 X 0.006x(l O - x) f(x)

f(x) dx = O OO6x(10 - x) dx = O OO6 (1Ox - x2) dx

= 0.006[5x 2 - = 0.006(500 - = 1

(b)

P(4 X 8) = f f(x) dx = 0.006 f (lO x - x 2 ) dx

2-
= 0.006[5x = 0.544
•
2

t =

f; f(t)
t < f(t) =

t>
f(t) =

t <0
=
O

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 8.5 573

1= f(t) dt = f(t) dt + r f(t) dt

= fr Ae ct dt = f: Ae- ct
dt

= lim I I = lim (1 -
L C Jo C

A
y C
C {n
,(n
“ v
- t<O
A/c =

n - t< 0
0 t O

2
•
•

0 t
y
0 , t l , t2 , ...
y = f(t)

!:J. t ti y = f(t)

f Cii)

0
ti f(t i)
Nf Cii)
t;[Nf(ti) Ât]

'2- Nt;f(ti) Ât

'2- t;f(ti) Ât

!1 t •
n•

t (1 ( I f 1
574

t f(t)

xf(x) dx F

= ‘ = I xf(x) dx =
1- f(x) dx

4 x=
% x= 4

r·ll

IJ = <
llt
t <0
t O

tf(t) dt = r
u = t , dv = ce -cl dt , du = dt , v =

\
”r
/
/

’
- ’----’
’ t
l
---l
,.‘ u,.,
l
‘ d, ‘ = 1 ·m I--‘ ‘ e
1 l
+ d,
,
l

, l
! ‘
l l l
0 ’“ ] L
P
/
“ J
l
JJ x %

1 1
= * * + -C = -c

O
( “‘ ” - <0
“
Il
e
t
t O •
4

(a)
(b)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’t tr
 8.5 575

(a)

r
--’
n
KU - <
U

, un 4 e ”
l <
t <0
l
l O

P(O T 1) = fOl f(t) dt

= fol 0.2e- t
/
5
dt = 0.2(-

=1- e- 1/ 5 = 0.1813

(b)

P(T> 5) = S; f(t) dt = fs"'

= L- 0 : 0368
e

Itf(x) dx 5 =

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
576

f(x) =
L/TT

(j (sigma) devi-

1/(

1 = 1
27T

y
5 100 ,
0.02

(a) IQ 115
0.01
(b) IQ 140
0 60 80 100 120 140 x

(a)
= 100, (J" =

P(85 X 115) = [115 1 )dx

e-(x-IOO)2/(2.15 2
JS5

y =

P(85 X 115) = 0.68

115

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 8 .5 577

(b) 140

> =

P(X> 140) = 1---

r2 00
. _ 1- c - dx = 0.0038

140 l

8.5 I
1. 7. 10

(a) dx (b) dx
(a)
2.
rl
- ,<ll J
nu
nu
O X 10
‘ ’ x<O x> 10
(a)
(b) (b)

3. 0 X f(x) = 30.?(1 -
f(x) = 8. (a)
(a)
(b) P(X (b)

4.
(i) P(X < 3) (ii) P(3 X 8)
(c)
y
(1 + e 3- x )2
0.2
0.1
(a)
0 2 4 6 8 10 x
(b) P(3 X
(c)
9.
s. f(x) = c/ ( 1 +
(a)
(b) P(-l < X < 10. (a)

6.0 X f(x) = k(3x -

f(x) =
(i)
(a)
(ii)
(b) P(X >
(b)
(c)

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
578

11. 17.

(a)
(a)
(b)
(c) (b) 125km/h

12.
18.
l/ --m ‘
E --‘
%

”
l ,

K - ,,,
-t
u O t 150
l
0 19.
l
‘ ’
l

20.

(a)
(b)
u= [rJX- dx]1/2
SOllrce: Adapted from P. Sartwell , …Th c Distribution of Incubation Periods of
Infectious Disease," Americall JOllmal o[ Epidemiology 141 (1995): 38 6--94

13.
21.

I 0 t 40
f(t) = - 40 < t 80
I 0,

±
(a)
(b) p(r) = r O
aõ
14. 175cm,
= 5.59 X
(a) 185cm
P(r) = ds
(b) 180cm

15.
(a)
(b)

Iil (c)
16. (d)

(a) 480g (e)

(b) 5%

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 ,
Jeff Schneiderm n I Momenl Open I Gelly Im'ges

9 Parametric Equations and Po/ar Coordinates

y = x = g(y) f(x , y) =

= f (t), y = g(t)].

‘ o ( I , ')1
579
580

9.1 I

y = f(x)

x = y =

y
C

x = f(t) y = g(t)

(x ,

(x , y) = (f (t) ,

(parametric

(x , y) =

x = t2 - 2t y = t + 1

t =
x = 0, y = (0 ,
(x ,

t x y t=4
-2 8
-1 3 0
0 0 1
t= 1
l -1 2
2 0 3
3 3 4 x
4 8 5 t=-2

I
U l
U
‘
c t
L
 9.1 581

t = Y-

x = t 2 - 2t = (y - 1)2 - 2(y - 1) = y2 - 4y + 3

x = l- 4y +
(x , x = l - 4y +3

•
X,

y
(8 , 5)

x = t 2 - 2t y=t+1

(0 , (8 ,
0 x

x = f(t) y = g(t)

(f (a) ,

2 x = cos t , Y = sin t , 0 t

/{ =
r nU

t= 7T' x2 + l = cos 2t + sin 2t = 1

Vl0
’ x
t =‘ 1
x,
,

(x , r +l = 1
t= 3_" / '
2 (x , y) = (cos t,

sin (1 ,
•
( 1( I f
582

3 x = sin 2t , y = COS 2t, 0 t

x?- + l = sin2(2t) + cos 2(2t) = 1

x (x , y) = (sin 2t , cos (0 ,
•

4 (h ,

x rcos t , y =
y r sin

, r/

\ (11 , k) ! (h , 6
x = h + r cos t y = k + r sin t •

0 x
NOTE

x = 11 + r cos t , y = k + r sin (

5
(a) x = t 3 , y = t (b) x = -t 3, y = -t
(c) x = t 3/ 2 , Y = Ji (d) x = e- 3 /, y = e-/

x = x =

(a)
(b)
(c) t t =

(d) x> 0, Y >

(1 ,

y y y y

0 x 0 x

(a) x = (3 ,Y = ( (b) x = _(3’ y=-( (c) x = (d) x = e- 3" y = e-'

•
t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 9.1 583

(1 n
(-1 , 1) y , x = sin t , y =

2
y = (sin t)2 = (x , y = X -1
smt X -1 X

0 x Slll (x , y) = (sin t , (-1 ,

(1 , 8 •

7 x = cos t , Y = sin
63
2
= 4x -

y x y

1 x 0 2 7T 1

X = CQS t, Y = sin 2t X = cos t y = sin 21

8 x=l-

t (1 ( I f 1
584

3 x = t4 - 3t 2 y=t

• 3 (x = l-
l

-3 x = g(y)
11

x = g(t) y=t

y = f(x)

x=t y = f(t)

12,
13 ,

4 3.5

4 -3.5 3.5

0 13 -4 -3 .5

13
x=t + sin 5t x = cos t + cos 6t + 2 sin 3t x = 2.3 cos lO t + cos 23t
y= t + sin 6t y = sin t + sin 6t + 2 cos 3t y = 2.3 sin lO t - sin 23t

CAD(computer-aided

PDF

15

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 9.1 585

y
(8 =

IOTI= PT= r8

C( r8 , (x ,

T x
x = IOTI - IPQ I = r8 - r sin 8 = r(8 - sin 8)

y = ITCI:_ IQCI = r - rcos8 = r (1 - cos8)

x = r(8 - sin 8) y = r (1 - cos 8) 8 E IR

O 8
0<8<
48

[x = rcos- l (1 - y/r) -

n 18
/ / ‘
P

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
 586

x = a + cos t y = a tan t + sin t

a = -2 , -1 , -0.5 , -0.2 , 0, 0.5 , 1,

(a =

a=-2

a=O a=2

x = a + cos t , Y = a tan I + sin a<

[-4 , 4] x [-4 ,
0
a =

2 1
a = a>

of

- 9.1

1-2 t = -2 , -1 , 3-6
0, (x ,

1.x=t2+t , y=3'+1 3. x = 1 - t 2, Y = 2t - t 2 -1 t 2
’
2. x = + 1) , Y = t/(t + 4) 4. x = t 3 + t , y = , + 2,
2 -2 t 2
5. x = 2' - t , Y = z-' +', -3 t 3

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 9.1 587

6. x = 2
COS ( , Y = 1 + cos t , 0 t 25-28 (x ,

7-12 25. x = 5 + 2 cos Y = 3 + 2 sin 1 t 2

(a) 26. x = 2 + sin t , y = 1 + 3 cos t , t

27. x = 5 sin t , y = 2 cos t , t

(b)
28. x = sin t , y = t

7. x = 2t - 1, y = + 1
29. x = f(t) , y =
8. x = 3t + 2, y = 2t +3
[1 , [2 ,
9. x = t2 - 3, y = t + 2, -3 t 3

10. x = sin t , y = 1 - cos t , 0 t 30. x = f(t) , y =

11.x= Jt, y=l-t
(a)
12. x = (2 , Y = t3
-‘
y
2• f

13-22
(a)

(b)
H
y y
-‘ f
13. x = 3 cos t , Y = 3 sin t , 0 t

14. x = sin4e , y = cos4e , 0 8

15. x = cos e, y = sec2 e, e<

16. x = CSC t, Y = cot t , 0 < t <

17. x = e-' , y = e’ (c)

m
y
18. x = t + 2, y = l/t , t> 0 I

19. x = ln t , y = jï , t 1

20. x = 1t 1, y = 11 - 1t 11

21. x = sin 2 t , y = cos 2 t

22. x = sinh t , y = cosh t (d) IV

y y
2 2

23-24
2 (

23. x = 5 cos t , Y = - 5 sin t

24. x = 3 y = 3 cos ( : t) 31 -33

x = y =
x = f(t) , y =

( 1( ,t I
 588

31. x Pl(Xl , P2(X2 ,

t :;;; 1).
(b) (-2 , (3 ,

E'B 38.
A(I , 1) , 8(4 , 2) , C( 1,
32.

39-40

1 1 t

39.

33.
40. (1 ,

1 t

41. X2 + (y - 1)2 =

34.
(a) (2 ,
(b) (2 ,
(a) X= t 4 - t + 1, Y = (2
(c) (0 ,
(b) X= t 2 - 2t , Y = .Jt
(c) X = t 3 - 2t , Y = t2 - t
(a) x2/a 2 + i/b 2 =
(d) X = cos 5t, Y =
sin 2(
(b) a 3, b
sin 4t , Y = t 2 + cos 3t
= =
(e) X = t +
(f) X= t + sin 2t , Y = t + sin 3t
(c)
II III
y y y

43. yt 44. y

’-x
4
x 2
‘1

01 x
IV v VI 2 x 3 8

45. (a)

x
(i) x = (2 , Y = t (ii) x = t , Y = Jï
x x (iii) x = cos 2t , Y = cos ( (iv) x = 321 , Y = 3t
(b)
= y - 2

E'B 36. y = - = y1- 46-47

37. (a)
46. (a) x = t, Y = (-2 (b) x = COS t , Y = sec 2t
X = Xl + (X2 - Xl)t Y = Yl + (Y2 - Yl)t (c) x = e , y = e-
l 21

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 9.1 589

47. (a) x = (3 , Y = (2 (b) x = (6 , Y = t4 y

(c) x = e- 3/ , y = e- 21

P
48. < () <
49.

53.
of Maria
x = r() - d sin () y = r - d cos ()

d < r, d > x = 2a cot() y = 2a sin 2 ()

50. a 'i} y
C
o<()<

P
y
2a R

0 x

54. (a) =

0 x of

51. )
(b)

y y
B

x=2a

x
x

55-57

52.

( 1( I t I
590

y
55.

x = 1+ 5 y = f- + 41 + 6

1 x
x=2t+l y=2t+6

y (b) x = 2t - t 3 , y = t - t 2
y

0 6 x

(a) (1 ,

58.
(b)

x = 2t + 4 y = 2t + 9

x = (vo cos a}t y = (vo sin a}t -

(a) a = 30 , Vo =
0

56.
(b)
x = 3 sin t y = 2 cos t

(c)
x = - 3 + cos 1 Y = 1 + sin 1 0 t
59. x = t 2, Y = (3 -

(a)

60.
(b)
x = 2ct - 4t 3 , y = -ct 2 +
(c)

x = 3 + cos t Y = 1 + sin t
a > x = t + a cos t , y = t + a sin t
57.

(a) x = 1 - t 2, Y = t - t 3
62. x = sin t + sin nt, y =
cos t + cos

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 9.1 591

63. x = a sin I1 t , y = b cos 64. x = cos t , Y = sin t - sin ct

a , b,
n oJ j

|
y
epicycloid)

(a , 1. a 'i}
x--t C

b
x - a m Qv + ’b a
- b - V/ - a m ’b
a
- b
10
-

2. b =

a =

x = 4 cos 3e y= 4

3. b = 1, a = n/ d(n , n =

4. b =

5.

6.

T ‘ ( 1( I t I
592

9.2 |

l
x = f(t) , y =

dy dy dx
dt dx dt

dx/dt

dy
dy dt # nU

dx dx
dt

dx/dt #
dy/dt = dy/dt dx/dt =

dx/dt = dy/dt =

• d V
J
-2 4
/{
J

= dt
m

1 x =?, y = f -
(a) (3 ,
(b) C
(c)
(d)

(a) t = = t(? - 3) = (3 ,
t C
I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 9.2 593

dy dy/dt 3t 2 - 3
dx dx/dt 2t

= = =

y= (x - y= (x - 3)

(b) dy/dx = = dx/dt

2 2
y dy/dt = 3t - t = t= dy/dx =
3)
1= - 1 C (1, (1 , dx/dt = 2t = 0, t=
dy/dt 0). C
(c)

x 6t 2 + 6
4t 2 3t 2 + 3
dx 2
dx dx 2t 4t 3
(1 , -2) dt dt

t> t<
(d) (b) ,
•
(a) x = r( (J - sin (J), y = r (1 - cos (J) (J=

9
(b)

(a)

dy dy/d (J r sin (J sin (J

dx dx/ d (J r (1 - cos (J) 1 - cos (J

(J=

x = - sm = - y = r( 1 - cos

dy r;;
1- - -

:::<.
J3 x- y = - 2)

t (1 ( I f 1
594

(3 1T1., 2r) (5 7T r, 2r)

-2m x

(b) sin 8 = 1 - cos 8 ,t.

8 = (2n - (11 =
((211 -
8= dx/d8 = =

l‘ dy •. sin 8 ,. cos 8
im .:....::.... = lim = lim -- =
8 • 2117T+ dx 1 - cos 8 sin8

6• •
x = 2 •

l
F(x) y = F(x) A = S: F(x)
x = y = g(t) , t

A= J: Ydx= dt dtJ
=

3 x = r(8 - sin 8) , y = r (l - cos

0 8 3 y = r (l -
cos dx = r(l- cos

A = = rr(1 - r (1 - cos 8) d8

2 (1 - cos 6)2 d6 = r2 (1 - 2 cos 8

= t
r r + cos28) d6

=,. 2 I0211 [1 - 2cos8 +!(l + cos28)]d8

9
= - 2sin8 +
= . = l

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 9.2 595

•
Y = F(x) , a X

dx

x = Y = g(t) , a t ß, dx/dt = f' (t) > 0

f(a) = a , f(ß) =

dx = f: +

dx/dt >
y

dt

R y = F(x)
P ,
[a ,
to , tl , t2 , ... , Xi = =
0
x C Pi(Xi , Po , P" ... ,

n •

[ti-l ,

- f(ti-l) = - ti-l)

(ti-l , Ll.xi = Xi - Xi-l , D.Yi = Yi -

D. Xi =f’(t() D. l

D.Yi = 9’(t,:"*) D. t

(t i-l ,

IPi-1P ;j = + (D. y;)2 = ";[1’ (t;*) D. t]2 + [g ’(t;**) ð.t]2

= ";[1’(t;*)]2 + [g ’(t;**) )2 ð.t
596

L = lim 2: + [g'(t;"*)]2 ð. t

y'[f'(t) J2 + [g’(t)]2 t/ t;"*

L = S: J[I '(t)]2 + [g ’(t)]2 dt

x = y = g(t) , a t

[a ,

L= r + dt

L = f

+ dt

x = cos t Y = sin t

dx/dt =- sin dy/dt = cos

COS2t dt = Idt =
L = dt =

x = sin 2t y = cos 2t 0 t

dx/ dt = 2 cos 2t , = -2 sin

+ dt = cos 2 (2t) + 4 sin 2

(sin 2t , cos

[c h'!1
 9.2 597

5 x = r(8 - sin 8) , y = r (l - cos

0 8

= ·m
=r (l -cos8)
d8

L= d8 = 8)2 + r 2sin 2

= Jr 2(1 - 2 cos 8 + cos 28 + sin 28) d8

1658 n
r |
f
J
u
Christopher

8 = 2x , sin 2x = - cos 1 - cos 8 = 2

2
sin (e 8 e/2 sin(e/2)
y

y' 2 (1 - cos e) = = 21 sin(e/2)1 = 2 sin(e/2)

L = 2f r sin(6/2) d8 = -2 cos(e /2)

= 2r[2 + 2] = 8r
•
x = f(t) , y =

C (f (t) , g(t))

/ /
-----‘\
/ll
x V
JUR
,‘‘\-, -u + /
-u
-Ju u
du

t (1 ( 'f 1
598

(t) = s' (t) = ) +

6 x = 2t + 3, y = 4t 2, t

v(t) =

t = v(l) = =

•
•

x = f(t) , y = g(t) , a t

g(t)

s= J: + dt

s = s =

7 r 'i}

x = r cos t y = r sin t 0 t

s= sin t r sin t)2 + (r cos t)2 dt

Ia" r sin t .Jr2(sin 2t + cos 2t) dt = f: r t . r dt

Sa" sin t = l

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 9.2 599

9.2 I
1-4 dx/dt , dy/dt ,

1. x = 2t 3 + 3 t , Y = 4t - 5t 2
13. x = t2 - t, Y = t 2 + ( + 1; (0 , 3)
2. x = t - ln (, y = t2 - r 2

14. x = sin Y = t 2 + t; (0 , 2)
3. x = te' , y = t + sin t
4. x = t + sin(t 2 + 2) , y = tan(t 2 + 2)
15-20

5-6
15. x = t 2 + 1, y = (2 +t
5. x = t 2
+ 2t , y = 2' - 2t
16.x=t 3 +1 , y=t 2 - t
y

17. x = e’ y = te - '

18. x = (2 + 1, y = e' - 1

19. x = (- ln 1, y = 1 + ln 1
20. x = cos t, Y = sin 2t , 0 < 1 <
x

6. x = t + cos Y = -t + sin 21 -24

y

21. x = {3 - 3t , y = t2 - 3

22. x = 13 - 3t , y = t3 - 3t 2
l

23. x = cos (J, y = cos 30

24. x = es;no , y = e Coso

x = ( - (6 ,Y =

7-10

7. x = t3 + 1, y = t4 + t; t = -1
26. x = t4 - 2t , y = t+

8. x = jï , y = t2 - 2t; t = 4

9. x = sin 2 t + cos t , Y = cos 2t - sin t; (= 7r

rn 27-28
10. x = e' sin y= (= 0

27. x = t4 - 2t 3 - 2t 2, y = t3 - t

11-12 28. x = t4 + 4(3 - 8t 2, Y = 2t 2 - t

(a)
(b)
rn 29. x = cos (, y = sm t cos
11. x = sin t , y = cos2t , (Sj)
12. x = Jt + 4 , y = 1/(t + 4); x = -2 cos t , y = sin ( + sin

t (1 ( 'f 1
600

31. (a) = r (J - d sin (J, y = r - 40.

dcos 49 x = 1 - t 2, Y = t - (3

(b) d < I y

32. (a) x a cos 3 (J, y =

a
1 x

(b)
(c)

33. x = 3t 2 + 1, y = (3 - 1
41.
< r).
34. x = 3(2 + 1, y = 2(3 + 42.
(a)
(b)
35-36

(c)
35. x = tJ + 1, y = 2( - (2

y [!]43-46

0
43. x = 3t 2 - t 3, y = (2 - 2t
y

36. x = sin t , y = sin t cos (, 0 t 2

y

0 4 x

0 x
44. x = t + e-' , y = (2 +(
y
6
37-38

37. x = sin 2t , 38. x = t 2 - 2t ,

2
y = cost y = .ji
y
y
01 1 x

45. x = t - 2 sin t , y = 1 - 2 cos t , 0 t

x
y

0 x

‘r
39. x = a cos (J, y = b sin (J,

[c h'!1
 9.2 601

46. x = t cos t, y = t - 5 sin t 58

y

x = a)t y = (vo sin a)t

9 =
x
(a)
(b)

62. x = a sin (J, y = b cos (J,

L = 4a fO"./2 JI - e 2 sin 2(J d (J

47-50

47. x = y = (2 - 2, 0 I 3

48. x = e' - t, Y = 4e ,/2, 0 t 2 63. (a)

49. x = (sin t , y = t cos t , 0 t l

x = 11 cos 1 - 4 cos {I It/2)
50. x = 3 cos t - cos 3t , Y = 3 sin t - sin 3t , 0 t
y = 11 sin t - 4 sin (1 1t/2)

(b)
51. x=e'cost , y=e'sint ,

52. x = cos t+ ln(tan !t) , y = sin 1, t

x = C(t) = du
53. x = sin 1 + sin 1.51, y = cos
y = S(t) = du

54. x = 3t - (3 , Y=
(a) 1• t•
55-56 (x ,

(b)
55. x = sin 2t , y = COS 21, 0 t

56. x = cos 2 t , Y = cos t, 0 I

65-66
x = “ cos3(J , Y = a
)
57-60
y

58. x = 2 + 5 cos y = -2 + 7
-a a x
59. x = e' , y = te'; (e , e)

60. x = t2 + 1, y = 1
4
+ 2t 2 + 1; (2, 4) -a

61.
65.

t (1 ( I f 1
602

66.

67. x = t sin t , y = t cos t , 0 t

68. x = sin t , y = sin 2t , 0 t n/2 x

69. x = t + e' , y = e- ' , 0 t 1

79. x = x(t) , y =
70. x = t2 - t 3, y = t + t4, 0 t l
K - liy - ijl
- [i2 + ÿ 2 ]3/2
71 -73

=
71. x = t 3, y = t2, 0 f 1 =

72. x = 2t 2
+ l/t , y = 8 .[t, 1 t 3
80. y x x, y
73. x = a cos 3 , e y = a sin 3 , e 0 8 n/2
= = =

d, ’ 111

K = -
1
-2

x = 2 cos e - cos 2e
y = 2 sin e - sin 2e
81. x = e- sin e,
y= 1 - cos

82. (a) (1 , y =r
75-76 (b)

83. (a)
75. x = 3t 2, Y = 2t 3, 0 t 5 (b) K =

76. x = e' - t , Y = 4e'/2 , 0 t 1

77. t f ’ (t) 84. l

x = f(t) , y = g(t) , a t y =

78. Y = F(x) , a X

79-83

[c h'!1
 9.2 603

85.

(r ,

x = r(cos8 + 8 sin8) x

y = r(sin8 - 8 cos8)

|
CAD(computer-aided
Bézier,
Bézier point) , Po(xo , yo) , P , (x" y ,),
P2(X2 , Y2) , P3(X3 , 1

x = xo(l - t)3 + 3X1t( 1 - t)2 + 3X2t2 (l - t) + X3t3

Y = Yo (1 - t)3 + 3Y1t(1 - t)2 + 3Y2t2 (1 - t) + Y3t3
(x , y) = (xo , yo) , t = 1 (x , y) = (X3 , )'3) ,

1. Po(4 , 1) , P ,(28 , 48) , P2(50 , 42) , P3(40 ,

POP" P P2 , , 37
P"

2.

3.

4.

5.
Po , P" P2, P3 , P3, P4 , Ps ,
P2 , P3 ,

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
604

9.3 I

coordinate

P (r , O)

8
0 Op 1
x
(r ,

(0 ,
(r , O) r < (r , (- r,
(r ,
f) + 7r ./
( /'í \fJ • r> (r ,
Iy.r- 0
/
/
/'
(-r , e+
/
/
t
(-r , 0) 1
(a) (b) (2 , (c)

r=

t% -
(2 , 37T)

(
(a) (c)

1 (1, (1 ,
(-1 , 4

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 9.3 605

iE%
(r ,

(r , e+ ( - r , e + (2n +

•
y

P(r , O) =P(x , y)
(x , (r ,

l
cos e = x/r , sin e = (r ,
y
(x ,

0 x x v
“
- ’r
·M no

(x , (r ,

r> 0 , 0 < e<

2 (2 ,

r = e=
1
x = r cos e = 2 cos - = 2 . - = 1
3 2

3 ,-
y = r sin e = 2 sin = 2. = 3

(1 ,
•

r= = .J F + (-1 )2 = J2
tan e= x
-1
606

(1 , (J =
(j2,

NOTE 0 tan

(r ,

r=4
r = f( (J) F(r , (J) =

(r ,

r = (r ,

lal 6 •

(3 , 1) (J =

(2 , 1) (r ,

(l U 7 r> (r , 1)
’
r<
1
x
(-1 , 1)
(a) r = 2 cos
(-2 , 1) (b)

(a) (r ,

8 r = 2 cos 8

0 2
J3
12
(2 , 0)
0
1
-12
-J3
7r 2
r = 2 cos

[c h'!1
 9.3 607

(b)
x = r cos r=

2x=?= x 2 +i

(x - 1)2 + y2 = 1

•
y

l' = 2 cos

1' /2 = 0 Q X

r
2
r = 1 + sin

r = 1 + sin
0 :!!. 7f 2 7T ()
2 2

l' = 1 + sin e,

11

A
O = -2 6=g

()=o ()=7T 0
-_ no= h-2
0=
2
(
(a) (c) (e)

11 l' = 1 + sin
•
r = cos

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
608

r = cos 2e , 0 8

n
o - -2

(J= 7T
2 7T (J 0=0

12 r = cos 2e 13 r = cos 2e l

(a)
(b)

(c) - e=

(r , O)

(
(a) (c)

14
cos ( - e) = cos
sin - e) = sin cos - e) = cos e=

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 9.3 609

0 8

‘ 2

r = sin 3(2.S8) + cos 3(2.S8) r = sin2(38j2) + cos2(28j3)

9 r = sin(88/

sin 8(8 = + = sin

n =

0 8
17 r = sin(88jS)

10 r = 1 + c sin

(0 8
)c >
c=
5
c• 0
r = 1

t (1 ( I f 1
610

c = 1. 7 c=l c=O.7 c=O .5 c=O .2

c=O c=-O.2 c=-O.5 c=-O.8 c=-l

18 = 1+ c

•
Ic l>

r=a r=a sin 0 r = a cos 0 r=aO

r = a :!:: b sin 0
r = a :!:: b cos 0
(a > 0, b > 0)

a<b a=b a>b a ";3 2b

[c h'!1
 9 .3 611

l' = a sinn()
l' = a cos n() --+
-’- -..

l' = a cos 2() 1'= a COS 3() 1'= a COS 4() r=acos58

,. 2= a 2 sin 2() 1' 2= a 2 COS 2()

9.3 I
1-2 7. 1 < l' 3

8.
1. (a) (1 , (b) (-2 , 3'TT' /2) (c) (3 ,
9. 0 r 1, 8
2. (a) (2 , (b) (1, (c)
10. 3 < l' < 5, 8

11. 2 l' < 4, 6

3-4
12. l' 0, 8

3. (a) (2 , (b) (c) (-1 , -

13.
4. (a) (b) (-2 , (c)
14. (/'J, (1'2 ()2),

5-6
15-20
(i) l' > 0, 0 (1',

15. 1' 2 = 5 16. l' = 4 sec()

(ii) l' < 0, 0 (1',
17. l' = 5 cos() 18. () =

19. r 2 cos 2() = 1 20. l' 2 sin 2() = 1

5. (a) (-4 , 4) (b) (3 ,

6. (a) -1) (b) (-6 , 0)

21 -26

7-12 21. X2 +y2=7 22. X = -1

t (1 ( I f 1
612

23. Y 24. Y = -2x 2 33-50

25. x 2 + y2 = 4y 26. x 2 - y2 = 4
33. r = - 2 sin () 34. r = 1 - cos ()

35. r = 2(1 + cos ()) 36. r = 1 + 2 cos ()

27-28
37. r = (), () O 38. r = ()2 , 8

39. r = 3 cos 3() 40. r = -sin 5()

27. (a)
41. r = 2 cos 4() 42. r = 2 sin 6()
(b) (3 ,
43. r = 1 + 3 cos () 44. r = 1 + 5 sin ()
28. (a)
(b) 45. 2 , = 9 sin 2() 46. 2 , = cos 4()

47. r = 2 + sin 3() 48.

29-32 49. r = sin(()/2) 50. r = cos(()/3)

29. ,. 51. r = 4 + 2 sec ()

2 lim x =

52. r = 2 - csc y =
0
7T 8 y =

30. 1

2 53. r = sin e tan ()

0
< 1

0
54. (_x2 + l)3 =

55. (a) r = 1 + c sin Jc l>

31. 1

(b) c=
0
7T

56.

4
- (a) r = cos 3() (b) r = ln (), 1 8
(c) r = cos(()/2) (d) r = cos(()/3)

32. jj (e) r
(g) r = ()2 ,
(i) r
=

=
sec(()/3)

2 + cos(3()/2)
(f) r
(h) r
=

=
sec ()
2 + cos 31i

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 9.3 613

59. r = 1 + 2 sin(8/2)
60. r = ../1 - 0.8 sin 2 8

61. r = e sinO - 2 cos(48)

62. r = 1 tan8 IlcotO I

IV 63. r = 1 + COS
999
8

64. r = 2 + cos(98/4)

ffi 65. r = 1 + sin(8 - r = 1 + sin(8 -

r = 1 + sin I

= f(8 - r =

r = sin

r = 1 + c cos

57. r = a sin 8 + b cos 8 (ab op

ffi 68. r = j + cos"
58. r = a sin r = a cos

59-64

1. (a) r = sin

(b) r = Isin

2. r = 1 + c sin

j-acos8
1 + a cos8

4. Cassini, a,
r4 - 2c 2 r 2 cos 28 + c4 - a4 =
a, of

a,

t (1 ( I f 1
614

9.4 I

A=

1
A= =

41
r= e = a, e =
O<b-a [a ,
eo , el , e2 , ... , 8
= !J. e = ei -
[ei-l ,
3
f(O i) 0= 0;

!J. A; = Hf(e t) ]2 M

ÂO

0
A = L: Hf(etWM

A=

r =

A= de

[c h'!1
 9 .4 615

1 r = cos

r = cos
8=

A = fTZ4 ar2d6 = 5 fT24 cos226

A=2 cos228 d8

= fJ/4 5(1 + cos 48) d8 [cosZIl = 5( l + cos 2ll)]

= 5[8 + asin48];/4 = •
r = 3 sin r = 1 + sin

7
3 sin 8
- 1 + sin sin8 = 8=
‘\ /'
/'
/'
’m
QV = -6 v
11'
6

01 }' = 1+ sin 8
A (3 (l + Sln8)2d8

A= 9 sin 28 d8 - (l + 2 sin 8 + sin 28)

= (8 sin 28 - 1 - 2 sin8) d8

= (3 - 4 cos 28 - 2 sin 8) [

= 38 - 2 Sln 26 + 2 cos 8];@ =

•
0 r = f(8) , r = g(8) , 8 = 8 =
f(8) g(8) O<b-a A

t (1 ( I f 1
616

l' = l' =

A= - d8

= ([f (8)]2 - [g(8)]2) d8

l' = 3 sÌn l' = 1 + sÌn

(0 , 0) (0 , l' = 3 sÌn
l' = 1 + sÌn

e= 8=

55-57

= cos
l' = cos r = cos2e = 28 =
8 =
(t, (t, (t, (t,
(t,
1'=

cos r= •

•
(x , (1', x = l' cos 8, y = l' sÌn
l' =

x = l' cos 8 = f(e) cos 8 y = l' sÌn e = f(8) sÌn 8

l' = f(8) , a 8

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 9 .4 617

dx dr dy dr
- = - _ cos 8 - r sin 8 = -_-
_ sin8 + r cos8
d8 d8 d8 d8

cos 28 + sin 28 =

2
cos 8 _ 2r

+I - { dr \2
I sin' 8
\ d8 / -- -
^

+2r - dr
d8
sin 8 cos 8 +r" cos'8
‘ ’

/
/ll-- ,ar
- ‘
-d-QU + ’r
\

r d8

r = f(8) , a 8

L = J: + d8

4 r = 1 + sin
7
0 8

L = + =S:") + (1 +co
8 r = 1 + sin fJ = S:" )2 + 2 sin 8
- 2
•

•
r =

x = cos 8 =f(8) cos 8

r y = sin 8 =f(8) sin 8
r

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
618

dy dr
_ sin 8 + r cos 8
dy d8 d6
dx dx dr
-_- cos 8 - r sin 8
d8 d8

dx/d8 '" dy/d8 = dy/d8 '"

dx/d8 =

r=
dr
/llI

dy ,‘‘\-d-no
_' = tan8 4r

dx

8=
r = cos 28 = 8= 8=
y =- r = cos

(a) r = 1 + sin 8=
(b)

r = 1 + sin

sin 8 + rcos6
dy d8 cos 8 sin 8 + (1 + sin 8) cos 8
dx dr cos 8 cos 8 - (1 + sin 8) sin 8
-_- cos 8 - r sin 8
d8

cos 8 (1 + 2 sin 8) cos 8 (1 + 2 sin 8)

1 - 2 sin 28 - sin 8 (1 + 8)(1 - 2 sin 8)

(a) 8 =

dy I +2 - 5(1 +
dx I [1 + - 2 (1 + -
1 -
(2 + - -1 - i

771" 11 7T_ ” dy
(b) 8 = -::-, -/-, = cos8 (1 + 2 sin8) = 0
2’ 2 ’ 6 ’ 6 = " d8
371" 571" ‘
8 =
2 ’ 6’ 6
= (1 + sin8) (1 - 2 sin8) = 0
t:::. 11
d8

(2 , G,
e= dx/de

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 9.4 619

(2 , lim _- = (I lim
lim 1.+ 2 \(
11 lim
lim cos 8 )I
dx \ 1 - 2 sin 8 / \ 1 + sin 8 /

1 cos 8 1 - sin 8
= -- 11m = -- 11m ---=
3 1 + sin 8 3 cos 8

lim
1m dy
dx

9 l
9 ,. = 1+
NOTE

x = r cos 8 = (1 + sin 8) cos 8 = cos 8 + sin 28

y = rsin8 = (1 + sin8) sin8 = sin fJ + sin 2 8

dy dy / dfJ cos fJ + 2 sin fJ cos fJ cos fJ + sin 2 fJ

dx dx/ d fJ - sin fJ + cos 2fJ - sin fJ + cos 2fJ

9.4 1
1-4 7. 8.

1. ,. =.j2ë, 0 8

2. r = e O, 8

3. r = sin e + cos 8, 0 8
,.= 4 + 3 sin e
4. r = 1/ 8, 8

9-12
5-8
9. r = 4 cos 8 10. r = 2 + 2 cos 8
S. 6.
11. r = 3 - 2 sin 8 12. r = 2 sin 38

13. ,. = 2 + sin 48 14. r = 3 - 2 cos 48

15. r = + cos 2 (58) 16. r = 1 + 5 sin 68
,. 2= sin 2e ,. = 2 + cos e

I 11 I t I
620

17-21 43-46

17. r = 4 cos38 18. ,2 = 4 cos 28 43. r=3+2cos8

19. r = sin 48 20. r = 2 sin 58

21. r = 1 + 2 sin 8

22. r = 2 cos 8 - sec

23-28

23. r = 4 sin 8, r= 2
44.
24. r = 1 - sin 8, r= 1

25. ,2 = 8 cos 28, r= 2

26. r = 1 + cos 8 , r = 2 - cos 8

27. r = 3 cos 8, r = 1 + cos 8

28. r = 3 sin 8, r = 2 - Si l1 8

45.
29-34

29. r = 3 sin 8, r = 3 cos 8

30. r = 1 + cos 8 , r = 1 - cos 8

31. r = Si l1 28 , r = cos 28

32. r = 3 + 2 cos 8, r = 3 + 2 sin 8

33. ,2 = 2 sin 28, r= 1

34. r = (/ sin 8 , r = b cos 8, a > 0, b > 0

46.

35. r = 1+

36. = 1 + 2 cos

37-42

37. r = sin e, r = 1 - sin 8

47. r = 1 + sin r = 28, 8
38. r = 1 + cos 8, r = 1 - sin 8

39. r = 2 sin 28, r = 1

40. r = cos e, r = sin28

48.
41. ,2 = 2 cos 28, r = 1

42. ,2 = sirt 28, ,2 = cos 28 4m

r = 8 + 8 sin

t f
n
U
( ” ’l
/ {
 9.4 621

57. r = cos(Oj5)

58.

49-52

49. r = 2 cos e, 0 8 50. r = e O/ 2, 0 8

51. r = 52. r = 2(1 + cose) [îJ 59-62

59. r = cos
53-54
53. I 60. r = tan e, 8
r = 3 + 3 sin 0
61. r = sin(6 sin ())

62. r = sin(e/4)

63-68

63. r = 2 cos e , () = 64. r = 2 + sin 3e , () =

54.
65. r = l/() , () =

66. r = sin e + 2 cos e , e = 7r /2

67. r = cos2() , 8 =
68. r = 1 + 2 cos () , e=

69-72

69. r = sin e 70. r = 1 - sin e

55. r = cos (e /4)

4
56. r = cos (8/2)2
71. r = 1 + cos 8 72. r = eO

57-58 73. r = f(())

OP

r
=---
dr/de

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

622

75. r = f(e) , a 8

s = íl’ 27T r sin e r2 + d8

Ja V \ de /

0 O a<b
(b) 1'2 =

74. (a) 1'= cos

line) =
(b) () =
76. (a) l' = f(e) , a 8 ()=
(c) r =
= (b) ? = cos ()=

9.5

(conic sections

\!... L:.

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 9.5 623

(0 , y =
P(x ,

IPFI = ";X2 + (y - p )2

y=-p Iy +

";x 2 + (y - p )2 = Iy + pl

x 2 + (y _ p)2 = 1 y + p 12 = (y + p)2
x 2 + y2 _ 2py + p2 = y2 + 2py + p2
x 2 = 4py

(0 , y

x 2 = 4py

a = y = p>O
< (a)
(b)

y y y y

y=-p

0 x x x 0 X

y=-p X=-p X=-p

(a) X
2
= 4py , P > 0 (b) X2 = 4py , p < 0 (c) y2 = 4px, p > 0 (d) / = 4px , p < 0

x
y2 = 4px

( 1( I t I
624

y2+ lOx=O x - 5
?
‘ (d)

x
1 l + 10x =
l = 4p =
(p, 0) = (-í, x= . •

(-c ,

2a>

,
IPF I + IPF2 1 = 2a

x P(x ,

+ c)2 + y 2 + - c)2 + y2 = 2a
7 IPFII + IPF21 =
--, - c)2 + y2 = 2a - + C)2 + y2

x 2 - 2cx + c 2 + y2 = 4a 2 - + C)2 + y2 + x 2 + 2cx + c 2 + y2

a ..j(x + c)2 + y2 = a 2 + cx

a 2(x 2 + 2cx + c 2 + y2) = a4 + 2a 2cx + C2X 2

(a 2 - C2)X 2 + a 2y2 = a 2(a 2 - c 2)

2c < c < a2 -
c2 > b2 = a 2 - b2x 2 + a2l =
a2b2
2x 2y
-
2a
+ =

b 2 = a2 - c2 < b <

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 9.5 625

y
x?- /a 2 = 1 x?- = x (-a ,
(0 , b)
= y
(a , = y (0 , (0 ,
X x -x y

(O , -b)

x-2 v2 ‘

8
= 1, a b
a- tr

2 __ 2
x- v
y
(0 , a) a< b‘

(::!::c , (::!::a , c2 = a2 -

(-b , O) (b , O) (0 ,
x
9

(O , -a)
2x 2y
x-2 v_.2 -f + =
= 1, a b
D a
(0 , (0 , c2 = a2 -

y
9X?- + 16l =

(0, 3)
2x 2y
(4 , 0)
-m + -9 =

x
a 2 = 16, b 2 = b=3

c =..j7
(0, -3)

10 92- + 161 = 144

(0, (0 ,

b2 = a2 - c2 = 9 - 4 =

x2 y2 ’
-----_
5 9

9X?- + 5l = •
‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
626

67).

1,
53

11 , “
IPF I - IPF21 = :t 2

(:::'::c , ,
IPF I - IPF21 = :::'::2a

2X 2y
-2a -F

c2 = a2 + (-a ,
l =

x-2 v2
‘

'- b Y 1
a- 0
\
\

///
\

\\\\ x= X -a

y = y =

‘ 2 __2 77
12
a L
y =

x2 y2 ’

a2 b2 ‘

(:::'::c , 0) , (:::'::a , O) , y = = a 2 + b2).

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 9.5 627

y ?
?

x
2y x2
ro-2 - ,
1
i

(0 , :t C) , (0 , :t a) , y a 2 + b 2).
1l -J 2x
-f = l
= =

3f4 y
=- y ? / 4 - 16l =
’ /
/
\ /
‘\\ /
//
Il-4
/ 4-
(-
,- x2 y2 <

/ "Ó I " " X 16 9

/' I "
/' I "
/' I "
/'
/' I
I
"
"
c2 = 16 +9 =
/' I "
/' I "
/' I " y = y=
14 - 16i = 144

(0 , :t y =

a = a/b = b = a/2 =
c2 = a
2
+ b2 = (0 ,

y2 - 4x 2 = 1

•
l
x - h,

(2 , -2) , (4 , (1 , -2) , (5 ,

(1, -2) , (5 , a=2

c = b2 = a 2 - C
2
=
(3 ,

x --4 ?- +
+ - v=-3 -
?‘

-- - - -
1i

•
‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
628

9x 2 - 4y2 - 72x + 8y + 176 = 0

/
/
/
/
/ 4(y2 - 2y) - 9(x 2 - 8x) = 176
/
\ "-.../ / 4(y2 - 2y + 1) - 9(x 2 - 8x + 16) = 176 +4 - 144
(4 , 4) ;'
\ 1
4(y - 1)2 - 9(x - 4)2 = 36
\
×, 1
(4 l)

01 1 \ X (y - 1)2 (x - 4)2 - 1
// (4 , -2) \\ 9 4
1 ./ \
1 / " \
/‘ / " \ - -
1 /\ '\ \
i - 1= -4) \ - \ a2 = 9 , b2 = 4 , c2 =

(4 , 1 + (4 , 1 - (4 ,

9X2 - 4/ - 7 2x + 8y + 176 = 0 y - 1= - l

9.51
2x 2y
1-8 n -m + =
.. 2
12. - +::..._
‘ .2
= 1
4 3

1. x 2 =8y 2. 9x = y2 13. x 2 + 3y2 = 9 14. x 2 = 4 - 2y 2

3. 5x + 3y2 = 0 4. x 2 + 12y = 0 15. 4x 2 + 25y 2 - 50y = 75

5. (y + 1)2 = 16(x - 3) 16. 9x 2 - 54x + yl + 2y + 46 = 0

6. (x - W= 8(y + 1)
17-18
7. y2 + 6y + 2x + 1 = 0
17. 18.
8. 2X2 - 16x - 3y + 38 = 0

9-10

9. 10.

19-24

2X 2y
19. _, - •-= 1
2 .. 2
m -% -%
11 -16
25 9

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 9 .5 629

21. x 2 - y2 = 100 22. y2 - 16x 2 = 16 42. (0 , -1) , (8 , -1) , (9 , -1)

23. x 2 - y2 + 2y = 2 43. (-1 , 4) , (-1 , 0) , (-1 , 6)

24. 9y 2 - 4x 2 - 36y - 8x = 4 44. (::1::: 4 , 0) , (-4 ,

45. (::1::: 3 , 0) , (::1::: 5 , 0)

25-26 46. (0 , : 1: : 2) , (0 , : 1: : 5)

25. 47. (-3 , -4) , (-3 , 6) , (-3 , -7) , (-3 , 9)

48. (-1 , 2) , (7 , 2) , (-2 , 2) , (8 , 2)

49. (::1::: 3 , 0) , y = ::I:::2x

50. (2 , 0) , (2 , 8) , y=3+ = 5 -

51.
26.
110km

52.

(a)
(b) llcm
27-32
C

27. 4x 2 = y2 +4 28. 4x 2 = Y + 4

29. x 2 = 4y - 2y 2 30. y2 - 2 = x 2 - 2x V
31. 3x 2 - 6x - 2y = 1

32. x 2 - 2x + 2y 2 - 8y +7 = 0
D

33-50 53. LORAN(LOng RAnge Navigation ,

33. (0 , 0) , (1 , 0)

34. (0 , 0) , y=6
IPAI -
35. (-4 , 0) , x=2

36. (2 , -1) , (2 , 3)

37. (3 , -1) , B

38. (0 , 4) , (1 , 3) , (-2 , A
(a)
39. (::1::: 2 , 0) , (::1::: 5 , 0)

40. (0 , (0 , : 1: : 2) (b)

41. (0 , 2) , (0 , 6) , (0 , 0) , (0 , 8)
630

66. (a)

(b)

67-68

‘ 67. FI , x 2/a 2 + l/b 2 = 1 P(XI.

PFI ,
PF2 a =
54. (:t c , (:t a ,

55. l/a 2 - x2/b 2 =

LI ,
tana tan a =
56. (1, 1) , (-1 , 1 + 11111112

-lr-
y
57. + =
k k - 16

(a) k> 16 (b) 0 < k < 16 (c) k < 0

x
(d)

58. (a) l = 4px (xo.

)'0)' = 2p(x +
68. P(XI , x2/a 2 - l/b 2 = 1
(b)

PFI ,
59. F2

y
60.

61. n = + 4l =

FJ
62.
1.1 8 X 1Q 10km ,
1. 14 x
n = \
\
\
63. x 2Ja 2-l/b2= \
\
\
\

64. (a)
l
/
/
(b) /
/
/

65. + 4l =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 9.6 631

69. y

(::t 1,

9.6 I

I PII -

(a) e <
(b) e =

(c) e >

e = IPFI =

t (1 ( I f 1
632

y+

1 (r ,

x=d !PF! = r !Pl! = d - r cos ()

x !PF!/!PI! = e !PF! =

r = e{d - r cos(})

x2 + y2 = e 2{d - X)2 = e 2{d 2 - 2dx + X2)

...,
:;<..
(1 - e 2 )x 2 + 2de 2x + y2 = e 2d 2

e <
{x -
a 2
h)2
- -b - -
, y2
2
•

2
2e
h= - e-
_ -- d- a = -- -e-?‘ ^ e 2d 2
2
1- e 1 - e^L.

4 2
‘ ^ _^ ed
c-=a--o-=
(1 - e 2 ?
^.^

e 2d
c = ^ = -h
1-

c
e =-
a

e > 1 - e2 <

{x - h? y2 ‘

a2 b2
‘

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 9.6 633

e=
a
c2 = a2 + b 2)
•
•
r

ed
r=
1 + e cose

x y = "i:. d

27-29
y y
y y
x=d x=-d y=d
l.!... L!.

x x

y=-d I
( LU) - ed
-- -e -m RO
1 + e cos B 1 +e sin () 1- e sin B
2

--’-+- -no ed
’r r=
i
1 "i:. e sin e

e 'il e < e -
e >

e =

6
r=
1 - sine

t (1 ( I f 1
634

1O
r=
3 - 2 cos8

10
3
r =
1

e = ed =

10 10
d-
- 3 - - 3
e )"

x = 8 = 0,

8 r
y
0 10
7T 10
I
2 3
7T 2
10
10
2 3
3 - 2 cos e •
12
3 r=
2 + 4 sin8

6
r=
1 + 2 sin 8
e = ed =

8 = 0,
8= (2 , = (6 ,
8 = 0,
1 + 2 sin 8 • 0+ r • sln6 = -5
1 + 2 sin e = 8=

8 r y

0 6
7T
2
2
7T 6

-6 12 // (6 x
2
r 2+4sln8
•
[c h'!1
 9.6 635

r = f(8 r =

65

11 8 8 -

10
-51

-6

c• e =

0 u 0 o
e = 0.1 e=0.5 e =0.68 e = 0.86 e = 0.96

e=l
) e = 1.1
( e = 1. 4 e=4

1.
2.
3.
636

e 2d 2 2 a 2 (1 - e 2 ) 2 a(1 - e 2 )
a- = ‘ :::} d = __;_'_ - - ' -
(1 - e 2)2
= ^. ^ :::;>
e- e

ed = a(l -

ed a (l - e 2 )
r= -
1 + e cos e 1 + e cos e

a, e, x

a(1 - e 2 )
r=
1 + e cos e

7
distance) ,

,'-._
(aphelion e=

r =
(1 - e2
)
- /" _.,- - e)(l
a(l -,\.- e)
+ -, = a(l - e)
1 + e cos 0 1+e

r = a (l +

- +

(a)
0.017 , 2.99 x
(b)

(a) = 2.99 X a = 1.4 95 X e =

[c h'!1
 9.6 637

a (1 - e 2 ) (1. 495 X 10 8 )[1 - (0.017)2]

r= =
1+ecos8 1+0.017cos8

1.4 9 X 10 8
r=
1 + 0.017 cose

(b)

a(1 - e) = (1. 495 X 10 8) (1 - 0.017) = 1.47 X 10 8 km

a(1 + e) = (1. 495 X 10 8)(1 + 0.017) = 1. 52 X 10 8 km

9.6 1
1-8 y+ /" II Y

1.

2. x \ 1 I x

3. 2, y =-4

4. g, x= -3

5. g, (2 , III

6. 0.6 , r = 4 csc (J

7. (3 ,
ÏÎ l l
x
8. 2, r = -2 sec (J

9-14 I-VI
v Yl VI y

3 9
9. r = 10. r = x
1- sin (J 1 + 2 cos (J /

12 12
11. r = 12. r =
8-7cos (J 4 + 3 sin (J
5 3
13. r = 14. r =
2 + 3 sin (J 2 - 2 cos (J
 638

15-22 (a) (b) ed

(c) (d) r 1+e SlIl8

4
15. r = - - - - 16. r =
5 - 4 sinO 2 + sinO
29. e, y
2 5
17. r = - - - - 18. r = - - - -
3+3sinO 2 - 4 cosO
ed
1 r=-----
19. 20. r = 1 - e sinO
6 + 2 cosO 3 - 3 sinO
4
21. . r -+-3 -m-ao
4 - 8 cosO 30. r = c/ (l + cos r = d/(1 - cos

1!j 23. (a) r=I/ (1 - 2 sin 31.

2.28 X
(b)

32. 1.56
1!j 24. x
4
’
V -zJ -+-6
33.

AU

1!j 25. e = 0 .4, 0.6 , 0.8 ,

e
- ---‘ -e -m-n0

34.

1!j 26. (a)

ed
1 + e sinO

(b) d = 1
@

27. e, x =- 35.
4.6 x
ed
1 - e cos 0
36. 4 .4 3 X 109km ,
7.37 X

28. e, 37.

F 0 0 h'!1
Antares Star Ex plorer / Shu tterstock.com

, ..., t::I
10 I t::I I
Sequences, Series, and Power Series
I

t (1 ( I f 1 639
640

10.1 I

1 1 1 1 1 1
2’ 4’ 8’ 16 ’ 32' ... , 2" ’

‘__,
2 4 2"

sequence)

al , a2 , Q3 , Q4 , . .. , a ll ,.

f(n)

{al , a2 , a3 , . ..

{a ,,} {all};=1

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 10.1 641

1
(a)

2" I a" = 2"

;" {12 ’, 116 ’, :2
4 ’, 8 ’ 16 32' ... ' 2n ’ }
al = 1/21 , a2 = 1/22

(b) { an =
l n -r 1 J,, =2 n -r 1

n =

{;, 3 }
(c) ... n =

n = all =

(d)
J{ {(-1)' (n + 1)
1 \"

1’ 3’ 9’ :1' ...}
27 ’ 81 ' .

(
•

4 5 6 7
5’ 25 ’ 125 ’ 625 ’ 3125 ’ .

6
3 4 5 a 7
a1 - a, _ --- a. = --
a5
5 25 “ 125

(- (-

a - n
” -F
642

(a) [PII}
(b)

{7, 1, 8, 2 , 8 , 1, 8 , 2 , 8 , 4, 5, ... }

(c) sequence)

11 = 1 12 = 1 /" = /" - 1 + /', - 2

{1 , 1, 2 , 3 , 5 , 8, 13 , 21 , ... }

89 •

l
a4
al az a J I
•
0
2

}
a"

. . . ........ (1, (2 , a2) (3 , a3) (11 , a ll )

7
a 7 ="8
a ll = 11/(n +
01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n

·m -nn-+

lim a ll = L

[c h'!1
 10.1 643

{a ll L

lim a" = L

lim or

or

a" a’‘

L L .
..
- - .
... . .
0 1 2 3 4 ’
l
0 1 2 3 4 n

lim a" =

la ,, -LI<e

lim a" = L a" • L

al , a2 , a3 , ...
(L - e , L +
(L - e , L +
a , a) a2 a8 a9 a6 a5 a4 a7
0 L-e L L+e

y=L-e

( 1( I f
644

y
...
L
. . . . . . . . . .y=L+
. . ..
t:

y=L- t:

01 1 2 3 4 N
n

a" a"

... .
01 1 2 3 4 ’
1 01 1 2 3 4 n
7
/

(a) ‘
l

n•

lim a" =

lim a" =

n a ,, >M

lim a" =

l
lim a" = lim f(x) = L

f(x) = f(n) = a" =

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 10.1 645

0 1 234 x

lim (1 /X") =

r> 0
nr

1. 1im (a"
11 -')0 00
+ b,,) = lim a"
11- ‘ + lim b"

2. 1im (a" - b,,) = 1im a" - 1im b"

3. 1im ca" = c lim a"

4. lim (a"b ,,) = 1im a" . lim b"

11--)>00 11 ---)0 00 1J -•>0 0

1im a ..
l.
"""-1 t::t-, s. 1m - = - - -
all ?

=;6 0)
b" 1im b"

= p > a" > 0

n a ll bll lim a" = 1imc" = 1im b"

’‘

-
- -
- - -
- -
-- -- -
- . .‘ --- -- .- -- -- - - -
- - - - - - - -
- ----
-4
-

[c ,,} 0
’
1

( 1( I f
646

= =

1 ·m
·m n ·m -+-1
lim c = c
-n lim 1 + lim l
n

_1 = 1
1 +0
r =
•
5 a” =
10 + n

l n 1
_----=
v +
-,- "n ,,
.. --->00
,- 11r\
110 ,
1
,, 1-- +-
v n- n

6 lim
n

n •

f(x) = (l n

lim -
lM 1/x
- = lim - '- = 0
x i

ln n
lim--=O
n

•
7 a" =

t 1

1
P
U
I
U
”-
’’
’t t rt
 10.1 647

a"

{-1 , 1, -1 , 1, -1 , 1, -1 , .. .}
0 3 4 11
2 -1
lim (- .

(( -1)") [(
•
a" ( -1)"
1 8 lim
n

l
= lim - =
. . . .
0
n
0 • • • 11

1.im -'(-l) ”
- -'- = 0 l

11

a" =

lim f(a ,J = f(L)

9 lim
n

71" / 71"\
lim sin- = sin{ lim -j = sin 0 = 0
n n/

•
10 a" = (n! = 1 . 2 . 3 .... . n)

n •

a"

1 .2 1.2 .3
al = 1 a, = --- =-----
2.2 3.3 .3
1 .2.3 ... . . n
0
-
--
a ll =
n.n.n .... 'n
"
12 (11!/I1")

- - -
I t I
648

a” =i(2:3: ::: :;)

o < a" Jn

lim bX = 0< b < lim bX

r> 1
lim r" =
10 , O<r<1

r =

lim 1" = lim 0" = 0

-1 < r < 0< Irl <

Ir"l = Irl" = 0

lim r" = r

= -1

a" a"

,. > 1

-1 < ,. < 0
0 n

0 n • ,. <-1
= I‘
•

-1 < r
r--
m’
’---”” r - ‘0--k
’i
-1 < r< 1
@
r=1

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 10.1 649

n a" < {a"

al< a2 < a3 < ... n a" >

12 n
I n + 5 I

3 3 3
3/(11 + 3/(11 + a" = ---> - - - - = a ,,+ ‘
n + 5 n + 6 (n + 1) + 5 ‘

•
13 a ll
n‘ + 1
1 a" >

n + 1
-_-- > n[(n + 1)2 + 1] > (n + 1)(11 2 + 1)
11 2 + 1 - (11 + 1)2 + 1
n3 + 2n 2 + 2n > n3 + 11 2 + n + 1
<=i> n 2
+n> 1
n n2 + 11 > a" >

2 f(x) x2 >
x‘ l
X 2+1-x.2x 1 - x2
f' (x) ='- / '2
(x
::, -.- =
+ 1)2 (X 2 1)2

(1, f( l1) > f(n + .

•
[ill n
a"

{a"
n l
m all

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
650

a" - > 0)
= n/(n +
a" = (-

-1 a"
a" = n•

a ll

M
L --------
-----------
----

14 01 1 2. 3 n

Sequence Theorem)

ss axiom)

X upper bound)

S = [a" [n 1}
E

aN> L - e

n > a" aN

a"
a > L- e
ll

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 10.1 651

0 L - a" < ê

IL - a ,, 1 < ê

Iim a"

14

al = 2 a ,, +1 = !(a" + 6) (n = 1, 2 , 3, • •• )

al = 2 a2 = !(2 + 6) = 4 a3 =!(4 + 6) = 5

a4 = !(5 + 6) = 5.5 a5 = 5.75 a6 = 5.875

a7 = 5.9375 a8 = 5.96875 a9 = 5.984375

n a,, +1 >
n = a2 = 4 > n =
--,

a k+ 1 > ak

a k+ 1 +6> ak + 6

!(a k+ 1 + 6) > !(ak + 6)

a k+ 2 > a k+ 1

a,, +1 >

a" <
a" al = al < 6
n =

ak < 6

ak +6< 12

!(ak + 6) < !(l 2) = 6

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

 652

a k+ 1 <6

a" <

L = lim

= + 6) = + 6) = !(L + 6)

a" • a,, +1 • • n + 1•
L = !(L + 6)

•
====== 10.1
1. (a) 17. {5 , i , &, &, i , . }
(b) lim a" =

(c) lim (/" =

18. -1 , t ... }

19. {-3 , 2, g,
2. (a)
(b) 20. {5 , 8, 11 , 14 , 17 , ... }

3-16 21. {5 , -3, g,

22. {1 , 0, -1 , 0 , 1, 0 , -1 , 0 , ... }
3. a" = 11
3
- 1 4. =----
3" + 1
n2
:-2
1li

zo
5. {2" + n} -n
-2 -’
li
23-26

7. a" = (-1)"- 1 8. a"

Q" =
n-
... a" == --.-,,-

9. a" = COS 10. a" = 1 + (-1)" 3n ( -1)"

23. a , , = - - - 24. a" = 2 + _'- '-
1 + 6n n
11.
( -2)" 211 +1
=----- 12. a , , = - - - 10"
(n + 1)1 ’‘ 111 +1 25. a ” = 1 + 26. a" = 1 +-
9"
13. al = 1, a ,, +1 = 2a" + 1

14. al = 6, a ,, +1
a"
-
n 27-62

15. al = 2 ,
5
27. =--- 28. a" = 5)ñ+2
11+2
16. al = 2, a2 = 1, QII+I = G'I - a ,l- l

4n 2 - 3n 4n 2 - 3n
29. a" = --:;--- 30. =-----
211 ‘ + 1 ’‘ 2n + 1
17-22 4
n
31. (1" = ---'-
, -- 32. a" = 2 + (0.86)"
11' - 2n

- - {
I t
 10.1 653

1 .3. 5.... . (2n - 1)

33. a" = 3"7-" 34. a" = 69.
" (211)"
+2
4"
35. a ,‘ = e-I / .J; 36. a , , = - - -
1 + 9" 70. (a)
/----\

37. a" = a - m -n-+-’

m
ll
al=1 a"+1=4-a ,, (11 1)

(b) al =

40. a" = e 2"/ (" +2l 71.

39. a"
a" = 1OOO(
(-I)" +l n (a)
41. a" 42. a" = '
(b)
11+
72.
43. 44.

45. (sin Il)

% = 100 ( _! !_ - n)
47. {n 2e -"} 48. a" = In(n + 1) - In 11
cos 2n (a)
49. a" 50. a" (b)
2"

51. a" = 11 sin(l/n) 52. a" = 2-" COS 11 7T 73.

53 = (1 + 54. a" = nl /" (a)

55. a" = In(2n 2 + 1) - ln(11 2 + 1) P" = 1. 08 p,, - 1 - 300 Po = 5000

(l n n)2
56. a" = _' _-'_ 57. a" = arctan (l n n) (b)
n
74. al = II
58. a ,‘ =n

59. {O , 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1" .. }
all+1 = a" =
% ,-- --’ ,‘-‘ ,‘--’
r ’ 1 l ,‘ l
-‘ , Zu , ,,‘
l

, -, , -/ , ’ , , 5, a
l
+ 1, a"
i
- l
;
j l '" ‘ 13a" =

11! ( -3)"
61. a" =-
2"
62. a" = _'_•- (/1 =
n’

75.

76. (a)
lim a ,,+ 1 = lim a"
Slll 11
63. a ” = (-1) ” 64.
11 + 1 n

(b) al = 1, a,, +1 = 1/(1 + a,,) (n

65. a" = 66. a" =

2
67. a" = 11 COS
- -_.-11
1 + n. 77. (a ,,) 8
l .3. 5.. , • (211 - 1)
68.
n!

( 1( I t I
654

78-84 92. [,-[ < ,-" =

78. a" = COS 11 93.

79. a, , = - - -
211 + 3
94.
( -1)"
81. a" = 11(-1)" 82. a" = 2 + -,--,_ = (p > 0)
n

83. a" = 3 - 2 I1 e-" 84. a" = 11 3 - 311 +3 95. lim a" = lim (a"b ,,) =

85.
96. a" = (1 +
{ ... } (a) 0
1_11+1 _11+1
< (11 + 1)b"
o-a
86. {o ,, }o] al = 12, a ,, +1 =
(a) a"
(b) b"[(n + 1)a - I1 b] <
(b) lim (c) a= 1 + l/(n+ 1) , b= 1 + [a ,,)

87. al = 1 a ,, +1 = 3 - - (d) a = 1, b = 1 + a2" <

a"

a" < (e) a" <

(f) (l +

l
88. al = 2 a n +l =
_, - a ll 97. a> 01 ,

0< a"
bl
89. (a)

Cl" + b"
a ,, +1 - 2 b" + 1

(a)

(b) = al1 • 1 = 1+ [a ,,} a" > a ,, +1 > b"+1 > b"

(b)
90. (a) al = Cl, Cl 2 = f(a) , a3 = f( Cl 2) = "., a,,+ 1 = f(a ,,) (c) a" = E.ll! b
lim a" = =

(b) = COSX , a =
98. (a) = = {Cl"

(b) Cl I =
(a) lim
11.! l
a ,, +1 = 1 + ---
(b) s = 0.1 , s = 1 + Cl"

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 10.1 655

>
lim a" = (a) b-
(b) <
.)2 =1+ _ _1 *
(c) =
2+ •-•-- (d) a < < b- o </)" <
2 + .. /}O

b -
>b-
99.

bp"
P,, + I = - - - -
• .. a + p"

|
difference
equation)

P,, + I = kp ,, (l - p ,,)

O /}"

/}0(0 < /}o <

1. po =
/}0(0 < /}O <

2. 3 < k <

3. 3.4 < k <

4. 3.6 < k <

; c • J (J. ( 8L " ,:", 1

656

10.2

}
l-T
1 1 1 1
-:-+-+-+ ... +- 2 4
2 4 8 2"

1 1 l 1 1
,‘
1
- -2 + 74 + -8 + -m + + -? +

= 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288 ...

14159265
+- , + -_
- , + -_
10 . 10 2 . 10 3 . 10 4 . 10 5
-,
10 6
+-_-n
10 7 ' 10 8
+.

a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . + a + . .. ll

series)

2: a ll 2: a"

1+2+3+4+5+ "' +n+'"

t f
n
U
( ” n
”!
’l
/ f r
 10.2 Cj, 657

111111 1
-+-+-+-+-+-+ ... +-+
2 4 8 16 32 64 2"

n
5,
0.50000000
2
3 0.87500000
2" - 1 1
4 --=1--
5 0.96875000 2" 2"
6 0.98437500
7 0.99218750
10 0.99902344
15 0.99996948
20 0 .99999905
25 0.99999997 1 1 1 1 1
) : - = - +- +- +- + . .. + - + .. . = 1
,;':'1 2" 2 4. 8 16 2"

SI = al

S2 = al + a2
S3 = al + a2 + a3
S4 = al + a2 + a3 + a4

S" = al + a2 + a3 + ... + a" = aj

lim SII =

1 a ll = a 1 + a2 + a3 + ..

S" = aj = a1 + a2 + . .. + a"

lim SII =

a1 + a2 + . .. + a" + . .. = S -. a ,, =s

I [ t. I
658

L:=l Q" =

= f f{x) dx
I •
2: a ll = lim 2: ai

n •

2:
2n
SII = al + a2 + ... + a = _ _
- 3n + 5
ll

{S"

2n 2 2
>: lim s" = lim
3n + 5
= lim - - - = -
5 3
l
3 + _:_
“

n(n + 1)

+ -=--=- + -_-. + ... +

..::.... 1 1 1 1 1
11 = 2: ., . _, = -_-_ _,
i(i + 1) 1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n + 1)

~4
” 1
-+ -nU
-+=
”Z Il--
‘
/
1
-·l
\

l | - \ll
U+7 /l|1\
1+7 177 1
- - ,,+ + -n-+
f T l/

1
=1---
n + 1

lim s" = lim ( 1 - _1_) = 1 - 0 = 1

“ \ n + 1/

- - {
I t
 10.2 659

•
:.:'1 n(n + 1)

a" = 1/ [II(n +
{s ,,}
a" • s"
•

{a ll }

0
”

a + ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + ... + ar ,, - 1 + ... = 2: ar ,, - 1 a# 0

a = i, r = i

r= SII = a + a + .. . + a = na • lim

r#
s a
a a - ar S" = a + ar + ar 2 + . .. + ar ,, -1

""
....,
rs" = ar + ar 2 + . .. + ar ,, - 1 + ar"
a
S=---
1- I

s" - rs" = a - ar ’‘
3
ar
ar 2 a (l - r")
s .. = - - - - -
1- r
ar
n• r" •
s
a(l - r") a a ,. .. a
s .. = lim = - - - - - - - . lim r" = - - -
l-r l-r 1- r
a a
Irl < -
r - r>
lim
a

t (1 ( I f 1
660

2: ar"- 1 = a + ar + ar 2 +

r<

E
, arn-l = Irl < 1

10 , 20 40
3 '9 27

r=

5 5
1- t - •

n s’‘
S"

5.000000
2 l. 666667
--------- ----
-
3 3 .888889 3
4 2 .407407
5 3.395062
6 2.736626
7 3.175583
0 20 11
8 2 .882945
9 3 .078037
10 2 .947975

”
- Z - - Z
Ai--

”
4 + %
-3 + 9
+

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 10.2 661

r = r>
l

0.2mg/ mL
(a)
(b)
(c)

(a) 30% ,

C,, +1 = 0.2 + 0.3C"

Co = n =

C1 = 0.2 + 0.3Co = 0.2

C2 = 0.2 + 0.3C 1 = 0.2 + 0.2(0.3) = 0.26
C3 = 0.2 + 0.3C2 = 0.2 + 0.2(0.3) + 0.2(0.3)2 = 0.278

(b)

C" = 0.2 + 0.2(0.3) + 0.2(0.3)2 + ... + 0.2(0. 3)" -1

a = 0.2 , r =

0 2[1 - (0.3)"] 2
C, = = - [1 - (0.3) ”] mg/mL
1 - 0.3 7

(c) 0.3 < lim (0.3)" =

lim C" = lim [1 - (0.3)"] = (1 - 0) = mg/mL

•
6 2.317 = 2.3171717 . ..

17 17 17
2.3171717 .. . = 2.3 + - _ o- + -----::-:;-+ ...
10' 10 0
10'

a = r =

‘ o ( , , ')1
662

17 17
1000 10 3
2.317 = 2.3 + = 2.3 + .::...::....:..
1 99
1--" -
10' 100
23 17 1147
=-+--=--
10 990 495 •
7 Ixl < .2:
xO =
=

2: x" = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + ..

a = Irl = Ixl <

>:x"
';':'0
= _ _-
1- x •
l

8 series)

>: -1 = 1 1 1
1 + - + -:- + - +
'; ;111 2 3 4

S2 , S4 , Ss, S16 , S32 ,

S2 = 1 +!

S4 = l + 5 + (5 + i) > 1+ 5+ (i + i) = 1 + g
S8 = 1 + 5 + (} + i) + (5 + &+ 4+ &)
> l + 5+ (i + i) + (& + &+ &+ &)

Sl6 = 1 + 5+ (3 + i) + (5 + -- + &) + (& + -- +

> 1 + ! + (! + !) + (! + ' . . + k) + + .. . +
=1+5+5+;+5=1+;

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 10.2 663

S32 > 1+ g,
n
S2 ” >1+5

Oresme, 1323- • S2" • {s" . •

a" =

s" = a] + a2 + ... + a" = s" -

lim s" = • 12 - 1• lim sn-] = s

lim a" = lim (s" - S ,, -I) = lim s" - lim S,, -I = S - S = 0 •

NOTE

g 0" =
n• a" = 1/12 •
L

lim a" =

:=1 511" 4
2
12 1 1
lim a" = lim" = lim . "= •
511 " + 4 5+ 5

NOTE lim a" lim a" =

lim a" =
664

ca" (a" +
- b,,)

/
‘’ /
L ca" = c L a"

/
‘‘ L (a" + b,,) = L a" + L b"
(
L (a" - b,,) = L a" - L b"

”?“
SII = L aj s= L a"
- ’o
t= L b’‘

(a" +

U II = L (a; + b;)

UIl = (a; + b;) = a; + b)

= lim L a; + lim L b;
= ,,lim -> 00
SII + lim t" = S + t

(a ll +

L (a" + b,,) = S +t= L a" + L b"

•
;':'1 \ n(n + 1) 2" }

a= r =
1
-? = =

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 10.2 665

;:'1 ------’
n(n + 1)

3 1 \ 1
------ _. ‘------ .-
:,;; \n(n + 1) 2"J l1 (n + 1)
=3'1+1=4 l

NOTE

r ‘ n
. ----
n3 + 1

n 1 2 3 n
>: _ = - + - + - + >: -_--
';:'1 11' +1 2 9 11' +1

2: 11/(11 3 + 2:
II=N+l

2: a" = 2: a'l + II=N+l

11= 1
2: QII
11 = 1

10.2 1
1. (a) (-1)" -1
9. 10.
(b) 1=1 ’
l' T 11

2. 2: a" =
11 = 1

3-4

11 2 - 1 6
3. s" = 2 - 3(0.8)" 4. S ’‘
“ 4n" + 1
11.
.. >. -.- .-
(-3)"
12. 2: cos 11
11 = 1

7 ,, + 1
13. 14. ) : - -
5-10 n Z
+4 ';':'1 10"

5. z4
1= 1 n- 6
15.
3n + 1
(a)
, Z ”
I
8. 2: (-1)"n (b) 2:
’, - 1

t (1 ( I f 1
666
/ +
16. (a) L L % E ll
?

-+
\ ‘
-
r
?
46. L (J2) •
(b) L L
47. 2: arctan n
48
17-22

50

17 18 -
51. x = 0.99999 ..
3 n
19. >;-.- - 20. >; In-- (a) x < 1
n(n + 3) n+1
(b)
21. L (e l /" - el/("+Il)
22
(c)
(d)

52. al = 1, a" = (5 - :L:

23-32 11 = 1

, , , , ,
23. 3 - 4 +
16
- 64
+ .‘ ’ 24. 4 + 3 +
9
+ ß27 + .
53-58
25. 10 - 2 + 0 .4 - 0.08 + ..
53. 0.8 = 0.8888 _. .
26. 2 + 0 .5 + 0.125 + 0.03125 + -
54. 0 .46 = 0 .46464646
27. L 12(0.73)"-1 28.
.= 1 7T 55. 2.516 = 2 .5 16516516 . .

( -3)" -
29. Y , - ,
1 Z 56. 10.135 = 10.135353535.
';:-1 4"
57. 1.234567
6. 2 2"-1
31 32. > ; - - -
'1 = 1 3"
58. 5.71358

59-66
33-50

33. -=-1 + 1 1 1 1
--:- + _:_ + -=- + - -- + ‘ •
59. L (- 5)"x"
11 = 1
60. L
11=1
(x + 2)"
3 6 9 12 15
- 2)"
1 2 3 4 5 6
34. - + - + _:_ + - + _:_ + _:_ +‘ - 61. >; _;.(x
'----'-- 62. L (-4)"(x - 5)"
2 3 4 5 6 7 11=0 3"

35. -=-2 +
5
4
25
8
125
16
-_- + _-_ + --=-=- +
625
32
3125
+ ... -=-=- 63.
1= 0 X
64.

sin"x
36. -=-1 + 2 1 2
- + --- + - + -
1
+ -
2
+ -. - 65. e"X 66.
3 9 27 81 243 729
2 + n k2
37. 38. >;
;:=1 1 - 211 :‘I e - ‘
2k +5 0067-68

39. L 3"+14- " 40. L [(-0.2)" + (0.6)"- 1]

11= 1

” Z’ + 4
+ 3n + 1
41. M - -
67. >; - _-_ 68. >;---;
;:=14+ e-" ,-::" (n 2 + n)3 11= 3 - 5n>
‘
+ 411

43. L (sin lOOY 44. 2.-.

;rl l + (g)”10 '"

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 10.2 667

69. L c+s=1
1/ = (

n - 1 (a)
s,,=-- -
n + 1
(b) k = S" =
2:
'1 = 1

NOTE:
70. L s" = 3 - L
11 = 1 11 = 1

71. 76.

(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c) )
(c) -kv

72. <k< 1).

1. 5mgj mL
77. L (1 + c)-" =
(a) 11=2

(b)
78. L e" c =

73.
(c)
79-81
(a)

(b)
79. S (l +
= +(++i) +
74.
>(î+î) + + +i)+"'=S
8O S I+(i +i +i) +(i + ++) +
=

(a) (n +
... =I+S
(b)
(c) C + >
C, a,
81. e1+(1/2) + (1 / 3) + ... +(1/11) = e1 e1/ 2 • e 1/ 3 e1/"

”
• • • • • •
/ \ l/ / /
75. ’- + l
,-
l
> - + l
! - + l 1 - + n +-
/ ‘\
l \ M

82. Y = x" , 0 X I(n = 0 , 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , ...

t (1 ( I f 1
668

~4 -n
--+ - 87. (a)
(b)

88. 2: 2:
83. 89. 2: 2: (a" +
C, D , C, D,
C, D,
90. 2: a" , 2: 2: (a" +
91.
S"

92.

11 = 1, h = 1, j" = j,, -I + j,'-2 n "" 3

1 1 1
(a) -,,--1'-- = - ..c 1.'
C D f,1-1! 1I 111111+1

T
(b) Z j,, -I j,,+ 1
1

84. LA e, IACI = L
=

EF j_
-
93. Cantor, 1845-

ICDI + IDEI + IEFI + IFGI + ...

(t, [0 ,

[0 ,

(a) I
B G E C

85. (b)
0=0+0+0+
= (1 - 1) + (1 - 1) + (1 - 1) +
= 1-1+1-1+1-1+ ...
= 1 + (-1 + 1) + (-1 + 1) + (-1 + 1) + .. 0
= 1+0+0+0+ .. . =1

86. 2: a" (a" "# 2:

11=1 11=1

[c h'!1
 10.3 669

94. (a) 01 ,

0" = !(0" - 1 +
(1 1,

(b) 02 - (1 11+1 -
,
(1 1

95. 2: 11/(11 +
11 = 1

(a) SI , S2 , S3 ,

(b)

(c)

96.

10.3 I
L 1/[n(n +

lim

n S" = 2:
Î= I l 1 1 111
>: -_ = --::-- + --::-- + -_ + --::-- + --::-- + ‘ . .
5 1.4636 2" 3" 4" Y
10 1.5498
50 1.6251
100 1. 6350
n •
500 1.6429
1000 1.6439 y =
5000 1. 6447 =

0 4 I 5 x

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

670

1 111 1
----::-+-_ +----::-+----::-+-_ + .. ‘ = >: ----::-
5' ';:'1 n'

y = (1 /X2)

1 1
----::-+ I -_dx=2
JI X'

1 1 1 1 1
>:
rL = 1 n‘ l' 3'
+----::-+ ... <2

Euler,

n SII = 2:-7.
ji y =

5 3.2317
10 5.0210
y
50 12.7524
100 18.5896
500 43.2834
1000 6 1. 8010
5000 139.9681

0 x

Jl <Ij' fi i!U'-)3 ""'-.]4

y =

----;== + ---= ---= + ---,==- + ---= ... = >:---=

Jl'J2'J3 J5"
X y =

t r -
( 1(. i
 10.3 671

Integral Test) [1 ,

all = .2:
f(x)

(i)

(ii)

NO‘ rE =

1 ,
(n - 3)2 (x - 3y
0

Za m2
Z

f(x) Z n- T 1

f(x) = 1/(2 + [1,

dx = hm lt dx = lim tan lxr

Jl x" + 1 Jl x" + 1 JI

- - -
lll!
aun -2 -4 -4
@ ‘\

1/(x 2 + 1)
L 1/(112 +

n'.

(l/n") = (l/n") =

Ii m (1 /n")

f(x) = [1 ,

p >
Jl xr

( 1( I t I
672

<p
(p =
•

Z
,=1 n'
p> p

(a)
1 1 1 1 1
>: -_ = + - _ + -_ + ----::- + ...
----::-
n' l' 2' 3' 4'

a" =
(b)
1
?“ 1 1 1
@

+ + + +
”
J

= <
•
NOTE

1
l
l - a, x
2X - ,
1
A

,=1 n- 0

E, a l dx

’‘ =1 n
f(x) = (l n x>

1A lnx
--x
IJ - i- -

ln x > <

lnx ddx = lim fI

-=- lnx dx =
1 -=- lim _' _ '_ 1
X X 2 1.

= llm---=
" (ln t?
2
- - {
I r L I
 10.3 673

(ln •

y lim s" =
y=f(x)

R" = S - Sn = a,, +l + an +2 + an +3 + ...

,
o1 n n+1 n+2 x

[n ,
y+ X =
y=f(x)
Rn = a n+l +a ,, +2 + r f(x)

Rn = a,, +l + an+2 + s.:/(x) dx

01 n n+1 n+2 x

f(k) = R" = s -

I:l f(x) RII r f(x)

(a)

(b) 0.0005

r f(x) f(x) =

(a)

>: -n1, =
3
S 1n
u'u
1
13'+ -:=::-
= ....::=:;-
1
2 3 +. -:=::-
1
33'+ ... +. --=-:;-
103 = 1.1 975

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
674 '-2 , t:::i., =;t:::t,-

1 1 1
RIO I ---;-3 ‘dx = = -::::-::-
X 2 (1 0 )2 200

0.005
(b) 0.0005 RII

R..
”
I -.
3
dx
X - --
= --.
2n 2

0.OOO5
2n'

1
n > -m =
-, n 3 1. 6

SII + RII =

SIl + nl f(x) dx S SII + r f(x) dx

= 6 n = L
11= 1 n
p =

SlO + I S S10 + g

x3 ---
2n 2

S IIUn + -::-;---:-:;-
•
2 2 - S U - S In
UIU + -::-;-:-:-:;-
•

2
(11) (10)2

SIO =

1. 201664 S 1.202532

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 10.3 675

z4= 12m
n=1 n-
0.0005

•
S =

•
y L
[1 ,
f(2) = y = x =
01 1 2 3 4 5 " n X a2 + a) + ... + a ll ,.;;; r
f(x) dx

y
I;lf(x) dx R l + a2 + + an-l

(i)

01 1 2 3 4 5 ... n X
ai r f(x) dx

Sn = aI + E al + =M

SIl all+l -

f(n + 1)
Sn+l = sn + a n+l Sn

(ii) f(x) f(x) n• f;'f(x) dx •

’ K”“
l
l
d, x
Za - e
d n ,

SIl -l • SIl •

( 1( I t I
676

1 1 Z ’K
1. “
t P
26. 2: ke - k'
11=2 n‘ J' X ‘“

27. 28. >: - . -

2. x 1 a" = f(n) 11- ;- n +1
,;:", n 4

29-30

2: a; 2: a;
Z m n
-H -2n
29
3-10

31 -34
3. 2: 11-3 4. 2: 11 - 0.3
Z -n-n-n
31. >. - . -.- n nn
2 l1(l n I1 )P
5. > : - - 6. L._ ...
;:, 5n _ 1 (311 _ 1)4
33. 2: 11 (1 + n 2)P 34
n2
7. >:-_--
3
8. 2: n e-'" 2
11 + 1

tan-'n 35-37
9. ----
n (l n n)3
10. >: --_
,;:", 1 +
'(s) = 2:
11=1 11

11 -28

11. 12. 2: n -0.9999 35.

1=1 nv "
36.
13. 1 + -1 + --1- + _--
1
+ - 1-- + ...
8 27 64 125
'(2)
1 1 1 1 1
14. + - + - + - + - +
5 7 9 11 13
1 1 1 1 1
15. + -=- + - + - + - + ... (a) (b)
3 7 11 15 19 (n + 1)2
(c)
.1
2 J2 . 5 jS
37.
.rn11-+ 4 18. ”“ - Z 1
-
1=1 ,;:", 1 +n J/l
-4n -%

19. >: -_-- 20. >: ‘

11=1n‘ + 4 11=1 + 2n + 2
3n _ 4
21. 22. >: -_:---
,;:"3 n" _ 2n
(a)
’;,:" \n}
(b)
,-, :=S (k _
n‘ + 4
ln n
23 24.
nm ’1 1=2 n-
38. (a) 2:

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 10 .4 677

45. (a)
(b) n =
+ ln n
(c)
(d) 0.00001 /1.

(b)

39. (a) 2:
46.
(b) n =
1 1
(c) t" = 1 + -::- + -::- + . .. + -=- - ln n
2 3 n
(d) S ::::::: 0.001

40. 2:
(a) f(x) =
41. 2: (2n + t" >

(b)
42. 2: 1 / [n (l n n 0.01
t" - t,, +1 = [I n{n + 1) - ln 11] -
11 + 1

43. 2: 1" - 1,, +1 > {("

(c)

(a) 2: (ln ni 47. 2: b

(b) :::::
(c)
48.

(d)

10.4

•
E
T ’
~4 l
-?
;:=1 2" + 1

L a = 5, r =

( 1( I f
678

L 1/(2" + L

1
Z -+ <

Direct Comparison Test) L

(i)
(ii) a"

(i) S" = L a‘ t" = L b; t= L b"

{S" {t" = S" +

a,, +l Sn) . t" • t" ai S"

S"

(ii) t" • ai S" t"

S" •

[L p > p 1
Irl < Irl

1 Z
;:'1
, 5
+ 4n + 3

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 10 .4 679

L + 4n + 3 >
5 5
2n 2 + 4n + 3 - 2n 2
‘ -

5 5 1
;:-, 2n' 2 :=, n'

5
+ 4n + 3

•
NOTE all bll all
n

ln k
Z

ln k >
ln k 1
-"- > -:-
k k

L = •

,;:,, 2" - 1

1 1
--->-
2" - 1 2"

Lb" = a >
L 1/(2" -
680

Li mit Comparison Test) L

c > 0 (c *
lim •0"a"-=c

m< •a":"'<M. n>N

b"
mb < a < Mb" ,
ll ll 11 >N

3
;:'1 2" - 1

1
a, , = - - - b, , = -
2" - 1 2"

a ,. 1/(2" - 1)
ll ,. 2" ,. 1
lim • = lim _'_' _•--' = lim = lim ---• -=1 >0
bll 1/2" 2" - 1 1 - 1/2"

L .•

11=1 5 +
=

2n 2+ 311 b=2n2= 2
an = -5- --
5 + n5 " n / 2
n 1/2

a ,, 2n2 + 3n
l im . :. . ::.. = lim . -- = lim
bn ,}5 + n5 2 2 ...15 + n5

2+
2+0
= 11m
J" 0+1
2-d •:- + 1
v n-
t n
U
( ” u
!
 10.4 681

Lbll = 2 L

Lall

RII = S - SII = a ll + 1 +a ll +2 + ‘ ..

TII = t- = bll + 1 +b ll +2 +.
all RII

43, 44

L 1/(n3 +

L TII

x3 --" 2n 2

1
R"
?
T" “ 2n" o

n=
1
Rmn
u
- u mm
n <
J

::-1 n' +1
2:
,::-1 n' l
0.6864538

•
682

10.4 1

1. L 7 -40
(a) ((" > L(( ,,"11
8.
n3 +8 11 = 2 n - 1
(b) ((" <
n + 1 n - 1
9. L 10. >: -_--
.‘ - 1 ,:::-1 nJ + 1
2.
(a) ((" > 9" 6"
11. ); _ ._ 12. >:--
';':'13+ 10" ,;::, 5'1 - 1
1
(b) ((" < H Z -n-n k sin 2 k
14. ) ' -. -_
1 + kJ

3. (a)
15. 2_,
;
‘
k 16. (2k - l) (e - 1)
.Jk + 4k + 33 k- I
1
n -2n
’ 3- 17. ) ' - . - - -
+ cos n 18.
11 +5
’‘=-1 e" ,, = 1 + 1

(b) 4 11 + 1
19. ) : - - 20.
. ,;':'13" - 2 1= 1 n"
l
. - 3- - -
Z -2n
n - 5 21. 22.
,, - 1 ,/n" + 1 .= 1 n+2

23. ): -_---
n + 1 n2 + n + 1
4. (a) 24. ): --:----:;--
,;:-, n = 1
'1 n’

25. >: ,/1 +n n+2

. -3- - -
+n . -
....!• 26.
':::-1 2 +n ,;':; (n + 1)3
n - 2 n
5 + 2n 11 + 3"
27. 28. >:--
(b) ,;':; (1 + n + 2"

e" + 1
Z n-n --+n-?‘ Z 1-n 29. ) : - - -
,:::-1 ne" + 1
30.
,, - 2 - 1

2 + sin n n 2
+ cos 2
n
31. ,2; •• 2 32. ): ----;,----

5. L n/( 1I
3
+
’.= 1 11

33
11 = 1 .,. 1/ 11
34. L
11 = 1 11

(b) L
nJ + 1 n
35. 36.
1= 1 Il! 1= 1 11"

(c)
+
j //
n J
1 ”
j
E . r“ F
-m l
\ U u

\
6. L n/(
11 = 1
1I
2
+
1 1
39. X -tan- 40.
1= 1 n" ., ..

(a)
/1 ‘ + 1 + 1 n‘ + 1 11

41 -44
(c)
+ 1 2n

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 10.5 683

41.
:=1 5 + n'
42.
’1= 1 n'
(i)
11= 1 n-
-
Z --+
43. L 5-"cos 2 n -Ai 49. (a)
,

lim =
b"
,
45. 0.d d2d3 . ..
0, 1, 2, . .. , 9
(b)
d, d, d, d.
O.d1d,d ,d• . . . (i) 1 (ii)
• • 10 10‘ 10' 10‘
11 =2 ln n 11=1 n
d" d2 , . .. 50. lim (a ,, /b ,,) =

46. L 1/(n" ln

47. 51. a" > lim na" #

(ln n)ln 1""
= e r1n 1 52. a" > Lln (1 +
lnx < ]
53. L sin(a,,)
48. (a) 54. a
·m - nu
55.

(a) .
(b) (b) Z
(c) L

10.5

,
1
l
-2 +
--31-4 + --51-6 + - nu
1
-n
A

1 2 3 4 5 6 n
}2 + -3 -4 + -5 -6 + -7 = nu

a" = (-l)" - 'b" a" = (-l)"b"

b" = la"l)
( 1( I f
684

Series Test)

L (-1 ),, -1 b" = b 1 - b2 + b3 - b4 + bs - b6 + .. (b" >

(i) b ll +1 bll

(ii) lim b" = 0

SI =

b3 <
bll •
S2 , S4 , S6 , . SI , S3 , S5 ’ “

b ,
b2

0 S2 S4 S6 S Sj S) S ,

b2 S2 = b1 - b2 O

b4 S4 = 52 + (b 3 - b 4) S2

b 2" S2" = S2 ,, -2 + (b 2" - 1 - b 2,,) S2 ,, -2

.. ...

S2" = b 1 - (b 2 - b 3) - (b 4 - b s) - ... - (b 2"-2 - b 2"-I) - b 211

S211 bl
{S211 {S2 1J

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 10.5 685

lim S2" = S

lim S2 ,,+ 1 = lim (S2" + b2,, + 1)

a" =
= lim S2" + lim b2,,+ 1

In 2 = =S+O [( i

=S

lim s" =
98(a)
...................
‘,l s”j‘r
r

-
......... .......
1 harmonic series)

1 1 1 ;., (-1) ,, -1
-- - - - - {“,,} 1- - + - - - + ...= >: ....:,
' ---,_
-- -- - - - -- - 2 3 4 ;;::1 n
01 .•••••••.•••••• • i,

-'--
'-- (i)

1
(ii) lim b" = lim - = 0
n

(-1) "3n
2 2: \, '/ ••

:=1 4n - 1
3n 3 3
lim b" = lim = Ji m - - - = -
4n - 1 1 4
4- -

,. ,. (-I)"3n
11m 11m .:....__.:._--
4n - 1

3 ::'1 (\./
-1) ,, + 1 n 3 + 1 , .... -,'--

(i) ,
2
(i): b" = n /(n 3 +
.f(x) = +

( 1( I t I
686

3
(2 - X )

(x 3 "
+ 1)2

- xl < <
(ifj , f(n + 1) <
n b,, +I< b <

{b"
b"+1 <

n2 l/n
lim b .. = lim - .J •- = lim ' . . = 0
n + 1 1 + l/ n J

•
•

S = RIl
= S -

S = L(-

s- < bs , Is - ssl < (i) b,,+ 1 (ii) lim bll = 0

1 R" 1 = 1S - s" 1 b"+1

1 S - s,, 1 1 S,, +I - s,, 1 = b"+1 l

1 1 1
(i) b"+1 = , . . " -
(11+1)!
" .,
n!(n+1)
< ----:-
11!
= b"

1 1
(ii) 0 < --=:- < b” = -T • O
11! n 11!

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 10.5 687

1 111 111 1
O! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
1 1. 1 1 1
= 1 = 1 - 1 + - k + 14 - 120 - 5Ò40 +

b7 = < 5655 = O OOO2

S6 =1- 1+ - + - = 0.368056

x"/n!
IS - S61 b7 < 0.0002

s""
l

NOTE

•
2:

2: Ia" I = Ia 1I + Ia21 + I a31 + .

2: 2:

2: lalll =

(-1)"-1 . 1 1 1
,i>:l ' n ‘ ^ = 1- --;;-+

,
I (-1) -1 I = ,,
,
1
-=
•. 1 1 1
l
I -I---+---t---t- •• .
Fl | n2 ,F l l12 i 1 22 1 32 ’ 42 .

= l

2: la,, 1
Z

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
688

( -1)’, -, • 1 1 1 ‘
‘ ------ . - “ - - ---
,-:=, n 2 3 4

Z n
”-n - =
--n
= +
1 l 1
-2 + -3 + -4 +

a"

all + lalll 21all l

+
2: all = 2: (all + lalll) - L lalll
I

cos n
): - - _ - = - _ -
cos 1 cos 2
+ --_- + -cos_-3 + .. .
,-:=, n" 1"

-- 1cos n 1
0.5
{SII}
Icos nl

1cos n 1 1
- {aJ
0
.. - - ” Icos
(cos .
•
t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 10.5 689

( -1)" ( -1)"
(a) 2: (b) 2: ' (c) 2:
’‘ = 1 n- ’‘ = 1 ;:-1' ' 2n+l

(a)

1(-1)" I

(b)

1(- 1)" I
2: 1' 1= 2: ,:_
I
{a ,,}
0.5 ...
b" , lim b" =

0 n
(c)

-0.5
......... lim a" = lim
2n + 1
4
4) , l

al + a2 + a5 + a3 + a4 + al5 + a6 + a7 + a20 + .

1 -! + t - i +J - + - k+ .. . = ln2

t (1 ( I f 1
690

a-i+&-&+ ·=5ln2

o + + 0 - ! + 0 + + 0 - k + ... = ln 2

1 + t - + k+ t - ! + ... = ln 2

1. (a)
17. 2: (-1)" sin 18. 2:
(b) 1= 1 n n= l n
(c)
19 E 20. 2: - -Fn)

2-20
21. (a)
3 5' 7 9' 11 .
(b)
2 , 4
3. 5'6+Z - 76'.88
+ - 10
9 +. (c) 2: 2:
11 = 1
4.1 1 1 1 1
------•--
In 3 In 4 In 5
- --
In 6
- --
In 7
-
22-34
5.
’~
(-w-'
::=,
3 + 5n
n ( -1)" n
“
7I
-n+ 22. Y -' -•
n= 1 n

9. 2: (-I)n e -" 10. 2: 24. 2: (- 1)"+'

l=o n· l
n= 1 ::=, ' ' 2n +3
( -1)"
11. 2: (-I)n+' 26. >: -_-- 27. >: -'_-'-
::=, ' n' +4 ;;:" n" + 1 Fl n ‘ + 1
+ 2 -m n
smn - 3n - -
2: (-l) n-'e 2/ " 28.
13. 14. 2: (-1)"-' arctan n n= 1 ‘
n= 1

( -1)"
15. sin(n + n cos 30. 2: (-1)"- ' 31. >:-'-•--
16. >:--- n= I rI 4 Jn n
::ó 1+ -Fn n= l

cos n7r
32. 2: 33. >:-_--
n= 1 +2 ::=, 3n + 2
t l
1
n
U
(‘
- ”
 10 , 5 691

( -1)" 49. b" = b" =

34. ) : - ' '-
n Inn 2:

50.
(_1)" -1
>: ' = ln 2
11 = 1 n

(-0 , 8)"
35. 36 . .L
';:'1 n!
(a) S2" = 112" -
(b)
37-40 h" - In 11 • y

( -1)"+1
37. < 0.00005) n• h2" - In(211) • v
11 •
38 . .L ì_____lL < 0.0005)
n S211 • In
(_1) "-1 51.
39 El

40 < 0 00005)
,
a”+ -2 a;; -
" 2

41-44 > a;;= a m a; = a" <

a;= QII , a ;i =
41. (-1)" (-1)"+1
’- 42. ):...:_'----',-- (a) 2:
,;':; (2n)! 1= 1 n-

43 . .L (-1)" ne- 2 " . (-1) ,, -1 (b)

,, =1 n4"

52. r
45. 51

46-48
( _1)" -1
46. >: ' -,
53.
,, =1 nP
(a)
( -1)" (1n I1 )P
47. ),-
'_ '- 48. .L (-1)"-1
-1
(b)
,;;;;-1 11 + P 11
2:

t (1 ( I f 1
692 -'2 , t::::j l ,

10.6 I

2: la"+I/a"l = Irl <

n•

Ratio Test)

(i) lim 1 1 = L < :L:

I a"

(ii) lim 1 =L > 1

I a" I a'l 11=1

(iii) lim 1 1 = 2: a"

a" I

(i) L < L<r<

L <

Ii1m
m 1
1 a-,,-
+111
a"

1 a ,,+ I 1 < 1 a" 1 r

n N, N + 1, N + 2 , ...
1 aN+1 1 < 1 aN 1 l'

2
laN+21 < laN+llr< laNlr

1 aN+31 < 1 aN+21 r < 1 aN 1 1' 3

[c h'!1
 10.6 693

k 1

1aN+k 1< 1aN I,. k

:L 1aN 1 k = 1aN 1,. + 1aN 1,. 2 + 1aN 1,. 3 +

,.

O<r<l

:L 1a" 1= 2: 1aN+k 1= 1aN+1 1+ 1aN+21 + 1aN+31 + ...

,, =N+I k=1

2:
(ii) 1a ,,+ 1
n

1
a"

n la"+11 >
1im

•
1 2: (-1)"

a" = (-1)"

(-l)"+I(n + 1)3
3"+1 I (n + 1)3 3"
( I 3,, +1 n3
3"

a" = n•

a +1
,, (n + 1)"+1 n! (n + 1)(n + 1)" n!
a" (n + 1)! n" (n + 1) n! n"

( 1( I t I
694

= (1 + i)I • e

e > •

NOTE

n" n . n. n . .... n
a,,=--
n! 1 .2 . 3 ..... n

3 =

zLn n

all = n•

= n
a" I l/n

G II = n•

1 l = • 1

p>
•
l

45

Root Test)

(i)

(ii) =

(iii) lim

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 10.6 695

L=I

2: 1I :2n.. +: 3 \"I
:=1 \ 3n + 2 J

a" =

3
2 +-
,,-----, 2n +3 n 2
= =--•-< 1
’ 3n +2 2 3
3 +-

•
,, = 1\ n -r 1 /

1
a" =

1. 2. 1 a,./a" + 1 1 =

3-20

3. 4 . ---

”
5. (_1) "-1
‘u Z -n
11= 1 L" ,r
J
) 1
‘ :.1 O. ( I
696

7
8. 2: ke-k 34. . ----
(-1)" lnx
J,.‘ lnn
9. l0" .:... n!
+ 1) 42 "+1
10. >:--
(/1 ,;:'1 100"
35. 2:
n 7T ’
11. ), -, - - 12.
(-3)"- 1 (-10)"+1 5n + 1
••

a1 =2 aIl+l = 4n +3 G
13. >: ,-,
14
36. 2:
/1 100 100" 16. ’(2- /1) !
15. >:--- 2 + cos n
,;:;, 11! ,;:'1 (11! )2 a1 = 1 a ,. +1 = ___ a JJ
2
17.1 - - -
’ + 3!
- 4!
+
1'3 1 , 3.5 1.3.5.7
”!
+ (-1),, - 1 … + , .. 37-38 b" >
1 . 3 . 5 . . ... (211 - 1)

2 2'5 2.5.8 2. 5 . 8 . 11
18. - +-‘-+ + + ...
3 3 , 5 3.5.7 3'5.7.9 37.
b:'’ cos
.. 38. >: ( -1)"n ’
n ;:=1 n" b 1b 2b 3 ... b"
2. 4 . 6 . ... . (2n) n= 1

19. >:----
39.
20. (-1) ” 2 "n!
;':'1' -, 5. 8 . 11 . . ... (3n + 2)
(a) (b)

(-3)"-1 ‘ ”
(c) 2: \ (d) 2:
21-26 ,= 1 .Jn ,,= 1 1 n-

40.
22. (-2)"
. - --
21
;., (n!)2
’-
(kn)!
( -1)" - 1
23. , "
(l n 11.)" 24
41. (a) L
25 (1 + 26. L (arctan n)" (b) x"/n! =

42. rll =

27-34 Ii m 1'" = L <

(-I)"lnn R" = 0" +1 + a,, +2 + a,, +3 + .

27. >: _;"--'-- 28
1=2 n
h
(-9)" mw -w-H (a) 1',, +1 <
29. Y - ' - ‘ -1
,-:=1 nl0 1l. + a +1
R ’‘
1 -
32.
,;:-; 1 + n";;;
Z n (b) {
’ - - -
J -
2n -

t f
n
U
( ” n
” !
 10.7 697

43. (a) 2: 11

(b) 0.00005 50.

1 (411) !(1103 + 26390n)

44. 9801 (n!)4396 411

V n
“ -?

(a)
(b)

45.

10.7 I

1. lim a"

2. L 1/n" p >

3. Lar"
1 ,. 1 < 1 ,. 1

4.

5. L L (-I)"b"

I 1( I t I
698

6.

la,,+, /a,, 1 •

7. (b ,,)"

8. f(x) a ,,=

,;:", 211 +1
n• a" •
•
,;:", 311 3 + 411 2 +2

= - - --- -
b" - n3/2
-- - -- 1-
311 3 311 3 3n 3/ 2

•
2: ne- ,, 2

x2
xe-

2: n -r 1

•
,;:", 2 + 3"
L

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 10.7 699

10.7 1

1-8 sin 211

21 22. >:--
l 1 11=1 n! 1 + 2"
1. (a) 2: 5"
;" (b)
" ,
2: 5" + n Z 4
+ 1
'-;;;1
-F 24.
n 11

( -1)" l ,-;=-I n + nJ

2. (a) 2: (b) Z
!l=l fI ‘n
!l=: l . 3 . 5 . ... . (2n - 1)
25. L
g 3" 2 . 5 ' 8 . ... . (3n - 1)
3. (a) 2: (b) Zl=l - n
26. (_1)" -1
4. (a)
+-1'
2: _,._' +1
(b) 2: (-1)" _"_' _'
11 1
,, =1 n 11=1 n
28. l
27 ’ -
5. (a) 2: (b) ( n \ ’l 1)
l=l n + 1
29. 2: (-1)" 30. >:---
2 + sin k
6. (a) lnn (b) 1 11 """ 1
,::-1 n .. ,,:;jO n1n n

l 1 1
31. 2: tan(l/n) 32. 2: n sin( 1/n)
’1=1
7. (a) 2: -.'-.
';:"1 n + n!
(b) 2:
' , ,;:"1 \ n
I + n!
8+
33 34. L
l 1 1= 1 n
8. (a)fZl=l {n4-+-1 (b) FZl n2 + I ,, 1 n2 + 1
35. 2: 36.

9-48
37. >:.
k ln k
"
~4 -2n
(k + 1)'
n2 - 1
9. >:-_--
3
10. >: - _- -
n + 1 ';:"1 11> + 1 (-1)"
39. y - ' - ' - 4O
Z ”” ”-n --+ Z n --+ '::'1 cosh n
n
” -n
5k (n !)"
41. >: -_-:-,- - ; - 42.
Ñ3 ‘ +4 ‘
13.
n=1 n-
14. ), .
(1 + "•
43
44. >.
';:"1 n + n cos" n
15. 16
11=2 lnn
45. 46. >: -.- -..-
,- 1 /l' (i n n)’""
17 E
, (-l) ” 18. 2: n e- 2 ,, 3

47. 2: -1)" 48. 2: (ifi - 1)

19 20.
k-1 F+ I

( 1( I t I
700

10.8

2: C"X" = Co + CIX + C2X 2 + C3 X3 + .

n= O

f(x) = Co + CIX + C2X2 + .. . + C" X " + ...

2: (a" cos nx + b" sin nx)

C" =

www.5tewartCalculus.com 2: X" = 1+ X + X2 + ... + X" +

11=0
Additional Fourier
-1 < X < Ixl

x =

(i) ” = l + 5 + + + +

2: 2" = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + .

2: c,, (x - a)" = Co + CI (X - a) + cix - a)2 + ...

(x -
- a)O =

II

x=

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 10.8 701

(x - 3)"
1 2: ,--
n= ‘ n
all = (x - n•

Ix - 31 < Ix- 31 > 1

Ix - 31 < 1 -1 <x -3 <1 2<x<4

x<2
Ix - 31 =

x = L
x = L (-
2

2:
/1 =0

all =

“ n + u’ 3 Jm

(12+ l)!=(n + 1)11(12-1)' .. .3.2.1

,
@
- -m - --ng-” - = ·m n
@
+ nu x -
= (n + .I)n!

•
3 Z
';':'0 (211)!
=

l all+l l l x ”+l f%) ’ l

a" I I + ’ ‘) !

Ixl = Ixl • 0<1

(211) !(211 + 1)(2n + 2)'--' (2n + 1)(211 + 2)

FL ‘ J (J. ( 8L " /' 1

702

[0 , 0] =

L c,lx -

(i) x =

(ii)
(iii) [x - a[ < [x - a[ >

of
R=
of

(a - R , a + R) (a - R , a + R] [a - R , a + R) [a - R , a + R]

a-R Q a+R

[x-a[

Lx" R=I (-1 , 1)

,, = 0

(x - 3)"
l R=l [2 , 4)
'1 = 1 ’1

2: n! x R=O {O}
11=0

(2n)!

NOTE

( 1(1 } ’t 1
 10.8 703

(-3)"x"
Z
E

+ 1

a" = n•

+ (1 /n)
=3 ----|x| • 31xl
+ (2/n)

31xl < 31xl>

R

(-5 ,
x =

‘
(-3)"(-t Y' • - ‘
1 -
1 ‘
1 1 ‘ 1 ‘

J4
x =

Z Z n
+ -1 =
+

-5 < X

(•, l

a" = n(x + n•

lin +
3 ,, +2 n(x
3 +l

+ 2)"
/---\
x + x +
+ - -3 - - -3-

Ix + 21/3 < Ix 21/3 >

Ix + 21 < [x + 2[ >

[x + 2[ < -5 < x<

x

F
L J ( 8L " ,:->1
704

n{-3)"
Z t 2: {-I)"n
•

=
11=0 .:J 11=0

x =

n(3)" •

•
10.8 1
1. - 2)" (2x - 1)"
25. >: -'-'----'- 26. >:-'---------=•-
n" 11= 1 n
2. (a)
(b) ( -1)"
27. 28. >: -'-'-x
,-4 n n lnn
3-36

2:
29. 2: (x - a)" , b> 0 30. z, L(x
mn
- a) ”, b >O
3. 4. 2: (-l)"nx" -2
11 = 1 n 11=1
n 2X '1
6. (-l)"x" 31. 2: n!(2x - 1)" 32. >: 2.4.6. . . . . (2
5. 2: Fn x" ‘ - ’1=1
11 = 1

>: -'(5x - 4)" x2

33. '---:--'- 34. 2; - ,_-.-,
n {l n n)2
1= 1 n-
7. 8.
11=2 n
x‘
x" n 35. 2;
9. 1 • 3 . 5 • . . . • (2n - 1
),- 10. 2: - - _ x"
;;:-1 n3" ;:;'1 n + 1
f n!x"
Z ~ (-1)"x" 36.
1 . 3 . 5 . . . . . (2n - 1)
h 12. >: . ,
11=1 n

13 14. 2: n"x" 37. 2:

’1=0 11! ’1=1 ’, -0
x"
15. ), -q, -
,-;:"1 n 4
IJ
16. 2: 2"n 2 x" (a) 2: c ,,( -2)" (b) 2: c,,( -4)"
11=1

(-1)"-1
17. 18. ----x 38. 2: x =
Fn ,- ,-1 n::> 11=0

2"
19. x 2"(n 2 + 1)
20. 2:
';':'1 ‘ 11 ;0 1 n!
(a) 2: c" (b) 2: c" 8"
11=0 ’1=0
2)" -1)"
21. >: (x -
-, 2. L
(
.1,/,\",1 (x - 1)/
,;-:-0 /1- + 1 ;':'1 (2n - 1)2 (c) 2: c (-3)"
,, (d) 2: (-I)"c ,, 9"

23. >:'(x + -,2)"

24. 39.
';:-2 2" ln n
(n!)k l

(kn)! “

r H I t
 10.9 705

40. p , q (p < 43. C

R =
(a) (p, q) (b) (p, q]
(c) [p, q) (b) [p, q] 44. CII -

41. [0 ,

f(x) = 1/(1 - SII(X)

11=0 45. 2,
L(CII +
46. .L

10.9 I

= 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ... = x" Ixl < 1

’1=0

a =

f(x) = 1/(1 -

L X" , Ixl < (-1 , 1/(1 -

TL-
1 - X
= liIn sn(x)

six) = 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x"

-1 < x <

( 1( I t I
706

f(x) = x
1 - X

f(x) = 1/(1 -

1 1/ (1 +
x

1 + x2
=
1 - (-x 2 )
= Z
,-;:'0
(-x2) ”

= (-1)"x 2" = 1 - x 2 + x4 - x6 + x8 - •
11=0

< 1, < 1 I-xl <

(-1 ,

1/(x +

-/
\ ””
( x \" (-1)" .. "

l-x/21 < 1, Ixl <

(-1)" _., (-1)"

=x 3 • =x 3
11=0 L" n=O
(i)
=
1 .. 3 1 _.4
- *x' +, 1 _.5
- t'61 x_.6" +

x3 (-1) ,, -1 .. "

x+2 2 ,, -2

r H I t
 10.9 707

f(x) = L c (x -
lI

11= 0

(x -

f(x) = Co + Cl(X - a) + C2(X - a)2 + ... = L c (x - a)"

lI

- R, a +

(i) f ’(x) = Cl + 2C2(X - a) + 3C3(X - a )2 + . .. = L nc (x - a)"-1

lI

fco + (ii) Ir rr ,.
dx = c + co(x
r
- a)
,.+ (x - a )2.
Cl ,-- _ -/ + C2 (x - a)3
,-. _ -/ +
3
co(x - a) = CI + aco (x - a)"+1
=c+ >:c, , - ' - - -
';:-0" n+l

(i) ,

NOTE 1 (i) ,

(iii) Cn(x - a)n I= [CII(x - a)n]

ax I I ax

1
’
/
‘
----------L
-,, ‘‘ -> C / x
n ,
dx
1
- ‘
‘
n
Z ··’C
l

l
‘!
·t
/
x n JX
u

NOTE 2

45

4 1/(1 -

TL-
l-X
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + -- = Z xn

‘ o ( I , ')1
708

(1 - X)2 = l + 2x - " + · · = ? nx ”- l
_.. + 3x2

+ 1)
(1 - ’, =0
11=

= •
In(1 +

I/(L +

1 +x
= --L-
1 - (-x)
= 1 - x + x 2 - x3 + · |x | < 1

ln (l + x) = f dx = f (1 - x + x 2
- x 3 + ... ) dx

x- x 3- x•.4 “

= x - - + - - - + ... +C
2 3 4

=E(-T

In(l + 0) = c=

2x 3x 4x
’i
1 + - x -2 + -3 -4 + - ”
f
-n x < --
”
J

6 f(x) =
f ’ (x) = 1/ (1 + 1/(1 +
Gregory,
tan-1x =
.J 1 T x-
= I (1
.J
- x2 + x4 - x 6 + . ..
-1 <x<
x x3 X
5
X
7
=C+x--+---+
3 5 7

1 1 1 C = tan-10 =
-• =1-":"+":"_":"+
4 357 x3 X5 X7
tan-'x = x - - + - - - + .
3 5 7
_. 21/ +1
= 2: (-1)"
,;:-0 ' , 211 +
..
1

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 10.9 709

1/(1 + •

(a) f [1/ (1 +
(b) [1 / (1 +

(a) 1/(1 + x

= (_X 7)"
1 + x’ 1 - (-x ‘)

= 2: (_1)" x 71 = 1 - x7 + X 14 _
11=0

+
f = J,;:"0 (-1)" 7Idx = C + ';:"0 (-1)" 7n + 1
X
7,,+’

=
8 15 22

l-x7 1< 1, Ixl <

(b)

‘ r 0 ,.0::: ..,') ì L/2

rO.5 1 1 X‘ x'- x-- 1
1 Ix --+---+ . . . 1
Jo 1 + x' 1 8 15 22
1 1 1 1 (-1)"
= - - + .- + ... +
'(7n + 1)2 711 + 1
- -^ ^^

2 8.2 8 ' 15.2 15 22.2 22 '

= 6 .4 X 10- 11

1 1 1 1
I -.- - , dx = -=- -
r05
Jo 1 + x 7 ---- 2 8 . 28
+' 15.
__2 15 oc
22 . 222
. _" = 0 .49951374

•
l

t (1 ( I f 1
710

(Friedrich Bessel,

39 ,
38 ,

(
10(x) = L=O
rI (n!) 2

(a)
(b)

(a) a ll =

a" I I 2 2 +l) [(n + 1)!]2 (_1)" X 21 I

“
x2 ,, +2 2 2" (n!)2
2211+2 (n + 1? (n! )Z X2"

X2
• 0<1
4(n + 1)2

(b)

d (-1)" X2" ( -1)" 2nx 2,, -1

J6(x) = Z - ----r
,;:'0 dx (n!)2
= Z 2
2 " (n!? •

(_1)i x 2i
,(x) = L
l= 0 4-- tl !)-
.. 10(x) = 1im S,, (X)

So(x) = 1

”/ -
2x
e --- -4
2

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 10.9 711

__ 2 _-4
S2(x) = 1 - +
y 4 64
.. 2 ‘ 4 ‘ _6
S3(x) = 1- L +L - •_-
4 64 2304
‘ 2 .-4 .. 6 ‘ 8
= 1- •_-_+_-_-_
4 64 2304 147,456

(b)
1. L L
f{ .x) =
(1 .x)3

2. l.x l < 2:
(c)

';:-0 n +1 (1 X)3

3-12
16. (a) f(x) = In(1 -
3. 4. f{x) =
1 +.x 1+x
(b) f(x) = .x In (l -

5. f{x) =
1 - x-
6· f(x) = -i-;
1 - 4 .x"
(c) x = In

8.
2x +3 17-22

9. f{ .x) = 10. f{x)

+ 16
x ,.
=
2x" + 1
17. 18. f{x) =
(1 + 4xV
n x --+ 1i
-x a>O 1 +x
12.
X' 1- a- 19. f{x) 20. f{x) =
(1 - X)2 (1 - X)3

21. f{x) = In{5 - x) 22. f{x) = x 2 tan- t (x 3 )

13-14

ffi 23-26
2 x-4 2 x+3
13. f{x) = --:;; 14. f{x) =---,
x ‘ - 4 .x +3 x ‘ + 3x + 2

23. f{ .x) 24. f{x) = In (l + x 4 )

15. (a) x" + 1

f{x) 25. f{x) = 26. f{ .x) = tan- t {2x)

(1 + X)2

F o I
712

27-30

28. dt
J 1+ t>
(c) JÓ(X) = -J1(X)

29. fx 2
+ x) 30.1--dx
r tan-1x
J X
41.

A(x) = l + + + .. .
2.3 2.3.5.6 2.3'5.6.8.9
31 -34

George Airy,
r 1l2 x
31. 1 - -_ dx 32. 1 arctan -dx
+ x> 2
’

Jo 1 Jo
(a)
æ
‘,, U 2
+x
,,
“,
X 1
l
A
/,
‘ uJ X
34.1
rO.3 x
- -. dx (b)
Jo 1 + x‘
l
J

(c) (b)

35.
arctan

36. In
42. 11 CII+4 = f(x) = L
11=0

37. (a)

43.
f(x) = 1 + 2x + X2 + 2X3 + X4 + .. .

1' (x) = n C2 1l = 1,
C2,, +1 =
(b) f(x) =
38. 44. = (sin 2:.
1iV/
E -,.
x x = 2:.

45. = R
1"(x) + f(x) = 0
46. (a) L
11=0

39. (a) 2: nx ,, -I Ixl < 1

x 2Jó’(x) + xJó(x) + x 2Jo(x) = 0
(b)

(b)
”Zm
n x < ---

40. (c)

( _!)"X211+1 (i) L n(n - l)x" , Ixl < 1

Jl(x) = Z
,;':ó n! (11 + 1)!2 2" + 1
? ’ 11=2
Z -T
(a) (iii) 2:
(b)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’I
/ tr
 10.10 713

47. f(x) = 1/(1 - h(x) = xf' (x) + 50. (a)

n/2 dx
, = -----
Jo x2 - X +1

(b) + + 1)
48. f(x) = 1/( 1 - 9801 =

= +
-L = O OO O1 02 03 . 96 97 99
9801

x= 51. L
11 = 0

1:1,
49.

Ec,i;+
_.1/ +1
L I
( -1)"

;;:'0 (2n + 1) 3"

10.10 I

f(x) = Co + Cl(X - a) + C2(X - a)2 + C3(X - a)3 + C4(X - a)4 + . . . Ix - a I < R

x=

f(a) = Co

f ’(x) = Cl + 2C2(X - a) + 3C3(X - a)2 + 4C4(X - a)3 + .. . Ix-al<R

f ’(a) = Cl

= 2C2 + 2 . 3C3(X - a) + 3 . 4C4(X - a)2 + . . . Ix - a I < R

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
714

f" (a) = 2C2

f ’"(x) = 2 . 3C3 + 2 . 3 . 4C4(X - a) + 3 . 4 . 5cs(X - a)2 + . . . Ix-al < R

f" ’(a) = 2 . 3C3 = 3!C3

f(")(a) = 2 . 3 . 4 ..... nc" = n!c"

O! = 10) =

f(x) = 2: C (x ,, - a)" Ix-al<R

f(")(a)
c,, = - - -
n'

(Brook Taylor,

claurin ,
Ma-
f(x) = E f(")(a) a) ”

=f(a)
f ’(a) -
+ ---(x f
a)
\ f"(a)
+, ---(x -
f \?
a)2 +, -f"'(a)
--(x -
f
a)3
\1
+
2!

1715 a =
(Methodus incrementorum
directa et

f(rl)(0) l f(0) f ” (0) 2

(Treatis: e of f(x) = Z -7-xl =f(0) + + +
’‘ ·

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 10.10 715

NOTE 1

NOTE 2 f(x) = L c,, (x -

1 = 1/(1 -

= x" = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .. . Ix I < 1
1 - X 11=0

f(x) = f(O) = 1
1 - X

f ’ (0) 1
(1 - xy =

1.2
(1 - X)3
= 1 .2

1"'(0) 1.2.3
=
(1 - xt =

f(II l{ X) = r.
(1 -
”’X)"+1,
• •. ,,, ... f(II)(O) = n!

----
1- x
l f(II)(O)
/. - - - X "
';:"0 n!
"
= /.x'
';:"0
,
•
f(x) =

f(x) =

x” 2x
- Z -, -
FJ (
- -n-! + x-u + + x
+
·
m

( 1( 'f 1
716

a" =

R=
•

eX =
11 = 0 nr

f(II)(a)
f(x) = Z (x - a) ”

f(i)(a)
E(x) = Z (x - a) ’

fl(a) f ”(a) z f(”)(a)

= f(a) + J (x - a) + J - a)2 + ... + (x - a)"
2! n!

y
f(x) =

n =
y=T)(x)
/y=T 2(x) 2x
,
T (x) = 1 +x
Tn/ - +x + T3 (x) = 1 +x+ + fL
2! 3!

" y=T)(x) f(x) = lim TII(x)

1

RII(x) = f(x) - T,, (x) f(x) = T,, (x) + RII(x)

lim R,, (x) =

lim T,, (x) = lim [f (x) - RII(x)] = f(x) - lim RII(x) = f(x)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 10.10 717

f(x) = TII(x) + Ix - al <

Ix - al <
lim R ,, (x) = 0

lim R ,, (x) =

Inequality) Ix - a 1 11'''+ 1>(x) 1 M

1 R,, (x) 1
- G|ll+l
(n + 1)!

n = I f" (x) 1

f" (x) a X

1'f"(t) dt IrM dt

f' (x) - f ’(a) M(x - a) f ’(a) + M(x - a)

Rl1(X) = iIrk - t)T|)(t)dt

I“ f' (t) Ij‘ [f' (a) + M(t - a)] dt

(x - a)2
f(x) - f(a) f(a)(x - a) + M --r-
j( +I)(Z)
,,

R ,, (x) = (x - a)'
(n + 1)!
u f(x) - f(a) - f' (a)(x - a) (x - a)2

=
RI(x) = f(x) - TI(x) = f(x) - f(a) - f' (a)(x -
10.11

R t(x) (x - a)2

www.5tewartCalculus.com
Additional Formulas
for the Remainder Term in Taylor series
R 1(x) (x - af

1 11 I t I
718

IRI(x) 1 IX - al 2

n = n +
= 95
•

x"
lim -=0
n!

3
f(x) = = Ixl
1=

de
R -n-+ x ”H
Ixl

d
e _. 1 + 1 _ _d ,,__ 1 x 1’1+ 1
·m ---7|x1 ” l= ,,
ed llIn - - - - = 0
“)! 1" I - (n + 1)!

IR,, (x) 1 = R,, (x) =

x"
eX = --
;,':'0 n! l

x =

1 1 1 1
e= ):-=1+-+-+-+
';:"0 n! l! 2! 3!

f(x) =

1")(2) =

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 10.10 719

j<")(2) e2
(X - 2)" = (x - 2)"
11=0 J'Z! 11=0 J'Z!

R=
lim RII(x) =

eX = - 2)"
11!

•
0 x=2
.

•
ln(l +

f(x) = sin x =0
SIn
f ’(x) = cos x f ’(0) = 1

T1(x) = X f" (x) = -sin x 1"(0) = 0

f ’"(x) = -cos x 1"'(0) = -1

f(4)(X) = sin x f(4)(0) = 0
3 __5
T5(x) = X - +
3! 5!
’101
f(O) + 1',',-/
(0)J X +. 1" (0) ? • 1"’(0) , .. .
1! 2! 3!
3x 7x
-x + x
+ = nu x H
- -”””
-n-+

::t: sin x !f"+1)(x)!

x M=

l1 = - - - -
!X!"+l
+ 1)! ,- - (11 + 1)!

n •

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
720

IRII(x) I • n• •

•
3x 5x 7x
·M x - x + +

_. 2 11 + 1

= 2: (-1)"
;':'0' -, (2n +, 1)!
."

3, sinx,
d d I x3 x5 X7 \
cos x = ....:;:- -+ |
dx ,- dx \ 3! 5! 7! J
f 2X 4X 6x
- + -y + - -z + +
.

x2 4x 6x
m x = + +

=
-, (2n)!

f(x) =

f( x) = sin x

f' (x) = cos x =

f" (x) = -sin x

f"'(x) = -cos x
=

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 10.10 721

x=O
x= 2

+ - + (x- (x-

2
- - - - -
x-
y

x
x= - + ,
1) (x - l

8 f(x) = (1 +

f(x) = (1 + X)k f(O) = 1

f' (x) = k(1 + X)k-l f ’(0) = k
f" (x) = k(k - 1) (1 + X)k-2 = k(k - 1)

f"' (x) = k(k - l)(k - 2)(1 + X)k-3 f (O)

ll1 = k(k - 1)(k - 2)

/")(x) = k(k - 1) . .. (k - n + 1) (1 + x)k-n /’1)(0) = k(k - 1) .. . (k - n + 1)

f(x) =(1 +
k(k - 1) ... (k - n + 1) X ".
- - - x. =
lFb n ’ 11 = 0 n'

| I = - 1) .. . (k - n + 1) (k - n)x"+
(n + 1)!
1

k(k - 1) ... (k - n + l)x"

( 1( I f
722

Ixl <

•
m ’bA n + n”
-
LK
LA
- -
- - - - -n
-., - -- - - -
•

(1 +

Ixl <
(1 + X)k = ( )x"
,; :'o\nJ
= 1 + kx +
2!
+ !:_(k - ?(k - 2Lx 3 +
3

Ixl
< x =

-1 < k = = :::':::1

(k - =

f(x) =
- X

2
1 1/2

k = x

= (1 -

+ .. . + i•)( -t) ... (-t - n + + . .. J

11..1 .1'3? 1.3'5 ,. 1 .3 .5 .. . .. (2n - 1) ... 1
=-Il+-x+--_x‘ + x' + ... + . x" + . .. 1
2 I 8 2!8 ‘ 3!8 J n!8" I

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 10.10 723

1- x/41 <1 , Ixl < R=4

•
l

1
= y x" = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + . R=1
1- x ';:-0

x" n
x x•• 2- x.. 3
eX =
F

>: ‘
-
';:-0 n!
= 1+ -. + •-+-+.
1! 2! 3!
X211+1 X3 X5 X
in x = :L (-I)"
-, (2n + 1)! .. 3! 5! 7!
.. .
2x 4x 6x
m x - Z n” x
= + +

2" + 1 X3 X5 X7
tan- lx = Z (-1) ” - - - = x - - + - - - + --- R=1
:=0' ' 2n + 1 3 5 7
2 3 4
x" X X X
ln (1 + X) = :L (-I)
:=1 ' -,
,, - I'::_
n
= X - -: + -: -
2 3
-=;-
4
+ ... R=1

(1 + :L I( ..k \.."
Jx" =_ 1 + kx + ..k(k
,.. - 1) x..22 + k(k - 1)(k - 2) x.. 3 + . . .
R=1
1 I 1... I I
X)k = • •
J

l
NOTE

10 (a) f(x) = x (b) f(x) = ln (1 +

(a)

=x Z (-1)” 3L= Z
,;':'0 ' -, (2n)! ,;':'0 ' -, (2n)!

(b) ln (1 +

( 1( I f
724 -, I::::::t T . -;I::::::t T

+ x = ”
nn -
x
-n - ”” -
x
-n

13x 1< 2
1, Ixl <
=
•
1=0
(-1)" n!

( -2x)"
(-1)" = \
11= 0 n! 11= 0 n’

1
•
1 1 1 1
,- - 2 . 22 +--.
3-23 -
,-
--
- 4. 2 4. + ...

=
(1)"
n. 11 = ‘ n

x = ln (l +
r 1 / +n-
m
i
n
u = ’ m‘J-?
-
•

f(x) =

(a) f e- x2

x2
(b) e- 0.001

(a) f(x) =

-x 2 )" x 2" x2 x4 x6
x2
= Z - - - = Z (-1) ” -
(
= 1- - + -2! - -3! +
:=0 n! ,:=0" n! 1!

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 10.10 725

fe x
z
dx = | f (l 1 - -x2 + x4 -x6 + x2 ’
· + (-1) ” -- + · )dx
J \ 1! 2! 3! ' n! J

211+1
= C+ x -
3' 1!
+
5'2!
- 7'3!
+ ... + (-1)"
, - , (2n+ 1) n!

(b)

".
i ‘
o-X" dx =
rx -
1
x3
---
x
+ --- x
- ---
5
x
+ --- - ... 11
7 9
1

I 3'1! 5'2! 7'3! 9.4!

= 1- ; + i - - ... - = 0.7475

- - = -- < 0.001
11 .5 1320 ’
•

liIn k - { -
r• o x.
- 1-
x 2x 3x
+ + + + x

1 (x 2 x3 x4 \ 1 X x2
=---,:- 1 - + - + - + .. ‘ 1 = - + - + - + '
\ 2! 3! 4! J 2! 3! 4!

e X - 1- x ( 1 X x2 \
lim ‘ = lim I - + - + - + ... I
x• o x • 6 \2! 3! 4! J

=i

•
•

t (1 ( I f 1
726

15 (a)e‘ sinx, (b) tanx

(a)

X sin x= (1 + + + + .. -)(x- + ... )

1+ x + !X2 + + .
× x - &x3 + - --
x + x2 + 5x3 + &x4 +
+ - - .

x + x 2 + ìx'
bx 3 + . . .

a
‘ mx - x + x, + I F +
‘

(b)
3x 5x
+
m
-2x-+4x

1 •. 3 2 •. 5
x + ;\-x' + fc
15 x
3+
1-
2"" '24 "" _ ... )x
1""
- h
6"" 120 - .

x - 21 X.. 3- I
;-
1 •• 5
- .
_
3“‘ 30 ""
5x3 - &x5 +
2 ..5
î5 X ‘
I
. . .

tanx=x+ + + ..
•
f(x) = L: g(x) = Ixl
Ixl <
bo '"

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 10.10 727

I
2 1-30
1. f(x) = L b,, (x -
“
R x) •

2. 21. f(x) = x 5 + 2X 3 + x, a= 2
y
22. f(x) = x6 - x4 + 2, a = -2
f 23. f(x) = Inx, a = 2 24. f(x) = l/x , a = -3

25. f(x) = e 2x , a = 3 26. f(x) = l/x2 , a = 1

27. f(x) = sin x , a = 28. f(x) = cos x , a=

0 x
29. f(x) = sin 2x, a = 30. f(x) = J;, a = 16
(a) 1. 1 + + + ...
31.
(b) 1. 6 - 0 .8(x - 1) + O.4(x - 1)2 - O. I(x - 1)3 + ‘ . .

(c) 2.8 + 0.5(x - 2) + 1. 5(x - 2/ - O.I(x - 2)3 + ... 32.

33. sinh
3. n = 0, 1, 2 , .. 1")(0) = (n +

34. cosh
(11)' A \
4. jl"'(4) =
(-1)11 n
.. .
’
3"(n + 1)

35-38
5-10
35. - x 36.

5. f(x) = xe", a = 0 6. f(x) a =2 38. (1 - X)3 /4

1 + x’ 37. ..
(2 + X)3
7. 8. f(x) = ln x , a = 1

9. f(x) = sinx, a = 10. f(x) = cos 2x , a = 0 39-48

11-20 39. f(x) = arctan (x 2 ) 40. f(x) =

R ,, (x) • 0 41. f(x) =xcos2x 42. f(x) = e 3x - e 2x

43. f(x) = x 44. f(x) = x 2 In(1 + x 3)

11. f(x) = (1 - X)-2 12. f(x) = ln (l + x)
13. f(x) = cos x 14. f(x) = e- 2x 45. 46.
‘ 4 + x2
15. f(x) = 2x 4 - 3x 2 +3 16. f(x) = sin 3x
47. = sin 2x [ sin 2x = !(l - cos 2x)]
17. f(x) = 2-< 18. f(x) = x cos x
I X - smx
19. f(x) = sinh x 20. f(x) = cosh x 3
x ,.. O
48. f(x) = x
x=O

t (1 ( I f 1
728 .:::1^
t:::f., --;!::t-,-

49. M -’- -+-x’ -

J
‘
j m
i
)

mx - -2 eX + e- X
M
cosnx = 2 ”m x d < nU
)

211+1
(a) sinh x = 2: 67-71
;':'0 (2n + 1)!
x - In(1 + x) 1 - cos x
(b) coshx = L 67. lim ‘ 68. l i m - - - -T
x• o 1 + x - e.
(2n) ’ x• o x‘

S mx-x
, 1 .. 3
50. 69. lim < U
x-• o x

= - 70. lim _:'----::-

r• o x
l+x -1- h

+ x3 - 3x + 3 tan - 1x
..-211+ 1 x• o x"
tanh-1x = Y, •---
,;::-0 2n + 1
72.
tanx - x
lim - - - - : , - - -
r• o x J

51. f(x) = COS(X2) 52. f(x) = In(1 + x 2 )

53. f(x) = xe ‘ 54. f(x) = tan- l (x 3 )
73-78

55. cos
73. y = e- x ' cos x 74. y = sec x

x
56. l/ ife 75. y =-•- 76. Y = eXln (l + x)
smx
77. y = (arctan X)2 78. y == e sin 2 x
X

57. (a)
(b)
79-82
58. (a)
(b) 79. 80. _ 1) "- 1
=0 n! 11=1 n

+I:
‘

81. 2: (-1)"
-/ 22"+1(2n
..
+
,.\
1) 82.
--. 2: (-1)"
';':'0\ -,
..
22"+1(211 + 1)!
59-62
,
59. f dx
---,x
i
l

‘,
7
- x2 /‘, dx
83-90
r cosx - ”
1
- dx ,,
i
l x ) dx
?

;,
•
61. I
‘ ( -1)"
‘ X 83. ) : -
' - ' 84.
11=0 n! 6 ‘ "(2n)!

63-66 85. 2: (_1) "-1

11""'1 11 ,) lI =o.) .. n!

63
87. ) :
4 2"+ 1(2n
‘ .
+ 1)!
64. fO' sin(x 4
)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 10.10 729

96. (a)

9 27 81 rz
+ -=- + -=-- + . : . .: . . + ...
e
89. 3 -
2! 3 ’ 4! 0
’ x=O
1 1 1 1
90. - - _ - + - - _ - - - .7 +
- -^
1.2 3 . 2 3 . 5. 2 5 7.2 (b)

9 1. 97.
’ p (i )(x) (a) g(x) =
p(x + I) = Z
9 ’(x) = ••, -} < x < }
}+x
92. f(x) = x/(l +
(b) h(x)=(l + h ’ (x) =

93. f(x) = x (c) g(x)= (l +

98. a > b > 0, x = (f Sill e, y = b cos e
94. f(x) = (1 +
95. n = Ix - al L = 4arJl - dfJ
1"’(x)1
1

(e =
1R2(x) 7 .1

|
x) - arctan(arcsin x)

1. x =

x•

2. x=O •

3.

4.

5.

6.

t (1 ( I f 1
730

|
(a + b)k

(a +

(a +

n = 0 , 1, 2, 3 , 4, ...
y = (1

(1 _

epistola
prior
epistola
y = (1 -

1. C. H. Edwards, Jr. , The Historical Development of the Calculus (New York: Spring-
er-Verlag , 1979) , pp. 178-87.

2. Jahn Fauvel and Jeremy Gray, eds. , The History of Mathematics: A Reader (Bas-
ingstoke , U K: MacMillan Education , 1987).

3. Victor Katz , A History of Mathematics : An 3rd ed. (Boston: Addi-

son-Wesley, 2009) , pp. 543-82.

4. D. J. Stmik, ed. , A Source Book in Mathematics , 1200-1800 (Cambridge , MA: Har-

vard University Press, 1969).

10.11 I

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 10.11 731

f(")(a)
f(x) = § - a) ”

f i) (a)
E(x) = (x - a)l

f ’(a) f ”(a) 2 f(ll)(a)

= f(a) + J
1! ,-
(X a)
-,
+ --
2!
(x - a) +· , + ---(x - a) ”

n• TII(x) •
f(x) =

,
T (x) = f(a) +f ’(a)(x - a)

(0 , y = (0 , 1)

= 1+ x + T3
y = 1+ x + r /2 + x 3/ y = e'

x
=
= =
1

x = 0.2
T2 (x) 1.220000 8.500000
T4(x) 1. 221400 16.375000
T6(x) 1. 221403 19 .4 12500
Tg(x) 1. 221403 20.009152
T lO (x) 1. 221403 20.079665 I = If(x) - T ,, (x) I
e X
1.221403 20.085537

1. IR,, (x) I = I -

2.
3.
If( ,,+I) (x) I

( 1( I t I
732

IRII(x) 1
\’‘ f- 1)!

(a) a = f(x) =

(b) 7 X

(a) f(x) = rx = l 3
X / f(8) = 2
f' (x) =
2 3
X- / f' (8)
f" (x) = 5 3
X- / f" (8) = 114
f" '(x) =

f ’(8) n\. f" (8) ( n\?

+ +
f
T2(x) = f(8) - 8) (x - 8)2

=2+ - 8) - - w

= T2(x) = 2 + - 8) - - w
(b) x <

M
”p X/ X n
6

2.5 I f"’ (x) 1 X8/ 3

10 1 10 1
f"' (x) = < 0.0021
x"! “ 7"1 “
0 --0

27 27

M = 7 X -1 X - 8

15
Ix - 81
0.0021 0.0021
1 R2 (x) 1 · 13 = < 0.0004
0.0003
7 X 0.0004

y= IR2 (x)1 y= y=

7 9 IR2(x) 1 = 1 - T 2(x) 1

IR2(X) 7 X

t 1

1
P
U
I
U
”-
’’
’t t rt
 10.11 733

IR (x) I < 0.0003

2

(a) -0.3 X

x 5x
.M x ~~ x -3 +

sin

(b)

(a)

x3 x5 x7
sin x = x - - +- - - +.
3! 5 ’ 7!

Ixl <

-0.3 X Ixl
_(0.3)1
' __-'_ = 4.3
, .,
x 10-
'A-R0

5040

sin

0
in 12 = =

0.2

sin 12 0 =
(b)

-% < nU m

( 1( I t I
734

Ixl 7 < 0.252 -, 1 x 1 < (0.252)1/7 = 0.821

Ix l <
•
f1 )(X) = -COS

If l(x)1
7

7
1 R6(X) 1 1 X1

4.3 X 10-8

y= IR6 (x) 1
1R6(X) 1 = Isin x - (x - + I
Ixl IR6(X) 1 < 4 .3 x
1 R6(X) < 1

-0.3
0 0.3 y =
Ixl <
m
J
V - n
u o
sin sin
= 0 a=

0
3x
T1(x) = x
Tj/ - x

T5(x) = x- + T?{x) = x - +
3! 5! 3 ’ 5 ’ 7!

sin 0 1L.j-

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 10.11 735

m
m --1 -ro= =
c
’i U

K = mc 2 - moc 2

(a)
K=
(b) Ivl

(a)
/l
mnuc2
K - m mc - -- ===
--- n/
mnuc = mc ’
l
ll
‘\
U

K x = (1 + k =
U (v < Ixl <

(1
/2 _
+ x)-l/2 = 1
1 L
zx +
I (-t)( .. 2 + (-t)( 3!
I .. 3 +
x
K
= 1- h ' h
2"" + 8""
2
-
16 +.

K = moc{ (1 + ...) - 1]
= mnc 2 1 ..:..-=-:- + + + ... 1
‘ \ 2 8 c4 16 c" /
0 C U

‘ o ( I , ')1
736
/
u
j 1 U?
K ~ mn L” 1 -2- -
\ C‘
?
- n ”’
U v

(b) x = -V2/C 2, f(x) = moc 2[(1 + X)-1/2 - If" (X) I

IR I(x) I

= + Ivl
2
11"(x) I = … mnC:lj
‘ >/.
3mnc
‘ , ... (=M)

C = 3 X

3moc 2 1004
| • < (4.17 X lO- IO )mo
100 2/c 2)5 / 2
Af1
2 4(1 -

Ivl
(4.2 X
•

6,

s1tff)
V

11 , 112

m+ l /Ill n S
-y% - -R ,‘‘\ - -
o

e o, ei , So ,

e o = .,JR2 + (So + R )2 - 2R(so + R) cos cþ

e i = .,JR2 + (Si - R)2 + 2R(Si - R) cos cþ

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 10.11 737

+ -R

cos

n’ ”‘
=
n‘ - n,
+ h 2J1 n , I{1 + 1
I + n‘ I{ :1 - 1 \2
II
L...:...J R I 2so \ So R} 2Si \ R Si } I

33 , 35 , 36 , 37 ,

1. (a) a = f(x) = 11. f(x) = cotx , a =

12. =
(b) x =

(c)

2. (a) a = f(x) = 13-22

(a)

(b) x =
(b)

(c) f(x) =
IRII(x)

= = 1, n = 2, 0.7
j

13. f(x) l /x , a 1.3

14. f(x) = [1/2 , a = 4 , n = 2, 3.5 X 4.5

3. a=1 4. f(x) = sinx, a= 71" /6

15. f(x) = x 2/3 , a = 1, n = 3 ,

5. f(x) = cos x , “= 6. f(x) = e- x sinx, a = 0
16. f(x) = sinx, a = n = 4, 0 X
7. f(x) = ln X , a = 1 8. f(x) = x cosx , a = 0
17. f(x) = sec x , a = 0, n = 2, -0.2 X 0.2
9. f(x) = xe- 2‘ , a =0 10. f(x) = tan-1x , a = 1
18. f(x) = ln(1 + 2x), a = 1, n = 3, 0.5 X 1. 5

n = 2, 3 , 4 , 19. f(x) = a = 0, n = 3, 0 0.1

20. f(x) = x ln x , a = 1, n = 3, 0.5 X l. 5

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
 738

21. f(x)=xsinx , a=O , n=4 , -250 0 C t

(c) 1%
22. f(x) = sinh 2.x, a = 0, n = 5, -1 X 1

33.
23. cos

24. sin
-- - - - -. - -
D2 (D + d)2

25. 0.00001

26. 0.001 In q q
P
In(1 + D d-•{

34. (a)

(b) cos

27. sin x = x- < 0.01)

= sin
28. cos x =1- 2
+
24
< 0.005)
35.

29. x =x + < 0.05) L

3 5 Qd
”u =
L

(n){A\ _ (-I)"n!
30. jI" )(4) = 3n(n'/+...1) I t:J I \..!

(a)
(b)
0.0002
v=
31.

(c)
v2 = 0.014

32. d

p(t) = P20e ,,(1-20)

36.

t = v= -

kCR2
(a)
rn (b) a = 0.0039 ;o C , p20 = 1. 7 x

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 10.11 739

+ + + + ... J
P

37.
+
(a)

C = R sec(L/R) - R (b)

(b)

L2 5L 4 (1 +
C = - + - -,
2R 24R j

(c) (c) L = 1m, 80 =

80 =

39. f(x) =

X3 , ...
f(x lI )

Xn +1 = X ,. - !'(x
lI
)

38.
n = 1, a = X II , X = r , X ll
’

1 M , If' (x)1

IXII+I -,. 1 - ,. 12
k = 2K

(a) 10- ’” n +
(M/2 K) 10- 2111

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
740

--

A• f(À) •
f(À) •

-5
f(A) = ellc/ AkT) - l

11= = 6.6262 X 10- 34 J . S

C= = 2.997925 X 10 8 111 / S
k= = 1. 3807 X 1O-23 1/K

1.

A!flR+f(A) = 0, =0

2.

3.
T = (111
=

4.

= 3400K) , = 6400K) , = 9200K) ,

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
Gaborturcsi / Shutterstock.com

11 Vectors and the Geometry of Space

12-15

741
742

11.1

(a ,

(a , b ,

•
z

y
x

(a) (b)

3(b) .

a,

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11.1 743

(a , b, b, C

(a , b,

P(a , b ,
x
(a , b,
R(O , b, S(a , 0,

(-4 , 3, (3 , -2 ,

z z
z
(0, 0, c)

-•
4

(-4 , 3 , -5)

x
Q(a , b , O)

x x {(x , y , z)lx , y , z
(a , b , C)

dimensional rectangular coordinate

(a) z = 3 (b) y = 5

(a) ((x , y , z) Iz =

(b)
744

(a) z = 3, (b) y = 5 ,

NOTE

x =

x 8
(2 , 0, 0) y=
(a) z =

x= 0 y= 0 z = 0 x = a, y = b ,
y

0 2 x
(a) (x , y ,

z = 3
(b)
(b) x 2 +l =

(c) +l 1, 2 Z

(a) z =
9
(b) + l = (x , y ,

x2 + l = 1, z =

10
2
(c) x +l (x , y, z=k
2 Z

1 11

[c h'!1
 11.1 745

z z

(0 , 0, 4)
/
t
~
/~ t
(0, 0,
/

~
l

y y
x x

l = l, z = 3 1,

z 3
{(x , X , Z) [x E
Z

•
•
j

12
PI(XI , )'1 , P2(X2 , )'2 , Z2)

[P 1P2 [ = - Xl)2 + ()'2 - )'1 )2 + (Z2 - ZI)2

z
”
Pl x
, V
‘? U
‘
P( - y2 z2 A(X2 , )'1 , B(X2 , )'2 ,
Z ?
-

[P 1A[ = [X2 - Xl[ [ AB [ = [)'2 - )'1 [ [BP 2 [ = [Z2 - 21 [

x [P 1P2 [2 = [P 1B[2 + [BP 2 [2

y

13
[P 1B[2 = [P 1A[2 + [AB[ 2

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
746

2 2
IP 1P2 = IPIAI 2 + IABI2
1 + IBP2 1

2 2 2
= IX2 - XI 1 + IY2 - YI 1 + IZ2 - ZI1

= (X2 - XI )2 + (Y2 - YI)2 + (Z2 - ZI)2

1P 1P21 = .)(X2 - XI)2 + (Y2 - YI )2 + (Z2 - ZI)2

z P(2 , Q(l ,

P(x , y , z)
IPQI = .)(1 - 2)2 + (-3 + 1)2 + (5 - 7)2 = •
r
--l/L/ ‘

C(h , k, P(X , y ,
‘
C( h, k, 1)
14). I?cl =

x - h)2 +l y - k)2 + (z - 1)2 = r

y

C( h, k,

(X - h)2 + (y - k)2 + (z - 1) 2 = ,
2

X2 + y2 + Z2 = r2

5 (3 , -1 , (5 , 2 ,

(3 , (5 , 2 , 3)

r= - 3)2 + [2 - (-1)J2 + (3 - 6)2 = J22

(X - 3)2 + [y - (-1)J2 + (z - 6)2 =

.,
;;<.
(X - w + (y + 1)2 + (z - 6)2 = 22 l

x2 + l + Z2 + 4x - 6y + 2z + 6 =

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 11.1 747

(x 2 + 4x + 4) + (y2 - 6y + 9) + (Z2 + 2z + 1) = -6 + 4 + 9 + 1
(x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 + (z + 1)2 = 8

(-2 , 3 ,

1 x 2 + y2 + Z2 4 z O

1 x 2 + y2 + Z2 4

l 2

Y l (x , y,
Z (x , y ,
+
l+Z2=4 15 •
15

1. 3 8. + Z2 =

2. (1, 5, 3) , (0 , 2 , -3) , (-3 , 0 , 2) , (2 , -2 , 9-10

9. (3 , 5 , -2) , (-1 , 1, -4) 10. (-6 , -3 , 0) , (2 , 4, 5)

3. A( -4 , 0, -1) , 8(3 , 1, -5) , C(2 , 4 , 6)

11 -12
4. (2 , 3, XY , yz ,
(2 , 3 ,
11. P(3 , -2 , -3) , Q(7 , 0, 1) , R(1, 2, 1)
12. P(2 , -1 , 0) , Q(4 , 1, 1) , R(4 , -5 , 4)
5.
13.
6. z = (a) A(2 , 4 , 2) , 8(3 , 7 , -2) , C(I , 3 , 3)
y = 3, z = (b) D(O , -5 , 5) , E(1 , -2 , 4) , F(3 , 4 , 2)

(x , y, 14. (4 ,
(a) (b)
7. x + Y = [R 3 (c) (d)
(e) (f)

( 1( I f
748

15. x2 + l + Z2 > 2z

16. (2 , -6 , 43-46

43.
17. (3 , 8 , (4 , 3 ,
44.
= 8
18.
45. r <
19-22

46.
x2 + 2
+ 7Z + X 8
2Z ---%
--2

x2 + ” 2 + ?-z =
“ v
rhU
VA
4y … 47.
2x2 + 2 2y + 2
--- x + + - = nU
4x2 + 4 2y+ ?- l ~ 4
Ll Z

23. PI(XI , YI , P2(X2 , y2,

24. (5 , 4 , (1, 6 ,
(a) LI
(b) A , B,

25. (a) (b) (c)

48. B(6 , 2 ,

26. (7 , 3,
(7 , 3,
49. A(-I , 5 , B(6 , 2,

27-42
50.

27. z = -2 28. x =3
x2 + l + Z2 + 4x - 2y + 4z + 5 = 0,

l + Z2 = 4
29. Y 1 30. x < 4

31. -1 X 2 32. z =y 51.

2 +y + ?-
= 4
+l .2 + l
”
X
33. x2 = 4, z = - 1 34. = 4
?r + 7-
+ Z2 + + I
35. l + Z2 25 36. x2 + Z2 25 , 0 y 2
= Z

37. x2 + l + Z2 = 4 38. + i +z2 4

52.
39. + l + 40. 1 x2 +l 5 y

41. 0 X 3, 0 y 3, 0 Z 3

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11.2 749

11.2 I

v= u= -’

1 u = v 2..j'

B
-’
-?

A
-’ -?
AC=AB+BC
-?

u,

t (1 ( I f 1
750

%
6(a) ,

(a) (b)
•

v+

multiple)
c> c<o
c=o cv =

-v =

u - v = u + (-v)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 11.2 751

v + (u - v) =

u - u

(a) ‘l (c)

a-

a -

•
•

(al , (1 2) (al , a2 , a3) 11 .

.
(a" a2)

11
x x/ , 1 y

a= a2) a= (a l , a3 )

a = ((1 1, (1 2) a = ((1 10 (1 2, (1 3)

(2)

t 1 11 I f 1
752

y 4 , 5)1 P(3 , =
v
,/’
a (3 ,
/
/
L ’ =

0 / x P(3 , vector)

/
a = -’
OP = (al , a2 , P(Cl!, ,
(l 2

= (3 , 13 A(XI , YI , ZI) , B(X2 , )'2 ,

XI + al = X2 , YI + a2 = Y2 , ZI + a3 =
z
(l l = X2 - XI , a2 = )'2 - )'1 , a3 = Z2 -

A(XI , YI , B(X2 , Y2 ,

a = (X2 - Xl , Y2 - Yl , Z2 - Zl)

A(x , y , z)
---;
y 1- a2 , z 1- a3 )
I
13 a = ({/l , {/2 ,
3 A(2 , -3 , 4) , B( -2 , 1,

a = (-2 - 2, 1 - (-3) , 1 - 4) = (-4 , 4 , -3)

[v[

a = (al ,

[a[

a = (al , a2 ,

y [a[ = Ja 12 + aff
(a ,+ b , a l 2 + b2 )

a = (al , a 2), b = (bl ,

a +b = (al + bl , Cl 2 +

0 a , b, x
cal ,

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 11.2 753

-----|

a = (al , b = (bi,
a a + b = (al + b I, a2 + b2) a - b = (al - b 1, a2 - b2)
a- / / n
IU2
| ca = (cal , Ca2)
_ _j
a1

15 (al , a2 , a3) + (b I, b2, b3) = (al + b I, a2 + b2, a3 + b3)

(a I, a2 , a3) - (b 1, b2, b3) = (al - b I, a2 - b2, a3 - b3)
c(al , a2 , a3) = (ca" Ca2 , Ca3)

a = b = (-2 , a + b, a - b,
2a +
lal = + 02 + 32 = = 5
a +b = (4 , 0, 3) + (-2 , 1, 5)
= (4 + (-2) , 0 + 1, 3 + 5) = (2 , 1, 8)

a - b = (4 , 0, 3) - (-2 , 1, 5)
= (4 - (-2) , 0 - 1, 3 - 5) = (6 , -1 , -2)

3b = 3(-2, 1, 5) = (3(-2) , 3(1), 3(5)) = (-6 , 3, 15)

2a + 5b = 2(4 , 0, 3) + 5(-2 , 1, 5)
= (8 , 0, 6) + (-10 , 5, 25) = (-2 , 5, 31)
•
P = (Pl , P2 , P3 , P4 , PS , P6)

(x, y, z,
a = (a" a2 , ... , a ll )

al , a2 , ...

a,
1. a+b=b+a 2. a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
3. a + 0 = a 4. a + (- a) = 0
5. c(a + b) = ca + cb 6. (c + d) a = ca + da
7. = c(da) 8. la = a

n=2
 754

a + b = (a" a2) + (b" b2) = (a , + b" a2 + b2)

= ,
(b + a" b2 + a2) = (b" b2) + (a" a2)
=b+a

= a + (b + c)

| i = (1, 0, 0) k = (0 , 0, 1)

P
i, j , basis

i = (1 , = (0 , 17

(0, 1)

01 i x
,
i /// y
17
(
(a)

y
(a" a2) a = (at , a2 ,

a2J a = (al , a2 , a3) = (a" 0, 0)

+ (0 , a2, 0) + (0 , 0, a3)
0 x
= a ,(1, 0 , 0) + a2(0 , 1, 0) + a3(0 , 0, 1)
a = a tÏ + a2 j + a3 k
(a) a = a ,i + a 2 j
i, j ,

(1, -2, 6) = i - 2j + 6k

a = (a" a2) = ,
a i + azj
j

(b) a = a,i+a 2 j +a3k

a = i + 2j - 3k, b = 4i + 2a + j,

1, 2, 5, 6,

2a + 3b = 2(i + 2j - 3k) + 3(4i + 7k)

= 2i + 4j - 6k + 12i + 21 k = 14i + 4j + 15k

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 11.2 755

.::> IA
i, j ,
1:0-

Willard Gibbs , 1839-

{ Vector = r;r
c = u

lul = |ca| = |c||a| = 1

lal

6 2i - j -

12i - j - 2kl = ..}2 2 + (-1)2 + (-2)2 = =3

3(2i - j - 2k) = 3 i - 5j - gk
•
l

7
Tl ,

T 1 = -1 T 1 1cos 500 i + 1T I 1sin 50 0 j

t (1 ( I f 1
756

T 2 = 1T 21cos 32 0 i + 1T 2 1sin 32 0 j

F = -100(9.8)j
TI +
T , + T2 = -F = 980j

(-IT lcos50 0 + IT2lcos32o )i

, + (IT lsin50 0 + IT2lsin320)j = 980j
,

-1 T I cos 50 0
, + 1T 2 1cos 32 0 = 0
,
IT lsin50 0 + IT 21sin320 = 980

|Td cos
,
1T I sin 50 0 + 1 -
s
sin 32 0 = 980

0
,
1T 1( sin 50 + cos = 980

980
,
IT I = _. __ C"r. 0o , • ___ """00 ___
in 50 + tan 32 cos
C"r. o = 839N

_1 T lcos
1T 2 1 = 1 1
,
I = 636 N
s

,
T = -539i + 643j
T 2 = 539 i + 337 j
l

course

W+E
y

s
v

vc 0
x

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11 .2 757

Vc =

= 8(cos ei + sin e
V = Vb + Vc
= 8 cos ei + 8 sin ej - 4i = (-4 + 8 cos e)i + (8 sin e)j

-4 + 8 cos e = 0 cos 8 =5 e=
e= N30 E 0
l

1.
(a)
b
(b)
(c)
(d)
6.
2. (a) u +V (b) u - v
(c) 2u (d)
(e)3u+v (f) v - 2u
3.
B

7.
D
P
4.

R
-’
(a) AB -’
+ BC -’
(b) CD + DB
-'>

-’ - AB
-’ -'> -•. -'>
Q
(c) DB (d) DC + CA + AB

8. Ivl =

5.
(a) a +b (b) b +c
(c) a +c (d) a - c
b +a + 9 -14
(e) c (f) a -

9. A(-2 , 1) , B(1 , 2) 10. A(-5 , -1) , B(-3 , 3)

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
758

11. A(3 , -1) , B(2 , 3) 12. A(3 , 2), B(I , O) 34.

13. A(I , -2, 4), B(-2 , 3, 0) 14. A(3 , 0, -2), B(O , 5, 0)

15-18
L
15. (-1 , 4), (6, -2) 16. (3, -1), (-1 , 5)

17. (3, 0, 1), (0, 8, 0) 18. (1 , 3, -2), (0, 0, 6)

19-22 a + b , 4a + 2b, lal , la -

19. a=(-3 , 4), b=(9, -I)

20. a = 5i + 3j , b = -i - 2j
35. 2m,
21. a = 4i - 3j + 2k , b = 2i - 4k

22. a = (8, 1, -4), b = (5 , -2, 1)

23-25

23. (6 , -2) 24. - 5 i + 3j - k

25. 8i - j + 4k

26. (6, 2 ,

36.
27-28

27. i + 28. 8i + 6j

29.
Ivl =

37.
30.

31.
38.
250m

32-33
(a)
(b)
32. y 33. y
20N 200N 39. N45 0 W
S30 0 E
300N
x 0 x
16 N 40.

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11.2 759

48. r = (x , y) , rl = (XI , YI) , r2 = (X2 , k > Irl -

Ir - rd + Ir - r21 = (x ,
41. y = X
2

49.
42. (a) y = 2 sinx

(b) 50. n =
(c) y = 2 (a) ,

51.
43. A , B,

52.
44. a = (al , a2 ,
a= = c=
b = (al , -a2 ,

45. (a) a = (3 , 2) , b = (2 , -1) , c = (7 ,

(b) c = sa +

(c)
(d)

46. a , a,

c = sa +

47. r = (x , y , z) , ro = (xo , yo , Ir - =
y
(x , y ,
x

y = a cosh(x/

(x , > 0).

•x

( 1( I t I
760

(x ,

To +T +w = 0

1. = (x ,
T = (ITol ,

2. (x , a =
dy s(x)
dx a

3. y(O)
= =

d 2v 1 I f dv \ 2
=-.dl+I-- I
a \ dx J
z =

x
y = acosh- - a
a

4. a = t, a = 1, a = y = a cosh(x/a) -

11.3 I

a = (al , Q2 , Q3) , b = (bl , h product)

a .b = Qb , , + a 2b2 + a3b3

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 11.3 761

(scalar product)

(al , a2) • (b l, b2) = a1b l + a 2b2

(2 , 4) . (3 , -1) = 2(3) + 4(-1) = 2

(-1 , 7 , 4)' = (-1) (6) + 7(2) + 4(-!) = 6

(i + 2j - 3k)' (2j - k) = 1(0) + 2(2) + (-3)(-1) = 7 l

a,
2 2. a. b b .a
1. a. a = lal =

3. a. (b + c) = a . b + a . c 4. (ca). b = c(a . b) = a . (cb)

5. O. a = 0

1. a' a = + ai + a? = 1 a 12
3. a. (b + C) = (al , a2 , a3) • (b l + CI , b 2 + C2 , b3 + C3)
= al(b l + CI) + a2(b 2 + C2) + a3(b 3 + C3)
= a1b l + alcl + a 2b2 + a2C2 + a 3b3 + a3C3
= (a1b l + a 2b2 + a3b3) + (alcl + a2C2 + a3C3)
=a'b+a'c

z
b

B 0 8
e= 0
A

x y

a .b = 1 a 11 b 1 COS e

( 1( I t I
762

1AB 12 = 1OA 12 + 1OB 12 - 21 OA 11 OB 1cos e

e= 0, e = = 0
10AI = la l, 10BI = Ib l, IABI = 13 -

1a - b 12 = 1a 12 + 1b 12 - 21 a 11 b 1cos e

1a - b 12 = (a - b) " (a - b)
=a"a-a"b-b"a+b"b
= 1a 12 - 2a " b + 1b 12

1a 12 - 2a " b + 1b 12 = 1a 12 + 1b 12 - 21 a 11 b 1cos e
-2a" b = -21311 b 1cos e
7-
--, a " b = 13 11 b 1cos e

•
2 b

3 " b = 13 11 b 1 = 4 " 6 " = 12! •

b
a"b
OS tJ =, ,,_
v 1all b 1

a = (2 , 2, b = (5 , -3 , 2)

lal = ../22 + 2 2 + (-1 )2 = 3, Ibl = + (- 3)2 + 2 2 =

a " b = 2(5) + 2(-3) + (-1)(2) = 2

a"b 2
cos e=

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 1 1.3 763

e= = 1.46 84 0 )
•
b
(perpendicular

a . b = 1 a 11 b 1 = 0

a. b = cos e = e=

b =

2i + 2j -
(2i + 2j - k)' (5i - 4j + 2k) = 2(5) + 2(-4) + (-1)(2) = 0

a'b > 0
0 e< cos e > < e cos e < e<
a. b > e> a. b <

a'b = 0
a. b > a. b =
a. b < 2
a'b < 0
e=
a'b=lallbl

e= e=
a'b=-Iallbl

// a , ß, [0 , 3
~ cos a , cos ß, cos co-

cos a = =
x

( 1( I t I
764

_ a2 a3
COS J.j
t-'
= -,-,
lal COS" = 1a 1

+ COS 2ß + 2
COS " = 1

a = ( a l, a2 , a3) = (1 a 1 cos a , 1 a 1 cos ß, 1 a 1 cos ,,)

= 1 a 1 (COS a , cos ß, COS ,,)

= <cos a , cos H, cos v >

lal

a=

lal = + 22 + 32 =
3
cos a
14
cos jj = --=-
14
2

a = = 74 0
ß= = 58
0
,,= =

•
R -7 -’
a
proja

a b
Ibl cos 5 < e

a .b = 1 a 11 b 1 cos e= 1 a 1 (1 b 1 cos e)

proja b a

r H I t
 11 .3 765

R 1 b 1 cos e= 3-- b
lal lal
b

Ib I cos () = compa b
a

a oja b =

a = (-2 , 3 , 1) b = (1,

lal = -2)2 32 + 12 - a

. a .b (-2) (1) + 3(1) + 1(2) 3

pa D = -,-,--
‘ lal

b = = = l

w=

P F=
Q
D D=

w= (1 F 1 cos e) 1D 1

w= 1F 11 D 1 cos e= F . D

‘ :.1 ( I ,')1
766

W= F •D = 1 F 11 D 1 cos

= cos 35 0 = 5734 N.m = 5734 J l

F = 3i + 4j + P(2 , Q(4 , 6 ,

-i>
D = PQ =

W=F'D=(3 , 4 , 5)' (2 , 5 , 2)

= 6 + 20 + 10 = 36

36J
l

I
1. 13. (a) i . j = j . k = k . i =
(a) (a . b) . c (b) (a . b)c (b) i . i = j . j = k . k = 1
(c) lal(b . c) (d) a. (b + c)
14.
(e) a . b + c (f) lal . (b + c)

2-10 a. A = b , c) , P = (4 , 2.5 ,

2. a = (5 , -2) , b = (3 , 4)
15-20
3. a=( 1. 5 , 0 .4), b=(-4 , 6)

4. a = (6 , -2 , 3) , b = (2 , 5, -1)
15. u = (5 , 1) , v = (3 , 2)
5. a = (4 , 1, b = (6, -3 , -8)
16. a = i - 3 j , b = - 3 i + 4j
6. a = (p , -p , 2p) , b = (2q , q , -q) 17. a = (1, -4 , 1) , b = (0 , 2 , -2)
7. a = 2i + j, b = i - j + k 18. a = (-1 , 3 , 4) , b = (5 , 2 , 1)
8. a = 3i + 2j - k , b = 4i + 5k 19.u=i-4j+k, v=-3i+j+Sk
9. lal = 7 , Ibl = 4 , b 20. a = 8i - j + 4 k , b = 4 j + 2 k
10. lal = 80 , Ibl = 50 , b
21 -22

11 -12 21. P(2 , 0) , Q(O , 3) , R(3 , 4)

11. 12. u
22. A(l, 0 , -1) , 8(3 , -2 , 0) , C(l , 3 , 3)

v v
23-24
‘v
w
23. (a) a = (9 , 3) , b = (-2 , 6)
(b) a = (4 , 5, -2) , b = (3 , -1 , 5)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 11.3 767

(c) a = -8i + 12j + 4k, b = 6i - 9j - 3k 44. a = i + 2j + 3 k, b = 5 i - k

(d) a = 3i - j + 3 k, b = 5 i + 9j - 2 k
24. (a) u = (-5 , 4 , -2) , v = (3 , 4, -1) 45. ortl1" b = b -
(b) u = 9i - 6j + 3k, v = -6i + 4j - 2k
(c) u = (c:, C, c) , v = (c , 0, -c:)
46. ort l1" a, b,
b,
25. P(I , -3 , -2) , Q(2 , 0 , -4) , R(6 ,
47. a = (3 , 0 , comp" b =
-2 ,
48. a ,
26. (2 , 1, (1 , x ,
(a) comp" b = compb
(b) proj" b =
27. i +
49. (0 , 10, (6 , 12 ,
28. v = (3 , F = 8i - 6j +

29-30
50.

29. Y = 4 - 3x , y = 3x + 2
lkm
30. 5x - y = 8, x + 3)' = 15
51.
80m
31-32
52. S36 0 E
40m
31. Y y =x3

32. Y = sinx , y = cosx , 0 X

53. PI(XI , ax + by + c = 0

| aXI + bYI + cI
33-37
)

33. (4 , 1, 8) 34. (-6 , 2 , 9)

3x - 4)' +5=
35. 3i - j - 2k 36. -0.7i + 1. 2j - 0.8k
54. r = (x , y , z) , a = (01 , 03), b = (bl , h
37. (c , c , c) , c >0 (r - a) . (r - b) =

38. a = = 55.

39-44 a 56.

39. a = (-5 , 12) , b = (4 , 6)

57.
40. a = (1, 4) > b = (2 , 3)

41. a=(4 , 7 , -4) , b= (3 , -I , I )

42. a = (-1 , 4 , 8) , b = (12 , 1, 2)

43. a = 3i - 3j + k, b = 2i + 4j - k
(1 , 0 , 0) , (0 , 1, 0) , (0 , 0 , 1) , (1 , 1,

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
768 11

(5 , 5, (a)
(b)

63.

1a + b 12 + 1a - b1
2
= 21 a1
2
+ 21 b 12

(a)
(b)
x

58. a, b , C = lalb + 64. u +

65. b
59. projn b . a = (a . b)
60.

66. (a)
61.
2 2 2
1u + V 1 = 1U 1 + 1V 1

la. b 1 1 allb 1
2
(b) lu + Vl 2 = IUl + IVl 2
62.

la + + Ibl

11.4 I

l
a = (al , a2 , b = (hI, b2 ,

C = (Cl , C2 , a. C = b. c = 0

alCI + a2C2 + (l 3C3 = 0

blCl + b2C2 + b3C3 = 0

(alb 3 - a3bl) Ci + - a3b2)c 2 = 0

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11 .4 769

pCI + QC2 = c! = C2 =

Cl = a2b3 - a3b2 C2 = a3bl - alb3

C3 = alb2 - a2bl

(C t, C2 , C3) = (a 2b 3 - a3b2 , a3bj - aj b3, a jb 2 - a 2b j )

a = (al , a2 , a3), b = (hJ, b2 ,

(Sir William Rowan Hamilton ,

a Xb = (a2b3 - a3b2, a3b j - aj b3, aj b2 - a2bj>

a X

product) a X

a b
c d - ’UC

2 1i
- -

al a?-?• a3 ’o
-b
I
’b ’o3 - a
b‘/---LU3
C 3
Q ‘‘
c
b3
c3
+ a’
j
’O

C
b2
c2
cl c‘‘ C3 ‘

t (1 ( I f 1
770

1 q4 l
nU 3 3 nU
-
1l 1i
+ n
3
-•
nU 1
2
’
1
1
-• ” •
= 1(0 - 4) - 2(6 + 5) + (-1) (1 2 - 0) = -38

i, j , a = al i +
a2j + a3 = b 1i + b2 j + b3
a a3
a × ku - ’o‘
a’ 4
a3 --
b ’o3
·IJ + a
AU
a LK

/- 3 ‘‘

·J k
a × kU
- a a‘‘
’0 b,‘

1 a = (1 , 3 , 4) , b = (2 , 7 ,
·J k
---’
a × kU = 1 3 4
•
1

2 7

=
3 Ai
,
1 4
---d+
| 1i 3
7 -n -·I
2 -• 7
LK

= -
.

-
“- .,
.J
+ ( LK - .--+ n--·J+ LK •

a = (al , a2 ,

j k
a Xa = Ial a2 a)
al a2 a)

= (a2a) - a3 (1 2) i - (ala) - a )al) j + ((l la2 - a2al) k

= Oi - Oj + Ok = 0
•
•
b

t n
U
( ” u
!
,••
t
t f r
 11 .4 771

ax

a X

(a × a2 a3 a a‘‘‘ a a?-2
a = a a‘‘ + a3
AU
2
’o3 Au b b ’o

= al(a2b3 - a3b2) - a2(a 1b3 - a 3b l ) + a3(a 1b2 - a2bl)

= ala 2b3 - alb2a3 - ala2b3 + b1a2a3 + a1b2a3 - b lQ 2a3
=0

X b) . b =

X X

la x

a X
e(o 8

1a X b 1 = 1a 11 b 1sin e

1 a X b 12 = (a 2b3 - a3b2)2 + (a 3b l - a 1b3)2 + (a 1b2 - a 2b 1)2

= ar b} - 2a2a3b2b3 + a}bl + al br - 2ala3blb3 + arb}

+ a?br - 2ala2b 1b2 + arb?

= (ar + ar + af) (br + bl + b l) - (a1b l + a2b2 + a3b3)2

= la b 12 - (a . b)2

= lal 21bl 2 -lal 2lbl 2coS 2e

= la1 21b1 2(1 - COS
2
e)

= 1a 121b 12sin 2e

8 sin e = sin

1a X b 1 = 1a 11 b 1sin e

t (1 ( I f 1
772

aXb=O

8=0
sin 8 = la X bl =

a X a X

b lallbl sin

lal , Ibl sin 8 ,

A = Ia I (1 b I sin 8) = I a x b I

3 P(I , 4 , 6) , Q(-2 , 5, -1) , R(l, -1 ,

PQ X -’ ----?
P,

----?
PQ = (-2 - l)i + (5 - 4)j + (-1 - 6)k = -3i + j - 7k
----?
PR = (1 - 1) i + (-1 - 4) j + (1 - 6) k = - 5 j - 5 k

·I L
·J A

-’
PQ X PR
----?
= I -3 1-7
I 0 -5 -5
= (-5 - 35)i - (1 5 - O)j + (1 5 - O)k = -40i - 15j + 15k

(-40 , -15 ,
(-8 , -3 , 3)
•
P(l, 4, 6) , Q( -2 , 5, -1) , R(l, -1 ,

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11 .4 773

× = (-40, -15 ,
×

| × + (-15)2 + 15 2 =

i, j , 8=

iXj=k j X k = i k X i = j

j Xi = -k k X j = -i i Xk = -j

i X j#j Xi

i X (i X j) = i X k = -j

(i X i) X j = 0 X j = 0

(a X b) X c # a X (b X c)

a, b ,
1. a X b = -b X a 2. (ca) X b = c(a X b) = a X (cb)
3. a X (b + c) = a Xb +a Xc 4. (a + b) X c = a X c + b Xc
5. a. (b X c) = (a X b) . c 6. a X (b X c) = (a . c)b - (a . b)c

a = (a l, a2 , a3) , b = (bl , b2 , b3) , c = (CI , C2 ,

a . (b X c) = al(b2c3 - b3C2) + a2(b3cl - b1C3) + a3(b1c2 - b2Cl)

= a 1b2c3 - a 1b3c2 + a 2b3cl - a 2b 1c3 + a 3b 1c2 - Q 3b2cl
= (a 2b3 - a 3b2)cl + (a 3b 1 - a 1b3)c2 + (a 1b2 - a2 bl)c3
= (a X b) . c l

t 1 11 I f 1
774

a . (b x a, b , triple prod-

al a2 a3
a . (b X c) = I b1 b2 b3
Cl C2 C3

a , b,
3 = Ib X

b x c h = lall cos (8 >

cos 8 Icos
b
V = Ah = 1b X c 11 a 11 cos 8 1 = 1 a • (b X c) 1 (J J.3

a, b ,

V = 1 a . (b X c) 1

a, b,
a,

5 a = (1 , 4 , -7) , b = (2 , c = (0 ,
-9 ,

1i 4
a x = • 4
nu •
•
---!111l1
4 4 -----= -----111
1
= ‘,--’
• 4 -O7l
nU 9

= i

b “
‘‘
tt 111 nU
’

a,
•
a X (b X triple

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11 .4 775

'T =rXF

I 'T I = Ir X FI = IrllFIsin8

IFI sin

/ 6 0.25m
/
/

I'T 1 = 1 r X F 1 = 1 r 11 F 1 sin 75 0 = sin

= 10 sin 75 = 9.66 N.m
0

'T = 1 'T 1 n = 9.66n

1-7 a X a, 8. a = i - a X
1. a = (2 , 3 , b = (1 , 0, 5)
a , b, a x

2. a = (4 , 3 , -2) , b = (2 , -1 , 1) 9-12

3. a = 2j - 4k , b = -i + 3j + k
9. (i X j) X k 10. k X (i - 2j)
4. a = 3 i + 3 j - 3 k, b = 3 i - 3j + 3 k
k) X (k - i) 12. (i + j) X (i - j)
5. b+ik, b=i+2j-3k

6. a = ti + costj + sintk , b = i - sintj + costk 13.

7. a = (f , (2, t) , b = ((1, 2t, 3t)

t (1 ( I f 1
776

(a) a . (b X c) (b) a X (b . c) 27. A(-3 , 0) , 8(-1 , 3) , C( 5 , 2) , D(3 ,

(c) a X (b x c) (d) a . (b . c)
(e) (a . b) x (c . d) (f) (a X b) . (c x d)
28. P(I , 0, 2) , Q(3 , 3 , 3) , R(7 , 5 , 8) , S(5 , 2 ,

14-15 lu x X

14. lul= 1O 29-32 (a) P,

Ivl=8 I (b)

29. P(3 , 1, 1) , Q(5 , 2, 4) , R(8 , 5, 3)

30. P(-2 , 0 , 4) , Q(I , 3, -2) , R(O , 3, 5)

31. P(7 , -2 , 0) , Q(3 , 1, 3) , R(4 , -4 , 2)

32. P(2 , -3 , 4) , Q(-I , -2 , 2) , R(3 , 1, -3)

16.
lal = = 33-34 a,
(a) la x
(b) a X
33. a = (1 2, 3) , b = (-1 , 1, 2) , c = (2 , 1, 4)

34. a = i + j , b = j + k, C = i + j + k

35-36

x 35. P(-2 , 1, 0) , Q(2 , 3, 2) , R (l, 4 , -1) , S(3 , 6 , 1)

36. P(3 , 0, 1) , Q(-I , 2 , 5) , R(5 , 1, -1) , S(O , 4 , 2)

17. a = (2 , -1 , 3) , b = (4 , 2, X

37. u = i + 5 j - 2 k, v = 3 i -
18. a = (1 , 0 , 1) , b = (2 , 1, -1), c = X (b x c) j , w = 5i +9j -
,.. (a X b) x
38. A(I , 3, 2) , 8(3 , -1 , 6) , C( 5 , 2 ,
19. (3 , 2, 0) , D(3 , 6 ,

20. j - i + 39.

21.

22. a, (a X b) . b =

23-26

23. 1: a X b = -b x a

24. 2: (ca) X b = c(a X b) = a X (cb)

25. 3: a X (b + c) = a X b + a X C
40. (a)
26. 4: (a + b) X c = a X c + b X c
(b)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11 .4 777

(a)

c) 1
a = QR , b = QS , c = d=
la X bl

(b) P(2 , 1, Q(l, 0 , 0) ,

R(O , 2, 0), S(O , 0,

47. la X bl 2 = lal 21bl 2 - (a.

48. a + b + c =

49. (a - b) X (a + b) = 2(a X

50.
a X (b X c) = (a . c)b - (a . b)c
41.
(0 , 3, -4) 51.
100N.

42. V = 52.
u X
u X (a X b) . (c X d) = Ia . I
I a' a o. a I

43. a . b = a Xb =
53. a ""'
44. (a) (a) a . b = a .
(b) a X b = a X ?
(1, 2, 1) X V = (3 , 1, -5)
(c) a . b = a .
(b) 54. VJ , V2 ,

(1 , 2, 1) X v = (3 , 1, 5) k, = _v2 X V3 k ,= _V3 X VJ
VJ • (V2 X V3) 2 - (V2X V3)
45. L
k , -= VJ X V2
" VJ' (V2 X V3)
(a)

la X bl I1 JVJ +
a = QR , b = d = -"'--.,.--'-
lal I12 V2 + 113V3
kJ , k2 ,

(a) i ""'
(b) P (1, 1, Q(O , 6 ,
(b) i = k;. V; =
R(-1 , 4,
(C) kl • (k2 × =
46.
k3)
V , . (V2l X V3)

t (1 ( I f 1
778

|
P

1. VI , V2 , V3 , P,

..-/..- S . . . . VI + V2 + V3 + V4 = 0
-.... ,‘ R
2.
(a)
(b) P(l , 1, 1) , Q(I, 2, 3) , R(l , 1, 2) , S(3 ,

3.
A , B,

D2 = A2 + B 2 + C2

11 .5 I
•

L Po(xo , YO ,
P(x , Y, L

r = ro +

a =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11.5 779

r = ro + tv

v = (a , b , =

(ta , tb , r = (x , y , ro = (xo , yo ,

(x , Y , z) = (xo + ta , yo + tb , Zo + tc)

t E IR

x = Xo + at y = yo + bt z = Zo + ct

Po(xo , yo , v = (a , b , L
(x , y , z)

(xo , )'0 , (a , b ,

x = Xo + at y= )'0 + bt z = Zo + ct

(a) (5 , 1, i + 4j -

(b)

(a) = i + 4j -

r = (5 i + j + 3 k) + t(i + 4 j - 2 k)
r = (5 + t) i + (1 + 4t) j + (3 - 2t) k
L

(5 , 1, 3)
x = 5 + t y = 1 + 4t z = 3 - 2t

(b) t = x = 6, y = 5, z = (6 , 5,
t = (4 ,

t (1 ( I f 1
780

(5, 1, 3)
(6, 5,

x= 6 + t Y= 5 + 4t 2 = 1 - 2t

(5 , 1, 2i + 8j -
(_J U 1'---

x = 5 + 2t y = 1 + 8t 2 = 3 - 4t

b, a , b, c

a , b,
a, b,

c
t x - xo y yo z-zo
= ---
= --- t = --- ---
t= t = ---
a b c

a, b, a , b,

X = XQ

2+
t (a) A(2 , 4, B(3 , -1 ,

(b)

(a) -’
A

v = (3 - 2 , -1 - 4 , 1 - (-3)) = (1, -5 , 4)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11 .5 781

a = 1, b =-5 , C = (2 , 4 ,

x=2+t y =4- 5t z = -3 + 4t

(b) Z = z = -3 + 4t =
t= x = 2 + 3= y = 4 - 5G) =

x-2 y-4 3
1 -5 4

•
Po(xo , Yo , PI(XI , )'1 ,

XI - XO , )'I - )'0 , ZI -

X - Xo y - Yo z - Zo
X1 - Xo y , - Yo ZI -

t = (2 , 4 ,
t = (3 , -1 ,

x=2+t Y = 4 - 5t z = -3 + 4t 0 t 1

r(t) = (2 + t, 4 - 5t, -3 + 4t)

v'î} r = ro +
v = rl -
r = ro + t(r , - ro) = (1 - t)ro + tr ,

0 t

( 1( I f 1
782

r(t) = (1- t)ro + trl 0 t 1

L 1: x= 1 t Y = -2 + 3t z= 4 - t
z
L 2: x = 2s y=3+s z = -3 + 4s
5
Ll

(1 , 3, (2 , 1,
5
x

1+ t = 2s
-2 + 3t = 3 +s
4 - t = -3 + 4s

t= s =

Po(xo , YO ,
P(X , y ,
x
y r -
6 r -

| n. (r - rO) = 0

n = (a , b, C) , r = (X , y , Z) , rO = (XO , yo , ZO)

[c h'!1
 11.5 783

(a , b , c) . (x - xo , y - yo , z - zo) = 0

n = b, yo ,

a(x - xo) + b(y - yo) + c(z - zo) = 0

(2 , 4 , = (2 ,

a = 2, b = 3 , c = 4 , Xo = 2, yo = 4, Zo =

2(x - 2) + 3(y - 4) + 4(z + 1) = 0

;;<.
--, 2x + 3y + 4z = 12

x
4,
7
•
d =

byo +

ax + by + cz + d = 0

x, y,
a, b,

(a , b , 83

5 P (1, 3 , 2) , Q(3 , -1 , 6) , R(5 , 2 ,

Q(3 , -1 , 6)
a = (2 , -4 , 4) b = (4 , -1 , -2)

b a X

y
·l ·J k
x
2 4
n=aXb= = 12 i + 20 j + 14 k
4

( - (
t r <
I r 1
784

P(l , 3 ,
12(x - 1) + 20(y - 3) + 14(z - 2) = 0

-, 6x + lüy + 7z = 50 l

6 x = 2 + 3t, y = -4t, Z = 5 + 4x +
5y - 2z =

4(2 + 3t) + 5(-4t) - 2(5 + t) = 18

-10t = t =
t = x = 2 + 3(-2) = -4, y = -4(-2) = 8, z = 5 -

x + 2y - 3z
2x + 4y -6z = 0 , = (1 , 2, 02 = (2 , 4 ,
02 =
9

(a) x - 2y + 3z = 1
(b)

(a)

0 , = (1, 1, 1) 02 = (1, -2 , 3)

cos
^
tJ =
0 , . 02 =
1(1) + 1(-2) + 1(3) 2
- 10 , 11 0 21
2 \
e = COS .1
-1 I -= I =
J

(b) L
x+y=1
- 2y = = 1, y = (1 , 0 ,

j k
v = n ×n ?- - -’
i
1 1 - -- --·J LK

’i
1 3

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 11.5 785

x - 1 Y Z
5 -2-3

•
NOTE x , Y ,

,
ax + blY + ,
cz + d , = a2X + b2Y + C 2Z + d2 = 0
(x , Y,
x+y+z=l
- 2y + 3z =

x - 1 Y Y Z
5 -2 ’ -2 -3
2
L (x - 1)/5 = Y/(- 2) =
z 0 11

-2

11

l
P ,(x" Y' , ax + by + cz + d =

YO ,

b = (Xl - XO , Yl - YO , Zl - ZO)

0= (a , b , c)

D = 1 compn b 1 =
10' bl
I _ I
101
l a(Xl - XO) + b(Yl - Yo) + C(Zl - ZO) 1
+ b2 + c2
| (aXl + bYl + CZl) - (axo + byo + CZO) 1

..}a 2 + b 2 + c 2

, l' I f 1
786

axo +
byo + cZo + d =

PI(XI , YI , ax + by + cz + d =

D=J + bYI + CZI + dl

.../a + b + C
2 2 2

10x + 2y - 2z = + Y- z = 1

(10 , 2, (5 , 1,

10x= (t, 0,
(t, 0 , 5x + Y- z - 1= 0

D = + - - 1| -
-- -----
3 --- ----
J5
.../5 2 + ]2 + (-1)2 6

L 1: x = 1 +( Y = -2 + 3t Z = 4- (
L2: x = 2s y = 3 +s Z = -3 + 4s

P2
L2 P2
VI = (1 , 3 , -1) V2 = (2 , 1,
4)
·l L
J A

n = ”’ × v,‘ - 1
l j --A = n·l r
0 --·J L
K

13 ‘
/
--
•

L2 (0 , 3,

13(x - 0) -- 6(y - 3) - 5(z + 3) = 0 -, 13x - 6y - 5z + 3 = 0

(1,
L2 (1, 13x - 6y - 5z +3 =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 11.5 787

D-|13(1)-6( 2) 5(4)+3|- 8 (-
- l
)13 2 + (-6)2 + (-5)2 ) ‘

1. (3 , -1 ,
(a)
15. (a) (1 , -5 , (-1 , 2 ,
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f) 16. (a) (2 , 4 , x - y + 3z =
(g)
(h) (b)
(i) 17. (6 ,
u)
(k)
18. (-2 , (1 1,
2-5

2. (4 , 2 , 19-22
3. (t,
4. (6 , 0 , x = 4 - 3t , Y = -1 + 4t , Z = 19. L ,: x = 3 + 2t, y = 4 - t, Z = 1 + 3t
6 + L2: x = 1 + 4s, y = 3 - 2s , Z = 4 + 5s

5. 3x - 2y + 2z =
20. L ,: x = 5 - 12t, Y = 3 + 9t, Z = 1 - 3t

L2: x = 3 + 8s , y = -6s , Z = 7 + 2s
x-2 y-3 z-1
6-12 21. L ,: --=-'--=--
1 -2 -3
6. (1 , 6, L x-3 y+4 z -2
2: - - - = - - - = --_-
1 3 -7
7. (8 ,

8. (0.4, - 0 .2 , (1. 3, 0.8 ,

9. (1 2 , 9 ,

10. (2 , i + +

11. 23-40

12. x + 2)' + 3z = 23. (3 , 2 ,

24. (6 , 1,
13. (-4 , -6 , (-2 , 0 , (10 , 25. (5 , -i + 2j +
(5 , 3 ,
26.
14. (1, 1, (2 ,
x = 1 - 8t y = -1 - 7t z=4+2t

( - (
t r <
I r 1
788

27. 50. + 2y + 3z

51-56

28. (9 , -4 , z = 2x -

29. (2.1 ,1. 7 , 2x - y + 3z =

51.x+4y-3z=l , -3x+6y+7z=0

52. 9x - 3y + 6z = 2 , 2y = 6x + 4z
30. x = 1 + t, Y = 2 - t, Z = 4 -
5x + 2y + Z = 53. x + 2y - z = 2, 2x - 2y +z = 1

31. (0 , 1, 1) , (1, 0 , (1, 54. x - Y + 3z = 1, 3x +Y - z = 2

32. (3 , -2 , 1) , (1, 1, 55. 2x - 3y = z , 4x = 3 + 6y + 2z

33. (2 , 1, 2) , (3 , -8 , 6) , (-2 , -3 , 56. 5x + 2y + 3z = 2 , Y = 4x - 6z

34. (3 , 0 , -1) , (-2 , -2 , 3) , (7 , 1,

35. (3 , 5 , = 4 - t, Y = 21 - 1, 57-58
Z =
(a)
(b)
36. (6 , -1 , x/3 = y + 4 =

57. x +Y+ z = 1, x + 2y + 2z = 1
37. (3 , 1, + 2y + 3z =
58. 3x - 2y +z = 1, 2x +Y - 3z = 3

38. (0 , 2z = 5x + 4y
59-60

39. (1, 5 , x + 3z = 4 59. 5x - 2y - 2z = 1, 4x +Y +z = 6

60. z = 2x - y - 5 , z = 4x + 3y - 5
40. x - z = 1, Y + 2z =

61. (1, 0 , (3 , 4 ,

41-44 62. (2 , 5 , (-6 , 3,

41. 2x + 5y + z = 10 42. 3x +Y+ 2z = 6

43. 6x - 3y + 4z = 6 44. 6x + 5y - 3z= 15 63.

64. (a)
45-47
r = (1 , 1, 0) + t(l , -1 , 2)
45. x = 2 - 2/ , Y = 3/ , z = 1 + 1; x + 2y - z = 7
r = (2 , 0, 2) + s(-I , 1, 0)
46. x = t- 1, Y = 1 + 2t, z = 3 - t; 3x - y + 2z = 5
(b)
47. 5x = y/2 = z + 2; 10x - 7y + 3z + 24 = 0
65. (0 , 1,
x = 1 + t, Y = 1 - t, z =
48. 2x +y-z=

66. (0 , 1, x = 1 + t, Y = 1 - t, Z =
49.

[c h'!1
 11 .5 789

67. 77. + 1 = )'/2 =

P 1 : 3x+6y-3z=6 P2 : 4x - 12y + 8z = 5 78. = 1 + t , Y = 1 + 6t ,

P3 : 9y = 1 + 3x + 6z P4 : z = x + 2y - 2 z = x = 1 + 2s , y = 5 + 15s , z = -2 + 6s

68. 79. (2 , 0 , (1 , -1 ,
(4 , 1, L2
L 1: X = 1 + 6t , y = 1 - 3/, z = 121 +5
L2: x = 1 + 2t, y = 1, z = 1 + 41 80. (2 , 4 ,
L 3 : 2x - 2 = 4 - 4y =z+ 1
(3 , 2 , -1) , (0 , 0 , 1) , (1 , 2 ,
L4 : r = (3 , 1, 5) + 1(4, 2, 8)

69-70 81. (325 ,

810 , (765 , 675 ,
(a)
69. (4, 1, -2); x = 1 + t , )' = 3 -2t , Z = 4 - 3t
(b)
70. (0 , 1, 3); x = 2(, y = 6 - 2t , Z = 3 + t 549 ,
566 , 586 ,

71-72

71. (1 , -2 , 4) , 3x+2y+6z=5

72. (-6 , 3, 5) , x - 2y - 4z = 8

73-74

73. 2x - 3y + z = 4, 4x - 6)' + 2z = 3
82.
74. 6z = 4y - 2x, 9z = 1 - 3x + 6)'
(a) x +y +z = c (b) x +y+ cz = 1
(c) y cos ()+ z sin () = 1
75. ax + by + cz +
83. a , b , ax + by + cz + d=
dl = ax + by + cz + d2 = 0
(a , b ,
-= d,l
Il----

D = ==
a +b +c
= 1

-- --
7-
- 2 2
al x + + b(y - 0) + c(z - =0
\ a I

76. + 2y - 2z =

x
r ( 1( 1
790

1. (0 , :!::400 , (0 , :!::400 ,
(230 ,
285 , (860 , 105 ,

2.

rn 3.

4. (621 , -147 , 206) , (563 , 31 , 242) , (657 , -111 , 86) , (599 ,

line

11.6 I

or .

1 z =

z = y =
z =

1 z= z=

r H I t
 11.6 791

Z =

x, y, z

2
(a) X
2
+l = 1 (b) l + Z2 = 1

(a) x2 +l = 1, z = z = l
2

(b) 3
l + Z2 = 1, x =

z •

OL
/I- ì -

l
r

i + Z2 = 1
•
NOTE +l=

x2 +l = 1, z =

•
X , y,
A , B , C , ...

AX2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dxy + Eyz Fxz + Gx + Hy + Iz + J = 0

AX2 + By 2 + Cz 2 +J = 0 AX2 + B y 2 + lz = 0

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
792 11

2 _2
x 2 + .!_ +
9 4

+ l/9 =

2 2
v k
‘
+'::""_=1-- z=k
9 4

< 4, (Ikl =

Ikl >

• 2 _2
.!_+ x=k (-I<k<l)
9 4
• Z2 e
+ =1- y=k (-3 < k < 3)

_.2 _2 X, y,
x2 +
9 4 l

4 z = 4'; +
z=
x = k = l +

z = 4x2 + z =

4'; + l = 0) .
z = 4';
= 42 +
•
x=k y=k
l-';=k

t > I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 11.6 793

y j

z =- y2-

x
,
,
0

'\ z
--

- \
\
-
- \ 0)- -
\

x
x
------•
l

x2 Z2
+ y2 - ‘
-=:-
4
=

__ 2 1_2

+ y2 = 1+ z =k

x2 Z2 ‘ Z2
y" - 1 x =O
4 4

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:", 1

794

of one

9 y

2x 2z
-4 + -4

•
x=k
y=k

7 4x2 - l + 2z2 + 4 =

_ v-2
•‘
z_2
-x" + .:_ - - = 1
4 2

y2 z2 l
-x 2 + 1 x=O
4 4 2

Ikl > y=k

" Z2 k2
+-=--1 y=k
2 4

x
r::----y
y=k

10
1. 1)
4x2 - y2 + 2z2 + 4 =

- - {
I t
 11.6 795

.., '-"
2x
r,
+ -F + zc
2z -z’ 2x
+
2y
2a - = -2C = 2a

y=k

2X 2y 2x
y2 2z
z
-C - -2n + t=I 0 -, + f -r, =

x
y

2x 2x 2y
z
-c - -
2n -2a + z-c =

<-

8 x2 + 2z2 - 6x - y + 10 =

y - 1= (x - 3)2 + 2Z2
- - ~ -----.
y

(3 , 1, y = k (k >
1) (x - 3)2 + 2z2 = k - 1, y =
x
y = 1 + (x - 3)2 , Z = . •

11 + 2z2 -6x-y+ 1O =O

; c • J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

796

51

12

12(b)). 12(c) ,
53 .

~
~

(a) (b) (c)

1. (a) y= 3-8
(b)
3. x 2 + z2 = 4 4. i + 9z 2 = 9
(c) z =
5. +Y + 1= 0 6. z
2. (a)
(b) y = 7. xy = 1 8. z = siny

(c) 2=

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 11.6 797

9-10 III q IV

l
- l__ I
II /'
- __

/ Y
----J
X""'- I Y
x V Vl Zt

/
‘_---
'-.:::: - - --“
‘~‘ •-“
/
/ -... “

11. (a) x2 + l- z2 =

(b) - l + z2 =
VII VIII

(c) +l + 2y - Z2 =

12. (a) -x2 -/ + Z2 = x

(b) x2 -l- 31-32

31. x =
z
13-22 k=-I

13. x l + 4Z2
= 14. + 9/ + 9z
2
= 36
15. x 2 = 4/ + Z2 16. Z2 - - / = 4
x
17. 9l + 4z 2 = + 36 18. 3x2 + Y + 3z2 = 0
x-
, v- z ? ?

19.
9
+
25
+ ::_ =
4
1 20. 3x2 - l + 3z2 = 0

21. Y = Z2 - x2 22. x = l- z2
32. x =
z y
k=
23-30

2
23. x + 41 + 9z 2 = 1 24. 9x2 + 41 + z2 = 1
j

25. -l + Z2 = 1 26. - x 2 +l - z2 = 1

27. Y = 2x2 + Z2 28. l = ),2 + 2z 2

2
29. x + 2z 2 = 1 30. Y = x2 - Z2

-_ /- l~~
1,1,
II 33-40

__-_
l
J / I -

/'
x/<" Y / “ Y
33. y2 = + bz2 34. 4x2 - Y + 2z 2 = 0

( 1( I t I
798

35. x 2 + 2y - 2z2 = 0 36. l = x 2 + 4z 2 + 4 51. World

Geodetic System
37. +l - 2x - 6y - z + 10 = 0
38. x 2 - l - Z2 - 4x - 2z + 3 = 0

39. x 2 - l + z2 + 4x - 2z = 0
(a)
40. + l + Z2 - 24x - 8y + 4z + 55 = 0 (b) z =

(c) y = mx
41-44

52.
41. - l + Z2 = 1 42. x 2 - l - z = 0
12(b)
43. - i + Z2 = 0 44. - 6x + 4l - z = 0

53. (a , b, z=l-x2
45. 1 Z z=

x = a + t, y = b + t, z = c + 2(b -
46. z= = 2-
x= “ + t , Y= b - t, z = c - 2(b + a)t

47. y=

48. z =

49. (-1 , 54. x 2 + 2l - Z2 + 3x = + 4l - 2z 2 - 5y = 0

50. z = + =
Ixl 1. 2 , Iyl

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
Magdalena Zeglen / EyeEm / Getty Images

12 Vector Functions

799
800

12.1 I

f(t) , g(t),
f , g,

r(t) = g(t) , h(t)) = f(t) i + g(t) j + h(t) k

1 r(t) = (t 3 , In(3 - t) ,

f(t) = t3 g(t) = ln(3 - t) h(t) = Jt

?, ln(3 - t) , 3 - t>
[0 , •

r( t) = r r(t) = (f (t) , g(t) ,

= f(t) , g(t) , h(t) )

s - 62
61

sm t
2 r(0 = (1 + t3) i + te Ij + li%

l
7
l ·m
”” = ---, i
l
F ( --- + t 3 ,. + ’’’ ·m,‘‘ a •
,
1 + l ----L
--·m k
-
l
’’ 4
-
J
‘

= i +k
•

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 12.1 801

lim r(t) = r(a)

f , g,

l
f , g,
tE
z!
x = f(t) y = g(t) z = h(t)

(x , y ,

(f (t) , g(t) ,
r (t) = (f (t) , g(t) , h(t))
y C P(f (t) , g(t),
x
1

3 r(t) = (1 + t, 2 + 5t, -1 +

x = 1 + t Y= 2 + 5t z = -1 + 6t
(1, 2, (1, 5 ,
ro = (1 , 2 , v = (1 , 5 , r = ro +

x = f2 - 2t, y = t

+ 1

r(t) = (t 2 - 2t , t + 1) = (t 2 - i + (t + 1) j

i = (1 , 0) , j = (0 ,

r(t) = cos t i + sin t j + t

x = cos t y = sm t z = t

x2 +l = cos 2 t + sin2t = +l = 1
(x , y , (x , y , 0) x 2 +l=1

r(t) = (cost ,
sint, 2 z =

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
802

5 P(I , 3, Q(2 , -1 ,

Q(2 , -1 , 3) r(t) = (1 - t)ro + trl 0 t 1

ro = (1, 3, -2) , CJ = (2 , -1 , P

r(t) = (1 - t) (1 , 3, -2) + t(2 , -1 , 3) 0 t 1

x

.., r(t) = (1 + t , 3 - 4t, -2 + 5t) O 1

P(I , 3, -2)

x = 1 +t Y = 3 - 4t z = -2 + 5t 0 t 1

•
+l =

x2 + l = 1, Z =
x = cos t Y = sin t

z = 2 - y = 2 - sin t

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 12.1 803

y+z=2
(0 , -1 , 3)

x 2 + y2 = 1

y x y

x = cos t Y = sin t z = 2 - sin t

r(t) = cos t i + sin t j + (2 - sin k 0 t

7 4y = y} +

4x = y} + (x - 2)2 + Z2 =4
(x - 2)2 + Z2 =

(x - 2)2 + Z2 = 4, y = 2].

x= 2 + 2 cos t, Z = 2 sin t, 0 t

x = 2 + 2 cos t y = 2 + 2 cos t z = 2 sin t 0 t •

x = (4 + sin 20t) cos t y = (4 + sin 20t) sin t z = cos 20t

t (1 ( I f 1
804

x = (2 + cos 1. 5t) cos t y = (2 + cos 1. 5t) sin t z = sin 1. 5t

60

8 r(t) = (t ,

x = t, Y = r-, z = (-2 t

[c h'!1
 12.1 805

10(c)
10(d), (e) ,

y =
z =

cylinder) y = X
2

2
z =
z =
11 12

DNA

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
806

(a) r(t) = (1 - sin t, 1 - cos t , t) (b) r(t) = (r- t sin t, 1- t cos t, t)

13

• www.physics.ucla.edu/plasma-explB eam/
• www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujav a/ index.php?topic=36

12.1 I

1-2 12. r(t) = (sin rrt , t , COS

1. r(t) = \ln(t + 1) 2 ’) 13. r(t) = (3, t , 2 - t 2 )

14. r(t) = 2costi + 2sintj + k

2. r (t) = cos t i + In t j + k 15. r(t) =

2
t i + t4j + t6k

16. r(t) = costi - costj + sintk

3-6
17-18
31
3 (e - i + + cos 2tk) 17. r(t) = f , t - 3) ,
18. r(t) = (t + 1, 3t + 1, cos(t/2)) ,
4
19-20
5 t

19. r(t) = (t , sin t , 2 cos t) 20. r(t) = (t , t , t 2 )

21 -24
7-16

21. P(-2 , 1, 0) , Q(5 , 2, -3)

7. r(t) = (-cos t , t) 8. r(t) = (t 2 - 1, t)
22. P(O , 0, 0) , Q( -7 , 4, 6)
9. r(t) = (3 sin t, 2 cos t) 10. r(t) = e'i + e ‘ j
23. P(3 .5 , -1 .4, 2.1) , Q( 1. 8, 0.3 , 2.1)
11. r(t) = (t , 2 - t , 2t)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 12.1 807

24. P(a , b , c) , Q(u , v , w) 36. x = sin t , y = cos t , Z =

x 2
+l=1
25-30
37. r(t) = 2ti + e1j +

25. x = t cos t , y = t, z = t sin t , t O

38. r(t) = t2 i + 1n tj + (l /t)
26. x = cos t , Y = sin t , z = 1/ (1 + t2)

27. x = t , Y = 1/(1 + t2) , Z = t2

39. r(t) = ti + (2t - Z=
28. x = cos t , Y = sin t , z = cos 2t

29. x = cos 8t , y = sin 8t , z = e O.81 , t O 40. r(t) = (sin t , cos t , + l + Z2 =

30. x = cos 2 t , Y = sin 2 t , z =t
z u

y
l 41. r(t) = (cos t sin 2t , sin t sin 2t , cos

42. r(t) = (te l , e- I , t)

z
43. r(t) = (sin 3t cos t , *t, sin 3t sin
m IV
44. r(t) = (cos(8 cos t) sin t , sin(8 cos t) sin t , cos t)

45. r(t) = (cos 2t, cos 3t, cos 4t)

y
x
x = sin t , y = sin 2t, Z = cos

v VI

x y
x = + cos 16t) cos t
(1
x Y
y = (1 + cos 16t) sin t
z = 1 + cos 16t

31-34
E 48.

31. r(t) = (f , 4 , t 2 ) 32. r(t) = (t , t 2 , t)

x =
J mm m m
33. r(t) = (sia t , cos t , -cos t)
VJ =
J -m -m -m ·M
34. r(t) = (2t , sin t, t + 1)
Z = M m m
= = =
35.
Z2 = +l
x t cos t , y t sm t , Z
49. x = r, y = 1 - 3t, Z = 1+
(1, 4 , (9 , (4 , 7 ,

t (1 ( I f 1
808
8-%
50-54 X = -‘, ·M mmt

= m ‘
+ @ mmt
50. z = xy
Z =
‘s t
51. = 1 +Y
52. z = 4x2 + y= (b) 144x2 + 144i - 25z 2 =

53. +l = 1
60. Knot)
54. x2 + l + 4z 2 = 4, y x 2 +z2 =1

55. z=
x = (2 + cos 1. 5t) cos t
y = (2 + cos 1.5t) sin t
z sin 1.5t
4l + 4z2 =
=
56. y x2 +

r =2 + cos 1. 5t ,
57-58
e= t, 1 f

r = r =

II'Q

55-57

57. t

rl (t) = (t 2, 7t - 12, t 2) r2(t) = (4t - 3, t 2, 5t - 6)

tubeplot
tubecurve Tube

58.

rl (t) = (t , t 2, t 3 ) r2(t) = (1 + 2t, 1 + 6t , 1 + 14t) 61. t •

(a) lim [u(t) + v(t)] = 1im u(t) + lim v(t)

(b) lim cu(t) = c 1im u(t)
59. (a) (c) lim [u(t) . v(t)] = lim u(t) . lim v(t)
(d) lim [u(t) X v(t)] = lim u(t) X lim v(t)

62. lim r (t) = e >

0< It - al < Ir(t) - bl <

12.2 |

F j 0 0 f!J? 1
 12.2 809

r (t + h) - r(t)
= rl(t) = }f?E

---7
r (t + r(t + h) - r (t)
h > (l/h)(r(( + h) -
r(t + h) - h•
r' (t) =F-

r (t+h)-r(t)

x y
l

(a) PQ (b) r ’ (t)

f , g,
r(t) = (f (t) , g(t) , h(t)) = f(t) i + g(t) j + h(t) k

r ’(t) = (f' (t) , g'(t) , = f ’(t) i + 9’(t) j + h'(t) k

c> c>

r'(t) = [r(t + Ll t) - r(t)J

= [< f(t + At) , 9(t +

= Iim (f(t + Ll t) - f(t) g(t + - g(t) h(t + Ll t) -

ßt ’ ßt ’ ßt /

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

810

f(t + ð. t) - f(t) " 9(t + ð. t) - g(t) " h(t + ð.t) - h(t) \

= ‘/,'
11m
\ii• o ð. t
. 11m
' ii • o ð. t
. 11m
’ it • o ð. t
I
/

= (f' (t) , g'(t) , •

r'(t)

(a) r(t) = (1 + f) i + te- I j + sin 2t

(b) t =

(a)

r'(t) = 3t 2 i + (1 - t)e-1j + 2cos2tk

(b) r(O) = r ’ (0) = j + (1 , 0 ,

r ’(0) j + 2k 1
= = ---;=- j + ---r=-
y
Ir’(0) I J5'" J5
2
•
2 r(t) = Jï i + (2 - t)

0 x
r'(t) = - rl(1) = 5i -
x = Jï, y =2- y = 2 - x 2, X
r (l) = i + (1,
60
•
x = 2 cos t Y = sin t z = t

(0 , 1,

r(t) = (2 cos t, sin t,

12
r ’(t) = (-2 sin t, cos t, 1)
8
(0 , 1, t =
4
= (0 , 1,

7T
x = -2t y = 1 z = -+ t l
2

r H ' t
 12.2 811

r"(t) = (-2 cos t , -sin t, 0)

1. [u(t) + v(t)] = u'(t) + v'(t)

2. [cu(t)] = cu ’(t)

3. [f(t)u(t)] = f' (t)u(t) + f(t)u'(t)

4. [u “) . v(t)] = u'(t) • v(t) + u(t) • v'(t)

5. X v(t)] = u ’(t) X v(t) + u(t) X v'(t)

6. [u (f (t))] = f'(t)u ’(f (t))

u(t) = (f l(t) , fz(t) , h(t)) , v(t) = (gl(t) , g2(t) ,

u(t) . v(t) ,
g (t) + /2 (t) g2(t) + g3(t) = 2: f;( t) g;(t)

[u(t) V(t)] = g;(t) = Ltì(t) g;(t)]

= 2: [.fì '(t) g;(t) +

= 2: .fì’(t) g;(t) + 2:
=u ’(t) . v(t) + u(t) • v ’(t) l

‘ :.1 ( , , ')1
812

1 r(t) 1 =

"""'‘
00 r(t) . r(t) = 1 r(t) 1
2
= C
2

0= [r(t) . r(t)] = r ’(t) . r(t) + r(t) . r ’(t) = 2r'(t) . r(t)

j
r ’(t) . r(t) =
•
4

r
f , g,

E
r(t) dt = E r(t;i ) At

= [( f(t t) + ( g(tt) !1 t) j +( h(tt) !1 t) kJ

s: r(t) dt = (s: f(t) dt) i + (s: g(t) + (s: h(t) dt) k

R' (t) =

s: r(t) dt = R(t)J: = R(b) - R(a)

f r(t)
r (t) = 2costi + si I1 tj +

(S 2 cos t i + (S sin t j + (S 2t dt) k

= 2 si I1 t i - cos t j + (2 k +C

t n
U
( ” u
‘ t
t

,••
f r
 12.2 813

I
0
l7 /2 = [2 sin t i - cos t j + t2 k]Z/2 = 2 i + j + k •

1. 9-16
(a) r(4.5) - r(4.2) -
9. r(t) =
(b)
j n “n 10. r(t) (e-' , t - , 1n t)
- - - -- - -
2 - -
= (3

11. r(t) = t 2 i + cos(t 2 ) j + sin 2t k

1 “ 2

(c)
12. r(t) = -.--, -. i + -.-',-. j + -.-',-. k
l+t l+t" l+t
(d)
13. r(t) = tsinti + e'costj + sintcostk
y
14. r(t) = sin 2 at i + te b' j + cos 2 ct k

15. r(t)=a+tb+t 2c
Q
16. r(t) = ta X (b + tc)

17-20
x

17. r(t) = (t 2 - 2t , 1 + 3t , + 5t2) , t = 2

2. (a) r(t) = (r , t) , 0 I

r(l) , r( 1.l), r( l.1) - 18. r(t) = (tan-1t, 2e 2 ' , 8te') , t= 0

(b) (1,
r( 1.1) - r(l) 19. r(t) = cos ti + 3tj + 2 sin2tk, t= 0
0 .1
20. r(() = sin 2ti + cos 2 tj + tan 2t k, t =

3-8 21 -22
(a)
(b) 21. r(t) = (t3 + 1, 3t - 5 , 4/t) , (2 , -2 , 4)
(c) r' 22. r(t) = sin t i + 5t j + cos t k , (0 , 0 , 1)

3. r(t) = (t - 2, t 2 + 1), (=-1 23. r(t) = t, r'(t) , T(1) , r"(t) , r'(t) X

4. r(t) = (t , t ) , t = 1
2 3
24. r(t) = (e 21 , e- 31 , r ’ (0) , T(O), r" (O) , r ’ (0) X
5. r(t) = e ' i + e' j , t = 0
2

6. r(t) = e'i + 2t j , t= 0 25-28

7. r(t) = 4 sin (i - 2 cos t j , t=

25. x = (2 + 1, y = 4 -/i, z = e" ’; (2 , 4 , 1)
8. r(t) = (cos t + 1) i + (sin t - 1) j , t=
26. x = 1n(t + 1) , y = (cos 2t , z = 2'; (0 , 0 , 1)

27. x = e-' cos t , y = e ’ sm t , Z = (1, 0 , 1)

( 1( I t I
814

28. x = y = ln(t 2 + 3) , z = t; (2 , ln 4, 1) 45.

46.
29. (3 , 4 , :x2 + l = l + Z2 = 47.

48.
30. r(t) - (2 cos t , 2 sin t , e ’), 0 t
49. u(t) = (sin t , cos t , t) , v(t) = (t , cos t , sin
J3x + Y =

[u(t) . v(t)]

31. x=t , z = 2t - (0 , 1, 0)
50.
32. x = 2 cos t , Y = 2 sin z = 4 cos 2t; 1, 2)
X
33. x = t cos t , y = t , z = t sin t; (
51. f(t) = u(t) . v(t) , u(2) = (1 , 2 , -l), u ’ (2) = (3 , 0, 4) , v(t)
= (t , r ,
34. (a) r(t) = (sin 7f t, 2 sin COS t =
t = 52. r(t) = u(t) X
(b)

35. rl(t) = (t , r, r2(t) = (sin t , sin 2t , 53. r(t) = a cos r(t) X r ’ (t)
=

54. r"(t) + =
36. rL(t) = (t , 1 - t, 3 + n(s) = (3 - s, S - 2 , s2)
55.

[r(t) X r'(t)] = r(t) X r"(t)

37-42

37. f02(ti - t 3 j + 3t 5 k)dt

38. r + (t + l) Jt k) dt
56 (v(t) X

l
57. r(t) *- :. 1 r(t) 1 = I _:.\ I r(t) .
1 r(t) 1

: 1 r(t) 12 = r(t) . r(t)]

4o jr%ec t tan ti + tcos 2tj + 58. r'

1 r(t)

41. f + te" j + Jt k) dt

/ \ 59. u(t) = r(t) . [r ’ (t) X

” , ’/ 1
%
i
l
’ --,I m
’ ‘\ f
?
-
-- + -t---J+ s p
2
1 Jt
u u'(t) = r(t) . [r'(t) X r ’"(t)]
l

‘,
l
/

43. r ’(t) = 2ti + 3t 2 j + r(l) = i + 60.

h > 0, h <

44. r'(t) = ti + e' j + te' r(O) = i +j +

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 12.3 815

12.3 I
•
x = f (t), y = g(t) (a t

L=

x
1 r(t) =
(f (t) , g(t) , h(t)) , a t b x = f (t), y = g(t), z =
f ’ , g' ,

+ [g'(t)] 2 + [h ’(t)]2

=f + +

Ir’ (t) L=

r(t) = f(t)i +
I r'(t) I = I f' (t) i + 9’(t)jl=JU ’(t)]2 + [g ’(t)] 2

r (t) = f(t)i + g(t)j +

Ir’(t) I = I f'(t) i + g'(t) j + h'(t) k I = y'[f '(t)]2 + [g'(t)]2 + [h ’(t)]2
1

z
r (t) = cos ti + sin tj +

r ’ (t) = -sin ti + cos tj +

Ir ’(t) I = y'(-sin t)2 + cos 2t + 1 = 12

j
y
O I

; c • J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

 816

L= r"lr ’(t) f:"

•
@] rl(t) = (t , t 2, t 3 ) 1 t 2

u t =
r2(U) = (e" , e 2" , e 3“ ) 0 U ln2

l
r(t) = f (t )i + g(t)j + h (t )k (a t

length function)

s(t) = I Ir'(u)1 du = I + du

j
y r(t)
3

Ir'(t) I

t =
r = s = 3

2 r (t) = cos ti + sin tj + (1 , 0,

(1, 0 , t =

= Ir'(t) I = 12

( 1(. } ’t 1
 12.3 817

s = s(t) = f: I ’(u)ldu f: f i du
r = = fit

t =

r(t(s)) = cos(s/fi) i + sin(s/fi) j +

l
r'(t) *-

x '(t)
T(t) = ,:-.:
Ir’(t) I
1- I

curvature)

dT dT ds I dT I I dT / dt I
dt ds dt ‘ I ds I I ds/ dt I
ds/dt =

_
K(t) - - - -
Ir'(t) I

‘ :.1 ( , , .)1
818

3
r(t) = a cos t i + a sin t j
r'(t) = -a sin ti + a cos Ir ’ (t)1 =

r'(t)
= - - .-. -, = - sm t 1
Ir ’(t) 1

T'(t) = -cos t i - sin t j

IT'(t)1 =

_ IT'(t)1 _ 1
K(t) = \ i =-
1 r'(t) 1 a

| r'(t) X r"(t) 1
K(t) = I- 1
1/ _'\. 1.

1 r'(t) 13

r' = Ir’ IT=

dt

2
", =_ --d =
s .,., ds T'
T +, -=-
dt' - dt

r' X r" = (T X T')

IT(t)1 =

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 12.3 819

Ir' X r’ 1= X T'I = =

IT ’ | = -Ir-
’ X-r"-1 -_ 1
- - -2 -
r' X r" 1
(ds/dt)2 1r ’1

Ir’ X r"l
Ir ’ 1 1 r’ 13

•
4 (0, 0, r (t) = (t , r,

r ’(t) = (1 , 2t, 3t 2) r"(t) = (0 , 2, 6t)

Ir ’(t) 1 = ..)1 + 4t 2 + 9t 4
j k
r' (t) X r"(t) = 11 2t 3t 2 1 = 6t 2 i - 6t j + 2 k
0 2 6t

Ir ’(t) X r"(t) 1= + 36t 2 + 4 = + 9t 2 + 1

1 r'(t) X r"(t) + 9t 2 + 9t4

K(t) - .'-1 ,-" =
(1 + 4t 2 +
1- 1 1' '1 I
3
1 r'(t) 1

K(O) =
•
y = r(x) =
xi + r ’ (x) = i + f' (X)j , r" (X) = i X j = k,
r’(x) X r" (X) = Ir ’(x) 1= + [f’(x)]2

| f" (x) 1
(x) =
[1 + ? 1 ”

5 (0 , 0) , (1, 1), (2 ,

y ’ = 2x , y" =
| y" 1 2
= -
_
(x)
[1 + (1 +

K(O) = (1 , K(1) = 2/5 3/ 2 =

‘ :.1 ( , , .)1
820

K(2) = 2/17 3/ 2 = x•
K(X) • x •

•
•
x
r(t)
y= IT(t)1 = T(t) . T'(t) =

T'(t) K *'
unit normal vector

T ’(t)
N(t) =
IT'(t) I
I I

Ti

__ B(t) = T(t) X N(t)

r(t) = cos t i + sin t j + t k

T, N, r'(t) = -sin t i + cos t j + k Ir’(t) 1= J2

r'(t)
T(0 = --- = --( S1
Ir’(t) I .j2
T ’(t)
2
- cos t i - sin t j) IT'(t) I
T'(t)
z N(t) = I = -cos ti - sin tj = (-cos t, -sin t , 0)
IT’(t) I

I J
R - U × M 1
- 1
-j
•
= ·M
@ -- @

x
7 r(t) = (t, (1 , 0,

1 L; I V J. rt
 12.3 821

r'(t) = (1 , -1/t 2 )

T(t)
Ir’(t) I (t 2 + 1) \ ’ t ’ t2 / (t 2 + 1)

T(t) = )2t, -1) + f.? .\ (2t , J2,, 0)

(t "2 + 1) ’ (t 2 + 1)

(l, 0, t =
T (l)= -1)

T'(I) = J2" -1) + = 0, 1)

'(1)
N(1) = = I L'-' -, -, = 1)
IT'(1) I J2,

B(1) = T(1) × N(1) = -J2,) = -)2, -1)

K(l) =_ IT'(1) I _
I - = v - =
_
Ir ’(1) I
•

circle of
x

t (1 ( 'f 1
822

yt p

0 x

P(O , l ,

t = =

\ P
I
Ny -l(x - 0) + O(y - 1) + 1 (z = 0

Tx

B(t) = (sin t, -cos t, 1) B(;) = o

(1 , 0,

+ O(y - 1) + 1 (z - =0 z= -x +
y
•
9 y =
K(O) =
l/K = N = (0 , 1)
(0 ,
x

11 x2 + (y - !Y=
l

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 12.3 823

T(t) = Irr'(t)
I-
’(t) 1
I
,
N(t)
.. ,-/
= T'(t)
1T'(t) 1
I I B(t) = T(t) X N(t)

K=I =
1 1 1r ’(t) 13

•
=

C
63)

12

x
dB
ds

N.N
= 1

dB
'T =
ds

T s

dB ds dB dB/dt B'(t)
dB ---- = ------- = -------
dt ds dt ds ds/dt ’ (t) 1
Ir

B ’ (t) . N(t)
'T (t) =
1 r' (t) 1

10 r(t) = (COS t, sin t ,

ds / dt = 1r'(t) 1= 12, N (t) = (-COS t, -sin t,

B(t) = (1/.J2)(sin t , -COS t,

t (1 ( I f 1
824

ß'(t) = (1/ .J2 )(cos t , sin t ,

B ’ (t) • N(t) 1
T(t) = - ;'-' = - : (cos t , sin t , 0) . (-cos t, -sin t , 0) = : l
Ir’ (t) 1 2

r(t) = (cos t , sin t , 10

z z

y y

K=l , T=O 14 K = t, T = t

[ r'(t) X r"(t)] . r"'(t)

T(t) =
Ir’(t) X r"(t) 1
2

1-2 3-8
(a)
3. r(t) = (t , 3 cos t, 3 sin t) , -5 t 5
(b)
4. r(t) = (2t , 0 I l

1. r(t) = (3 - t, 2t, 4t + 1), 1 t 3 s. r(t) = j2 ti + e'j + e-'k , 0 t l

2. r(t) = (t + 2)i - tj + (3t - 5)k, -1 I 2 6. r(t) = costi + sintj + lncostk , 0 t

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 12.3 825

7. r(t) = i + t 2j + t 3 k, 0 t 1 23. r(t) = t2

8. r(t) = t 2 i + 9tj + 41 3/ 2 k , 1 t 4
24. r(l) = (J2 t, e' , e-')

25-27
9. r(t) = (t 2, (3 , t4) , 0 f 2
25. r(t) = /3 j + t2k
10. r(t) = (t , e-' , te-') , 1 3
26. r(t) = t i + t 2j + e' k
11. r(t) = (cos 2t, sÍn 2 7r t) , (1 , 0,
27. r(t) = ,f6t 2 i + 21 j + 2t 3 k

12. X = sÍn t , y = sÍn 2t , Z = sÍn

28. r(f) = ((2, ln f , t ln

29. (1, 1, r(t) = (t , f2 ,

13. 3z = x = COS f, Y = sÍn t , Z = sÍn

(6, 18,

31 -33
+l =
31. y = 32. Y = tanx

33. y = xe t
15-16
(a)
34-35 •
(b)

34. Y = ln X 35. Y = e
t

15. r(/) = (5 - t) i + (4f - 3) j + 3t k , P(4 , 1, 3)

16. r(l) = e' sÍn fi + e'cos fj + P(O , 36.

37. (a) Q
17. x = 3 sÍn f , y = 4f , Z = 3 cos
(b)

18. r(l) = (1 , y
\•+ 1 / P
C

19-24
(a) 0 I

(b)

19. r(t) = sÍn / - f cos /, cos t + t sÍn t) , t > 0

20. r(t) = (5 sin t , t , 5 cos t)

21. r(t) = (t , [2 , 4)
38. y = x4 - 2x2 39. y = x-2

22. r(t) = ((, )

t (1 ( I f 1
826

53-54

53. x = sin 2t , y = -cos 2t , z = 4t; (0 ,

40. r(t) = (t - sin t , 1 - cos t , 4 cos(t/2)) , 0 t
54. x = ln t, y = 2t , z = (0 , 2 , 1)
41. r(t) = (te' , e ’, J2t) , -5 t 5
55. (0, + 4l =

42-43 y =
y =
(0, (1 , y=

42. 43.
y y
57. = f , y = 3t , z = t4
6x + 6y - 8z =

l x

59. (1 , 1, x = z -
44. (a) r(t) = (sin 3t , sin 2t , sin

(b) 60. r(t) = (t + 2, 1 - )

r(t) = (t • sin t, 1 - cos t , t)

61. r(t) = (e' cos t , e' sin t ,

62.
46-49 x = f(t) , y =
r(t)
?
)3 /2” = sin t i + cos t j + tan t

46. 63.

47. x = (2, y = dT
-=KN
ds
48. X = a cos Y =b sin

49. x = e' cos t , y = e' sin

64. i
K =
50. f(x) = x =

51 -52 65. (a) dß/

(b)
51. r(t) =
(c)
52. r(t) = (cos t , sin t , ln cos t) , (1 , 0 , 0)
66-67

66. r(t) = (sin t, 3t , cos t) , t =

[c h'!1
 12 .4 827

67. r(t) = 2t, t) , t = 1 (a)

68-70 t = r c(I) = r(t) + -LN(t) K(0 O

K(t)

(b)
68. r(t) = 69. r(t) = (e' , e-' , t)
(c)
70. r(t) = (cos t , sin t, sin t) 76. r(t) = (x(t) , y(t) ,

(a)
71-72
a , b, c , ax(t) + by(t) +
cz(t) =
1. áf/ds = KN
(b)
2. dN/ds = -KT + 'TB
3. (ffi/ds = -'T N
(c)

(d) r(t) = (t , 2t ,
71. N = B X

72. 3
= 1O- 8cm).
(a) r" = s"T + K(S')2N 2.9 X
(b) r ’ X r" = K(S ’ )3B
(c) r"’ = [s"’ - K2(S ’ )3]T + +K ’ (S ’ ?]N
+ K'T(S ’)3B 78.
(r ’ X r") . r lll < 0) = ) (x
(d) 'T =
Ir’ x r"1 2

(a)
p = P(x)
73. r(t) = (a cos t , a sin t ,
a,
R - R“”
O<x<1
74. (0 , 1, x = sinh t , y = cosh t , z = l
,

(b)
75.

12.4 I

t (1 ( I f 1
828

r(t + h) - r(t)
h

x y vector)

1
+ h) - r(t)
v(t) = =r ’(t)

a(t) = v ’(t) = r"(t)

r(t) = t3 i + (2
t =

v{t) = r ’(t) = 3t 2 i + 2t j a{t) = r"{t) = 6t i + 2 j

1 V(t) 1 = J(3 t 2 )2 + (2t )2 =

(1 n ” t =
,
x v(1)=3i+2j a{l) = 6i + 2j Iv (1) I =

•
2 r(t) = ((2, e1,

v(t) = r'(t) = (2t , e' , (1 + t)e')

a(t) = v’(t) = (2, e' , (2 + t)e')

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 12 .4 829

t = IV(t) I = + e 2, + (l + t)2e 2'

•
NOTE
z

v(l)

3 r(O) = v(O) = i - j +
a(t) = 4t i + 6t j +
a(t) = v'

v(t) = f a(t) dt = f (4t i + 6t j + k) dt

= 2t 2i + 3t 2j + t k + C

v(O) = i - j +
v(O) =

v(t) = 2t 2i + 3t 2j + t k + i - j + k
= (2t 2 + l)i + (3t 2 - l) j + (t + 1)k
0 I

v(t) = r'

r(t) = f v(t) dt
6

z 4
= f [(2t 2 + 1) i + (3t 2 - + (t + l)k]dt

2 = + i + (t 3 - +(!t 2 +t)k+D
l
15 20 t = = r(O) =

r(t) = + t + 1) i + (t 3 - t) j + (!t 2 + t) k
•

v(t) = v(to) + f a(u) du r(t) = r(to) + f v(u) du

F(t)

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
830

F(t) = ma(t)

4 r (t) =

acos i + a sin

= v(t) = r'(t) = sin i + cos

y
a(t) = v'(t) = - sin

F(t) = ma(t) = cos i + a sin j)

x

F(t) =
5

•
•
y
5 a, 6
a

0 x
d 9= lal =
F = ma = -mgj

a = -gJ

V'(t) =

v(t) = -gt j + C

C = V(O) =
r ’(t) = V(t) = -gt j + Vo

r(t) = j + tvo + D

D = r(O) =

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 12 .4 831

r(t) =

Ivol =
Vo = VOCOS a i + vosin a j

= a)ti + [(vosin a)t- j

I x= y = (vO sin a)t -

= y = t = 0 t = (2vo
sin

d = x = (vo cos a) 2vo

-." sin - = 'V ,- sin•• -a cos
--- a)
-, = 'V
sin 2a
--

9 9 9

sin 2a = 1, a = •
6 150m/s ,

(0 ,
Vo = 150m/s , a
= 30 , 9
0
=
x = 150 cos(300)t =

y = 10 + 150 sin(30 0)t - !(9.8)t 2 = 10 + 75t - 4.9t 2

y = 4.9 r2 - 75t - 10 =

75 + + 196
t= ’
9.8
= 15 .44

x = = 2006, 2006m

=r ’ (t) = + (75 - 9.8t)j

Iv (1 5 .44)1 = ../(75 + (75 - 9.8 . 15 .44? = 151 m/s •

( 1( I t I
832

T( ” =---=---=-
’(t)
Ir'(t) I
v(t)
Iv(t) I
v
v

v =
a=v ’ =v ’ T + vT'

K =
IT'I
-,-,-, =
IT'I
---, = KV
Ir'l
=
T' = IT'IN = KvN

a = v'T + Kv 2 N

a= aTT + aNN

aT = V.’ vl • aN = KV-

r , r ’,
v =

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 12 .4 833

v .a = vT . (v'T + Kv 2 N)

= vv'T . T + Kv 3 T • N
= vv' (T . T = 1 T.N=

0 r
-----

| r ’(t) X r"(t) L _'(.\ 12 _ Jr'(t) X r" (t) 1

aN = KV
2
= 1- ,-, 11 r’(t) | - !r’(t) 1

= (?, ?,

r(t) = t2 i + t2 j + t3 k
r ’(t) = 2ti + 2tj + 3t 2 k
r"(t) = 2i + 2j + 6tk
1 r'(t) 1 =

r'(t) . r"(t) 8t + 18t 3

ar=

·J k
rl × rl - 1) = ’-- ’.
l
t ,‘ --·J
2 2 /0t

aN = | r ’(t) X r"(t)
" Ir’(t) 1
l

(Tycho

‘ :.1 ( , , ')1
834

Kepler,

1.
2.

3.

r = r

v = a =

r = Irl u=
ma
GMm GMm
• “•‘
F = - --=-=--;-- r = - --0- u
r r

GM
a

(r X v) = r' X v + r X v’

=vXv+rXa=O+O=O

rXv=h

0,
r =

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 12 .4 835

... h = r X v = r X r' = ru X (ru)'

= ru X (ru ’ +r ’u) = r 2 (u X u ’) + rr ’ (u X u)
= r 2 (u X U')

-GM ‘
a X X (r 2 u X u ’) = -GM u X (u X u')
r

= -GM[(u. u ’ )u - (u . u)u ’] (1

u. u = lul 2 = 1 U(t) 1 = u.u ’

aXh=GMu'

(v X h)' = v' X h + v X h' = v' X h = a X h = GMu'

v X h = GMu +c

vX

r (r , c =
x
u
r. (v X h) = r. (GMu + c) = GMr. u + r. c
= GMru. u + Irllclcos (J = GMr + rccos (J

e =
r. (v X h) 1 r. (v X h)
r= =
GM + c cos (J GM 1 + e cos (J

h =

r. (v X h) = (r X v). h = h. h = Ihl 2 = h 2

h 2/(GM) eh 2/c
r= =
1 + e cos (J 1 + e cos (J

d =

( 1( ,t I
836

ed
r=
1 + e cos8

12.4 1
1.

(a) [0 , 1] , [0.5 , 1], [1 , 2] , [1 ,

3. r{t) = t) , t =2
(b) t = 1 4. r{t) = (t 2, l /t 2 ) , t = 1

t x y Z 5. r{t) = 3costi + 2sintj , ( = 7T /3

0 2.7 9.8 3.7 6. r{t) = e' i + e 2 ,j , t =0

0.5 3.5 7.2 3.3
7. r{t) = ti + + 2k , (= 1
4.5 6.0 3.0
1. 5 5.9 6 .4 2.8 8. r{t) = t i + 2 cos tj + sin tk , (= 0
2.0 7.3 7.8 2.7

9-14
2.

(a) 2 r 9. r{t) = (t 2 + t, t 2 - t, t 3 )

10. r{t) = (2 cos t , 3t , 2 sin t)

(b) 1. 5 I
11. r{t) = J2 ti + e' j + e-'k
(c)
12. r{t) = + 2t j + ln t k
(d) t =
13. r{t) = e'{cos t i + sin t j + t k)
y
14. r{t) = (t 2 , sin t - tcost, cost + tsint) , t O

15-16

15. a{t) = 2i + 2t k , v{O) = 3 i - j , r{O) = j +k

0 2 x 16. a{t) = sinti + 2costj + 6tk , v{O) = -k ,

r{O) = j - 4k

3-8

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 12.4 837

17-18 31.
(a) 50i +
a = -4j - 32k

17. = 2t i + sin tj + cos 2t k , v(O) = i, r(O) = j 32.

18. = t i + e' j + e-' k, v(O) = k, r(O) = j +k

19. r(t) = (fl , 51 , fl -

20. r(l) = ?i + fl j +?

21.
v(O) =i - f(x) = x(40 -

(a)
22.

23. 60 ,
0
(a)
(b) (c) (b)

24.

25. 90m
34. f(x) =3
26. 3000m

27. 35. =c X

28. 1m 36. (a)

120m
(b)

37-40
29. 500m ,
37. r(t) = (t 2 + 1) i + 13 j , t O

38. r(t) = 2t 2 i + - 2t) j

80m/s). 39. r(t) = cos t i + sin t j + t k

40. r(t) = ti + 2e ’ j + e 2' k

30. 3/4
838

41-42 T(t) =

41. r(t) = Inti + (t 2 + + 40 k , (0 , 4, 4) 45.

42. r(t) =
1
+ Fj +
1 1
(1 , 1, 1) r(t) = (3 + t) i + (2 + In t) j + (7
(6 , 4,
43.

y 46.
m(

dv dm
m-- = --v.
dt dt ‘

0 x
m(O)
(a) v(t) = v(O) - In
m(t)
44. (b)
L(t) = mr(t) X v(t) , T(t) =
mr(t) X = f

1.
2.

3.

1.
r = (r cos8)i + (r
d8
(a) h = r 2

[c h'!1
 12 .4 839

de
(b) r 2 =
at
y (c) A = [to , r =

dA 1 2 de
dt - 2r dt

(d) = =

2.

(a)
(b) ji-
GM
= ed =
a

(c) T2 =
GM

3.
M = 1. 99 X 1030 G=
6.67 X 10- 11 N.m 2
4.

5.98 X 1024 kg , 6.37 X C.

Geosynchronous Or-
Syncom II
SeppFriedhuber I E+ / Getty Images

13 PartialDerivatives

t (1 ( I f 1 841
842

13.1 I

•
•

x, (x ,

T = f(x ,
V = h
V(r , h) =

of two variables) (x ,

f(x , f

{f (x , y) I (x , y) E

y (x , z = f(x , y )
f(x , y)

y =

f(a , b)
l
f(x , D
(x ,

(a) f(x , y) = ‘
x _
“ 1

1
1
(b) f(x , y) = x In (l _ x)

(a) f(3 , 2) = v - 3 _- 1 =
16

D = {(x , y) Ix + Y + 1 0, x l}

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13.1 843

x +Y+1 O y -x - y = -x - 1
x x = 1
2

(b) f(3 , 2) = 3 ln(2 2 - 3) = 3 ln 1 = 0

ln(l - l - x > 0, D ={(x, y) I

3

x+y+l=O
1
y
= -
x-
ir
/
/
•
l
-1 '\. 0 l x 0 \
x
1
‘~ ~~~~
\ ~
f(x , y) = 3 f (x, y ) = x In (Y2 - •
x - 1

g(x , y) = - x2 -
y
x 2 +/=9
D = {(x , y) I9 - x2 - y2 O} = {(x , y) I x2 + y2 9}

1‘
4
3 x
{z I z = .J9 - x 2 - y2 , (x , y) E D}

9- .2- -1
g(x , y) = - x2 - .19 - x 2 - y2 3

{z I 0 Z 3} = [0, 3]

W = f(T ,

t (1 ( I f 1
844

i'Z 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80
5 4 3 2 1 0 -2 -2 -3
0 -2 -3 4 -5 -6 -6 7 -8 9 -9 -10
(
Q
-5 -7 -9 -11 -12 12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -16 -17
) -10 -13 -15 17 -18 -19 -20 21 22 -23 -23 -24
-? -15 -19 -21 23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -29 -30 -30 -31
-20 24 -27 -29 -30 32 -33 -34 35 -36 -37 -38
-25 -30 -33 35 -37 -38 -39 -41 -42 -43 44 -45
-30 -36 -39 -41 -43 -44 -46 -48 -49 -50 51 -52
-35 -41 -45 48 -49 -51 -52 -54 -56 -57 -58
-40 47 -51 -54 -56 57 -59 -61 -63 -64 -65

-15 0 C

f( = -15

P L K
1899 100 100 100
1900 101 105 107
1901 112 110 114
1902 122 117 122 P(L , K) = bL"K ' -"
1903 124 122 131
1904 122 121 138
1905 143 125 149
1906 152 134 163
1907 151 140 176
1908 126 123 185
1909 155 143 198
1910 159 147 208
1911 153 148 216
1912 177 155 226
1913 184 156 236 P, L,
1914 169 152 244
1915 189 156 266
1916 225 183 298
1917 227 198 335
1918 223 201 366 P(L , K) = 1. 01Lo75Ko.25
1919 218 196 387
1920 231 194 407
1921 179 146 417 81
1922 240 161 431

t f
n
U
( ” n
”!
’l
/ f r
 13.1 845

P (1 47 , 208) = 1. 01 (1 47)075(20 8)0 25 = 16 1. 9

P( 194 , 407) = 1. 01 = 235.8

{(L , K) I L O, K

•
l

l x , y , f(x ,y))

(x , y) E
z = f(x , (x , y ,

z = f(x ,
y 5
‘
5 f(x , y) = 6 - 3x -

z = 6 - 3x - 2y 3x + 2y + z =

y = 3,

f(x , y) = ax + by + c

z = ax + by + c ax + by - z + c = 0

g(x , y) = - x2 -

= ..)9 - x 2 - = 9 - x 2 -l +
l + Z2 =

x
r ( 1( I
846

7 l

NOTE

x2 + l + Z2 = g(x , y) = - X
2-

h (x , y) = - X
2-

y 7 P(L , K) = 1. 01LO.75 K
“r

g(x, y) = L4

K
.Q.. 0 1- olrl-
2. 2 . " -

8 h(x , y) = 4x2 +
(x , h(x , 1R 2 , xy
2
[0 , [x 0, / 0,
x, h(x , y)
2
z = 4x +
9

x
h(x , y)= + y l

r H I t
 13.1 847

(a) f(x , y) = (X 2 + 3y 2)e-"'-Y' (b) f(x , y) = (,17 2 + 3y2)e- X' - y'

S10 X S10 V
(c) f(x , y) = sin ,17 + sin y (d)f(x , y) =

lines)

f(x , y) =

f(x , y) =

f(x , y)

;, L) I
848

f(x , y) =

z
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\

11

34

( II /t
 13.1 849

90

0-

---
60-
J L'Z__
-30

-60
A

90 0 90

13

10’

40.

50.

50-100 • 200-250
100-200

14
F
L , J ( 8L " ,:->1
850

9 f(l , f(4 , 5)

2 3 4 5 x

(1 ,

f (1, 3) = 73

f(4 , 5) = 56

•
10 k = -6 , 0 , 6, f(x , y) = 6 - 3x -

6 - 3x - 2y = k ., 3x + 2y + (k - 6) = 0

k = -6 , 0, 6, 12
3x + 2y - 12 = 0, 3x + 2y - 6 = 0 , 3x + 2y = 0, 3x + 2y + 6 =

16

f(x , y) = 6- 3x -
•
11

g(x , y) = .J9 - x 2 - y2 , k= 0 , 1, 2, 3

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13.1 851

yt k= 3 v'9 - x 2 - y2 = k ...., x 2 + y2 = 9 - k2

k=l k = 0 , 1, 2,

i
•
12 h(x , y) = 4.? +l +
•/ 9x -
x2 y2.
4x 2 + y2 + 1 = k Ä
...., ------- -- ,
*(k - 1) , k- 1 ‘

k >
h

h(x , y) = +i +
(b)
•
K
13
300

200
P(L , K) = 1. 0ILo.75Ko.25

P=
100 P

100 200 300 L

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

852

(a) f(x , y) = (b )f(x , y)

-3y -3y
(c) f(x , y) = .. 2, , (d) f(x , y) = .. 22 , , ,
x" + y" + 1 x + /+ 1

l
of three variables) D C (x , y , z)
f(x , y ,
x, y, T = f(x , y ,

y , z) = ln(z - y) + xy sin
f(x , y , z) = ln(z - y) + xy sin z

f(x , y,

D = {(x , y , z) E I z > y}

r H I t
 13.1 853

f(x , y , z) = surface)
(x , y ,
f(x , y ,

f(x , y , z) = X
2
+ y2 + Z2

x?- + l + Z2 = k k
21 (x , y ,
f(x , y ,

“
.. 2 1 “

’
2 1
‘
_2_
-
’
‘
•
16

f(x , y , z) = X
2
- Y- Z2

x2 - Y - Z2 = k
k =

k=5 k=-5
•
F o I
854

of
n (XI , X2 , .. . , = f(Xl , X2 , ... , XIl)

(XI , X2 , . . ‘ ’

c= f(Xl , X2 , ... , X,,) = + C2X2 + ... + C X Il Il

= (XI , X2 , ... X2 , ... , XIl )

f(x) = c . x

C - (CI , C2 , ... ,

(XI , X2 , ... , x = (X 1, X2 , .. . , XIl )

1. X) , X2 , ...

2. (XI , X2 , ... ,
3. x = (XI , X2 , ... ,

I
1. f(x , y) = 5. F(x , y, z) = FY -
(a) f(l , 3) (b) f(-2 , -1) (a) F(3 , 4 ,
(c) f(x + !z, y) (d) f(x , x) (b)

2. g(x , y) = x siny +y 6. f(x , y , z) = In (z -

(a) 0) (b) (a) f(4 , - 3,
(c) g(O , y) (d) g(x , y + h) (b)

3. g(x, y) = In (x +
7 -16
(a) g(3 ,
(b) 7. f(x , y) = 2 +.;y=-t
(c)
8. f(x , y) =

4. h(x , y) =
9. q(x, y) = + .,/4 - 4x 2 - y2
(a) 11(-2 ,
(b) 10. g(x , y) = In(x 2 + y2 - 9)
(c)
11. g(x , y) =
x+y

[c h'!1
 13.1 855

12. g(x , y) =
ln(2 - x)
... ,-? "/?
(a) f(95 ,
(b) f(90 , h) =

(c) f(T , 50) =

13. p(x , y) (d) 1 = f(80 , 1 = f(100 ,
x -r 1

14. f(x , y) = sin-'(x + y)

21.
15. f(x , y , z) = + h = f(v ,
16. f(x , y , z) = ln(16 - 4x 2 - 4/ - Z2)

(a) f(40 ,
(b) h = f(30 ,
17.
S = f(w , h) = 0.0072w0 .425ho.725 (c) h = f(v ,

(a) f(73 ,
(b)

18. P(L, K) =
5 10 15 20 30 40 50
1. 47 LO.65 20 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
P(120 ,
( 30 1. 2 1.3 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 1. 6 1. 6

) 40 1. 5 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8

19. W = f(T ,
60 2.8 4.0 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 5.9
{
80 4.3 6.4 7.7 8.6 9.5 10.1 10.2
(a) f(-15 ,
100 5.8 8.9 11.0 12.2 13.8 14.7 15.3
(b) f(-20 , v) =
120 7.4 11.3 14.4 16.6 19.0 20.5 2 1.1
(c) f(T , 20) =
22.
(d) W = f(-5 ,

(e) W = f(T ,
(a) x, y,
C = f(x , y ,
20. T
1 = f(T ,
(b) f(3000 , 5000 , 4000)
(c)

23-31

23. f(x , y) = y
20 30 40 50 60 70
24. f(x , y) = x2
20 20 20 20 21 22 23
(
Q 25. f(x , y) = 10 - 4x - 5y
) 25 25 25 26 28 30 32
26. f(x , y) = cos y
30 30 31 34 36 38 41
27. f(x , y) = sinx
35 36 39 42 45 48 51
28. f(x , y) = 2 - .tJ- - l
40 43 47 51 55 59 63
29. f(x , y) + 1
- - -
‘ J
856

30. f(x , y) = 34.

31. f(x , y) = -J4 - 4x 2 - y2

(a)

32. (b)
9
(a) f(x , y) = { ? (b) f(x , y) =
x" + y" "J" " 1 + x"y"
(c) f(x , y) = In(x + y2) 2
(d) f(x , y) = cos
(e) f(x , y) = Ixyl (f) f(x , y) = cos(xy)

35.

10m 5m

5
)
5

10

15
120 160 200 240 280

"',
33. 36.
f(3 ,

37.

38.

[c h'!1
 13.1 857

49. f(x , y) = ye‘ 50. f(x , y) = y _ arctan x

51. f(x , y) = 52. f(x , y) = yj(Y- + l)

53-54

53. f(x , y) = :2 + 9/
54. f(x , y) = ,)36 _ 9x 2 _ 4y2
x

39.
55. T(x ,
B(m , h) =

B(m , h) = 18 .5, B(m , h) = 25 , B(m , h) = 30, l00

T(x , y) = , . . ; -. ,
B(m , 11) = 18.5 1 + x" + 2y"
25 30

62kg , 152cm 56. (x , V(x ,

V(x , y) = cj,)r 2 _ x 2 _ y2
40.

ffi 57-60
41 -44

57. f(x , y) = x/ _ x 3
41.
58. f(x , y) = xy3 _

59. f(x , y) = + cos(l))

60. f(x , y) = cos x cos y

61 -66 (a)
(b)
44.
61. z = sin(xy) 62. z = cosy

63. z = sin(x _ y) 64. z = sinx _ siny

65. z = (1 _ _ /) 66. z = _x_y

x 1 + x 2 + y2

45-52

45. f(x , y) x 2 _ /
= 46. f(x , y) = xy

47. f(x , y) = +Y 48. f(x , y ) = + 41)

858

A B C

D E F

III

%j
@
IV V

X
67-70 71 -72

67. f(x , y , z) = 2y - z + 1

68. g(x , y , z) = x +l - z2 71. (a) g(x , y) = f(x , y) +2

(b) y) = 2f(x , y)
69. g(x , y , z) = + l- z2 (c) g(x , y) = -f(x , y)

70. f(x , y , z) = + 21 + 3z 2 (d) y) = 2 - f(x , y)

72. (a) g(x , y) = f(x - 2, y)

(b) g(x , y) = f(x , y + 2)
(c) g(x , y) = f(x + 3, y - 4)

[c h'!1
 13.2 859

f(x , y) =

73. f(x , y) = 3x - - 4/- 10xy

74. f(x , y) = xye-x-- y-

f(x , y)
.J X" + y"
x,
(x ,
f(x , y) =
x+y
75. f(x , Y) = 76. f(x , y) =
x" + Y" x" + y"
81. (a) P =

f(x , y) =

P L
In - = In b + a In -
K K
= (ax 2 +
(b) x = In(L/ K), y = In(P/ l
y = ax + In
In(L/ In(P/
c

(I n(L/ K), In(P/

(c) P =

13.2

l
(x ,

. (x2 + y2) x - x --+y

f(x , y) = -x -y

(x , .f(x , g(x ,

(x , (0 , f(x , 1 g(x ,

l. sin(x2 + y2 ) ,
1m ^ ^ = 1 u l..l.!. lim
(X , y)• (0 , ‘ (x , y)• (0 , 0) x " + y"

‘ :.> ( I , ')1
860

1 f(x , g(x ,

-0.5 -0.2 0 0.2 0.5 1. 0 - 1. 0 -0.5 0.2 0 0.2 0.5 1. 0

1. 0 0 .455 0.759 0.829 0.841 0.829 0.759 0 .455 -1. 0 0.000 0.600 0.923 1. 000 0.923 0.600 0.000

-0.5 0.759 0.959 0.986 0.990 0.986 0.959 0.759 -0.5 -0.600 0.000 0.724 1.000 0.724 0.000 0.600

-0.2 0.829 0.986 0.999 1. 000 0.999 0.986 0.829 -0.2 0.923 0.724 0.000 1. 000 0.000 - 0.724 0.923

0 0.841 0.990 1.000 1. 000 0.990 0.841 0 1. 000 -1. 000 -1. 000 1.000 1. 000 1. 000

0 .2 0.829 0.986 0.999 1. 000 0.999 0.986 0.829 0.2 0.923 -0.724 0.000 1. 000 0.000 -0.724 0.923

0 .5 0.759 0.959 0.986 0.990 0.986 0.959 0.759 0.5 -0.600 0.000 0.724 1.000 0.724 0.000 -0.600

1. 0 0 .455 0.759 0.829 0.841 0.829 0.759 0 .455 1. 0 0.000 0.600 0.923 1.000 0.923 0.600 0.000

(x ,
f(x ,

liIl} . .f(x , y) = L
(x , y)• (0 , b)

(a , (a , (x ,

f(x ,

(a ,
6

(x , y) E D, 0 < J(x - a)2 + (y - w< 8

(x , If(x , y) - LI <

(x , y)• (a , b)
.f(x , y) = L

(x , (a , f(x ,

lim f(x , y) = L (x , y) • (a , f(x , y) • L

I f(x , y) - L f(x , L - a)2 + (y - (x ,

((1, b) (x ,

f(x , L (2 .4

L (L - e , L + (a ,

8> Dò b)

[c h'!1
 13.2 861

(L - e, L + e)

y -’
L+e
L
L-e
L+e
L
L-e

0 /

e>
(x , Dõ (x , y) #- (a ,

f(x) #-

y
(x ,
3 (x , (a , b)

j
(x , (a , f(x ,
(x , (a , b)

(x , (a , f(x ,
f(x ,

iJ) f(x ,

Cl (x , y) • (a , f(x , y) • Ll
C2 (x , y) • (a , f(x , y) • Ll #-

(I b) f(x ,

1 li IT\_
lX , y) • lU. U) x- --r y

f(x , y) = (x2 - l)/(x2 +

f(x , = =

f(x , y) • 1 (x , y) •

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:'" 1

862

y f(O , y)

f( .r, y) '=- 1 = = -
y-

f(x , y) = 1 x
f(x , y) • -1 (x , y) •

f(x , y) x L + yL -
l.im._ _. f(x ,
(x, y) • (0 , 0)

f(x , 0) = O/:? =

f(x , y) • o (x , y) •

f(O , y) = o/l =
f(x , y) • o (x , y) •

f(x , x) =
x" + x.
= l2

f(x , y) • i (x , y) •

y=x
(x , f(x , y) =

f(x , y)
xL yL

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 13.2 863

3 f(x, y) = )..i m__ . f(x , y)7]

x" + y' - (x , y) • (0.0)

(x , y) • (0 , 0)
x = i

(mx )2 m 2x 3 m 2x
f(x , y) f(x , mx) 2 x 2 + m 4x 4 1 + m 4x 2
= = ;.
.;-' " = ?, d d = • " ?
x + (mx)4
0.5

z 0
f(x , y) • o y= (x , y) •

-0 ‘ 5
x (x , y) • (0 ,

y2 • y2 y4 1
f(x , y) = f(y2 , y) = =-
+ Y’ 2y ’
I
(y2)2 2

f(x , y) • t x = (x , y) •

. •

1.
2.
3.
4.
S.

54).

lim x = a Jim .. y = b lim c= c

(x , y) • (a. b)

function of two variables ,

cx"y"

p(x , y) = x 4 + 5x 3y2 + 6xy4 - 7y +6

2xy + 1
q(x, y) = --;-',2
x" + y"

( 1( I t I
864

liIl} .. p(x , y) = p(a , b)

(x , y) • (a , b)

q(x , y) = p(X , y)j r(x , (a ,

p(x, y) p(a , b)
lim q(x, y) = lim - - - = - - - = q(a, b)
• . r(x , y) r(a , b)

3
_ X y2 + 3x +
f(x , y) = X2y 3 - x 3l + 3x +

).iIl}. _. (X 2y 3 - X3y2 + 3x + 2y) = 1 2 • 2 3 - 13 . 2 2 +3 .1 + 2 . 2 = 11 •

(x , y) •(1, 2)

lim +1
(x , y) • (-2 , 3) xOy ‘ - 2x

f(x , y) = (x2y + 1)j(xV -

x 2y + 1 (-2)2(3) + 1 13
,.
um
(x , y) • [::'2 , 3)
-.-.---
- 2x (-2)3(3 )2 - 2( -2) 68 •

lim
+y ‘

1
y=

0 1< 8

:;;<.
, <
-,
+ y<

l x2 x2 + + l) l

3x 2 1yl

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 13.2 865

8 = 0<

01 38 = = e

2
lim 3x y
im
(x, y) • (0 , 0)
'^=o
x ‘ +y ‘

3x 2 y
-31yl __ 2
+y
I 31yl

• Iyl • (x (-3Iy 1) =
0) (31 y 1) =
2
lim
im 3x '^=o
y
(x , y) • (0 , 0) x ‘

•
•

lim f(x) =

(a ,

(x , b) f(x , y) = f(a , b)

D (a ,

(x , f(x ,

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
866

x2 _ y 2
7 f(x , y) = -- ?,
xL + yL

(0 , (0 ,
D = {(x , y) I (x , y) OF- (0 ,

I X2 - y2 (x , y) OF- (0 , 0)
g(x , y)= X
2 + y2
I 0, (x , y) = (0 , 0)

(0 , (1 g(x ,
l •

I 3x 2 y
(x , y) (0, 0)
x 2 + y2 ’
OF-
9 f(x , y) =
(x , y) = (0 , 0)

(x , y)

" f(x , y) = . Fm x L+ yL
= 0 = f(O , 0)

•
h(x , y) = g(f (x , h = 9 0 f

y) =

f(x , y) =

g(t) =

h(x, y) = g(f (x , y)) = e- (x +

2 y2 )

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13.2 867

h(x, y) =
x
•
11 h(x, y) =

f(x , y) =

= arctan

g(f (x , y)) = arctan(y/x) = h(x , y)

h(x , y) =
x
•
•

1in). . . f(x , y, z) =
(x ,y , z) • (a ,b, c)
L

(x , y , (a , b ,

f(x , y, (x, y, (a, b, c)

- a)2 + (y - b )2 + (z -
ô > 0

(x , y , - a)2 + (y - b )2 + (z - C)2 <

If(x , y , z) - L I< e

(a , b,

t (1 ( I f 1
868

(x , y, y , z) = f(a , b , c)

f(x , y , z) = ?
x L + yL +

f(x) =

ê >

0<lx-al<8 If(x) - LI < ê

11 = -
= x = (X , y) , a = (a , b) , Ix - a I = - a)2 + (y -
x = (x , y , z) , a = (a , b ,

lim f(x) = f(a)

1. (I 11 f(x , y) = f(3 , 5-12

f(3 , 5. lim... (X 2y 3 - 4y2)
(x , y) • (3 , 2)

2.
6. . li I11 •. (x 2y + 3xy2 + 4)
(x , y) • (5 , -2)

(a) x 2y - xy3
(b) 7. lim 8. lim
1m
(x , y) • (':'3 , 1) X - Y + 2 (x , y) • (2, -1) x" - y"
(c)
9. ,_, y sin(x - y) 10. , )i I11__ , e J20
(x , y) • (3 , 2)
3-4 (x , y) • f(x ,
Cx, I{ .. 2 •. 3
X- y'
.. 3 .. 2 \
- X'y- \ I cos y - sin 2y
11. lim I\ .. 2
J I 12. 1m
(x , y) ‘ (1 , 1)\ x" - v"2
‘
/I cosxcos y

X 2y 3 + x 3y2 _ 5 _ ^' 2xy

3. f(x , y) = -- J -- J - 4. f(x , y) = ? -,"-:_
?
2 - xy ,. , '"
J x" 2y"

[c h'!1
 13.2 869

13-18 35. lim 2 x 2 _+ _3xy J

+ 4y2
_

2
3x" + 5y "
13. Ii m ___J_ _ 2xy
_
14. lim _ _
x2 + y2 x ‘ + 3y ‘ 3

36. lim
+ y"
(x + y)2 x 2 + xy2
15. lim "_ 16. Ii m _
x ‘ +y ‘

y-2 sm-x
_: _ 2
V X 37-38 h(x , y) =
17. Ii m J ------
18. lim “
x4 + y4 (x , y) • (1 , 1) 1- Y + ln x 37. g(t) = (2 + J(, f(x , y) = 2x + 3y - 6

19-30 38. g(t) = t + ln t , f(x , y) =

19. , Ji!ll, _, (x 2y - xy2 +W 1ij 39-40

(x , y) • (-1 , - 2)

20. lim e XY sin xv

21. Ii m 3x
--- - 2y - J 22. Jim
2x - y
_ _
39. f(x , y) = e 1/ (.< - y) 40. f(x , y) = -:
j-
t
X--Y-
,
(x , y) • (2 , 3) 4x" - 4x 2 _ y2

xy2 COS Y x 3 -y_.3

23. Ii m -•--• 24. lim ‘ 41 -50
x ‘ +y‘ + xy + Y‘‘
x2 + v2 41. F(x , y) = 42. F(x , y) =
1 -r e" J

25. Iim
(x , y) • (0 , 0) + y2 + 1- 1
1 + X2 + Y2 eX + e)'
43. F(x , y) = ? J? 44. H(x , y) =
--- ‘ 4 1 - x- - y- e" J
- j
26. lim
x" + y.
45. G(x, y) =

27· 1, -2) 46. G(x , y) = Jn (1 +x - y)

xy + yz 47. f(x , y , z) = arcsin(x 2 + y2 + Z2)

28. Ii m
(x , )', z) • (0 , 0 , 0) x 2 + y2 + Z2
48. f(x , y , z) = ln z
29.
"
11m
xy + yz2 + xz 2
(x , y , zi• (0 , 0 , 0) x 2 + y2 + Z4 I X
2
y3
(x , y) ;é (0 , 0)
49. f(x , y) = 2X2 + y2 ’
x4+ y2 + Z 3
30. lim “ (x , y) = (0 , 0)
x" + 2y ‘ + z
”-”+
(x , )', z) • (0 , 0 , 0)

% KX -x -+ (x , y) ;é (0 , 0)
v
“
31 -34
(x , y) = (0 ,
xv
31. , !i l1}__, xy 32. lim
(.t, +y + y2
51 -53 (r , e)(1
33. Ii m (x , (x , y) • r •
x ‘ +y ‘

2 __ 2_ 2
x-v-z x + v--V/
3
34. lim . -+ -2
(x , y , x 2 + y2 + Z2 -x
J

52. !il1}__ , (x 2 + l) Jn(x 2 + l)

1ij 35-36

( 1( I t I
 870

53. 11m
(x.y)• io.o)
e - x'- y' -
X2 + y2
1
57. f(x y) = {? 0< y < X
4
y

54. (a) y = nd'(O < a < (0 ,

(x , y) • y)
55. (b) (0 ,
sin(x2 + y2)
f(x , y) =
+y ‘ (c)

(x , y) • (0 , 0) 58. f(x) = 1 x
f(x , y) • l 1x - a 12 = (x - a) . (x - a)]

59. f(x) = c .
11'l 56. E \1;,).

fJ x - xy 7"= 0
L
xy = 0

13.3 I

index humidex ,

1 = f(T ,

1 I

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
26 28 28 29 31 31 32 33 34 35
28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
30 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43
(OC)
32 37 38 39 41 42 43 45 46 47
34 41 42 43 45 47 48 49 51 52
36 43 45 47 48 50 51 53 54 56

H=
= f(T ,

r n
U
(-‘ / {
1 ’l
 13.3 871

T= T=

g'(30) = lim ..g(30

W-
+ h) - g(30)
_1'--'
.-: =
,.
lim 1(30
J ,--
+ ._,
h, 60)
--, - 1(30, 60)
h "• o h

g(32) - g(30) 1(32 , 60) - 1(30 , 60) 42 - 38

= =
2 2

g'(30) = g(28) - ""V'--I J ,--,, 60)

g(30) = 1(28
ÕJ'--/ --" - ,.. 1(30
J ,--,, 60)
--/ 35 - 38 = 1. 5
-2 -2

30 0 C
lOC 1. 75 0 C

T =

T =

G( H) = 1(30 , H = H

G(60 + h) - G(60) ,. 1(30 , 60 + h) - 1(30 , 60)

G160) = h = h

G'(60) = G(65)
-,--, - G(60)
-,--, = 1(30
J ,--,, 65)
--, - 1(30 --, = 42
J ,--,, 60) .- - --
38 = 0.4
5

G(55) - _-'--'=J'--'--'
G'(60)=-'--' G(60) 1(30 , 55) - _J'--'--' 37
_. - _--=0.2
38
-5 -5 -5

G ’ (60) =
1% O.3 O C
y = b

g(x) = .f(x , (a ,

.f,(a ,

.f.,(a , b) = 9 ’ (a) g(x) = .f(x , b)]

g (a + h) - g(a)
9 ’(a) = h

t (1 ( 'f 1
872

m -h-m + -n ””
{J a,
4
FJ a
- -- - -’- -h
IJa
,-
- -- -
(a , =

G (y) = f(a ,

f (a , b + h) - f(a , b)
b) h

T = H= H

fr(30 , 60) = 1.7 5 60) = 0_3

(a ,

f (x + h , y) - f(x , y)
= h

f (x , y + h) - f(x , y)
E(x, y) = h

fl

z = f(x ,

ðf ð
j(x, y) = j = -L = -f(x , y) = - = = Dd= Dxf
ðx ðx - - ,-, ðx

_J;,(x , y) =
ðr =
h = .:::-- ð
f(x , y) = = h = Dd = Dyf
ðy ðy - - -- , ðy

z
1. f(x ,
2. f(x ,

t 1 P
U
t
U
”l
’t tr
1 ’’
 13 .3 873

f(x , y) = x3 + x2l - fr( 2,

J,(x , y) = 3x 2 + 2 xy 3

f ‘ (2 , 1) = 3 . 2 2 + 2 . 2 . 13 = 16

y) = 3x 2y2 - 4y
j.,, (2 , 1) = 3 . 2 2 • 12 - 4.1= 8

•
2 f(x , y) = sinl-.
I X L, _11 af ^' af
\ 1 + YJ - . ax ðy

= =

= =

T , z = f(x ,
f(a , b) = P(a , b,

l
y
g(x) = f(x ,
g'(a) = fx(a , G(y) = f(a ,
1 (a ,
G'(b) = f )'(a ,
fx(a , fla , = S
b,

3 f(x , y) = 4 - x2 - fr( 1,

J,(x , y) = -2x j.,,(x , y) = -4y

J,(l , 1) = -2 j.,, (I , 1) = -4

t '1' 'f 1
874

= 4- r - =
(1 , 1, 1)
fr( 1, 1) = x

2i , x = (1 , 1, 1) = 3

|
| z = 4 -x 2 - 2)'2 z= 4 -x 2 - 2/
/ /
1
1
C,
1
|
|
|
, ‘,
~
:\ ‘r • (1 , 1, 1)

2/ /'
/ E4----
t
(lJl)
----‘-... y

z = f(x ,

B(m , h) =

m = 64kg , h =

h)

aB
am (64
,_.,, 1. 68) = ,.
_._-, :n\? = 0.35 (kgjm 2 )jkg

m = h =

lkg 0.35

11) = = m(
F 0 0 h'!1
 13.3 875

ðB . 2.64 ‘
-ðh- (64 - - -, =
,- ,, 168) (1.68)3 = -27 (kg/m2)/m

m = h =

1cm 27(0.01) =

0.27
•
5
5

x 3 + y3 + Z3 + 6xyz + 4 = 0

3x 2 + 3z 2 + 6yz + 6xy =0
dX dX

ðz x 2 + 2yz
ðx Z2 + 2xy

ðz y2 + 2xz
ðy Z2 + 2xy

x3 + l + Z3 + 6xyz + 4 =

m-+
+2 + ---””
ðz
ðx
=-n” - -
5
-2
d‘ z
-+ -n
”
-
--- -?
• •
•

f (x + h, y , z) - f(x , y , z)
j(x, y , z) = h

y,

= f(x , y , =
876

u = f(XI , X2 , ... ,

au ,. f(XI , ... , Xi-I , Xi + h , Xi+l , ... , X II ) - f(Xt , ... , Xi , .. . , X,,)

= Uffi
aXi "• o h

au af
- -::- = f ,‘ = fi = D ;f
aXi aXi

f(x , y , z) = e\)’ ln J;"

‘ f, = ye x )' ln z

e XY
J;, = xe XY ln z, /z=-
Z

•
(f, )x , (f, )y ,
partial
= f(x ,

(f, )x

z a ” f-a 6
(j )
y ------
------
------
y
w ------ -a-y-K
-v -r--= -”
U

(j )
a /lIl--\
‘
U z
1 -k -x -v -a-x-a

(j )
]
Fj Im -”
6 /Il---\ ·fL

-v
‘

“
-=
t 2--;y
-a ---

jayax)

7 f(x , y) = x3 + x2y3 -

f ‘ (X , y) = 3X2 + 2xy 3 J;, (X , y) = 3x2y2 - 4y

[c h'!1
 13.3 877

fu = (3x 2 + 2Xy 3) = 6x + 2i f ,y = (3x 2 + 2xy3) = 6xy 2

dX òy

j x-
• (3x 2y2 - 4y) = 6Xy2 f)')' = _;_ (3X2y 2 - 4y) = 6x 2y - 4
dX òy

•
f ‘.y =

Clairaut, f ,y =

Theorem ) (a ,

b)

sur les
courbes à double

= J;, xy =
f(x , y , z) = sin(3x +
f , = 3 cos(3x + yz)
f " = -9 sin(3x + yz)

fu )' = -9z cos(3x + yz)

fu )'z = -9 cos(3x + yz) 9yz sin(3x + yz)
•
•

ò2 u ò2 u
-- 2 ---
òx ay2

Laplace ,

‘ o ( , , .)1
878

u(x , y) = sin

Ux = e X sin y u)' = e X cos y

U xx = e X sin y yy - . SlO
VU
. V
,J

u.u -r. U vv =e SlO JV -

. SlO
e ..
. V= U
“ VU. VU. J

•
equation)

au
--=
2
‘ au
2

at ‘

u(x ,

5 U(X ,

10 u(X , t) = sin(x -
Ux = cos(x - at) u, = -a cos(x - at)

U o: = -sin(x - at) U II = -a 2 sin(x - at) = a 2 u.u

•
a2U a2U a2U
+-_ =0
ax" ðz"

u(x , y , (x , y ,

u(x , y ,

1. 2.
I = f(T , h<. 34 , 75) , f H(34 , h= f(v ,
75)

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 13.3 879

5 10 15 20 30 40 50

20 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

~
(

5
i
30 1. 2 1. 3 1. 5 1.5 1. 5 1.6 1. 6

) 40 1. 5 2.2 2 .4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8

60 2.8 4.0 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 5.9

{
80 4.3 6 .4 7.7 8.6 9.5 10.1 10.2

100 5.8 8.9 1 1. 0 12.2 13.8 14.7 15.3 7. f(x , y) = 16 - 4x2 -

120 7 .4 11. 3 14.4 16.6 19.0 20.5 2 1.1

(a) ah/av , 8. f(x , y) = - x 2 - 4y2 Nl , 0) , h( 1,

(b) 15) ,f, (40 ,

(c)
9-36 l
l.
lffi-
ah
at 9. f(x , y) = x 4 + 5xy 3 10. f(x , y) = x 2y - 3y4

11. g(x, y) =x 3 siny 12. g(x , t) = e Xl

3. .x , y,
T = f(x , y , u
13. z = In(x + t2) 14.
U
"

(a) aT/ax , aT/ay , 15. f(x , y) = ye'Y 16. g(x , y) = (x 2 + xy)3

(b)
17. g(x , y) = y(x + x 2y)5 18. f(x , y) = --L-;
(x + y)2

j ,(l 58 , 21 , 9) , h( 158 , 21 , 9) , f,(l 58 , 21 , 19. f(x , y) = _. __x + by

. '/ 20.
eU
cx + dy u +
21. g(u , v) = (u 2v - V 3)5 22. u(r,(J) = sin(rcos (J)
4 -5
23. R(p , q) = tan- l(pq 2) 24. f(x , y) = xY

25. F(x , y) = t cos(e') dt 26. = s:

27. f(x , y , z) = x 3yz2 + 2yz 28. f(x , y , z) = xy 2e'"

29. W = In (x + 2y + 3z) 30. = y tan(x + 2z)

x
31. P = .Jt 4 + u 2 cosv 32. u=x

ax+
33. h(x , y , z, t) = x 2y cos(z/t) 34. 1> (x , y , z, t) = -,. ,
yz + 8t"
4. (a) (b) .fS,(I , 2) 35. u = v ...... J +' x ,z + ... + x 2
5. (a) j ,(-I , 2) (b) h( -I , 2) 36. u = sin(x , + 2X2 + .. . + Il XII )

6. 37-40
f ‘(2 , L) , fv( 2 ,
37. R(s , t) = te s / ,; R , (O , 1)

; c 'J (J. "

880

38. f(x , y) = Y sin- I (xy); .{y (1 ,

64. u = X"ybzc;
a6u
iJx ðy2 iJ z 3
l - .Jx2 + y2 + Z2
39. f(x , y, z) = In - :;-; .{y(l, 2, 2)
1 + + y2 +
65-66 fr( x , h.(x ,
40. f(x , y , z) =x Y'; fz(e , 1,
65. f(x , y) = xy2 - x 3y 66. f(x , y) =

41 -44

41. ;? + 2/ + 3z 2 = 1 42. x 2 - / + z2 - 2z = 4 67. f(x , y , z) = xy2z 3 +

43. e Z = xyz 44. yz + x In y = Z2

68. g(x, y , z) =

45 -46
69. a, b, fr ,
45. (a) z = f(x) + g (y) (b) z = f(x + y)
46. (a) z = f(x)g (y) (b) z = f(xy)
(c) z = f(x/y)

8
4
47-52

47. f(x , y) = x 4 y - 2x 3 y 2 48. f(x , y) = In(ax + by) 4

49. z = y 50. T = e- 2' cos e

2x + 3y
x+v
51. v = sin(s2 - t 2 ) 52. z = arctan - ---
1 - xy

4
53-56 =
z 0
53. u = x 4y3 - l 54. u = e'<)' sin y A

55. u = cos(x2y) 56. u = In(x + 2y)

57-64

57. f(x , y) = x 4 y2 - x 3y; f t.t ." f t)", 8

4
58. f(x , y) = sin(2x + 5y) ; .{yxy 7
-
O

59. f(x , y , z) = eXYZ 2 ; fxy z

60. g(r, s , t) = e'sin(st); g ",

o
y
1
3
ð W
61. W= u +v 2 : --.--
ðu ‘ ðv

62. V= In(r + S2 + (3);

a3v f ,j,‘’
ðrðs ðt
70. f(x , y) = --LT? 71. f(x , y) = x 2i
63. w = - - - 1 + x"y"
ðx 2 ðy
‘ -------- -----

y + 2z ’ az ðyðx ’

72.

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13 .3 881

(c) U = (x - at)6 + (x + at)6

(a) A,(-l , 2) (b) fyy(-I , 2) (d) u = sin(x - at) + ln(x + at)
(a) (b) 2)
78. Uxx + uYY =

73. f(x , fx(3 , 2) , fry(3 , ‘ ·

(a) u = x 2 +l (b) u = 2 -l
(c) u = + (d) u = ln + y2
1. 8 2.0 2.2
(e) u = sinx cosh y + cosx sinh y
2.5 12.5 10.2 9.3 (f) u=e-xcosy-e-Ycosx

3.0 18.1 17.5 15.9 79. u= + y2 + U.u +

3.5 20.0 22 .4 26.1 Uyy +
80. u =
74. u, =

81. Diffusion Equation)

(a) (b) 1>, (c) f ;u (d) (e)
y
ðc a 2c
-=Ð-_
ðt ax"
lf 8/ 6/ 4/ 2/

x
c(x, t) = e- X2 /(4D')
75. (a) f(x , y) = 4 - 2 - fr( 1, 1)
= P (l , 1, 1)

82. (x , T(x , y) = 60/(1 + 2 + l)

y =

(2 ,
y =

(b) 1) = 83. R" R2 ,

4 4
1 1 1 1
3 3 -=-+-+-
R R1 R2 R3
z 2 z 2

0 0
0
84. Gas Law) T, P,
y y
PV =

76. u = eal.t' I+a2x1+ ... +a" .1'’ ar + aI + . .. + =

ðP ðV aT
(a) -::-; -::;;- -:-;:;- =
ðV ðT ap
au 2 au 2
au 2 ðP av
--_ +--_ + ... +--_ =u (b) T -::;;- -::;;- =
ax{ aX2" aT ðT

85. der Waals Equation)

77. u" =
(a) u = sin (kx) sin(akt)
(b) u = t/(a 2? - 2) (P + - nb) = nRT
x
r ( 1( 1
882

a,

92.

86. o75
E(m , v) = 2.65m o.66 + 3.5m
_._.. .
W = 13.12 + 0.6215T - 1 1.37vo.16 +
,

U
T = -15 0 C, v = lOC

Ikm/h
So" ,.ce: C. Robbins , Wildlife Feedil 9 ’ l1I ul Nlllritioll. 2cd. (San Dicgo‘ Acm.l cmic
87. 1993)

S = hO.725 93. + 2i + Z2 =

(1 , 2 ,

J s( 94. Z = 6- x - - x =
( ” ( /
-u ,‘ (1, 2,
m

88.

95. f x(x, y) = x + 4y , fy( x , y) = 3x -

r
96.
ðA/ða , ðA/ðb ,

97.
89. fxyy = fyxy =

98. (a)
P(v , x , m) = Av 13 +, -B(mg/x)2
,.. .", .., (b)
U

(c)

99. f(x , y) = x(x 2 +

ðp/av ,
j ,(x ,
90.
100.f(x, y) =
T(x , t) = To + Tle- Ax
( x 3y - Xy3
(x , y) (0,
(a) 101.f(x, y) = X2 + y2 ’
(b) lO , (x , y) = (0 ,
(c) T, = (a)
(x , y) (0 , j ,(x , f y(x,
(d) = 0.2, To = 0, TI = T(x , (c) j.CO , 0), 1>,(0,
,
(d) j y(O , 0) = -1 , fyx(O , 0) =
(e) - (e)
91. K=
ðK a2K
ðm ðv 2
“

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 13.3 883

|
P = P(L,
productivity of
productivity of

(i)
(ü)
(iii)

1.
p
a -L

K=

dP P
dL =

P(L , Ko) = CI(Ko)

2. L = K) =

3.

P(L , K) = bUKß

a+ =

P(L , K) = bUK I- a

4. P(L , K) =

ðP ðP
L-+K-=P
ðL ðK

5. P(L , K) =
1. 0 1L0.75 L = K =

; c • J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

884

13.4 I

•
z = f(x ,
/ / T1 P(XO , YO , y=
1/ I/é __-7
l x =

i C2 / /

/\ /
/
l
i OL / /

‘// y S
x

1 P

P(xo , YO ,

A(x - xo) + B(y - yo) + C(z - zo) = 0

a = -A /C , b =

z - Zo = a(x - xo) + b(y - yo)

Z - Zo = a(x - xo) y = yo

(1=

x = z - Zo = b (y -

b = f y(xo,

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 13 .4 885

P(xo , yo ,
y - yo=f’ (Xo)(X - xo) z = f(x ,

Z - Zo = f r(x o, yo)(x - xo) + /;, (xo , Yo)(y - yo)

1 (1 ,

f(x , y) = +
f r(x, y) = 4x /;,(x , y) = 2y
f ,(I , 1) = 4 /;,(1, 1) = 2

Z - 3 = 4(x - 1) + 2(y - 1)
- - -, Z = 4x + 2y - 3

•
(1, 1,
f(x , y) = + (1,

40

20
z 0

-20

4 4 2 2 2 2
(
(a) (c)

2 z= + (1 , 1,

f(x , y) = + (1,
886

f(x , y) = +

(1, 1) 1. 5 1. 2 1. 05

l
(1 , 1, f(x , y) = 2x2 +
z = 4x + 2y - (x , (1 ,

L(x , y) = 4x + 2y - 3

f(x , (1,

f(x , y) = 4x + 2y - 3

(1 ,
(1.1,

f( 1.1, 0.95) = 4( 1.1) + 2(0.95) - 3 = 3.3

f( 1.1, 0.95) = 2 (1.1 )2 + (0.95)2 =

(2 , (1 ,
L(2 , 3) = f(2 , 3) =

(a , b, f(a ,

z = f(a , b) + J,(a , b)(x - a) + .{y(a , b)(y - b)

I L(x , y) = f(a , b) + J,(a , b)(x - a) + J;, (a , b)(y - b)

(a ,

I f(x , y) = f(a , b) + b)(x - a) + J;.(a , b)(y - b)

(a , approximation) plane ap-

z = f(x ,

[c h'!1
 13.4 887

I xy
(x , y) ,p (0 , 0)
f(x , y) = X2 + y2 ’
10, (x , y) = (0,

X 54
fr(0 , 0) = J;,( O, 0) = f(x , y)
f(x , y) =

f(x , y ) = ‘
1

lO ,
x"
xv
+
(x , y ) .p (0 , 0)

(x , y) = (0 , 0) y = a +
L1y = f(a + L1 x) - f(a)

L1y = f'(a) L1 X + 8 L1 X e

Z = f(x , a +
b +
L1 z = f(a + L1 X , b + L1 y) - f(a , b)

(x , (a , (a + L1x, b +

Z = f(x ,

L1 z = b) L1 X + J;, (a , b) L1y + 81 L1 X + 82 L1y

(a ,

(L1x, L1y) • 82 •

(x , (a ,

(a, (a, (a,

2 f(x , y) =

f( 1.1,

iL I J (_ 1 ,:'1
888

/, (x , y) = e XY + xye XY h(x, y) = x 2e xy
/,(1, 0) = 1 h (1, = 1

z L(x , y) = 1(1, 0) + /,(1, O)(x - 1) + _t;,(1, O)(y - 0)

= 1 + l(x - 1) + 1 . Y = x + Y

xe XY = x +Y
1(1 .1 , -0.1) = 1.1 - 0.1 =1
-0. 1) = 1.1 e- oll =

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
26 28 28 29 31 31 32 33 34 35
28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
30 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43
(O C)
32 37 38 39 41 42 43 45 46 47
34 41 42 43 45 47 48 49 51 52
36 43 45 47 48 50 51 53 54 56

1 = I(T,

1(30 , 60) =
60) = l. 75 , 60) =
I(T, H) = 1(30 , + Ir(30 , 60)(T - 30) + 60)(H - 60)
= 38 + l.7 5(T - 30) + 0.3(H - 60)

1(31 , 62) = 38 + l. 75 (1) + 0.3(2) = 40.35

T =

1 = 40 .4 C 0

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13 .4 889

•
y
y =

dy =f ’(x) dx

dy
x ck = Ax y =

y=f(a)+f ’ (a)(x - a) z = f(x ,

differ

ðz ðz
dz = f .(x, y) dx + J;," (x ,."
y) dy
-
= :-
ðx
dx + -:-=-
ðy
dy

dz
dx = Ll x = x - a , dy = Ll y = y -

dz = f , (a , b)(x - a) + J;,(a , b)(y - b)

f(x , y) = f(a , b) + dz

(x , (a , (a + Llx, b +
z = f(x ,

/
f(x , y)

(a , b, f(a , b)

)’

z - f(a , b) = f x( a, b)(x - a) + f)'(a , b)(y - b)

( 1( I t I
890

(a) z = f(x , y) = + 3xy -

(b)

(a)

(2 , 3, 13) ðz ðz
z= + ðx ðy
8
(b) x = 2, dx = Llx = 0.05, y = 3, = Ll y =

dz = [2(2) + 3(3)]0.05 + [3(2) - 2(3)](-0.04) = 0.65

60
40
z 20 Ll z = f(2.05 , 2.96) - f(2 , 3)
O
= [(2.05)2 + 3(2.05)(2.96) - (2.96 )2] - [22 + 3(2)(3) - 3 2]
-20
54 321-0- 4 = 0.6449
x
Llz = l

5 10cm ,

(a)
(b)

(a) V=

ðV ðV
dV= -dr + ---dh = - - d í- + - d h
ðr ðh 3 3

ILl r I 8, ILl h I
dr = 8, dh = 8 ,
r = 10, h =

AV= dV= -r-e

500
7T
+ =

(b) 8 = dV = 200 7T(0.1) =

V= =
63/2618 = 0.024 •

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13 .4 891

f(x , y , z) = f(a , b , c) + b , c)(x - a) + J; (a , b , c)(y - b) + fz(a , b , c)(z - c)

L(x , y ,
= f(x , y ,

!1 w = f(x + !1 x , y + !1y , z + !1 z) - f(x , y , z)

dx , dy ,

= + +
ax ay - az

6 8cm 75cm , 60cm ,

(a)
(b)

(a) V=
av av av
dV= dx + dy + dz = yz dx + xz dy + xy dz
ax ay - az

l !1 x I 8, l !1y I 8 , l !1 z I dx = 8 ,
dy = 8 , dz = 8 , X = 75 , y = 60 , z =

!1 V = dV = (60)(40)8 + (75)(40)8 + (75)(60)8 = 99008

(b) 8 = dV = 9900(0.2) =

. •

( 1( I t I
892

1-2 z = 14. f(x , y) = +JY+ (1, 1, 3e- O' )

.f(x ,
1. f(x , y) = 16 - x_'2 - l 2. f(x , y) = l sin x
15-22
L(x ,

15. f(x , y) = (-2 , 1)

\
16. .f(x , y) = y tan x ,
/ 17 • .f(x , y) = 1 + x In(xy - 5) , (2 , 3)
/ 18 . .f(x , y) = (1 , 4)
-2 , 4)
19. f(x , y)=x2e Y , (1 , 0)
z= 16 -x 2 - y2 z = y-
1
S In X
1+ v
20. .f(x , y) = •_ , (1 , 3)
1+x
21. f(x , y) =4 arctan(xy), (1 , 1)
3-10
22. f(x , y) = y + sin(x /y), (0 , 3)
3. z = 2x2 +l - 5y , (1, 2 , -4)

4. z = (x + 2)2 - 2(y - 1)2 - 5 , (2 , 3 , 3)

23-24
5. z = e X
- Y, (2 , 2 , 1) y-1
23. e-' cos(xy) =x+ I 24. -.-. =x + Y - 1
6. z = /e- r, (0 , 3 , 9) x + 1

7. z = 2JY/x , (-1 , 1, -2)

25. f(2 , 5) = 6, .fx(2 , 5) = 1, f )'(2 , 5) = -1
8. z = x// , (-4, 2, -1) .f(2 .2 ,
9. z = x sin(x + y) , (-1 , 1, 0) (1 , .f(x , y) = 1 - xy
10. z = In(x - 2y) , (3 , 1, 0) f( 1.02 ,

27. (3 , 2, .f(x , y , z) = ,)x 2 + y 2 +

,)(3 .02)2 + (1. 97) 2 +

11. z xy + 3/ , (1 , 1, 5) 28.
h = f(v ,
12. z = (2 , 2 , 5)

(x - y ) ( 7 \
3. f(x , y) = ' ---,
2

+ cos 2(x + y) ’ \3 ’ 6 ’ 4}
-:;-, -;:-, -:-1

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 13 .4 893

42.

5 10 15 20 30 40 50
(
40 l‘5 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8
Ei 43.
60 2.8 4.0 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 5.9

80 4.3 6.4 7.7 8.6 9.5 10.1 10.2 44.

100 5.8 8.9 11.0 12.2 13.8 14.7 15 .3
(a)
120 7.4 11.3 14 .4 16.6 19.0 20.5 2 1.1

(b)
29.

45.

(a)
30.
W = f(T , 13.1
(b) 1m 3
l -15 C,0
50km/h

-17 0 C , 46.
W = 13.12 + 0.6215T - 1 1.3 7v o. 16 +

T,
20 30 40 50 60 70
(
Q
) -10 -18 -20 -21 -22 -23 -23 47. 111 ,
-15 -24 -26 -27 -29 -30 -30 mgR
“ R"
-20 30 -33 -34 -35 36 -37

-25 -37 -39 -41 -42 -43 -44

31 -38
T|
3 1. m = p5 q3 32. z = x ln( i + 1) R

33. z = e- 2‘ cos 27T't 34. u

35. H= + iz5 36. w = xze- )''-z'

U
37. R= C'é ß2 cosy 38. T = - - -
1+
48.
PV =
39. z = + (x , (1 ,

40. z = ,..(1 - xy + (x , (3 , (2.96 , -0.95) 49. RI , R2 ,

41. 1 1 1 1
-=-+-+-
R RI R2 R3

- - -
I t I
894

RI = 25n , R2 = 40n , R3 = 50n

I", (t) = (2 + 3t, 1 - t 2, 3 - 4t + t2)

50. 1"2(U) = (1 + u2, 2u 3 - 1, 2u + 1)
S = 0.0072WO.425hO.72S

53. (a , (a ,

_ _. f(a
(lu,l>.y) • (0 , 0)
+ I1x , b + l1 y) = f(a ,
51 .
8(m , 11) = m/h2 , 54. (a)

1 xy
(x , y) "" (0 , 0)
(a) 23kg , 8(m , f(x , y) = x 2 + y2 ’
10, (x , y) = (0 , 0)
(b) 1kg 3cm
(0 , 0)

52. S P(2 , 1,
(b)

| LZR Racer

LZR

20 11

14
10
6
-
2
,- ,•
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

1. L Foster et al., “ lnflllence of Full Body Swimsllits on Competitive Performance ," Procedia Engi-
neering 34 (2012): 712 - 17
2. Adapted from

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13.5 895

””
”/
/

-
/
l
P l
l
!
\

P +
c+

u(P + xP , C + yC) - v(P , C)

v(P , C)

1.

f(x , y) = -l

2.

3. fxx(x ,

4. f(x ,

13.5 I

f,
y = x=
dy dy
dt dx dt

• 1

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
896

z = f(x , x, y
z = f(g(t) ,

1) z = f(x , x=
y =

dz ðf dx , ðf dy
--
dt
- ----‘----
ðx dt ðy dt

if A , ðf
6. z = + + e ,6.x + e? 6. v
ðx ðy ‘ “

(!ll, 6. y) • (0 , e ,• 0 , e2 • (0 , 0)
(0 ,

6. z ðf 6. x ðf 6.y ,
_ = -"--- +, -"---" + 8 , -6. x + e , _"
6. y
6. t ðx 6. t ðy 6. t ’ 6. t -. 6. t

6. t • 6. x = g(t + 6. t) - g(t) •
6. y • el • 82 •

dz 6. z
6. t

ðf" 6. x , ðf" 6. y , (" \, ' 6. x , (" \,' 6. y

= --!- lim -.- + --!- lim -!- + I lim 81 1 lim -,- + I lim 1 lim -!-
ðx ð. r• o 6. t ðy i; • o 6.t \ð.-í• 0- ') ii • o 6.t \ð.-í• ã -.) i; • o 6. t
ðf dx , ðf dy
=_J dx
___-+-J---' +0 , -+0 , -'-
dy
ðx dt ðy dt dt dt
ðf dx , ðf dy
---- - ----
ðx dt ðy dt

•
ðf/ðx ðz/

dz = + aE-dv
dX ðy ‘ dz ðz dx ðz dv
-=--+--'
dt ðx dt ðy dt
t l
1
n
U
(‘
- ” q -
 13 .5 897

1 x = sin 2t , y = cos z = x 2y + t=

dz ðz dx ðz dv
-=--+---
dt ðx dt ðy dt
= (2xy + 3y4)(2 cos 2t) + (x 2 + 12xy 3)( -sin t)

t = x = sinO =
y = cosO =

= (0 +
y
(0, 1) l
C
x = sin 2t , y = cos
(x , 1 t = 0
x
(x , (0 , dz/dt = (0 ,
z = T(x , y) = + (x ,
z = T(sin 2t , cos C
1 x = sin 21 , y = cos

2
PV =

T = 300 , dT/dt = 0.1 ,

V = 100, dV/dt =

T
P = 8.31-
V

dP ðP dT ðP dV 8.31 dT 8.31T dV
-------‘-- -- --- -- - -----
dt ðT dt aV dt ’ V dt
2
V dt
8.31 8.31(300)
= - - (01) - - - - r - (0.2) = -0.04155
100" 100'

0.042kPa/s
•
l
z = f(x ,
x = g(s , t) , y = h(s ,
ðz/ðt

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
898

ðz ðz ðx , ðz ðy
--
ðt
- ----‘----
ðx ðt ðy ðt

ðz/

2) x = g(s , t) , y = h(s ,
z = f(x ,
z az h d‘
-x -& + ðz ðz ðx , ðz ðy
?‘

- -s = -UV/ -s -- ---- - ----

”
o ðt ðx ðt ðy ðt

3 z = e X sin y , x = st 2, Y =

ðz ðz ðx ðz ðy / r . \/.1
+ -::=- (e Xsiny)(t 2)
,
= = +
ðs ðx ðs ðy ðs
ðz ðz ðx , ðz ðy
- = -- + -- = + (e cos Y)(S2)
X

ðt ðx ðt ðy ðt

x = st 2, Y =

dS

ðt
= 2ste Sr2 sin(s2 t) + s2e st ' COS(S2t)
•
y

x,
s,

z
-s - ‘dz d
‘ x
- -s
:·d
x
+
k
-”
W
AuV/
-s
-qo

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 13.5 899

l :
. .. ,
tl , ... ,

XI , X2 , ... ,
tl , t2 , ... ,
... , = 1, 2 , ... ,

ðu ðu ðXl ðu ðx? ðu ðx ..
+ ... +--•
ðt; ðXl ðt; ðX2 ðt; ðX ðt;
II

4 w = f(x , y , z , t) , x = x (u , v) , y = y (u , v) , z = z (u , v) , t = t (u ,

.‘.~‘.~.‘ ..
/\ /\ / \ /\

ðw ðw ðx , ðw ðy , ðw ðz , ðw ðt
-- - ---- - ---- - ----‘----
ðu ðx ðu ðy ðu ðz ðu ðt ðu

ðw ðx ðy . ðw ðz ðt
-- - ----
ðv ðx ðv
---- ----
ðy ðv ðz ðv
‘

----
ðt ðv •
5 x = rse r, y - rs2e- r, z = ,. 2s sin u = x 4y + ,. = 2, s - 1,
t =

au Rio
u
+ -‘‘u-z ,‘
d‘ u
-s = -x -h + -‘‘ -h -FJ

/ 1\ r/ s1\t
0 0

rst rst
= (4x 3y)(re') + (x 4 + 2yz3)(2rse-') + (3y2z2)(r 2 sin t)

r = 2 , s = 1, t = x = 2, y = 2, z =

= (64)(2) + (16)(4) + = 192

•
6 g(s , t) = f(S2 - r2, r2 -

. ðg
t - ðg
- +s--=U
‘

ðs ðt

t 1 11 I f
900

g(s , t) = f(x ,

ðg = _ðf
_-_ ðx
-___ ðf
+‘ _- ðy
_ __ = ðf ðf /
ðs ðx ðs ðy ðs ðx " ðy

ðg ðf ðx ‘ ðf ðy ðf /
-- =--
---+-- +‘ ðf
ðt ðx ðt ðy ðt ðx ' ðy

+s = + ( + = 0

7 z = f(x , x= + S2 , Y =

(a) (b)

(a)
k z h k
- z v;
- + z-v
ju 10
-k - -h + --u -AU
x r·
“

(b)

ð2z ð f ðz ðz \
- _ = - I 2r - + 2s - I
ðr" \ ðx ay J
/ /
‘ z 8 l
Uz 6 z
-
/
-‘-x + -x + 4 r
u l l O
l
-k l

U
’r !
l
\ U
l
‘\ U
-V
J

ðz
5
ðx

/\
/\ / \s r s
:r +

a2z aZ f a2Z ð2z \ f a2Z a2Z \

= 2"':":'" + 2rl + 2s--- --J + 2sI2r--- -- + J
ar" ax \ ax" ay ax J \ ax ðy /

da 2z nd2Z az
?‘

-
JU
+ -2X + -x-a
-V
+ A‘‘ ru -UV -2
X
J /

t 1

1
P
U
I
U
”-
’’
’t t rt
 13.5 901

F(x , y) =

F(x , f(x)) =

y = F(x, y) =

ðF dx . ðF dy ^
-----•-----
ðx dx ðy dx
..

= ðF/ðy OP

%
d
-%

F(x , y) =

function
(a ,
F(a , b) = 0, Fy(a , b) op (a , b)
F(x , y) =

F(x , y) = X
3
+i - 6xy = 0

dy F.‘ 3x 2 - 6y X
2 - 2y
dx Fy 3y2 - 6x y2 - 2x

z = f(x , F(x , y , z) =

(x , F(x , y , f(x , y)) =

F(x , y , z) =

ðF ðx . ðF ðy . ðF ðz
- - - - ...... - - - - ...... - - - -
^
"
ðx ðx ðy ðx ðz ðx
902

= = 0
dX dX

% %
-k + - nu

ðFjðz

--”
% %

ðz -% Fx
ðx Fz ðy ðF Fz
k-
ðz

(a , b ,
F(a , b , c) = 0 , Fz(a , b, c) 0 , Fx , Fy,
(a , b , F(x , y , z) =

ðz . ðz
x3 + l + z3 + 6xyz + 4 =
ðx . ðy

F(x , y , z) = x3 + l + z3 +
ðz F" 3x 2 + 6yz x 2 + 2yz
-= ---=
ðx F, 3z 2 + 6xy Z2 + 2xy

ðz Fy 3y2 + 6xz y2 + 2xz

ðy Fz 3z 2 + 6xy Z2 + 2xy

•
13.5 1

1-2 z = ----. x = e .. .. vV == e-
e
x + 2y' ’ “

5. z = sinx cosy , x =.jt, y = l/t

1. z = x 2y + xy2 , X = 3/ , Y = 12 6. z = = tan 1, y = arctan t
2. z = xye'’ , x = t , Y = 5t
2
7. w = x= t 2, Y = 1 - 1, z = 1 + 2t

8. = + y2 + Z2 , X = sin t, y = cos t , Z = tan t

3-8 dz / dt

3. Z = xy3 - x 2y, X = t 2 + 1, y = t 2 - 1

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13.5 903

9-10 24. R = F(t , u) , t = X, y , z) , u = u(w , X, y , z)

25-30
9. z = x 2 + y2 , X = 2s + 3t, y = S + t

10. z=x 2 siny , X=S 2t, y=st 25. z = x 4 + x 2y , X= S + 2t - u, y =

ðz ðz ðz
(s = 4 , t = 2, U = 1)
ðs' ðt ’ ðu
11 -16
M F
9-+
11. z=(X -y)5 , X=S2t , y=st 2 -, u = pq j;, v = p .jqr;
U
U-
12. z=tan-l(x 2 +y2), x=slnt , y=te'
‘ mi (p = 2 , q = 1, r = 4)
13. z = ln(3x + 2y) , x = s sin t , y = t cos s
27. w = xy + yz + zx , x = rcose , y = rsinO , z = re;
14. z = x = 1 + st , y = S2 - t 2
ðw ðw
15. z = (sinO)jr , r = st , 0 = S2 + t 2 -_--, (r = 2, 0
ðr ’ ðO
16. z = tan(ujv) , u = 2s + 3t , v = 3s - 2t
28. P = ,ju 2 + v 2 + lt = xe)' , V = ye x, w = e XY ;
ðP ðP
-,-, -,- (x = O, y = 2)
17. p(t) = (g(t) , ðx ' ðy

g(2) = 4 , 9 ’ (2) = -3 , 11(2) = 5, 11'(2) = 6, p+q

5) = 2 , .fì,(4 , 5) = 8
29. N = -'- ,-', p = u + w +
p+r
ðN ðN ðN
..:..:...:... ..:..:...:...,..:..:...:... (u = 2 , v = 3, = 4)
ðu ' ðv ' ðw
18. G, u, R(s , t) = G(u(s , t) , v(s ,
30. u = xe'Y, x = cx 2ß, y = t = ')' 2CX;
u(! , 2) = 5, u,(!, 2) = 4 , ur(l , 2) = -3 , v(l , 2) = 7 ,
ðu ðu ðu
= 2, = 6 , G ,,(5 , 7) = 9, G v(5 , 7) = -2 ..::.:::._ ::,.::..:::.. (CX = -1 , = 2, ')' = 1)
ðcx ' ðß' ð')'

19. g(u , v) = f(e" + sin v , 31 -34

e" + cos g ,, (O , gv(O ,
31. Y cosx = 2 +i 32. cos(xy) = 1 + sin y

33. = x + xy2 34. e" sinx = x + xy

35-38

35. 2 + 2/ + 3z2 = 1 36. 2 - i + Z2 - 2z = 4

20. s) = f(2r - s , s2 - 4r)
37. e' = xyz 38. yz +x ln y = Z2

39. (x , T(x ,
21 -24
= 2 +
T t( 2, 3) =

21. u = f(x , y) , x = x(r , s , t) , y = y(r, s , t) 3) =

22. = f(x , y , z) , x = x(u , v) , y = y(u , v) , z = z(u , v)

40.
23. T= q , r) , p = p(x , y , z) , q = q(x , y , z) ,
r = r(x, y , z)
904

47. 3cm/s 2cm/s

aw/aT= aw/aR =
(a)
(b) 30cm ,

41.
48.

C = 1449.2 + 4.6T - 0.055T 2 + 0.00029T 3 + 0.016D

fo =!\ c - v, /
332m/s

40m/s ,
460Hz
D
M
20
U
15
m 49-50
8
49. z = f(x , y) , x = r cos e, y = r sin (a) az/ az/
10 20 30 40 r 10 20 30 40 r
(b)
az /---\
-
//I / 2 / 2
2 jo
’’---,‘‘ z z 1j I
-a-x + --‘U -r + -r-,. ’---\
42.
300cm ,
50. u = f(x , y) , x = cost , y = sin

43. e, = e-
2
{
e= 1m, w = h =

(a) 51-55
(b)
(c) 51. z = f(x + at) + g(x - at)
44. a2z _ a2z
--
_ =
R = 4000, 1 = 0.08A , dV/dt = at" ax"
-O.O IV /s , dR/dt =

V=
u = x + (1(, V = X - at]

52. u = f(x , y) , x = e cos t , y = e’ sin

S

45.
a\l a2u _ I a2u a2u I
--_ + --_ =
I at" I

46.
53. z = y) , x = ,2 + s2 , Y =
P(L, K) = L=
54. z = f(x , y) , x = r cos e, y = r sin (a) az/ar, (b)
(c)

55. z = f(x , y) , x = r cos e, y = r sin

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’
t t
 13.6 905

ð2z ð2z ð2z 1 ð2z 1 ðz 58.

-_ +-_ =-_ +--
ðx" ðy" ðr" r" ðO" r ð,.
!, (tx , ty) = t"- 1.Jx , y)

56-58 = t"f(x,
59. F(x , y , z) = X,

z = f(x , y) , y = 9(X ,
56. f(x , y) = x 2y + + si o ] z) , x = h(y , F.,., F" ,
ðz ðx ðv
57. (a) ðx ðy ðz
ðf , ðf 60. F(x , y) =
+ = I1 f(x , y)
ðx 'ðy
Fy ;6- 0

(b) d2y 2F" yF" Fy + Fyy F,,2

, dx 2
F/
x2 + 2xy -::-=-:- + y2 : , =
2
J 11(11 - 1)f(x, y)
ðx" ' ðx ðy , ðy "

13.6 I

/ .

o 80 160 240 320

•
z = f(x ,

f (xo + h, Yo) - f(xo , Yo)

j ,(Xo , yo) = h
y
f (xo , Yo + h) - f(xo , Yo)
j(xo , yo) = h

u = (a , b) (xo ,
(x o, YO) n
2 z f(x , Zo f(xo ,

o!
= =
x
P(xo , yo ,
2 U = ((1, b) 3
q
u U
, l 7
‘
906

---

-
---

--

-
-
?

~ ~ ~

P@ y

//

Q(x , y ,

--•
P'Q ’ = hu = (ha , hb)

x - Xo = x = Xo + ha , y = yo +
ÅZ Z - Zo f(xo + ha , yo + hb) - f(xo , yo)
h h h

h•

u = (a , b) (xo ,

f (xo + ha , yo + hb) - f(xo , yo)

DJ(xo , m) = h

u = i = u = j = (0 , 1)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13.6 907

= (i - 4

o 80 160 240 320

T = T =
T =

T =

15 - 10 1
Du T = ---- = - =
120 24 •

u = (a , b)

Duf(x , y) = !, (x , y) a + J;,(x , y) b

g(h) = f(xo + ha , yo + hb)

141 Ilrù
g'(O) =
9(h) - g(O)
li m_ <1""/ • <W/
1.
=
"
li m_
f(Xo + ha , yo + hb) - f(xo , yo)
L...--J .;" h• o h "• o h

= Dllf(xo , yo)

t (1 ( 'f 1
908

x = Xo + ha , y = yo + g(h) = f(x ,

af dx af dy
g'(h) = :Jax dh
+
,
:Jay dh
= j ,(X , y) a + fy(X , y) b

y x = Xo , Y =

g'(O) = j ,(xo , yo) a + J;,(Xo , yo) b

Uj I sin ()

A()
(.\"0' Yo) i _ _ _l_ _ _ _
cos ()
Duf(xo , yo) = j ,(xo , yo) + J;,(XO , Yo) b •
0 x
u = (COS e, sin
5 U = (cos e, sin e)

Duf(x , y) = j ,(x , y) cos e + J;,(X , y) sin e

u 2 f(x , y) = x3 - 3xy + e=
3 Duf(x , Du f(l ,
z = _t - 3xy + 6

Duf(x , y) = j ,(x , y) cos + J;,(x , y) sin

= (3x 2 - 3y) + (-3x + 8yj

- 3x + (8 -

______ • 1

Y D u f(1 , 2) 3(1) + (8 - =
•
•

Duf(x , y) = j ,(x , y) a + J;,(x , y) b

= (fJx , y)). (a , b)

= (j, (x , y) , J;,(x , y)) . U

grad f \lf
‘ del

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13.6 909

= \JM , y) , Mx ðf.
y)) = ðx
‘ ðf.
V] lX, y) ,. ,,_., ðy J
-,

3 f(x , y) = sinx +
\1 f(x , y) = (1" h) = (cos x + ye xy ,
\1 f(O , 1) = l

l Duf(x , y) = \1 f(x , y)' u I

u

\1f(2 , y) = xV - (2 , v = 2i +
(2 ,

(2 ,

\1 f(x , y) = 2xy 3 i + (3x 2y2 - 4)j

\1 f(2 , -1) = -4i + 8j

=
y
v 2 5
u = -.-. = - - 1 --r - - 1
Ivl j29"' j29 J

Duf(2 , -1) = -1)' U = (-4i + 8j)' \j29" . j29 J))

-4.2+ 8. 5 32
l

•
Duf(x , y ,

( 1( I t I
910

(xo , yo , u = (a , b, c)

f (xo + ha , yo + hb , Zo + hc) - f(xo , yo , zo)

Duf(xo , yo , zo) = h

f(xo + hu) - f(xo)

Duf(xo) h

= Xo = (xo , n = Xo = (xo , yo ,
x = Xo +
f(xo +

f(x , y , u = (a , b ,

Duf(x, y , z) = f ,(x , y , z) a + h(x , y , z) b + .fz(x , y , z) c

\11 grad
\1 f(x , y , z) = (f, (x , y , z) , J;,(x , y , z) , .fz(x , y , z))

5 f(x , y , z) = x (a)
(b) v = i + 2j - k

(a)

\1 f(x , y , z) = (f, (x , y , z) , h(x, y , z) , y , z))

= (sinyz , xzcosyz , xycosyz)

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 13.6 911

(b) (1 , 3 , \1f (1, 3, 0) = (0, 0, v = i + 2j - k

121
U = . 16"
--=1 -r --=1 ---=K
16--

Duf(1, 3, =\1 f (1, 3 , 0).u

= 3k.
\ 16 - . 16 J
1
16 --;
1

•
•

1\1 f(x)

Duf= \1 f. u = l\1fllul cosÐ = l\1fl cosÐ

u cos Ð=
Ð=
l

(a) f(x , y) = Q(t, 2)

(b)

(a)

\1 f(x , y) = (1" = xe Y )

\1 f(2 , = (1 , 2)

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
912

= 2) u = Q

Duf(2, = Vf(2 , 0). u = (1 , 2). = 1

(b) Vf(2 , 0) = (1 , 2)

IVf(2 , 1 = 1(1 , 2) 1 =

•
(2, y
Q
\lf(2 , 0) = (1, 2) 2
(2 , 0)
20
15
z 10

0 o 1 23 0
j

7 (x , y , T(x , y , z) = 80/(1 + X
2
+ 2l +
x, (1, 1,

m+ U
?T - -h + -k LK

160x 320 y 4 80 z •
- - (1 + x2 + 2y2 + 3z2)2 l - (1 + x2 + 2y2 + 3z2)2 j - (1 + x2 + 2y2 + 3z2)2 K

160
, " , (-xi - 2yj - 3zk)
(1 + X 2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 ?
,

(1 , 1,

VT (1, 1, -2) = - 2j + 6k) - 2j + 6k)

VT(1, 1, -2) = i - 2j + 6k) , -i

- 2j + 6k (- i - 2j +

IVT (1, 1, -2)1 = - 2j + 6kl =

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 13.6 913

= •

•
F(x , y , z) =

P(xo , yo ,
r(t) = (x(t) , y(t) ,
r(to) = (xo , yo ,
(x(t) , y(t) ,

F(x(t) , y(t) , z(t)) = k

ðF dx
----
ðx dt
-, ðF dy
----
ðy dt
- -ðF
, dz
---
ðz dt
-"

\1 F = (Fx, Fy, r ’ (t) = (x ’ (t) , y' (t) ,

\1 F' r ’(t) = 0

t = r (t o) = (xo , YO ,

\1 F(xo , yo , zo) . r'(to) = 0

\1 F(xo , yo , C
10 \1 F(xo, YQ , zo) rf
P(xo , yo , F(x , y , z) =

i j \1 F(xo , yo ,

x// 1s-~
Fx( xo , yo , zo)(x - xo) + Fy(xo , yo , zo)(y - Yo) + Fz(xo , yo , zo)(z - zo) = 0

\1 F(xo , yo ,

x -xo Y-Yo
Fx( xo , yo , zo) Fy( xo , Yo , zo) Fz( xo , Yo , zo)

(-2 , 1,

‘ :.1 ( , , .)1
914

y2 +

F(x, y, z) = + y2 +
4

0 y , z) = 5 Fy(x, y, z) = 2y Fz(x , y , z) =

z -2
F.,( -2, 1, -3) = -1 Fy ( -2, 1, -3) = 2 E(-2 , 1, -3) = -g
-4

-6
(-2 , 1,
-1(x + 2) + 2(y - 1) - + 3) = 0

3x - 6y + 2z + 18 =
11

•
z = f(x , y)

F(x , y , z) = f(x , y) - z = 0

Fx( xo , yo , zo) = Yo)

Fy(xo , yo , zo) = h(xo , Yo)

Fz(xo , yo , zo) = -1

fx(xo , yo)(x - xo) + h(xo , yo)(y - Yo) - (z - zo) = 0

(1 , 1,

z= + l
F(x , y , z) = 2X2 +l - z

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13.6 915

Fx(x , y , z) = 4x Fy(x , y , z) = 2y Fz(x , y , z) = -1

F x( 1, 1, 3) = 4 F y(l, 1, 3) = 2 Fz (1, 1, 3) = -1

4(x - 1) + 2 (Y - 1) - (z - 3) = 0

= 4x + 2y -
•
•
P(xo ,
Yo , 'ïl f(xo , yo ,
'ïl f(xo , yo ,

y v 10
f(xo , Yo)

P(Xo ,
'ïlf(xo ,
'ïl f(xo , f(x , y) =
0
X

12 12

'ïlf(x)

• Duf(x) = 'ïl f(x) . .

• 'ïl 'ïlf(x) .
•

f(x , (x ,

'ïl f(a , (a , f(x , y) =

= vector
13

t (1 ( I f 1
916

13.6 1
1. 3.
W = f(T ,
300km l u = (i +
Du .f( - 20 ,

20 30 40 50 60 70
(
Q
-10 -18 20 -21 -22 -23 -23
)
- 15 -24 26 -27 -29 30 -30

20 -30 33 -34 -35 36 -37

-25 -37 39 -41 -42 -43 -44

4 -7

4. .f(x , y) = xy3 - x 2, (1, 2) , e=

5• .f(x, y) = y cos(xy), (0, 1) , e=
6• .f(x , y) = (3 , 1) , e=
7. .f(x , = arctan(xy) , (2 , -3) ,

8- 12
(a)
(b)
(c)

8. .f(x , y) = x 2e Y , P(3 , 0) , u = h3i - 4j)

3! , 4 !
9. .f(x, y) = x/y, P(2 , 1) ,
10 . .f(x , y) = x 2 ln y , P(3 , 1) , u

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 13.6 917

11. P(2 , -1 , 1) , 27-32

12. f(x , y , z) = y 2 e'Y= , P(O , 1, -1) , u =

27. f(x , y) = 5xy2 , (3 , -2)

13-19
28. f(s , t) =
s- -r l
(-1 1) ,
29. f(x , y) = si n(xy) , (1,
13. f(x , y) = e' sin y , v = (-6 , 8)
30. f(x , y, z) = x ln(yz) , (1 , 2 , t)
14. f(x , y) = (1, 2) , v = (3 , 5) 31. f(x , y , z) = x/(y + z) , (8 , 1, 3)
x- -r y

15. g(s , t) = s J(, (2 , 4) , v = 2i - j 32. f(p , q , = alctan(pqr) , (1, 2, 1)

16. g(u , v) = u 2 e-' , (3 , 0), v = 3i + 4j

33.
17. f(x , y , z) =X 2y+y2z , (1 , 2, 3) , v=(2, -1 , 2) (a) -Vf(x)

18. f(x , y , z) = xy2 tan- z , I

(2 , 1, 1) , v = (1 , 1, 1)
(b) (2 , f(x ’ = x4
19. h(r, s, t) = In(3r + 6s + 9t) , (1 , 1, 1) ,
v = 4i + 12j + 6k

34. (2 , f(x , y) =
20.

x2
y
35. f(x , y) = +l - 2x -
i +
36. x , y , (x ,
0 x Z = 200 + -
(80 , 60) (0,

21-25

21. f(x , y) = xV - y3 , P (l, 2) , Q(-3 , 5)

22. f(x , y) = 4y- , P(3 , 1) , Q(-2, 1l) 37.

23. f(x , y) = P(2 , 8) , Q(5 , 4) (a) (1 , 2, (2 , 1, 3)

24. f(x , y , z) = xy2z 3, P(2 , 1, 1) , Q(O , -3 , 5)

(b)
25. f(x , y , z) = xy - xy2z2 ’ P(2 , -1 , 1) , Q(5 , 1, 7)

38.
26. (x , y , y , z) =
(a) P(2 , -1 , (3 , -3 , 3)

(b)
(c)

39. V(x , y , z) =
+
(a) P(3 , 4, v=i+j-k

x (b)
r
t
nU
‘ 1. I r '- I
918

y
(c)

40. z = 1000 - -
6
(60 , 40 , x , y,

(a)
2

(b)

2 4 6 x
(c)

45-46 f(x ,

41. A(I , 3) , 8(3 ,

DJf(x , y) = Du[Duf(x , y)]
3) , C( I , 7) , D(6 ,

2
45. f(x , y) = + 5x y + u =

42. 46. (a) u = (a ,

+ 2J,yab +
(b) v = (4 , 6) f(x , y) =

47-52 (a) (b)

47. 2(x - 2)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - 3)2 = 10, (3 , 3, 5)

48. X = /+Z2+ 1, (3 , 1, -1)

49. x/z 3 = 8, (2 , 2 , J)

50. xy + yz + zx = 5, (1, 2, 1)

51. x+y+z = (0 , 0 , 1)

43. 52. x 4
+ l + Z4 = (1 , 1, J)

(a) V' (au + bv) = a V' u + b V' v

(b) V' (uv) = u V' v + v V' u

53. xy + yz + zx = 3 , (1 , 1, 1)
(d) V' u" = IHt ,, -l V' u
54. xyz = 6 , (1, 2 , 3)
44.

55. f(x , y) = V' f(3 ,

y) =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13.6 919

56. g(x , y) = + i - V' g(1 ,

g(x , y) =
69. + l + Z2 =

57. (xo , yo , a2 + / / b2 + z 2/ C2 = 1

70. (a) +l =
xXo , YYO +, --,"
----7- +
ZZO = 1 (1, 2 ,
a‘ b'" c'"

(b)

58. (xo , yo , x 2/a 2 + //b 2 - Z2/C 2 = 71. r(t) = (cos sin 7r t ,

59. (xo , Yo , z/c = x 2/a 2 + 72. r(t) = /2) , /2) , +i+z2 =2

73-74

73. F(x , y , z) = G(x , y , z) =

60. + 2y +z FxGr + FyGy + FzG z
V' F ,.,. 0, V' G ,.,

61. - / - Z2 = 1 74. Z2 = + x2 + / + Z2
=

62. + 2i + Z2 = + / + Z2 - 8x - 6y
8z + 24 = (1, 1,
75. f(x ,

63.

64. + y2 + Z2 =
76. (a) f(x , y) =

65. (1, 1, +
(b)

66. +/ + 4z2 = (1 , 2,
77. xo = (xo , z = f(x,
67. l· f(x) - [f(xo) + Ff(Xo) · (x - xo)]
-
Ix - xol

68. xyz =

t (1 ( I f 1
920

13.7 I

zt
|

f(a ,
____ f(x , (a ,
f(a ,
, -,“

(a , b) (x , f(x , y) f(a ,
(a , (a , (x , y)

f(x , y) f(a , ] f(a , maximllffi val-

(a , b) (x , f(x , y) f(a ,
(a , f(a , minimllm

f' (c)
f' (c) =

(a ,
b) =
(a , b) = 0, f y(a , b) =

g(x) = f(x , (a ,
g'(a) = 9 ’ (a) =

.f,.(a , b) =

G(y) = f(a , b) =
•
.ft(a , b) = 0, b) =

2 =

.f,(a , b) = 0 , J;,(a , b) = 0
(a , point stationary
(a , (a ,

[c h'!1
 13.7 921

z 1 f(x , y) = x2 +l - 2x - 6y +
!, (x , y) = 2x - 2 J;,(x , y) = 2y - 6

= 1, Y = (1,

(1 , 3, 4)
f(x , y) = 4 + (x - 1)2 + (y - 3)2

; (x - 1)2 (y - 3)2 f(x , y)

J
f(l , 3) =
2 z = +l - 2. - 6y + 14
(1 , 3 ,

2 f(x , y) = l -
fx = -2x, fy= y=O
2
f(x , y) = - x <0 (x #-
Y f(x , y) = l > 0 (y (0 ,
f(O , O) =

z = y2

= f(O , 0) =

(a , b) = 0 , j),( a,
b) = f(a ,
(a ,
g
”
-m
u
m
-t

(a ,
fr( a , b) = 0 , j),(a , b) = 0 (a ,

D = D(a , b) = b) J;.)'(a , b) - [!, y(a , b)]2

‘ o ( I , ')1
922

(a) D > b) > f(a ,

(b) D > b) <

(c) D < (a ,

NOTE 1 D = (a ,

(a ,

NOTE 2

”
D = ]
fJ
”“
IJ
- IU
y
”
fJ
1
2

3 f(x , y) = + l- 4xy + I

J, = 4x J - 4y };, = 4y J - 4x

xJ - Y= 0 i -x= 0

y =

o= x9 - X = x(x 8 - 1) = x(x 4 - 1)(x 4 + 1) = x(x 2 - 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1)

x = 0, 1, (0 , 0) , (1 , 1) ,
(-1 ,
D(x ,

J" = 12x2 J,y = -4 fyy = 12y 2

D(x , y) = J,,};,y - Ury)2 = 144x 2y2 - 16

D(O , 0) = -16 < D (1, 1)

= 128> 0, !,,(1, 1) = 12> f(l , 1)
D( - 1, - 1) = 128 > 0, !rx( - 1, - 1) = 12 > f(-I , -1) = -1

z = x4 + l - ’ +1
4 .\) l

4 f(x , y) = 102y - 52 - 41 - x 4 -

J, = 20xy - lOx - 4x J h= IOx 2 - 8y - 8y J

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13.7 923

(1 , 1) , (-1 , -1)

(1 , 1) (-1 ,

2x (l Oy - 5 - 2X2) = 0
5x 2 - 4y - 4 y 3 = 0

x=O 10y - 5 - 2X2 = 0

= -4y (I + l) =

- 5 - 2x2 =

x2 = 5y - 2.5

25y - 12.5 - 4y - 4y 3 =

4y 3 - 21y + 12.5 = 0

-3 2.7
y = -2.5452 y = 0 .6468 y = 1. 8984

g(y) = 4y 3 - 21y +
)

x =

y = y = x=
y = x =

( 1( I f 1
924

D
(0 , 0) 0.00 80.00
(:+::2.64 , 1. 90) 8.50 2488.72
(:+::0.86 , 0.65) -1 .4 8 -187.64

f(x ,
4
-x -

f(:+::2.64 , 1. 90) =
(:+::2.64 , L. 90 ,

A‘

“1

(1, 0, + 2y + Z = 4

(x , y , (1, 0,

d= - 1)2 + y2 + (z + 2)2

(x , y , x+2y+z=4 = 4- x-
- 1)2 + y2 + (6 - x -

d 2 = f(x , y) = (x - 1)2 + y2 + (6 - x - 2y )2

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13.7 925

J, = 2(x - 1) - 2(6 - x - 2y) = 4x + 4y - 14 = 0

.h' = 2y - 4(6 - x - 2y) = 4x + lO y - 24 = 0

fu = 4, fxy = 4, f yy =
D(x , y) = fu f yy - (/,y)2 = 24 > f u>O
’

(1, 0,
=

d = J(X - 1)2 + y2 + (6 - x - 2y)2 = + + =

(1, 0, + 2y +2 =

6 12m 2

x , y, m).

y
v= xyz

‘/ X
+ ‘ vz +
/
“
”- u

2 = (12 - xy) / [2(x +

12 - xy 12xy - x 2y 2
V = xy - - - - - - =
2(x + y) 2(x + y)

w u 2
ðV x 2 (1 2 - 2xy - y2)
-h - -+
ðy 2(x + y)2

ðV/ðx = ðV/ ðy = V

12 - 2xy - x 2 = 0 12 - 2xy - y2 = 0

x2
12 - = = 2 , y = 2, 2 = (12 - 2 . 2)/
[2(2 + 2)] =

( 1( I t I
926

X = 2 , Y = 2, z = v= 2.2
.1 =

(a ,
• (X , f(a , b) f(x , f(a , .
• (x , f(a , b) f(x ,

[a ,

00 (a)
(a ,
(a ,

/r ~\
/ \( \ D = {(x , y) I x2 + y2 1}
\ I \ ) ! I
\ ~ j / x2 +i=1
(b) x 2 +i=1
11 11

D (XI , (X2 , f(XI , f(X2 ,

(XI , (XI ,

1.
2.
3.
1 l ì l \J 1()_J. , tL
 13.7 927

7 D = {(x , y) I 0 X 3, 0 y f(x , y) = 2- - 2xy

+

y
LJ (2 , 2)
(0 , 2) (3 , 2)
f‘ = 2x - 2y = 0
L4 D L,
J;, = -2x +2 = 0

(0 , 0) L (3 , 0) l
(1, 1) =

L1 , L2 , L3 ,

f(x , O) = x2 0 X 3

f(O , 0) = 0, f(3 , 0) = L2

f(3 , y) = 9 - 4y

f(3 , 0) = 9 , f(3 , 2) = L3

f(x , 2) = x2 - 4x + 4

f(x , 2) = (x -
9
f(2 , 2) = 0, f(O , 2) =

f(O , y) = 2y

f(O , 2) = 4, f(O , 0) = -
0

f (1, 1) =

0) = 0) = f(2 , 2) =
13 f(x , y) = - + 2y
•
•

u = (h, k)

Duf = f,. h + J;,k

1 11 I t I
928

D; f = Du(Duf) = (Duf)h
ðx ' - J '
+ ðy
(Duf)k

= (fxx h + J;'xk)h + (fxyh + hyk)k

= Juh2 + 2J,yhk + h yk 2

f101
C....:...=...J
Du2 f=
- JU
fj h- + f :xx
r
)
+ fxx

b) > b) > -
(a , (x ,
y) > D(x , y) > (x , B
y) > P(a , b , f(a , b))

(x , y)

(x , f(x , y) f(a ,

13.7 1
1. (1 , 3. f(x , y) = 4 + x3 + i -
y
(a) f-< ,(I, 1) = 4, fxy(l, 1) = fyy(l , 1)
1, = 2
(b) f_u (l, 1) = 4 , j ‘)'(1 , 1) = 3, f yy(l , 1) = 2

2. (0 ,

(a) 9_" ,(0 , 2) = -1 , 9xy(0 , 2) = 6 , 9y)'(0 , 2) = 1

(b) 9_,-,(0 , 2) = -1 , 9x)'(0 , 2) = 2, 9)'y(0 , 2) = -8 A

(c) 9xx( 0 , 2) = 4, 9"y(0 , 2) = 6 , 9y)'(0 , 2) = 9

3-4

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13.7 929

4. f(x , y) = 3x - x 3 - 2i +l 24. f(x , y) =

(::t l ,

25. f(x , y) = x 2 + l + x- 2y-2

xLy1
26. f(x , y) = (x - y)e -

27. f(x , y) = sinx + siny + sin(x + y) ,

5-22 28. f(x , y) = sin x + sin y + cos(x + y) ,

4
5. f(x , y) = + “xy+i+y
6. f(x , y) = xy - 2x - 2y i

7. f(x , y) = 2x2 - 8xy +l - 4i 29. f(x , y) = x4 + l - + 2y

8. f(x , y) = x 3 + y3 + 30. f(x , y) = i - 2l + - i +Y
9. f(x , y) = (x - y)(l - xy) 31. f(x , y) = x4 +i - 3x2 + i +x - 2y + 1

10. f(x , y) = y(e:‘ - 1) 32. f(x , y) = 20e-xLy' sin 3x cos 3y , Ixl 1, lyl l

11. f(x , y) = - l - 2x + 7y
33-40
12. f(x , y) = 2 - x4 + -i

13. f(x , y) = xl - 3x + 3xy2

33. f(x , y) = +i - 2x, (2 , 0) , (0 , 2) , (0 , -

14. f(x , y) = x 3 + y3 - - 3l - 9x
34. f(x , y) = x +Y- xy , (0 , 0) , (0, 2) , (4,
15. f(x , y) = x4 - 2x2 + y3 - 3y

16. f(x , y) = x 2
+ l + 2xy 35. f(x , y) = +i + + 4,
17. f(x , y) = xy - x 2y _ xy2 D = ((x , y) Ilxl 1, lyl 1}

18. f(x , y) = (6x - - l) 36. f(x , y) = + xy + l - 6y ,

D = ((x , y) 1 - 3 X 3, 0 y
19. f(x , y) = e:‘ cosy
37. f(x , y) + 2l- 2x - 4y + 1,
20. f(x , y) = + l)e- X
D = ((x , y) 1 0 X 2, 0 y 3)
21. f(x , y) = y2 - 2ycosx , -1 X 7
38. f(x , y) = xl , D = ((x , y) 1 x O, y 0, + y2 3)
22. f(x , y) = s. in x sin y , <x< <y<
39. f(x , y) = +l ,D = ((x , y) 1 + y2
40. f(x , y) = - 3x - Y 3 + 12y , (- 2 , 3) , (2 , 3) ,
23. f(x , y) = x 2 + 4i - 4xy +
(2 , 2) , (-2 ,
D =

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
930

56.
lOunits/m 2
8units/m 2 ,
5units/m 2
f(x , y) = -(X2 - 1)2 - (X2y - X - 1)2 lunit/m 2,
30m 4m

(a)

(b)
)
(c)
f(x , y) = - .2 -

57.

43. (2 , 0 , x+ y +z=1 58.

44. X - 2y + 3z = (0 , 1, Y(N, P) = kN Pe - N - P

45. Z2 = (4 , 2 ,

59. Wiener Shannon-WeaveJ

46. l=9+xz
47.

48.
H = -PI lnpl - P21np2 - P31np3

49.
(a) PI + P2 + P3 =

50.
(b)
(c) PI , 1)2,
51. + 2y + 3z =
60. A, B, A(AA
AO) , B(BB BO) , 0(00) ,
p, q,
52. P = + 2pr +

53. 61.

54.
(XI , YI) , (X2 , y2) , . .. , (x" , y,,)
y
= I11X +
55.

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13.7 931

m .L Xi + bn = 2: Yi

m 2: x? + b 2: Xi = 2: XiYi

0 x

{/j = Yi - (mxi + (Xi ,

.L d?o] 62. (1, 2 ,

(a ,
L(x , y) = f(a , b) + b)(x - a) + /y(a , b) (y - b)

(a , b , f(a , z = f(x , f(x ,

y) = L(x, (a ,

1. (a , (a ,

Q(x, y) = f(a , b) + b)(x - a) + h(a , b)(y - b)

+ i .fxx(a , b)(x - a)2 + b)(x - a)(y - b) + ihy(a , b)(y - W

f(x , y) = Q (x , (a , (a ,

2. (a) (0, f(x , y) =

(b) f , L,
3. (a) (1 , f(x , y) =
(b) (0.9,
(c) f , L ,

4. f(x , y)
+ bxy +
(a) a

2
= ax + bxy + cy2 = a[ (x + +

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
932

(b) D = 4ac - D > 0, a >

(c) D > 0, a <
(d) D <
5. (a) f(O , O) = (0 ,

“
(b)
(c) f(x , y) "'" Q ,

13.8 I
2xz + 2yz + xy =
v= g(x , y , z) =

f(x , y ,

•
y

g(x, y) = f(x ,
(x , g(x , y) = f(x ,
f(x , y) = 10
= 7, 8,
f(x , y ) = 9
f(x , y) = 8 9, 10, f(x , y) = g(x , y) = f(x ,
f(x , y) =7 g(x , y) = f(x , y) =
0
J

(xo ,
Vf(xo , yo) = À. Vg(xo ,
g(x , y , z) =

(x , y , g(x , y , z) =
f(x , y , z) =

f(xo , yo , zo) = f(x , y , z) = g(x , y , z)

P(xo , yo , r(r) = (x(t) ,

y(t) , r(to) =

(xo , yo , h(t) = f(x(t) , y(t) ,

(xo , yo ,

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13.8 933

h'(to) =

0=
= !t(xo , yo , zo)x ’(to) + yo , zo)y'(to) + fz(xo , yo , zo)z ’(to)
= 'V f(xo , yo , zo) . r ’(to)

'V f(xo , yo , r'

'V g(xo , yo ,
'V f(xo , yo ,
yo , 'V g(xo , yo , zo)

'V f(xo , yo , zo) = À 'V g(xo , yo , zo)

Lagrange ,

g(x , y , z) = f(x , y ,
g(x , y , z) = Vg 0

"'\I g ;6 1.
g(x, y, z)
;6 'V f(x , y , z) = À ’Vg(x , y , z)
"'\I g=
34
g(x , y , z) = k

2. (x , y ,

!, = Àg.< jy= fz= g(x , y , z) = k

x , y , z,
x = xo ,
y = yo , z = 'V f(xo , yo, 'V g(xo ,
Yo ,
'V f(xo , yo, zo) = (xo , yo , f(xo , yo, f

61
g(x , y) =

f(x , x, y,

t (1 ( 'f 1
934

\1 f(x , y) = À \1 g(x , y) g(x , y) = k

fr = jy = Àgy g(x , y) = k

2
f(x , y) = X +
g(x , y) = +l =

\1 f = À \1 g , g(x , y) =

fr = g(x , y) = 1

2x = 2xÀ
4y = 2yÀ

x 2 + y2 = 1

2x(1 - À) = 0, x=O =

y = À = y =
x = (0 , 1), (0 , -1) , (1, 0) ,

f(O , 1) = 2 f(O , -1) = 2 f (1, O) = 1 f(-1 , 0) = 1

+ l = 1 : :+: : 1) = 1, 0)
= z = x 2
+
l = 1 C

f(x , y) = x2 +

x 2 + y2 = 1

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
•
 13.8 935

2 12m2

g(x , y , z) = 2xz + 2yz + xy = 12

V=xyz

\1 V = A g(x , y , z) =

V , = Agx
= Ag)'

v, = Agz
2xz + 2yz + xy = 12

yz = A(2z + y)
xz = A(2z + x)
xy = A(2x + 2y)
? X
‘ + ‘ V‘ +
/ 7 - n

7-7- --= x +
2 ”” +

xyz = A(2xz + 2yz)

2xz + xy = 2yz + xy

= z #- O(z = V=

2yz + xy = 2xz + 2yz

2xz = (x y =

I Il l' \) ‘ 1.
936

4Z2 + 4Z2 + 4Z2 = 12

x, y, z z = 1, x = 2 , y =

•
+ l + Z2 = 4 (3 , 1,

(x , y, (3 , 1,

d = .J(X=3)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z + 1)2

d -

d2 = f(x , y , z) = (x - 3)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z + 1)2

(x , y ,

g(x , y , z) = x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 4

\1 f = À \1 g , 9 =

2(x - 3) = 2xÀ

2(y - 1) = 2yÀ

2(z + 1) = 2zÀ

x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 4

x,

•
z x- 3 = xÀ x(l - À) = 3 ==>

I / À = 1- À
.",.., 1 •- ‘ -"'X'" /'
/
.... , // -/ \
__. / I

x
y

32 ‘
12 (-1 )2 ‘

(1 - À)2 . (1 - À)2 (1 - À)2

F 0 0 h'!1
 13.8 937

(1 - À)2 = - À

. .111

(x , y ,

(6/ F!, 2/F!, -2/F!,

•
= [(x , y) I +l 1 y) = +

fx = f y= (0 ,

f(O , O) = 0 f(:::!:::l , O) = 1 f(O , :::!:::l) = 2

f(O , :::!:::1) = f(O , O) =

D (0 , : :!: :

z=f(x , y)
J

x 2+ 1

l
g(x , y , z) = h(x, y , z) = c f(x ,
þ
y, g(x , y , z) =

h(x, y , z) = (x , y ,
7 P(xo , yo ,

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
938

g(x , )', z) =

h(x ,)', z) =
"1 f(xo , )'0 , "1 g(xo , )'0 , "1 h(xo , )'0 ,

I "1 f(xo , )'0 , zo) = À "1 g(xo , )'0 , zo) + "1 h(xo , )'0 , zo)

x ,)', z , À ,

J, = Àg x +
J;, = Àg)' +
j; =Àg ,+

g(x ,)', z) = k

h(x , y , z) = c

+ y2 = + l= z)
x-y z = 1 8).
(x , y ,
= x + 2)' +
g(x ,)', z) = x - )' + z = h(x , y , z) = x 2 + l =
f(x , )', z) = x + 2y + "1 f=À "1 g +

2 = -À +

3=À

x-y+z=l

x 2 + y2 = 1

À= = -2 , x =
)' =

1 25
-
‘ ‘

= x=

y = z = 1 - x + Y = 1 "!:.

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 13.8 939

+ + 3( 1 : :!: = 3:::!::

1. g(x , y) = 13. f(x , y , z) = + l + Z2 , x 4 + l + z4 = 1

g(x , y)
+l + + l + z2 = 1
= ·
14. f(x , y , z) = Z4 ,

y 15. f(x , y, Z, f) = X + Y + z + t, +l + Z2 + r= 1

16. f(XI , X2 ’ ‘ , x ,,) = XI+ X2 + ... + x" ’

x? + x} + ... + = 1

17-22

17. 3

18. 8

19. 7
fìl 2. (a)
20. 18

21.

22. 24
(b)
f(x , y) = (a)
23-24

3-16
·

23. f(x , y) = + l , xy = 1
3. f(x , y) = x 2 - l , +l = 1
24. f(x , y , z) = + 21 + 3z 2, x + 2y + 3z = 10
4. f(x , y) =

5. f(x , y) = xy , 4x2 + / =8
25-26 f
6. f(x , y) = xe Y , x 2 + / =2
7. f(x , y) = 2x2 + 6l , x4 + 3l = 1 25. f(x , y) = e ‘ }' x 3 + y3 = 16

8. f(x , y) = xye-x'-yl , 2x - y = 0 26. f(x , y , z) = 4x + 2y + z , + Y + Z2 = 1

9. f(x , y , z) = 2x + 2y + z , + / + Z2 = 9

10. f(x , y , z) = + l + Z2 = 24 27-29

11. f(x , y , z) = +l+Z2=4 27. f(x , y) = +l + 4x - 4y , ;‘.2 + l 9

12. f(x , y , z) = + l + Z2 , + l + z2 + xy = 12 28. f(x , y) = + 3/ - 4x - 5, + y2 16

‘ J O. ( I ) J 1
940

29. f(x , y) = e ‘ )' + 4i l C(L , K) = mL +

30-33 39.

30. f(x , y , z) = z; x 2 + i = Z2 , X +Y+z = 24 40.

31 . f(x , y, z) =x + Y + z; + z2 = 2, x +Y= 1

32. f(x , y, z) = x 2 + i + Z2 ; X - Y = 1, i - z2 = 1 A = )S(S - X)(s - y)(s - z)

33. f(x , y , z) = yz + xy; xy = 1, i + z2 = 1
(s = p/2 , x , y ,

34. + JY = f(x , y) = 2x + 41-53

(a) 41. 43 42. 44

(b) f(25 ,
43 . 45 44. 46
(c)
45. 47 46. 48
(d)
47. 48. 50

(e) f(9 , 49. SI 50. 52

35. i + x4 - x3 = f(x , y) =x 51. S3 52. 54

53. 57
(a)
(b) f(O , 0) =
54.
\7 f(O , 0) = À \7 9(0 ,
23
(c)

36. (a)
(x - 3)2 + (y - 3)2 =
3 55.
f(x , y) = x +i +

(b)

56.
37.
13.1 p=
57. z=

58. 4x - 3y + 8z =
mL +
L=
- -
T< = (l - a)p (a)
m n (b)

38. bL"K 1 - " =

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 13.8 - 941

L a;b;

59. f(x , y , z) = 9x2 + 4/ + 36z2 = 36 , xy+yz =1 63. (a) XI , X1 , ... , XI + X2 + . .. + x" =

60. f(x , y , z) = X + Y + z; - y2 = + Z2 = 4
f(X"X2 ,'" ,X II ) =

61. +i =
2
y) = 3x + (b) X2 , . ..

x1 + X2 + .. . + x"
VXjX2'" X'I
n
62. (a) Lxl= LY? =

(b) (/1 , .. . , {(n , bl , . . . ,

a; b;
Xj = r---- yj = -====
2
2_ b

;;;
<
z

v= -c ln( 1-
=3
~g
<
2

M2 +M3 +
)

1.

+ +

F
L J ( 8L " ,:->1
942

2. l M=MI
+ M2 +
VJ = C

(l n NI + In N2 + In

M1 + M2 + M3 + A (1 - S)N 1
M2 + M3 +A 1 - SN1

M2 + M3 + A (1 - S)N2
M3+A 1 - SN2

M3 + A (1 - S)N3
A 1 - SN3

M+A ( 1 - S)3N 1N2N3

A (1 - SN1) (l - SN2)(1 - SN3)

3. In((M + VJ
,
= c(l n N + In N2 + In

4.

s.
S = 0.2
c =

(a)
(b)

6.

t > I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 13.8 943

ES

= (-18.89 + 0.l277Ql - 4.08 . 1O -5Q f)(l 70 - 1. 6 . 1O- 6Q.j)

= (-24.51 + 0.1358Q2 - 4.69 . LQ- 5Qi)( 170 - 1. 6 . 1O -6Qi-)
KW3 = (-27.02 + 0.1380Q3 - 3.84' 170 - 1. 6 . 1O -6Q i-)

250 Ql 1110, 250 Q2 1110, 250 Q3 1225

Qi=
KWi=
QT=

1.

QI + Q2 + Q3 = Qi oJ j
KWI + KW2
+
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
010.2089.7621
peterschreiber.media/Shutterstock.com

14 Multiple Integrals

[c h'!1 945
946

14.1 I

•
b
[a ,
[Xi - I , = (b - [Xi -I ,

2: f(x;") ßx

n•

, ‘,
,
,
K u,x - 1
l
”
m ?4 nx A
X
“ 1 ”
i

f(x)
y = f(x)

0 x

R = [a , b] X [c , d] = {(x , y) E [R 2 I a X b, c y d}

f(x , y) z = f(x , R

s= {(x , y , z) E [R 3 I 0 Z f(x , y) , (x , y) E R}

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 14.1 947

[a ,
tu = (b - [Xi-I , [c ,
Ll y = (d - [yj-I ,

M =

Rij = [Xi-l , Xi] X yj] = {(X , y) I X Xj , y

f!. ij (Xi , yj)

d
-v
A " .
A
. 1/. 1. _._ (xij , Yijl
• ,. • -.
., •
l
• ,.
c -V
/---/

0 a x , Xj_1 Xj b x

point) Rij S

f(xð' , yð') Ll A

-..........
y
x
b
‘ ~ -
x
Rij

t 1 11 I f 1
948

111 11

v = f(x;)' , y;)') ßA

t:J -, e C2 T
[(Xij ’

V= lim f(x iJ', y ö') ßA

Qf(x, y) M = EE y;)') ßA

(x; ,

I If
R
J(X , -
' .•.
E

0
(x , y) IJ(x ,
f
R

(Xi ’ )'i)] ,

4f(x y) dA = J(Xj ßA

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 14.1 949

f(x , y) R z = f(x , y)

v = ff f(x , y) dA

111 ’l
2: 2: f(xif , yij) Ll A

Ri emann

y 1 z = 16 - x2 - 2l R = [0 , 2] X [0 , 2]
(1 , 2)
2 (2 , 2) Rij
R 12 R 22

(2 , 1)
(1 , 1)
R 11 R 21 f(x , y) = 16 - x 2 -

0 2 A

= r ZJF
2 2
V X AnA
i
” [

= f (1, 1) Ll A + f (1, 2) Ll A + f(2 , 1) Ll A + f(2 , 2) Ll A

z =16-x 2 -2 y 2
= 13 (1) + 7(1) + 10 (1) + 4 (1) = 34

•
8
16 ,

2
l

z = 16 - - 2l

(a)m=n=4 , V=4 1. 5 (b) m = /1 = 8 , V= 44.875 (c) m = n = 16 , V = 46.46875

( 1( I t I
950

R = {(x , y) I -1 1, -2

ff
z

z= x2 +
S
Z2 = Z + z2 =

9
l \ \--.
(1 , 0 , 0) (0 , 2 , 0) y

ff = X4 =

•
•

(x i):,
(x; , [Xi-I ,
[yj-I ,

pf(x, y)M z EEf@, E)AA

y
[Xi-I , [yj-I ,

2 (2 , 2)
• RI2
•R
3
2
22
3 R = {(x , y) 0 I X 2, 1 y
• RII • R21
1 ffR (x - 3y2)

0 l 2 x f(x , y) = x - 5
= , 3 3
= , fl = , Y2 = 3
M

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 14.1 951

U(x - =
= f(XI , )11) + f(XI , )12) + f(X2 , )11) + )12)

= f(t , + f(t , D + D + fG , D
= + +
= = -1 l. 875

•
NOTE
f
-11.5000
4 -11.8750
16 -1 l. 9687
64 -1 l. 9922
256 -1 1. 9980
1024 -1 l. 9995

R = [a , b] X [c ,

f(x , y = y =
y)
y)

A(x) = r f(x , y)

S: A(x) [f:' f(X , y) dY] dx

[

]
rd l

,“ !“ ”
l l HX v) d v
“ “
J
uX - l
!
“
l
l
l
l
|
l, 1J I
! J
(x ”
J d’ a,x
L

( 1( I t I
952

j2l jrf(x y) dy = r[s: f(x , y) dx J

y =

(a) x2y (b) r f: 2

x y dx dy

(a)

r 2
x ydy = [X2 - =

A(x) =

J: f x y dy dx2
= f: [f 2
x y dy Jdx = =

(b)
1 3x
” 4 l ---L 1r
n ”,‘ ---L
,?
‘,----’ |
“, ’ m
x ?
- V /‘ ’’ x
l
d’ V
’3
= ----’ ·, x?- y d,
, --
i
l
l
1
,,
uV - ---’
,, -3
|
a,/V
v, ’
J
l
J v i t

•
x y

Theorem) R = {(x , y) Ia X b,

ff f(x , y) dA = s: rf(x , dx = Il kf(x y) dx dy ,

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 14.1 953

do Fubini ,

f(x , y)

ffRf(x , y) R z = f(x , y)

z
v= S:

C y z = f(x , C

b
x A(x) = jrlf(x, y) dy
11

I f(x, y) dA = V = j A(x) dx = Eflf(x, y) dy dx

x
ff f(x , y) dA = rr f(x , y) dx dy

R = ((x , y) I 0 2, 1 (x -

R ff (x- = 1r (x -
2
3y2)dy dx = f02 [Xy - dx

2
x 2

2x
”
x
nllJ
(x y?‘ M =
?-?‘

‘.,
@-
- ’ 2 a,
/V
0 --- -2 ---UV
3 u, ”v
“
R r
13
” 2 d 2
2
u
= i|J
- = ?‘VJ = l
/ -/ l

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
954

R = [1 , 2] X [0 , JLy sin(xy)

-
1

ff y sin(xy) = I fr y dx dy
0

14 = r y[-
= f (-COS 2y + cos y) dy
7T
0

= sin 2y + sin y = I 0 •
2 NOTE

rr
y

14 ff y sin(xy) = y sin(xy) dx

7 x2 + 21 + z = x = 2, y = 2,

z = 16 - x 2 - 21 R = [0 , 2] X [0 , 2]
15

2 v= ff (1 6 - x 2 - = f02 fo2 (1 6 - x 2 - 2y2) dx dy

- ----_..
/ y
/
J
= f02 [16 x - -

15
= f02 - 4y2) dy = = 48 •
f(x ,
f(x , y) = g(x)
R = [(1, b] X [c ,

”K X V ‘,‘
/ U
A - ! “ ·, ” (
J

“,
i
l
l
”--- J
uX
J
“V - i
l

“,(-
”
,, ‘
t
l
l
l
l
l
l
L
”U (
---’
l

’“
Q l Jq ”“ J
uV
R

J! g(x)

| // ” u \ ------l
r ---‘
,r,
------l
” ’” ( l

!
J
•

,
--’ Q l Jq V‘ / l! d, V - i
l
l
’
l -/ i
l
’
,
‘ ‘,,, - “ ‘
!
/ J
u 7l d, /” =
Jl
l
/
Ql’
‘
J
uX ! l ”nf
J
-
d, y
‘,
l
l
t ,!.
“
l
,“ 1
/
1
k l
l
H
•

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 14.1 955

ff g(x) h(y) dA = dx r h(y) dy R = [a , bJ X [c , dJ

y) = sin x R 8 R = [0 , X [0 , f(x , y) = sin x cos

R

ff sin x cos y dA =

= [-cos x]T[sln y];/2 = l · 1 = l l

y [a ,
x

!1Vg = dx

!avg = , }n\
A(R)
rr f(x , y) dA

y)

A(R) = ff f(x , y) dA

z = f(x ,
17 17

9 21
624km,

0 X 624, 0 y f(x , y)
xkm , ykm

‘ vg = ,/ n\
1
A(R)
rr f(x , y) dA

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
956

A(R) = 624 .

444

624 x

ßA = k( 624)(444) = 17 ,316 km

t n
U
( ” u
‘ t
t

,••
f r
 14.1 957

If(x, y) = f(Xj , y) ßA

= ßA[O + 38 + 20 + 18 + 5 + 64 + 47 + 28
+ 11 + 70 + 43 + 34 + 30 + 38 + 44 + 33J

= (1 7 ,316)(523)

" (17 ,316)(523)

fw"
J . .. ö
= ' (624)(444)
, __ ., ,'.' . "' = 32.7

•
I
1. (a) z = xy 6. 8m ,
2m
R = {(x , y) I
/11. = 3 , 11 = 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0 1. 5 2 2 .4 2.8 3 3
(b) 2 1. 5 2 2.8 3 3.6 3

2. R = [0 , 4] X [- 1, m = 2, /l = 4 1. 8 2.7 3 3.6 4 3.2

JJII (1 - xy2) 6 1. 5 2 2.3 2.7 3 2.5
(a)
8 1. 5 2 2
(b)

3. (a) m =n = fL xe- xy
7. R = [0 , 4] X f
= [0 , 2] X [0 ,
(a) 1/1 = /1 = ffR f(x , y)
(b)

4. (a) z = 1 + + 3y R = [1 , (b)
2] X [0 , 3] m=n
=

(b)

5. f(x , y) = - x2 - 2
X 4, 2 y
x = y =

2 4 x
V, L,

‘ o ( I , ')1
958

8. 27-34
624km ,
m = n =
27. ff x sec 2 y R = {(x , y) I0 X 2, 0 y

28. ff (y + xy-2) dA , R = {(x, y) I 0 X 2, 1 y 2}

R

29. 11 dA , R = {(x , y) I 0 X y 3}
“J x- -r l

3O Q dA , R = {(e , t) I 0 8 t

31. ff xsin(x + y) dA , R = [0 , X [0 ,
R

2. ff 1 :
R 1 + xy ‘ •

33. ff R = X 3]

34.11-
, dA , R = [1 , 3] X [1 , 2]
# l
9-11

9. ffR .j2 dA , R = {(x , y) I 2 X 6, -1 y 5}

35-37
10. ffR (2x + 1) dA , R = {(x, y) I 0 X 2, 0 y 4}
35. fOI fOI (4 - x - 2y) dx dy
11. ffR(4 - 2y)dA , R = [0 , 1] X [0 , 1]
rlA
l l”
l
l J]
, x2 -
-4 -2
nl
) dx

12. R = [0 , 4] X [0 , fl
2 j ( - x y
‘ -

13-14 f(x , y) f(x , y)

38. z = x\1Y R = [0 , 2] X [1 , 4]
13. f(x , y) = x + 3x 2y2 14. f(x , y) = Y rx+2
(a) 0 X

15-26

15. r f02 (6x 2 y - dx 16. fOI fOI (x + y)2 dx dy z

17 IE (x + e-Y) dxtly 18 EJ (x2 + y-2)

19 f3 fJ/2 (y + y2 cos x) clx dy20 dydx

(f +
x

21 j7U f) 22. fol f02 (b) 1 y

23 t2 dcþ dt 24. fol fOI

25 j; jLl u(Lt + u2)4 tlu clU 26 II ds dt

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 14.1 959

47. = 0, x = ::1::: 1, Y = 0, Y =

48. = 16- =

49. z = 2 + _.2 + (y - z = 1, x = 1, x =
j ‘

-1 , y = 0, y =
(c)
z = 2xy/(x2 + z =x + 2y
39-42 x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y =
(a) R

(b)
[IJ 51. R = [0 , 1] x [0 ,

39. 40.

1=
Z z cos x cos [x[ 1, [y[ = e- x2
! x2 - y2
! / I
53-54
2
4 Y 53. {(x , y) = x 2y ,
x
(-1 , 0) , (-1 , 5) , (1 , 5) , (1 ,
41. 42.
l
|
7
-
- 4
2 + ”’ ’-
/
54. f(x , y) = R = [0 , 4] X [0 , 1]
z

z = 1 + yexJ'
55-56

55. JJ dA , R = {(x , y) [ -1 X 1, 0 y 1}

56. jJ (1 + x sin y + y sin x) dA ,

2 2
R = [ X
x

43. + 6y - 2z + 15 = 0
[IJ 57.
R = {(x , y) [ -1 X 2, -1 y 1} o Jo (x + y)J .o _, 0"'-' Jo Jo (x + y)3

44. z = 3/ - x 2 + 2 R=
[-1 , 1] X [1 , 2] 58. (a)
(b) f(x , [a , b] X [c ,
45. x 2 /4 + //9 + z = 1 R
= [-1 , 1] X [-2 , 2] 9(x, y) = j ‘ S: f(s , t) dt ds x < b, c < y <
2
46. z= x + z = 0, x = 0, x = 5, y =
= gyx = f(x ,

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
960

14.2 I

{fx, y) (x y) e D
F(x, yJ) = (x, y) E R , (x, y) D

x 01 x

fJ
F(x , y)
(x , y) F(x , y) =

x f(x , y) JJDf(x , y) D z = f(x , y) (f

F(x , y)

ffR F(x , y) ffDf(x , y)

x

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 14.2 961

^ D = (<x , y) Ia X b , gb) y g2(X)}

[a ,

y y+ y+
y = g2(X)

y=gl(X) y=gl(X)
,
01 a b X a b x b x

5
NOTE

y ffD f(x y)
Y =g2(X)
d R = [a , b] X [c , F

ff f(x, y) dA = ff F(x, y) = Kf F(x , y) dy dx

ci-- --j D R

y=gl(X) I
0 a
y < gl(X) y > (x , F(x , y) = (x ,
x b X

gl(X) y (x , F(x , y) = f(x ,

Il F(x y) dy = I;? F(x y)

, , = y)

D = ((x , y) Ia X gl(X) y g2(X)

Qf(x, y) = EK;:;) f(x , y) dy dx

D = (<X , y) Ic y d , h!(y) X h2(y)}

962

y y y
d l - - - - - - r---..
d l---- .
d •----
x=hl(y) / D x= h2 (y) x=h J( y) \ D J x=h 2(y)

C ’----- 0
0 x c 0 x

D = {(x , y) Ic y d , h ,(y) X h2 (y)

gf(x, y) = f lt;)f(x, y) dx dy

1 y = ffo (x + 2y)

= x =

D = {(x , y) I 1 X 1, 2X2 y 1 + x 2}

A
y = y=l+

sf (x +
D
= f , f2’Jx- (x + 2y) dydx
,,“ ” +
,l
till
-’- 4 2
= V/ d, x
-

=[ + X2) + (1 + X2)Z - x(2x 2) (2x7J dx

= f , (-3x 4
- X3 + 2X2 +x + 1) dx

x5 x4 x3 x2 l'I 32
= -3 -
5
- -
4
+ 2-
3
+- +x
2 J- , 15 •
NOTE

y=
y =

z=x2+l y = y =

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 14.2 963

1
(2 , 4)
D = {(x , y) I 0 X 2, x 2 y 2x}

z=::?+l D
V --=?‘ +y ?‘
G =
l ‘‘
·nu
x ‘‘
I
+ v 2 ) Juv a, x
“ “
D , ·,
y j;-Rx
2rl
x ’o
J
‘ y +-
v
~4
-

2
ax

I = f: + - X2X2 -
= f: - 4
x + dx

x7 x5 412
= -- - - + -7x I =--
216
21 5 6 Jo 35

2 H

D={(x , y) 10 y 4, JY}

v= ff (x 2 + = 1{:(x 2 + y2)dxdy
4

4F | 3x 1x ,A I / 3y
x - l |
|
-3 + ?
V‘ a, V
“
- it

-’ l
l
l
’! 1
l

-‘ -3 +V J
,‘ a”r
1

“ L ‘ l
? ‘ J

n = + _ = l

Z = x 2 + y2

= = ::?

‘ o ( I , ')1
964

JJD xy dA

11 I

D = {(x , y) I -2 y 4, 5y2 3 X y+ 1}

y y

-3 \ I U I/ x l

12 (a) D (b) D

j xy f2 xy dx dy = f2 y] ::rL[ dy
3

= + 1) 2 - (ty2 - 3)2]

gl(X) = {
(0 , 0 , 2)

II = f31 xydy dx + fl dydx

x=2y x+2y+ z =2 D

'"

4 x + 2)' +z = 2, x = 2y , x = 0 , z =
\
• (1 , 0)
x
x = 0, z - 0 ,

[c h'!1
 14.2 965

y
x+2y=2
x = 2y , x + 2y + z =
y=l x + 2y + z = x + 2y = =
/ = 2y , x + 2y = 2 , x = D
(1. t) 14
+ 2y +z = = 2 - x -
0 = 2 - x -

D = {(x , y) I0 X 1, x/2 y 1 - x/2}

v= ff (2 - x
D

- x - 2y)dydx

= fJ2Y - xy - dx

= t 2- l
[ x - x( 1- ;) - (1 - ; y- x + + dx

y •

0 x 5 f! sin(/) dy
I sin(y2)
15
I sin(y2)
y

fO' s: sin(y2) dy dx ff sin(y2) =

D = {(x , y) I 0 X 1, x y 1}

0 x

D = {(x , y) I0 y 1, 0 X y}

( 1( I t I
966

, i”
‘,---,
“, ,
l
!
V
” ‘ a, v dx
/,, “
- n v
“ /
j
M

= fO' f: sin(y2) dx dy = Jo [x I

= I y sin(y2) @ = -5 cos(y2)]L = 5(1 - cos l)

•
•

ff [f (x , y) + g(x, y)] dA fI f(x , y) dA + ff g(x, y)

=

ff cf(x, y) = c fI f(x , y)
D (x , f(x , y) g(x ,

fI f(x , y) dA fI g(x, y)
D D

y
J: f(x) dx = J:
f(x) dx + ’ f(x)

D = D U , 17

0 x

17 ff f(x , y) dA ff f(x , y) dA + ff f(x , y) dA

=

II

67 , 68

y y

0 j 0 x

(a) D (b) D = DI U D2 , 1, II
 14.2 967

y) =
z

0 /

A(D) . 1 = ffD 1

l 73

D (x , m f(x , y)

m . A(D) ff
D
f(x , y) dA M. A(D)

~ z = f(x , D

’ f(x , y)

-_ - ---
r - 111

6
y
ffD e sin xcosy
A‘

-1 sinx 1, -1 cosy -} sinxcos y

e- I eS Jn xcosy el = e

m = e- I = l/e , M = e, A(D) =

g eSln

1-6 7-10
(a) JJD f(x , y}
1. - 2y) dy dx 2. f02 f:"
3 Ll I xe}l dx dy 4 jr/2 Lrx sin y dy dx (b)

, n’-
. “--,, s 3 ) a’ r t/ l J
i
F l |
3
6. fOI
l
F
!
]

‘ o ( I , ')1
968

7. f(x , y) = 2y 8. f(x , y) = x +Y 21. ff sin2x dA, = COSX , 0 x< y = 0, x =

D
y y
(l n
,
22. ff 6x
D
2
y= = 2x + 4, x =
D

0 2 x

9. f(x , y) = xy 10. f(x , y) = x 23-28

y y
23. ff xcos
D
= 0 , y = x 2, X =

24. ff (x 2 + 2y) dA , y = X, Y =

y=x 2

x 0 x
ff D
1

11 -14
26. ff y X
D

11. D={(x, y) I
D 27. ff (2x - y)

12. ff (2x + y) D = {(x , y) I 1 y 2, y - 1 X l}

D

13. ff e- dA , ff ydA,
y2
D = {(x, y) I 0 y 3, 0 X y} 28. (0 ’, 0)
D

14. D = {(x , y) I
29-30
(a) D

15.
(b)
(a) I
(b) II 29. 30.

16. -----|

(a) 1, z - 1+” ---

? =
‘
2 + ’-
U
v

(b) 1,
4
17-18 1, ,-

17. ff xdA,
D
= X , Y = 0, x = x
(1 , 1, 0)

18. ff y = x 2, y =
D
31 -40

19-22 31. 3x + 2y - z =0 y= = y2

+ x 2l
19. ff ydA,
D
=x- 2, x =
32. z = 1 x = y2 , X =

20. ff y 2
dA ,
e "Y = X , Y = 4, x = 33. z = xy (1, 1) , (4 , 1) ,
D

1 L; I v JCJ J. f l
 14 , 2 969

54. z = + =

34. +l + = O, y = 0, 2 = 0,
55-60
35.
55. fol f: f(x , y) dy 56 I jZ f(x, y) dy dx
36. = X , Y = x , x + Y = 2, z =

37. = = O, y =
57. Jo"/2 [ " f(x , y) 58 fj2 y) tlA tly

38. + z2 = = 2y , x = 59 y) dx 60. JoI r f(x, y)

0, Z =

39. +l= y = Z , X = 0,
61-66
Z =
F|m
40. +l = i + z2 =
nm e 2 d c dy
62. f
fOI , .JY sin
n|M
V
-3 -+-- -I d, a, x
64 ELycos(x3 - Mxdy
1 VJ
J
y = y = 3x-
65. fOI
’8 F
% ---, er 4 a, x a, V
y = X, 2 = 0 , Z = y= “, J
/

)
67-68 I
43 -46
2
43. y = 1- X ,Y = 2 - x + Y + Z = 2,
2x + 2y - 2 + 10 =

44. = 3y , Z = 2 + y

y
45.
y=l-x2

46. z=x+y z= x = 0, y = 0, j

.
47-50

47. fOI
69-70
f: f:' d@y 5%0 E 2
69. S = {(x , y) I x 2 + y2 1, x O}

70. ff
51. z= +

52. 2= z = 8 - X
2
- 2/ 71 -72
x2+ y 2=1 71. f(x , y) = xy ,

53. 2 = 1 = (0 , 0) , (1 , 0) , (1 ,

x
r ( 1( 1
970

72. f(x , y) = xsin y , 80-81

= 0, y = x = I D (xo ,

73. JJ f(x , y) dA = f(xo , yo)A(D)

D
74.

fJf(x , y)
D
= l rf(x, y) dy + y) dx dy 80.

81. (a ,
(a ,
75-79

75. ff (x + 2) D = {(x , y) 1 0 y
li rn.
,.-’ u
_!,
r-
7T
íí f(x , y) dA = f(a , b)
‘IJ
D ,.

76. ff JR2 - x 2 - y2
X y+z=1

77. ff (2x + 3y) dA , O X Y

D

78. fJ (2 + X
2
y3 - y 2 sinx) dA , D = {(x , y) Ilxl + Iyl 1}

79. ff (ax J
+ by 3 + dA , D = [-a , a] X [ -b , b]

14.3 I
JJR f(x , y)

•
Y+ (r ,
P(r , 0) = P(x , y) (x ,

e
l
y x = rcos y= rsin e

0
v x x r=1

r H ,t
 14.3 971

y y

(a) R = {(r , 8) I 0 l 1, 0 8 (b) R = {(r , 8) I1 r 2, 0 8

•
rectangle ,

R = {(r , e) Ia r b, a 8 ß}
ffR f(x , y) [a ,
ð. r = (b - [a ,
M = (ß - [ej-I , r = e=

r=b

Rij = {(r , e) I r r; , ej- I 8 ej }

= er + eJ

M= -

ð. A; = - M =! (r? -
= !(r; + r;- I)(r; - r;-I) ð. e = ð. r ð. e

1 11 I t I
972

0 1-
d-221

ffR f(x , y)
cos
,/
111 ’‘
2: 2: f(r;" cos sin e/) ilA i = 2: 2: f(r? cos et , rjI' sin e/) rt' ilr M

g(r , e) = rf(r cos e , r sin

’” ’
2: 2: g( ri' , e/)ilrM
l

| !
/
/
Qlt r ,r
0 “ “ ‘‘‘ l l

dA = EEf(IF cos 6j! , sin ilA i

= g(r? , e/) ilr M =

f: r g(r , e) dr de

=
ft jrf(r cos 6 , f Sin 8) rdl d6

. 0 U l b, a 8 ß, O ß- a

ff f(x , y) =
f: r’ f(r cos e , l' sin e) rch

x = r cos e , y = r sin
dA rdr
/(/)
' dl
/'

,-‘i ß r .
/ . ;..- ’
<ý
dA = rdr
0

(3x +

R = {(x , y) Iy 0, 1 x2 +/ 4}

r H I t
 14.3 973

l r 2, 0 8

55 (3x + dA = rr [3( ,. cos 8) + 4(r sin 8)2] r dr d8

= Ia' rT (3r 2 cos 8 + 4r 3sin 28) dr d8

2
50 [r 3COS 8 50
7T 7T

= + r4 d8 = (7 COS 8 + 15 sin 8) d8

50
7T
= [ 7 cos 8 + - cos 28)] d8
2
sin 0 = - cos 20)
158 15
= 7 sin 8 + _::_:_:__ - . .: . : _ sin 28 I
2 4
I
=--
•

y
f1 + y2)

R R = {(x , y) 1-1 X 1, 0 y

0 x

R = {(r , 8) 1 0 8 r 1}

fl IF(x2 + = (l2)l drd8

r4
•
I 1
= I I- I d8 = - I d8 = •
Jo I 4 I 4 Jo 4

3
z = x2 l- 1
+l
D
0 r 1, 0 8

V = H (1 - x2 - y2)dA = (1 -r 2)rdr

= d8 fo1 (,. - ,.3) dr = - = •

( 1( I t I
974

v= ff (1 - X2 - - X2 - y2) dy dx

J(1 -

0 r =h ,(8)
D = {(r , 8) Ia 8 ß, ,
h (8) r h2 (8) }

8 D = ((r , 8)la 8 ß,
11 ,(8) I h2(8)}
gf(x , y) = f E:;Z)f(r cos 8, r sin 8) r dI d8

f(x , y) = 1, h (8) , = 0 , h2(8) = 8 = a,8 = r ==

A(D) = ff = fk%
= K[;];(0)d8 =

4 r = cos

D = {(r , 8) I 8 r cos 28}

A(D) = = frLfjordrd6

(1
= i
frZ4 + cos 48) d8 = i[8 + i sin

•
I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 14.3 975

5 z= +l x2 +l=2x

+ l = 2x
y (x-I)2+ y2= 1 (x - 1)2 +l = 1
r=2cos8)
/ D 11
+l = x = rcos x2 +l
0 2
l = ? = 2rcos8 r = 2 cos

D = {(r , 8) I 8 r 2 cos 8}

?
‘
- A
J +v |
|
|
V= g (X2 + y2)M = I o r2rdrd8 = d8

l +
= 8U2ms46d8 =
8r(

M = 2 /2[1 + 2cos28 +
Ia" + cOS48)]d8

11
= + sin 28 + ksin 48]:/2= 2( •

1-6 y y
5. 6.
10

fJ R
f(x , y)
y y
2. ‘ 2 x

4 .\

7-8
h F rr
3. 4. y
j7 l dl d6
|
L -- m
m
’r t
t

9 -16
3 .\
9.

( , ')1
‘ :.1 I
976

10. HR (2x - y) dA , :z = 0, y = 23.

z = 1 +xy
11. H sin(x + y2) dA ,
R
2

12. 11 +i = + i = b2
";(x--ry-
(0 < a < b) x

13. ff D e- x 2 - y2
dA , x= 24. z =x 2 + y2

14. ff/)

15. ffRarctan(y!x) dA,

R = ((x , )')11 4, 0 y x)

16. ffDx dA, + l = 4, +l = 2x

25-28
17-22
(a) D
17. r = 1- cos 0 18.
\ (b)

25. f(x , y) = y 26. f(x , y) = xl

y y
x 2 + y2 = 9
3

19. 20. 0 x

0 2 3 x

27. f(x , y) = x 28. f(x , y) = 1

r= cos 0 y y
r=sìnO
r= 1 +cos{}

21. l r = sin

22. (x - l i +l = 1 x 2 +l=1
x x

23-24 29-37
(a) D 29. + y2 +l 25

(b) 30. z= l x2 + l 4

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 14.3 977

3 1. 2x +y+z=4 l (a) 0 < R

32. x2 + l + Z2 =
(b)

33.
47. a2 x2 +l b2 (0 < a<
34. = 1 + 2.:x? + f(x , y) =
.;x- +y ‘

48.
35. z= x2 + l + Z2 = 1

49.
36. = 2x2 +

37. 4x2 + 4l + Z2 = 64
r
J
1
xy dy dx
J - J
+ r,J2
J 1 Jo
f: xy dy dx + |JZ;ixydydx

50. (a)

38. (a) 1= ff e-(x 2+y') dA

= foo e-(x 2+y') dy dx

(b)

= ff e-(x
2
+y ') dA
39-42

Sa2

y foo e (XZ+y2) dA =

y (b)
JU J v.J )'

42 IfF ff e - (."+Y') = e-(x'+ y') dA

(::!::a ,
0043-44

=
43. fJ De(x'+ y')2 dA,
44. fJ DxyJi + x 2 + y2 dA, + y2 l
(c)

(d) t = J2

45.

5 1.
46.
(a) fo
oo
(b) r
( 1( I t I
978

14.4

y
(x , y)
(x , p(x,

p(x, y) = lim
Ll A
0 x
(x ,

y D (x , p(x , y) =

m =L L Ll A
0 x

2 Rij

m = § EP(x; , y3:) AA =
• J •
I p(x y)
D
,

D
(x , a(x,
Q - ” x y/‘,
D

1 D (x ,
I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 14.4 979

y
O" (x , Y) = xy(C/m 2 ,
y =l ”
(l n
’

Q= ff O" (X , y) = II xxydydx

= I: :-x dx = I 3[12 - (1 -
0 x

-
5
2 3
= (2x - x )

•
•

p(x ,

[p(xr , y*) AA]yr

” - m
m
…
Z ”Z V* U XU
* v ”A - A
a ”
D
X V
J

M=
, .
x& p(X& , y&)!::.A = if xp(x, y)
D
dA

= My , my= (i,

p(x , y)

= = xp(x, y) y= yp(x,

- -
‘
‘ J ’·’ t
980

2 p(x , y) = 1 + 3x + (0 , 0) , (1, 0) , (0 ,
y
(0, 2)
y = 2 -

m = I p(x, y) M = IE 2r (1 + 3x + y) dy dx
0 (1 , 0) l

= I [y + 3xy + dx

8
= 4 fOI (1 - x )dx=
2
4[X- = -3

= xp(x , y) = aI + 3x 2 + xy) dy dx

= ! f: [Xy + 3x 2y + x dx

= (x - = - - 3
-8

2 2X
i = ff yp(X , y) dA = fl f - (y + 3xy + y2) dy dx
m JJ O “

dx= (7 - 9x - 3x 2 + 5x 3 )dx

11
16

a
(j , •
D

-a 0 u l
x2 + l =
(x ,

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t r
’
 14 .4 981

p(x , y) =

0 8

m = 55 p(x, y) dA =
D
fJ
D

= (Kr) r dr d8 = fo"K d8 So" r dr

2
=

y = _!_ rr yp(x , y) dA =
m jf
L" La r sin8
JU
rdrd8

(0 ,
3 = 50" sin8 3
r dr = [-cos 8
3 2a 4 3a
4

(0 , l

l
of inertia;

| Il = EE(yf)2p(x,?, y,j ) AA = Vy2p(x, y) M D

L= EE(Xlj y;J:) ÁA = ff
D
2
x p(x , y) dA

moment of

( 1( I t I
982

Io = EE[(xt)2 + = fI (X2 + y2)p(X, y)

D

“ = l .r +
4 a, p(x , y) =

x2 +l = O 8 r

prI (rsin8)2l drd8

=

= p r S1n28 d8 I r3 dr - cos 28) I: = p d8 r 3 dr

= 5[9 - =

= II x 2p = P (r cos 8f r d8

+ cos 28) dr =

4m 4m
+ -4 + -4 - -2 l

m= × =

= ’ p7T a 2)a 2 =
= t(
^ . ^ ‘ ”

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 14 .4 983

mR 2 = 1

[Q] my2 = lx nii 2 = l y

m =
T 1 _4
=‘ 1. .1TOa - a
y-=-=-- ‘
--
m 4

y= •

l
density function)
f(x) 0, dx = b

P(a X b) = S: f(x) dx

density func-
(X , D

Y) E D) = fff(x , y) dA
D

b c

P(a X b, c Y d) = s: r f(x , y) dy dx

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
984

z= f(x , y)

D = [0 , b] X [c , d]

f(x , y) O

II f(x , y) dA = foo f(x , y) dxdy = 1

J C(x + 2y) , 0 X 10, 0 y 10

f(x , y) = i
l
P(X 7, Y
[0 , 10] X [0 ,
f(x , y) =

f(x , y) dy = Io Io C(x + 2y) dy dx = c [xy +

= c (1Ox + 100) = 1500C

1500C = 1, C=
7 Y7} 2

P(X 7, Y 2) = I2'" f(x , y) dy dx = I7 + 2y) dy dx

0

= [xy + = (8x +

t l
1
n
U
(‘
- ”
=
q
= 0.5787 •
 14 .4 985

f(x , y) = (x)fì(y)

random

0
= ’ t <0
e t O

r o
’0
f
l

J
/
- <
l

l
l
l m
x<O J
{
””/ - l
l
<
l l
ll ?
5
y<O
l L ?

f l me /5

”- -
l
KX { /
J t
{
J ””/
l
< X 0, y O
l
l n
k

y
20
x + Y<
P(X + Y< = P((X , Y) E D)

Io Io-r
D
= Uf(x , y) dA =
D
0 20 x
= l dx = fo20 e- ‘/ 10 (1 - e (.<-20)/5) dx

= dx = 1 + e- 4 - 2e- 2 = 0.7476

•
l

( 1( I t I
986

xf(x)

pected

= ff xf(x y) , dA = ff yf(x, y

f(x)

0.02cm

= 6.0 , Oï = 0- 2 =

= e-(I-4)1/00%2 ji(y) =

1500
f(x , y) = fl (x)h(y) = --L- e-(r-4)2/Mme-(y-6)3/0om
1000
500 = e -5000[(.l - 4)2+(y
95 7T

Y 0.02cm

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 14.4 987

P(3 98 < X < 4 02, 5 98 < Y < 6 02) = IZ&2 fr#2f(x, y) dx

= f 4.02 [ 6.02 dy dx
7T

= 0.91

X 0.02cm

1 - 0.91 = 0.09

•
14.4 1
1. 10. p(x, y) = 10:2
O'(x , y) = 2x + 4y(C/m 2,
11. y = e- x , y = 0 , x = 0 , x = 1
p(x, y) = xy
2. + y2 l (x ,
12. y = 0, y = cos x , X
O' (x , y) = p(x , y) = y

3-4 13. +l

3. p(x , y) = _y2 4. p(x , y) = xy 14.

y y

15.

16.

P' 0 1x
17.

5-12
18. + l = 2y +l = 1
5. D = ((x , y) 11 X 3, 1 y 4); p(x , y) = Ã.'i
6. D = ((x , y) 1 0 X a, O y b}; p(x, y) = 1 + x 2 + l
19.
7. (0 , 0) , (2 , 1), (0 ,
p(x , y) = x +Y 20.

8. = 0 , y = 2x, x + 2y = 21. Ix, /v,

p(x , y) = x 22.
9. = 1 - x 2, Y = p(x , y) = ky p(x , y) = 1 +

I I ( ?J • '1. I r L I
 988

32. (a)
= 1000

23-26 p(x , y) =
(b)

23. 0 X b, 0 y

24. (0 , 0) , (b , 0) , (0 ,
25. +l 33. X, N(45 , (0.5h N(20 , (0.1)2)
26. x = x = = sinx

(a) P(40 X 50 , 20 Y 25)

!Il 27-28 (b) P(4(X - 45i + 100(Y - 20)2 2)

34.
27. r = cos
p(x , y) = x 2 +l X,
28. D = ((x , y) I0 y xe- ‘, 0 X 2); p(x , y) = . .?l X,

29.

I ::Cx.. {l +. y) , 0 X 1, 0 y 2
!J( x) =
I e- x .
10,
‘ ’
x
x <0
o !2 (y) = I
_- - _ :
J"'"
‘ 'UJ
10 ,
’
0 V
/
10

f(x , y) = J

(a)
(b) P(X 1,
(c) P(X +
A
x
‘, 0 X 1, 0 y 1
=
nU 35.
’

(b)
A(xo ,

(i) p(X t) (i i) P(X t, Y t)

f(P) = - d(P, A)]
(c)

31 .
(a)
X 0, y O
f(x y) =

(a)
(b) (b)

(i) P(Y 1) (ii) P(X 2, Y 4)

(c)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 14.5 989

14.5 I

z = f(x ,
z = f(x ,
f(x , y)
M = (Xi ,
Pij(Xi , Yj , f(Xi , (Xi , Yj)
S 1 Pij
Rij Rij

x area)

111 ’‘
1 A(S) = lim 2: 2: ð. Tij

Pij

a, 2 ð. Tij
= la X f y(Xi , a,

a = ð. x i + !, (Xi , ð. x k
b = ð.yj + y j) ð.y k

j k
a X b = I ð. x 0 ð. x
o ð.y f y{ x; , yj) ð.y
= yj) ð. x ð.y i - ð. x ð.yj + ð. x ð.y k
= [-!t(Xi , yj)i - h(X;, + kJ ð.A

ð. T;j = I a X bI = + [h(Xi, + 1 ð.A

m 11

A(S) = lim 2: 2: ð. Tij

= lim 2: 2: .)[ft(x; , + [h(Xi , + 1 ð. A

t (1 ( I f 1
990

fx , z = f(x , y) , (x, y) E

A(S) = ff y)]2 + [h(x, y)]2 + 1

D

A(S) = + +

y
1 (0 , 0) , (1 , 0) , (1 , z = x?- + 2y + 2
(1 n ”

y=x
T T = {(x , y) I0 X 1, 0 y x}

(0 , 0) (1 , 0) x f(x , y) = x?- + 2y +

+ (2)2 + 1 dA =
1
50 f:
= fol dx = & g(4x2 + 5)3/2]L = - 5 .ß)

z=9 z=x2+l

x x2 +l = 9, z =
5

A=ff + = ff J1 + (2x )2 + (2y)2

= ff J1 + 4(x 2 + y2) dA

A = f: rdrdB = dB f: (8r) dr

+ = - 1) l

t n
U
( ” u
!
,••
t
t f r
 14.5 991

1-2 D
(b)
Zt ‘ 2.
\ | z=lO+x r y‘

18. (a) 1/1 = n = z

= xy + + /, 0 X 2, 0 y
-2 1/

y (b)

19. z = 1 + 2x + 3y + 4y2 , 1 X 4,
3-1 4 0 y

3. [1 , 4]x[2 , 6] + 3y - z + 6 = z = 1 + x + Y + x?- , -2 1,
4. + / = 25 6x + 4y + 2z = 1 -1 y

5. 3x + 2y +z=6
l
6. (0 , 0) , (2 , 0) , (2 ,
z = 1+
2y + = 5
Ixl + I
7. = 2
z = (1 +x )/(1 +
8. (0 , 0) , (1 , 0) , (0 , 1) ,
+ z2 = 4
23.
9. +/ = 4
z =
24. + / + z2 = a2
10. 0 X 1, 0 y z = + y3/2)
+l =
11. +/ = 1 = xy
I •
12. z = 1 +/+z2=4 + y2 F
13. +/ =
x2 + l + z2 = (/2 25. y = + y =

14. z= + y2 x2 + l + Z2 = 4z

26. + Z2 = + Z2 =

15. l l)
16. +l= 1 z = cos(x2 + l)
x.---- --.......
17. (a)
[0 , 1] X [0 , 1] z = +

t (1 ( I f 1
992

14.6 I

B = {(x , y , z) Ia X b, C y d, r Z s}
x
y [a ,
[Xi-I , Xi] , [C , m7R [r , n 7R

Bijk = [Xi- h Xi] X [Yj-h X [Zk -h Zk]

L\ V = L\ x L\ yL\ZO jq.

Riemann
- …”
Z Z Z f(Xlh , ylj:k , Zlk) AV
i=1 j = 1 k= 1

x
y

f(x , y , z) dV = l EE Z;)'d L\ V

(Xi ,

Z Z ”r
l m

B
… l
“
I
X V
/ ” M - m
R
‘ d
I
I X ‘
?
AvV

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 14.6 993

= [a , b] X [c ,d] X [r , s]

r
B

fff f(x , y , z) dV = s: S: f(x , y , z) dx dy

y , Z,

fff
B
f(x , y , z) dV = f: s: r f(x , y , z)

1 B = {(x , y , z) I0 X 1, -1 y 2, 0 Z 3}

y,

”--Jo
3 ”

B
”
z,‘ J
u
V - l
’
n
|
“ ·,
“, ,
l
l
l
,
z2 d, x d1 y d, ‘, - ,
l

“,
l
2 |
|
|
L
x ?--Vz”
- “-?-
‘
- a, V d -‘
i

= f: f:
Jo 4 4 Jo 4

•
•

E
B E
B

fff E
f(x , y , z) dV = fff
B
F(x , y , z) dV

‘ ., l I ) I I
 994

E /
E= {(x , y , z) I (x , y) E D, Ul(X , y) Z U2(X , y) }

z-
x y U2(X , Z = UI(X ,

E
np x V “ u
V -
D
” I
l
l
i

--L
l

’·’
l
’

‘, … j
J
g
I
l
/
‘, X U
J ”a , J
u
A

U2(X ,

b
x

E = {(x , y , z) Ia X b , gI(x) y g2(X) , u I(x, y) Z U2(X , y) }

/Z= U2(X, y)
y, z) dV = r y, z) @ dx

x
y E = {(x , y , z) Ic y d , h 1(y) X h2(y) , Ul(X , y) Z U2(X, y) }

ffI f(x , , z) y dV = S: y, z) @ dx dy

= = x, x =
Y ’ 1 ffJ E Z
5
E
Q ‘ ,--._ 6
z = UI(X , y) =0 U2(X , y) =
z = 12xy

x
E = {(x , y , z) 0 I X 1, 0 y X, o Z 12xy}

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 14.6 995

I: r
y

I =

D
= I (12xy)2dy dx = 72 I Kx2y2
”’ l
---L
u
n x

- - -
‘v
,
,
l
l
x‘ a’ x l , 4
·m x a x =
‘,
0 x l <

L l
J ”r x

z z z

y y

x x x

E = {(x , y , z) I (y , z) E D, U1(y , z) X U2(y , z) }

8 x = Ul (Y,

y
= U2 (Y,
E

” 1
X8
= ,(y, Z) “ KX y
“
X U l J

\x F,/ X
J ,‘ J
v “ a, V = l
| l
| !
L
m Y

”
a, M

J , E D

z
E = {(x, y , z) I (X, z) E D , U1(X, z) y U2(X, z) }

~;\} E
9
= Ul(X , y = U2(X,

y
fff f(x, y, z) dV = -ñ
E L
f(x , y, z) dy I dA
-'
x

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
996

= x2 +

Z= y = x2 +

z y

x 0 x

11

y= X2 z=
z=

E = {(x , y , z) I -2 X 2, x 2 y 4, Z }

3
+ Z2 + Z2 =

z
z

n
”
U U
‘ 2 x

[c h'!1
 14.6 997

y =:? +
UI(X , z) = X2 + Z2 , U2(X , z) =
1
M - Hll
l i
,4
! --’2 + 4
L
i
l

‘
1
“
|
“J A - nu
l
‘
l
/ A
i
·
’
X‘ ‘
?
2 J
u
A
E

- X2 -

X = l' COS 0, Z = l' sin

fff
E
= ff, (4 -
D
x 2 - Z2)

= (4 - r2)r r dr d6 = d6 I (4r2 - r4) dr

•
•

4 g2 g f(x , y , z) dz dy

(a) x , Z ,
(b) y , x ,

fol t f:
2
f(x , y , z) dz dy dx = fff f(x , y , z) dV
z=y {(x , y , Z) 10 X 1, 0 y :?, O Z

Z = Z = y
. ---._y=x- {(x , y) I 0 X 1, 0 y Z = 0,
\

x / x = 1, y =
14 E 15

1 11 I t I
998

y
DI = {(X , y) I0 X 1, 0 y x 2}

= {(X , y) I 0 y 1, JY x 1}

D2 = {(y , z) I0 y 1, 0 Z y}
0 x
= {(y , z) I0 Z 1, z y 1}

= {(x , z) I0 X 1, 0 Z x 2}

= {(x , z) 10 Z 1, VIZ X 1}

(a) x , z ,
y
x= x = D2
z

E = {(x , y , z) I0 y 1, 0 Z y ,Jy X 1}

01 1

lS fff f(x , y , z) dV = fOI f: f(x , y , z) dx dz dy

(b) y , x ,
y = D3

E = {(x , y , z) I 1, 1,

fff f(x , y , z) dV = fOI r f(x , y , z) dy dx dz

•
l
f(x) f!f(x) y = f(x)
f(x , y) ff D f(x , y) D z = f(x , y)
f(x , y , z) fffE f(x , y , z)

f(x , y , z) y,

f(x , y , z) =

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 14.6 999

V(E) = fff dV

f(x , y , z) =

… ”
1
-- % =
-----l
l
l
,-1
i

--,
L“ ”
J
J
u
|
a, A - n“ l
l
l
L
” f
x ”
J
u /x dA
E D D

z = Ul(X , Z = U2(X , y)

5 x + 2y + z = 2, x = 2y, x = O, Z =

16,
x + 2y + z = 2 , z =2 - x -

(0, 0, 2)

x=2y t/x+2y+z=2

t
i
--‘
/
1
l

‘‘ ’

x
x
17

V(T) = fff dV = fOI f02-X

= fOI (2 - x - 2y) = 5
Yijb Z;j ki

•
E
(x , y , p(x , y , z)
x

Bijk yL,

( 1( I t I
1000

m = l ylk , p(x , y , Z) dV

= fff xp(x, y, z) dV M. fff u = y p(x , y , z) dV

M fff z p(x, y, z) dV
xy =

of
-x Mxz M xy
y=- z=--
m m

J, = fff (y2 + Z2) p(x, y, z) dV = fff (x 2 + Z2) p(x, y , z) dV

= fff (x 2 + y2) p(x , y , z) dV

O" (x , y,
charge)

Q= fff O" (X , y , z) dV
E

X, (X , Y, E

P((X, Y, Z) E E) = fff f(x , y, z) dV

P(a X b, c Y d, 1 Z s) = s: rff(x , y , z)dzdydx

f(x , y , z) 0 f(x , y , z) dz dy dx = 1

6 x = x = Z, Z = o, x =

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 14.6 1001

E E = {(x , y , z) I -1 y 1, l X 1, 0 Z x}

y p(x , y , z) =

m= fff p dV=
y

= p fJy>dXd y = p fl
0 x
= (1 - = PfOl (1 - y4)dy

M)'z = fff Xp dV LD =

= pfl Ex2dxdy = pfl

= (1 - y6)dy = [y -

M., y = fff zpdV= L dz dxdy

=p =

= (1 - y6)dy =

z) = I(M
"'YZ , M."
\ m
yz Mx )'
JlTlY, z m /
I=
\

F
L J ( 8L " ,:->1
1002

14.6 1
1. y, z , 13. ffS EY dV ,
E = {(x , y , z) I0 X 3, 0 y x, x - y Z x + y}
2. 14. ffS E e'/Y dV ,
E = {(x, y , z) I0 X 2, 0 y 1, 0 Z 3} E = {(x , y , z) I 1,

ffS E (xy + Z2) 15. ffS E

E = {(x , y , z) I0 y 1, 0 Z y2 , 1 X z + 1}
3-8
16. fJJE sin y dV, z = x (0 ,
3. f02 f:' z
f:- (2x - y) dx 0, 0) , (0 ,

4
17. ffS E6xydV , z-l+x+y
y = .jX, y = 0 , x =
s.
ffS E (x - z = x2 - 1, z = L - x 2,
6. t' +z cos(x - 2y + z) dy dz
18.
y = 0, y =
y) dV ,

7 IflE idxdzdy i
” -|
,m,”
l
2 ’- J
”“
a 7
-
d, V uJ X 19. dV , (0 , 0, 0) , (2, 0, 0) , (0, 2, 0) , (0 ,

20. ffI rxz dV , (0 , 0, 0) , (1 , 0, 1) , (0 , 1, 1) , (0 ,

9-12
0,
(a)
fff E f(x , y , z) 21. ffS EXdV , x = 4l + x =
(b)

9. f(x , y , z) = x 10. f(x , y , z) = xy

22. fJJEz dV ,
x = 0, y = 3x , z =

1 -,' l. I
I
\ /
___ ‘
y +,
I
/
2 y= :, I
z =4- y'
/
23-26

23.

,/ -_
r;"
“
_ O!- “ -~F-- r---- 24. y = x2 + y = 8 - x2 -
x -- _____ y
y x

11. f(x , y , z) = x +Y 12. f(x , y , z) = 2 25. = = 0, y + z =

z

26. + z2 =
I z =4+x
x= Jÿ z=4 , / z=4 -

_-
{ j y2
\
- -
x E
r
0

f r // r
/" - - ---..
y
27. (a) l+ y = x, x =

[!] (b)

13-22

r H I t
 14.6 1003

28-30 fOI fOl- -'2 fOl--' f(x , y , z) dy dz dx

f(x , y , (Xj , Yj ,

28. fJJ B + y2 + Z2 dV, ---|

B = {(x , y , z)

29. fJJ B cos(xyz) dV, |

4
B = {(x , y , z) I 0 X 1, 0 y 1, 0 Z 1}

30. fH B dV ,
/“ l F

B = {(x , y , z) I0 X 4, 0 y 1, 0 Z 2}
39-40

31 -32
39. IIIf(x, y, z)@dx@
31

40. fOl fyl f: f(x, y, z) dx dz dy

32. f02 f02-Y

41 -42
33 - 36
fJf E f(x , y , z)
41. fffc(4 + 5x 2yz2)dV,
33. y = 4 - x 2 - 4z 2 , Y = 0 -2

34. l + Z2 = 9, x = -2 , x = 2 42. fJf n (Z3 + sin y + 3) dV,

+ / + z2 l
35. y = x 2 , Z = 0, y + 2z = 4
36. x = 2, y = 2, z = 0, x +Y - 2z = 2
43-46

37.

H
43.
I I yf(x, y, z) dz dy dx p(x , y , z) = 3

44. X z = 1, x = 0, z =
p(x , y , z) = 4

-
’ 45. O X (/, 0 y (/, 0 Z

p(x , y , z) = + l + Z2
46. x = O, y = O, z = 0 , x +Y+z =
Y= .J; / p(x , y , z) =y

--- - - •-----.
1 Y 47-50

x 47.

38.

F
L J ( 8L " ,:->1
 1004

48. I Cxyz ,
a, b ,
f(x , y , z) = i
LU ,

(a)
49. +l a2 , 0 Z
(b) P(X 1, Y 1, Z
(c) P(X + Y+
50. Z
56. x O, y O, Z y , z) = Ce-(O.5x + 0.2)'+

f(x , y , z) =
51 -52 (a) (b) (c) X,
(a)
(b) P(X 1, Y
5 1. ;p(x , y, z) = (c) 1, 1,

52. + Y2 + Z2 1, z 0;
57-58 E f(x , y ,
p(x , y , z) = Jx 2 + y2 + Z2

00 53. = y = Z, !avg = y , z) dV

x = O, z = p(x , y , z) = 1 + x + Y + z

(a)
57.
(b)
y,
(c)
z) =
00 54. p(x , y , z) = + 58. + l + z2 1, z

(a)
(b) 59. (a) fff (1 - x2 - 2y 2 - 3z 2 )
(c) E

55. X, (b)

2
X1 + xl + X3 2 + ... + x ,,2 = r2

1.

2.

r H I t
 14.7 1005

3.
sin/x dx cos"x

4. r 'il

5.

14.7 I
N

P(r , e) = P(x , y)

(x , (r ,
y
x = r cose y = r sine

0
r 2 = x2 + y2 tane= 2'..
x “1
x

•
z
coordinate
e
P(r , , z) (1', e,
2
-7

x e
(r , , 0)
I x = r cos e y = r sin e z= z

1' 2 = x 2 + y2 z= z
x

(a)
(b) (3 , -3 ,

( 1( I t I
1006

(a)

=2cos
y
x
z = 1

(-1 , J3,
(b)

r= .J3 2 + (-3 )2 =

3
tan 8 = 2mr

z =-7

(312,

x2 + l
=

4 8 = c
5 z =
6

y
x
‘l

= c fJ = c

2 z =

r
z = k(k > 0)

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 14.7 1007

,7
Z2 = r 2 = X2 + y2

y Z2 = X2 +
x 7
•
7
Z - •

.
7

E = {(x , y , z) I (x , y) E D , Ur(X , y) Z U2(X , y)}

D = {(r , e) I a 8 ß, hr(e) r h 2 (e) }

1
U |’ --,
J
F·‘ X
1
/

J
v ” M - n “,, |
|
”l
L j M
”
nx V
””
d,
|
a, A
E D

’
i

fff f(x , , z)
E
y dV = cos 8, r sin 6, z) r dz dr d8

= r cos e, y = r sin e,
z, r , r dz
dV = rdz drd8

- - -
I t I
1008

f(x , y ,
2
x +
fffE x 2
10

Z=4-X2_l=
4 - + z = 4
? = 4 r =
2-----y
x/2 r

{(r , 8, z) I0 8 r 2, 0 Z 4 - r2 }

drd8

= (r 3 cos 2 8)](4 - r 2) dr d8

= cos 2 8 d8 f02 (4r 3 - r 5 ) dr

= 1[8 + 1sin 28 [r 4
-

= -
•
z , r,

\
\
\
\
\
\
k
~L \

x/
_/// o.
---- y
---- y

4 _

11

+l = 1
12

r =1 z = 1-

( 1(, } ’t 1
 14.7 1009

z=4 E = {(r , e, z) I 0 8 r 1, 1 - r 2 Z 4}
(0 , 0, 4:J ;/
(x , y ,

p(x , y , z) = =Kr

(0 , 0 , 1) I:
'h i
m = fff E
dV = K ErzI (&) r k dr d8

(1 , 0 , 0)
x = fo" fOI - (1 - r 2)] dr de = K fo" de fOI (3r 2 + r 4 ) dr

------L
- ’Y
+ - -5
•
r2 rJd- 2 r2
(x 2 + y2) dz dy
r

/ E = {(x , y , z) I
X?- +l
z= z= 13

E = {(r, , z) e I0 8 r 2, r Z 2}

-2
I2 (x 2 + y2) dz dy dx = 2 y2)
J.l.l (X + dV
E

= Ifkfr2rkdrd8

2
1r (2 -
3
= f02" r) dr

- = l

‘ o ( I , .)1
1010

1-2 15. f(x , y, z) = x2 + i 16. f(x , y, z) = xy

1. (a) (5 , ZL
(b) (6 , -3) ! \ z=6-x2-yZ
1 \ z f 2 - x2 - yi
I \ ./
2. (a) (2 ,
(b) (8 ,
1)
5)
I
I
r- .....
I Ei l
I I E
I I

-_
| _ x 2 + v2 = ;‘ I ::!, __
I I /'

3-4 /'
x
0
x
3. (a) (4 , 4 , -3) (b) -5 ,

4. (a) (0 , -2 , 9) (b) (-1 ,

17-18

5-6 ’ n
. ’
?
i’ ·) | |r l dz m d,
m
17. l
“)
5. r = 2 6. e=

19-30
7-8

7. ,2 + z2 = 4 8. r = 2 sin e 19. x2 +l =
z =
20. z
9-10

9. (b) z = - i
21. Hf E (x + Y + z)
10. (a) U + 2/- z2 = 4 (b)
z=4- -l

22. fH E (x - y) +l =
11 -12 +l = 16 z=)'+4
11. - 2 ,
12. 0 8 -rr /2 , , Z 2 23.
z = Z2 = 4x2 + 4/

13. 20cm , 6cm ,

24. +l =

+ 25. z= x2 + l + z2 =

15-16 26. z= +/+z2=2

(a)
fffE f(x , y , z) 27. (a) z = 24 - + y2
(b)

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 14.7 1011

(b) 33.

28. (a) r = a cos a 'il

(a)
(b)

(b) 19 ,OOOm ,
29. z = + z = a(a >

30.
x2 + i + Z2

31-32

31 xzdz dxdy

3z

1. +l = 1, + z2 = 1, i + Z2 =

2.

3.

4.

5. + l = a2 (a <

; c • J ( 8L " ,:->1
1012

14.8 I

l
coordinates) (p , 8 , 1
z
p =
P(p ,
OP

c <?l 2
x
8 =
3 4

z
z

C
x
x
x <C< 7T

=c

Q \
\
\
\
\
P(x , )', z) z = p r = p
-
/
P (p ,

x = r cos 8, y = r sin

x
I x = p cos 8 y = p sin 8 z = p

1 (2 ,
t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 14.8 1013

n sm =
x

z = pcos = 2cos = 2(i) = 1

(2 , j3fi,

2 (0 , 2 .[3,

P= .Jx 2 + y2 + Z2 = .JO + 12 +4 = 4

Z -2 1
cos (]) = = -- = -- -
p ’ P 4 2 3
X 7T
os tJ = = u
P sin cþ

= 2 .[3 > () =1=

(4 ,
•
•
wedge)

E = {(p , (), cþ) I a p b, a 8 ß, c @ d}

a 0, -a d-c

P = Pi , ()=

flp , Pi pi sin pi sin

flVijk = sin fl()) = P? sin

51)

fl Vijk = þ? sin M

ëj,

( 1( I f
1014

z
y

I"i x

(c)

fI
E
f(x , y , z) dV = l Y0b z;')k) 6. Vijk
l m ”
= l ZZ Ef(bl cos sin cos cÏh) P? ð. p 6. 8

F(p , 8, = f(p sin cos 8 , p sincþ sin 8, p cos cþ) p2 sin

ffI f(x , , z) dV y

= Il ft frf(p cos 8, p sin cþ sin 8 , p cos cþ) p2 dp d8 dcþ

0
E = {(p , 8 , Ia p b, 0' 6 ß, c d}

x x = p cos 8 y = p sin 8 z = p

p2 sin dp d8
dV = p2 sin cþ dp dB

E = {(p , 8 , I 0' 8 ß, c ,
d , g (8 , cþ) p g2(8 ,

[c h'!1
 14.8 1015

91(8 , 92(8 ,

3 B = {(x , y , z) I x 2 + l + z2 1 fI fBe(.<2 +y2+z2)3/2

B = {(p , 8, I0 p 1, 0 8 }

x2 + y2 + Z2 = p2

fIf
= U S1n r d8 Ll p2ePldp
= [-COS (e - 1) •

NOTE

l'fI I V ';::'_ I “ é ,2+)'2+Z2)3!2 dz dy dx

J- I J- J I-x 2

z= + l + Z2 = Z

p2 = p=

pcos = .Jp2 cos 28 + p2 sin 28 = p sin

sin cþ = cos =

E= {(p , 8, cþ) I 0 8 @ p cos }

t (1 ( I f 1
1016

V(E) = fff dV = rr fO"/4 dp dcþ d8

= I/4
= IJ/4 sin =
[
7T'

p,

y y y

cos
10

14.8 1

1-2 9-10

1. (a) (b) (4 , 9. (a) + / + z2 = 9 (b) x2 - / - Z2 = 1

2. (a) (5 , (b) (6 , 0 , 10. (a) z = x 2 +l (b) z = x2 -l

3-4 11-14

3. (a) (3 , 3 , 0) (b) (1 , 11. P 1, 0 9

4. (a) (0 , 4 , -4) (b) 12. 1 p 2,

13.1 p 3, 0 cþ 7T /2 , 7T e
5-6 14. P 2, p csc

S. = 6. p2 - 3p + 2 = 0
15. x2 + l + Z2 = z=

7-8

7. P cos cþ = 1 8. P =
16. (a)

t f
n
U 1
b ” l ’/ t
’
 14.8 1017

(b) 27. fffE xe x2 +)'2+z2

+ i + Z2
17-18 28. fffE + y2 + Z2
Z= + i + Z2 = 4
17
29. cþ= cþ= p
18 d8 dcþ

30.

19-20 31. (a) = p =4

f(x , y ,
(b)

19. 20. 32. x2 + l + z2 = 4

Z=
33. (a)
•~
H// (b)
x/ y
-‘
2 34.

(a)
21-22
(b)
(a)
(c)
fffE f(x , Y, z)
35. (a)
(b) (b)

21. f(x , y, z) + y2 + Z2 22. f(x , y, z) = xy 36.

’ --

‘5 37-42

x
-
+ 37. z= + l+z2=1
h
L0

l
38.

23-36
39. a,
23. fffo (x 2 + y2 + Z2)2
(a)
(b)
24. fffElz2 cþ= p
= 1
40. a,

25. fffE (x 2 + l) + l + z2 = 4, (a)

•- Z2 = 9 (b)

26. + l + Z2 = 00 41. z =2 + / z = 2y
2 +/ + Z2 = 9 fffEZ
( 1( ?JI. '1. "
 1018

[!] 49. p = 1 + sin m() sin /1l = 6,

(a) p = n =

(b)

43-45
(1
43. L JQ1" Jýx 2. + y .!
xy dz dy dx

,
44. 1"
(a
1v .. (x 2z
•
+ y2z + Z3), dz dx dy
J- a

(x 2 + y2
f2 ') ')
45. 1- 1 .. 1- ' + Z2)3 / 2 dz dy dx
'} , "l/"J

h “

50 Jx 2 + y2 + Z2 e • (x
2+y2+z2) dx dy dz =

46.
ò = 619.09 - 0.000097p
51. (a) + z2 =
8
z r cot = 0<

6.370 X 106 p 6.375 X

-
1ij 47.
(b) pl p p2 , fh 8 ()2 , cþl

48. p , (),
AV = ·- =
3
o
’- m …
A m A J On n
o

(c)
a - 90 0
ihin cþ ð. p M
-
ð. V =
= 3600 - 34.060 N ,
45 .50 0 N , p2 (PI
ð. p = p2 - P 1, M = (h - () 1,
) = -

h /11., r,

mgh
V, v=

[c h'!1
 14.9 1019

mgh = !mV 2 +

2ah
1. v2 = I* =
1 + 1* - .. -, mr"

2.
v2 = 2gy/(1 +

= '\ (sin a) JY
dt 1 + 1*

3.

T=

4. =
5. b= a/I
• a•

6. 1* = li =

14.9 I

x = g(U) , a = g(C) , b =

S: f(x) dx = rf(g(u)) 9 ’(u) du

S: f(x) = Ilf(x(u)) du

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
1020

•
x

x = r cos (J y = r sin (J

ff f(x y) dA ff f(r cos

, = (J, r sin (J) r dr d (J

T(u , v) = (x , y)

x = g(u , v) y = h(u , v)

x = x(u , v) y = y(u , v)

T(Ul ,
Vl) = (Xl , (Xl , (Uj ,

uV
R

u y

T
’-
T- 1
‘

0 u 0 j ‘

transforma-
tion)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 14.9 1021

u = G(X, y) v = H(x , y)

x = u-2 - v.. 2 y = 2uv

S = {(U , v) I 0 U 1, 0 U

U
v = 0 (0 U 2 = u2, Y =
S3 O X (1 ,
(0 , 1) (1 , 1)
u = 1 (0 U u =
S4 S S2

0 S, (1 , 0) 1I
x = 1 - v2 Y = 2v

y x=1-x;
4

x - 2y
-4 - •. 2
v = 1 (0 U

R y2 ’
x =-- 1 -1 X O
4
(-1 , 0) 0 (1 , 0) x
u = 0 (0 U x = -V2, Y = 0, -1 X

2
•
(UO ,

; c 'J ( 8L " ,:"'1

1022

(xo , yo) = T(uo ,

r(u , v) = g(u , v) i + h(u , v)j

(u , V =
r(u, (xo ,

ax • . ay.
r ll = gll(uo , vo) i + hll(uo , vo) j = -::=- i + j
au ðu

u = (xo ,

ax . ay.
rv = gv(uo , vo)i + hv(uo , vo)j = i + j
av av

r{ lIo, Uo +

a = r(uo + Âu , vo) - r(uo , vo) b = r(uo , Vo + Âv) - r(uo , vo)

r{ lI o, U o}
range) R =

r{u o + ð. u, Vo} ,. r(uo + Âu , vo) - r(uo , vo)

r" = 11m
!J. II • o lJ.. u

r(uo + Âu , vo) - r(uo , vo) = Âu r"

r(uo, Vo + Âv) - r(uo , vo) = Âv rv

5
r{ lI o, v o} ]

I (Âu r ll ) X (Âvr v) 1= I X rv I Âu Âv

k ax ðy ax ðx
ax ay ðu au au
X rv =
1;'"I ".v 1-
1au
,- -::--
au 0
ax ay
k=
ay
ðv Ik
ay
ax
o av av au av
av av

( 1(. } ’t 1
 14.9 1023

x = g( u , = h(u ,
Gustav Jacob Jacobi,
ðx ðx
ð(x , y) ðu ðv I ðx ðy ðx ðy
ð(u , v) I ðy ðy ðu ðv ðv ðu
ðu ðv

lð(x , y) I
= ß. u ß. v
I ð(u , v) I

(uo ,

U y

S;j

S
T
---•-
(11; , Vj)

0 l ‘ 0 x

”
…Z
l
I X = pn J Aa
“
[
R

=
… ”
zn
” “… U
‘
’
Mu
‘
” x
-u Au A”
u

(u; ,

Pf(9(U U) h(u |

x
r ( 1( I
1024

xy

Pf(x y) = Pf(X(U U) y(U U)) | I dudv

I !
dA=
I a(u , v) !

au = dx/du !a(x ,
-”“
-1- --
y)/a(u ,
-- ’b

- - -
- =
nno

x = g(r , 8) = rcos8 y = h(r,fJ) = rsin8

0 a b

Au x
y -‘ -r -%
x d m nO nO
:m- w-mm-
f
= ’r @ + ’r m no = > nU
V ‘ ·M r m ao
J-r

0 x gf(x y) dxdy = Pf(rcos6 |

= jt Ef(r cos 8, r s1n 8) r dr d8
y

l = 4 - = 4 + 4x , y
y2=4-4x
= u2 - v 2, Y =
[0 , 1] X [0 ,
= 2
(-1 , 0)
(1 , 0) x

( 11 /t
 14.9 1025

x
-U
u 2U
à(x , y)
V/
- u 2u - u + U > nU

à(u , v) --u
AU

Q YM = P| 2uu IdA = fOI fOI (2uv)4(u 2 + dudv

= 8 fOI fOI (u 3v + du du = 8 I [iu4U + 5u2U3]::; du

= fOI (2v + dv = k + v4 = 2
•
NOTE

f(x , f(x ,
S

(1, 0) , (2 , 0) , (0 , -2) , (0 ,
ffR e (x+y)/{x-y)
e

u=x+y v=x-y

x = !(u + v) y = !(u - v)

àx àx
à(x , y) àu àv
1I 2
à(u , v) ày ày i 2
àu àv

y=O x-y=2 x=O x-y=1

u= v v= 2 u = -v v= 1

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

1026

U
(1 , 1) , (2 , 2) , (-2 , 2) ,
(-2 , 2) (2 , 2)
7
u=v
(1 , 1) s= {(u , v) 11 U 2 , -v U v}
v= 1
l ‘

Q e( +Y)/( = JI I e"/
v
I dudv

= f ru elt/U(5) r
y
dv =!
x-y=l
2
x
= (e - e- I )vdv = - e- I )
•
-2 l

x = g(u , v , y = h(u , v , z = k(u , v ,

ðx ðx ðx
ðu ðv
ð(x , y , z) ðy ðy ðy
ð(u , v , w) ðu ðw
ðz ðz ðz
ðu ðv

”x
mK X V “ d, V= n u U ”u
J
U
/
u U
y
a’ u uJ ”
u
d,
R S /

x = p cos e y= p sin e z = p cos cþ

( 1(1 } ’t 1
 14.9 1027

sin cos e -p sin sin e p cos cos e

a(x , y, z)
sin sin e p e p e
a(p , e,
o -p sin

= cos \-p sin sin e p cos cos e \_ 0 \ sin cos e -psm sin e I
T I p e p e I ’ ’ I sin e p cos e I

= cos (_p2 sin cos sin2e - p2 sin cos cos2e)

- p sin (p cos2e +p sin 2e)

= _p2 sin - p2 sin = -p 2sin

0 sin

l a(x y z)
a(p, e,

y , z) dV = cos e, p sin e, p cos p2 •

14.9 \
1. s = {(u , v) I0 U 1, V y VI y
2
O v:;;;
(a) x = u +v (b) x = u - v
y=u-v y = uv
(c) x= u cos v (d) x = u - v
y = u sm v y=u+v2 , x • ,‘
(e) x = Lt +v (f) x = uv
y = 2v u3 -- v3
y = u-
2-6
y 11
l 2. S = [(u , v) I 0 U 1, 0 U 2);
x = u + v , y = -v
3. S = [(u , v) I 0 U 3, 0 U 2);
x = 2u + 3v , y = u - v
1 x x
4. u = 0, u = 1, v = 0, v =
x = v, y = u (l + v2 )
5. (1 , 1) , (0,
III y IV y
2
x = u2 , Y = v
6. u2 + V
2
x = au , y = bv

7-10
2 x x

x { --
r
1028

7. = 2x - 1, y = 2x + 1, y = 1 - x, y =3 - (b)
a = b =
6378km , c =
8. (0 , 0) , (4 , 3) , (2 , 4) , (-2 ,

9. +l = (c)

10. y = l/x, y = = x, 24.

y =
xy = a ,.xy
= =
11 -16
o < a < b, 0 < c <
11. x = 2u + V, Y = 4u - V

12. x = u2 + UV , Y = uv2 25-30

13. x = s cos t , Y = s sin t
25. ff 3x - y
- 2y = 0, x - 2y = 4,
14. x = peq , y = qe"

15. x = uV , y = vw , z = wu 3x - y = 1, 3x - y =

16. x = LI + VW , Y = V + wu , z = w + uv
26. ffR (x + y)e X
'-y2 dA , x - y = 0, x - y = 2,
x +Y = 0, x +Y =

17-22 27. rr cos(\y -r

“R Xj
dA , (1 , 0) , (2 , 0) , (0 , 2) ,
/
17. ffR (x - 3y) d A, (0 , 0) , (2 , 1), (1,
(0 ,
x = 2u + v , Y = u + 2v
28. ffR sin(9x 2 + 4y2) dA ,
18. ffR(4x+ 8y)dA , (-1 , 3) , (1, -3) , (3 , -1) ,
9x2 + 41 =
(1 , x = + v) , Y = - 3u)
29. ffR e X +Y dA , Ixl + Iyl
19. ffRX2dA , + 41 =
x = 2u , y = 3v 30. ff
R

20. ffR (x 2 - xy + y2) dA , x +Y = 1, x + Y = 3 , y = 2x, y =

x = J2u - J2ï3 v, y=

21. ffRXyd A, = 3x
= xy = 31. [0 , (0, 0) , (1 , 0) , (0,
x = u/v , y = v
ffRy 2dA , = = 2 ,.xy2 = = 2; ff f(x + y) = fOI uf(u) du
R
u = xy , V =

23. (a) Hf E x 2/a 2 + l/b 2 +

Z2/C
2
= = au , y =
bv , z =

r H I t
 ’“-
1 ‘ j ‘
“

3dmotus I Shutterstock.com

15 Vector Calculus

t (1 ( I f 1 1029
1030

15.1 I

•
10m

vector

(a) (b)

(a) (b)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 15.1 1031

field)
(x , F(x ,

(x , F(x ,

---. (x ,

x F(x ,

F(x , y) = P(X, y) i + Q(X , y) j = (P(X , y) , Q(X, y))

3
F=Pi+Qj

(x , y , F(x , y ,

1R3

f(x tf F(x , y , z) = P(X , y , z) i + Q(X , y , z) j + R(x , y, z) k

/ y

(x , y , x = (X , y , F(x , y , z)

F(x , y) = -yi + xj

F(x ,

F (1, (1 , j = (0 ,
F(O , 1) = (0 , (-1 ,

‘ o ( I , ')1
1032

F(x ,

(x , y) F(x , y) (x , y) F(x , y)

x (1 , 0) (0 , 1) (-1 , 0) (0 , -1)
(2 , 2) (-2 , 2) (-2 , - 2) (2 , -2)
(3 , 0) (0 , 3) (0 , -3)
(0 , 1) (-1 , 0) (0 , -1) (1 , 0)
(-2 , 2) (-2 , -2) (2 , -2) (2 , 2)
(0 , 3) (-3 , 0) (0 , -3) (3 , 0)
5 F(x , y) = -yi + xj

F(x) = F(x,

x . F(x) = (x i + Y j) . (-y i + x j) = -xy + yx = 0

(x , Ixl = + y2

IF(x , y) I = .J( _)1 )2 + X2 = = IXI

F(x ,
•

5 6 5

'/'/,/.--
.- ----'" '///---‘ --J/////
- /'./"
”
, / /, - ‘ \ “ ’- - - - ,r
1 / / -'
, /--/, I ,
‘ ‘ , I ‘1
/ / ,/ .- -
1-- .-- -
I
I ! , ’, , , I ’ 5
, / - - /, ,, II ’,
I 4 I
!
-5
l I “
‘
‘
, I r 5
- , /
I

- / /' I
I ,
!
-6-1 1-6 “

,r I I
I
1 / / -' - -'//1
1- - - - - 1- - - - -
.--./" / /’
/’--- _

-5 •

F(x , y) = (-y , x) F(x , y) = (y, sin x) y) = (I n (1 + l) , ln(l +

2 F(x , y , z) =

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 15.1 1033

1111
0
111 1
1 1 1 1 1 Y

F(x , y , z) = zk
I IIII l

10, 11 ,

11
F(x , y , z) yi + zj + xk F(x , y , z) = yj - 2j + xk v x z
=
F(x , y , z) = ; l - j + '4 k

3 V(x, y , (x , y , z)
(x , y ,

13

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
1034

mMG
IFI

x = (x , y , r= r2 =

Ix 1

x = (X , y ,

mMG
F(x) = - -,-,;-x
3
1 X 1

x F = -(mMG/r 3 )r

tional

Ixl = + y2 +

-mMGx “ mMGy ‘ -mMGz

z) =
(x 2 + / + Z2)3/2 (x2 + y2 + Z2?/2 J (x2 + y2 + z2)3/2 k

l'
‘-

;;r j r\?
1 ’
\

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 15.1 1035

x = (x , y , (x , y ,

eqQ
F(x) = - - 3x
1X 1

qQ
qQ <

E(x) = Lq-V-'
F(x) =
Ixl 3 x
l

•
grad

Vf(x , y) = y) i + .t;,(x , y) j
vector

Vf(x , y , z) = f r(x, y , z) i + .t;,(x , y , z) j + fz(x , y , z) k

6 f(x , y) = x 2y -

ðf. ðf.
Vf(x , y) = +, = 2xyi" + (x
I ?2
- 3y2)j
ðx ðy

-4 4

-4
15 l

F =

vector

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
1036

mMG
f(x , y , z) = ‘
+ + ZL

ðf. , ðf. , ðf
Vf(x , y , z) = +
dX dy dZ

- mMGx -mMGy " - mMGZ •

= (x2 + y2 + z2)3/2 l + (x2 + y2 + z2)3/2 j + (x2 + y2 + k

= F(x , y , z)

15.1 I

1-12 5 13. F(x , y) = (x , - y)

14. F(x , y) = (y, x - y)

1. F(x , y) = i + 15. F(x , y) = (y, y + 2)
2. F(x , y) = 2 i - j
16. F(x , y) = 6’,2x)
3. F(x , y) = i + hj 17. F(x , y) = (si n y , cos x)

4. F(x , y) = xi + hj 18. F(x , y) = (cos(x + y) , x)

5. F(x , y) = + (y - x) j 3 11 3

6. F(x , y) = y i

7. F(x, y) =
y1 -r XJ
-====
+ (x + y) j

+ y2 -3
r
1111 / / / / / /
IIIII 1 1 1 1
! I ! ! I ! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, ,
r I r r r , ,3 4
“
‘
‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ~‘‘- , , \
J ‘ ‘
t
t
t

3
‘ ‘ “”
x2
“ ‘ ”
y 1 - xJ
..... -
‘· “ -“ ‘ “ - “ - -‘ 11/ ' I
, !!
1
8. F(x , y) =
";x2
J

+ y2
.-

--
..-

4
...... .-
• 1/-
‘ I -
4
“
,
1 ,
9. F(x , y , z) = i
III 3 IV 3
10. F(x , y , z) = zi
‘’ ! ‘ J I\
‘ /'/111 l
11. F(x , y , z) = -yi .. //,/ /J

12. F(x , y , z) = i +k 4
J

I 1 -
-1
\
,,
\ \
1 -
\ -
..
1 I 3
4 -- - ... ‘ - - -“
)
.-’ ... -’ ‘t

‘- - - “ . ‘’ - --
“‘
3
’.
“““‘ ‘ 1 1 / ' / / _. I " .",. ...

13- 18 1 ,/-'-\ \'--,/ 1

-3
‘ '_ ' _0 4
r , 11/’
111//
J

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 15.1 1037

V 3 VI 3 25-28
-/////
-- - /' I ! 25. f(x , y) = y sin(xy)
‘ - -, ,
‘ - ‘ - , I !
I I I f
26. f(s , r)
‘ I I “ 4
“ ‘, . ‘ ’ r t
=

l
I
‘
, .. - ‘
i

‘
3
•
j
J
j
I ‘ I •
I 1 t •
3
27. f(x , y , z) = + y2 + Z2
- “ ‘ 11'- 1-
\\ \
\ \ - 1-
... -

( I I ". 28. f(x , y , z) = x'2ye Y/ z

\ ‘\ 1‘
-3

29-30

19-22 29. f(x , y) = k - y)2

30. f(x , y) = &(x'2 - /)
19. F(x , y , z) = i + 2j + 3k
20. F(x , y, z) = i + 2j + z k 31 -34
21. F(x , y , z) = x i + Yj + 3k
22. F(x , y , z) = xi + Yj + z k 31. f(x , y) = x 2 +i
II 32. f(x , y) = x(x + y)
33. f(x , y) = (x + y)2
34. f(x , y) =
4
//’ /’
4 II
\ “ ‘ J 11', /'/
‘
T111111
/ / / / ’
j I • /

/ / / /

/ /
/

/1/.-" / / / /

“ ‘ /,.-•-_ I ,/ 1(""' ....... - . ‘ , " /' / /

-4 ----“ \
/" , . . !. , " /' /
IV --•.- . ‘ “‘•_- 4 -4 1... ". / , . 1. . • / /' 14
‘
./'/1 1 , \‘" ‘
_..,.,..,,_,. "
“ ,/ ...
/
".
/
, .I‘
/ / t

/ /
" I! r i \ \ / /
/
/ /
/ /

/
/

!_l_ t
z 0 -4 -4

III
l' \ \
‘,""
,‘ 4
f ! 1/
f ! /' /'
IV
".

". , .
I ’ ‘

‘
...
4
1- _ _._._..

1- -
- .... ...- .......
.’ .... _’

--
’ ‘

“‘
.-' .. I
I /' ,.. . . . _.,"'., .. ...... /"
....... ’ 1- "" -"’ .....
-4 4 -4 _,. -'. ,., "" . . 4
--
..--..-- ... I
...... r" _ ., -
- ‘
, ..... "'"’
1 .
...
..
, J"" _.

V"'..-_ .... - ‘- . , " ./

F(x , y) = (y2 - 2xy) i + (3xy - 6x 2)j
.r' .... I / ‘ ‘ ’ , /'
I I J i ,..-.--- - 1- ‘ ’ I /'
-4 -4
F(x , y) = (x ,

x = (x , 1'= F(x) = (1' 2 -

35. f(x , y) = ln (l + x" + 2y")

F(x) =
36. f(x , y) = cosx - 2 siny

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
1038

37. V(x , y) = + (b) x = x(t) , y =

t = (2 , t = dx/dt = x , dy/dt =

dx/dt = x , dy/dt =

(1 ,
38. t = 1 (1 ,

F(x , y) = (xy - 2 , y2 - 10)

40. (a) F(x , y) = i +

= (b) x = x(t) , y =
dy/dx
39-40

(c)

39. (a) F(x , y) = xi - y

15.2 I
[a , C

•
y
P; -I
x = X(t) Y = y(t) a t b
PII
r(t) = x(t) i + y(t)
r ’(t) .:p

x
) [a , [tl-1 , = X(ti) ,
0
Yi = Pi (Xi , /1 s 1, /1 S2 ,

Q ! \ b 1 ... , l
1;_1 1;
[ti-1 , ti]

Z f(Xl}: , y? ) As,

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 15.2 1039

fcf(x , y) = Ef(xf yf), ASi

L= r + dt

= r f(x(t) , y(t)) + dt

r(t)

Ir '(t) I = +

ds= + dt

NOTE (a , (b ,
= x , y = 0, a X b)

fc f(x, y) ds = Iff(x, Mx

f(x , y) fcf(x , y) (x , y)

‘ :.1 ( , , ')1
1040

1 fc (2 + x 2y)

x = cos t y = sm t

y O t 3
x 2 + y2= 1

L(2 + x y) ds = S: (2 +
2
t) \}
I( dx V .
+
0 x
”
- “---,
,1
‘/
+ m ‘
‘
l
M ” uJ

•
y
C4
Cl , C2 ,
.. , C

0 x 1 f(x , y) ds = JC1_‘ f(x , y) ds

Jc-
+ L f(x , y) ds + ... + L f(x , y) ds
JC

4
2 (1, y = (1 ,

2x

(1 , 2)

x = x y = x2 0 X 1
(1 , 1)
C1

5 C = CI U C2
L ds = SOI +
i”
- |
m•
/
dx
1

+ A
X
n/ -6
)

C2

x=1 y=y

c (1 ( I r 1
 15.2 1041

= = =2

+ 2 •
Jc f(x , y) p(x , y)
(x ,

2
y[) 2: p(xf , y;*)

---"

m= p(xf , yt) ÅS i = sc p(x , y)

f(x , y) = 2 +

of mass) (i,

: y) y= p(x , y) ds

3 x2 +l = 1, y
y =

x = cos t , Y = sin t , 0 t ds = dt

p(x , y) = k(1 - y)

m = Sc k(1 - y) = r k(1 - sin t) = k[t + cos t]: = 2)

y= m f_ yp(x, ./y)ds="
J ï
1- 2) f yk (1 -y)ds

= -L- F(sin t -
- 2 Jo
sin2t) dt = -L-
- 2
[-cos t -
L '"
+ i sin 240
'+ J

- 2)
I f 1
1042

(0 = (0 , 0.38)

•
.x
x

!::.xi = Xi - Xi-I !::.yi = yi -

x C

fc f(x , y) = Ef(x;k , y?) AXl

L f(x , y) dy = f(x;" , y;’ ) !::.yi

fcf(x , y)

x = x(t) , Y = y(t) , = x'(t) dt , dy = y'(t)

L f(x , y) dx = S: f(x(t) , y(t)) x'(t) dt

Lf(x, y) dy = S: f(x(t) , y(t)) y'(t) dt

Lp(x , y) + fc Q(x, y) dy = fc P(x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy

(0, 2)
I r(t) = + trl 0 t 1

4 fcy 2 dx +x
(a) C = (-5 , (0 ,
(-5 , -3)
(b) C = (-5 , x=4 7

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 15.2 1043

(a)

x = 5t - 5 y = 5t - 3 0 t 1

rl = (0 , dx = 5 dt ,
dy = 5

ICl y2 dx + x dy = Ll (5t - 3)2(5 dO + (5t - 5)(5 d ”

= 5 1 1
(25t 2 - 25t + 4) dt

=
r
25t 3 25t 2
51 - - - - - + 4t
TI = - -5
L 3 2 Jo 6

(b)

x = 4 - y2 Y= y -3 y 2

dx = -2y

[ y 2dx
JC ,
+ xdy = [2 y2(-2y) dy + (4 -
J-3
y2)dy

= f3 (-2y 3 - y2 + 4) dy

=
l

(0 ,
(-5 ,

x = - 5t y = 2 - 5t 0 t 1

ICl y2dx + xdy a =

a b
x = x(t) , y = y(t) , a t

8
t =

‘ o ( I , ')1
1044

Icf(x, y) dx = -Lf(x, y) f-c f(x , y) dy = - fc f(x , y) dy

CJ(x , y) ds = y)

x= y = y(t) z = Z(t) a t b

r(t) = X(t) i + y(t) j + z (t)

(space

Lf(x , y , z) = Ef(xf , yf, zf) As,

Lf(x, y , z) = S: f(x(t) , y(t) , z(t)) dt

S: f(r(t)) Ir ’(t) Idt

f(x , y , z) =

= S: Ir'(t) Idt = L

Lf(x , y, z) dz = Ef(xf , yf, zf) AZl

= r f(x(t) , y(t) , Z(t)) Z'(t) dt

y , z , dx , dy ,

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 15.2 1045

L P(X , y, z) + Q(X , y, z) dy + R(x, y, z) dz

5 x = cos t, Y = sin t, z = t, 0 t
fc y sin z 9
6

4
Ly sin z ds = fo2 (sin t) sin
7T + dt

2
C = f02 7T sin 2r.Jsin 2t + cos 2t + 1 dt = 12 - cos 2t) dt
0

y
= - 5sin2t]T = •
1 1
6 (3 , 4, (3 , 4,
fc y dx + z dy + x
z

r(t) = (1 - t) (2 , 0, 0) + t(3 , 4, 5) = (2 + t, 4t, 5t)

x= 2 +t y = 4t z = 5t 0 t 1
(2 , 0, 0)

L +
y dx z + x dz = fOl (4t) dt + ++
(5t)4 (2 dt

= (1 - t) (3 , 4, 5) + t(3 , 4, 0) = (3 , 4, 5 - 5t)
x = 3 y = 4 z = 5 - 5t 0 t l

dx = 0 =

f -y dx + z dy + x dz = r 3(-5) dt =
JO
1

fc Y + z dy + x dz = 24.5 - 15 = 9.5

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:-> 1

1046

•
w=
f!f(x) P

D=

x,

z z

x x

11

[a ,
1,

F(x;* , y;* , . [ð. s; T(t;*)] = [F(x; ‘ , y;* , z;*) . T(t;

Z [F(x? , y? , zf) · T(xf , yr, zf)] As,

T(x , y , C (x , y ,

W = LF(x, y, z) . T(x, y, z) ds LF . T ds =

r(t) = x(t) i + y(t) j + z (t) T (t) = r'(t)/lr' (t)1

I
U I
U
{
C t t
L
 15.2 1047

’
R“” r‘A
- R“
L l
W = ’’ r 1” r ”l ”” a,‘‘
U f tU
l
d,‘,‘
l
l
-r
””
l i
1
’ l l

’’ n
“,
U l
l
l
3
l
L l
?
“

Jc F .

r(t) , a t C
C

LF' dr •

F(x (t), y(t) ,

F(x , y , x = x(t) , y = y(t) , z =

dr = r ’ (t)

7 r(t) = cos ti + sin tj , 0 t

F(x , y) = 2i -

y
x = cos y = sin

'x F(r(t)) = cos 2t i - cos t sin t j

r ’(t) = - sin t i + cos t j

0
L F dr = U/2F(r(t)) rl(t) dt = E/2 sin t - sin t) dt
1 x

= f0
7T
/
2
sin t) dt =2 ]:/2=
•
NOTE fc F . dr = fc F .T

LcF dr = -LF dr

( 1( ,t I
1048

8 F(x , y , z) = i + yzj + cubic curve)

C
x = t Y = t2 Z = t3 0 t 1

2 fc F .

= ti + t 2j + t3 k
zlt 1 '"
r'(t) = i + 2tj + 3t 2 k
F(r(t)) = t3 i + t 5 j + t4 k

1
fc F . dr = 50 F(r(t)) . r'(t) dt

= fo1 (t
3
+ 5t 6) dt = + •
1R 3

r F . dr = r F(r(t)) . r ’(t) dt
‘JC
b

= s: (P i + Qj + R k) . (x ’(t) i + y'(t) j + z'(t) k) dt

= s: [P(x(t) , y(t) , z(t)) x ’(t) + Q(x(t) , y(t) , z(t)) y'(t) + R(x(t) , y(t) , z(t)) z'(t)] dt

fc F . dr = fc P dx +Q + Rdz F=Pi+Qj+Rk

F(x , y, z) = yi + zj + xk

fcydx + zdy + fc F .
F = Pi +

fcF' dr =

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
1052

[a ,
.

L Vf. dr = f(r(b)) - f(r(a))

y NOTE 1

B(x 2 , Y2)

c x A(Xl, B(X2 ,

L '1 f. dr = f(X2 , Y2) - f(x J, Yl)

(a) A(Xl , Yl , B(X2 ,

z Y2 ,

fc Vf. dr = f(X 2, Y2 , Z2) - f(x J, Yl , ZI)

A(x1, Yl' ztl

NOTE 2
x

(b)
1 dr

LVf. dr = . r'(t) dt

-
îbl, -ðf- -dx- - . ----‘----
.
ðf dy , ðf dz \
,
,
J (I \ ðx dt ðy dt ðz dtJ

=5: dt

= f(r(b)) - f(r(a))

r H I t
 15.3 1053

NOTE 3

mMG
F(x) = 3 x
--,-,,-
1 X 1

(3 , 4 , (2 , 2 ,
4

mMG
f(x , y , z) =
+

w= L F . dr = L Vf' dr

= f(2 , 2, - f(3 , 4, 12)

mMG mMG 1 1 \
-
_f
- J32 + 42 + 122 = m …V\2 .)2 -13}
l

•
.
Jc, F' dr Jc, F

y
B dI· = JC?Pf dr
L,

2
l

LVf- dr=IC: Ff dr C" j.Cl F · dr = JczF · F .

(independent of

r(b) = r(a)
.
C Jc F
C

; c 'J (J, ( 8L ,:-> 1

"
1054

C2 4).

LF dr = L F dr + L F dr = L
F dr - LC2F dr = 0

JcF. dr =

C"
o= I F. dr = I F. dr + I
J-C
.
, F dr
= I F. dr - I F. dr
‘IC JC
‘

fC1 F · dr = fC2F ·

fcF.
fcF. dr =

fcF. dr = 0

connected)

JcF.
\lf =

A(a ,
y
(x ,

f(x , y) = dr

fc F . (a , (x ,
f(x , (x ,
0
x x ,< (x" (a , (x"
(x" (x , 5).

( 1(. } ’t 1
 15.3 1055

f(x , y) = fClF dr + LF dr = dr + L : F dr

dX
y) = 0 + 4L L F - dr
dX C:, J

LF

C2 dy = t (XI t 5.3

r a rx
--;:- f(x , y) 1_ P dx + Q dy 1" P(t, y) dt P(x , y)
ax" . ' ",
= = --;:- =
ax ax Jx ,

(Xj y ------ c 2 r a r
--;:- f(x , y) = - - = --;:-1
1 Pdx + Qdy '‘ Q(x , dt = Q(x , y)
ay" . ' - , ay Jc, ay Jy,
c. J ‘ -(x , y ,) ‘

_.-/ D
(a , b)

af. , af
0 x
ax ay

•
•

l
F = \lf ,

dX dy

ap a2f a2f aQ
ay ay ax ax ay ax

F(x, y) = P(x, y) i + Q(x, y)

l D
ap aQ
ay ax

1 11 I t I
1056

‘
~
r

N //r

\
hr
/

t, < t2 < r(t ,)

7
curve) ,
r(a) = a<

-
r
-
\ - -
D
)
/ D

(b)

C C
ap aQ
fcF . dr > ay ax
10
C2

(a) F(x , y) = (x - y) i + (x - 2) j
(b) F(x , y) = (3 + i + - 3l)j

(a) P(x , y) =x - Q(x , y) = x -

%
-”- aQ
ax
= 1

ap/ay #-
(b) P(x , y) = 3 + Q(x , y) = x2 -

ap _ ðQ
--_
10 ay ax

t f
n
U
( ” n
”!
’l
/ f r
 15.3 1057

F(x , y) = (3 + i + -

Vf=
;;<.
-, ,

fx(x , y) = 3 + 2xy
/y (x , y) = x 2 - 3y2

f(x , y) = 3x + x 2y + g(y)

/y (x , y) = x 2 + g'(y)

g’(y) = -3y 2

g(y) = _y3 + K

f(x , y) = 3x + x 2y - y3 + K

= et sinti + et costj , 0 t

F(x , y) = (3 + 2xy) i + (x 2 - 3y2)j

fc F .
1
f(x , y) = 3x + - l (K = 0
r(O) = (0 , =
(0 ,

‘ :.1 ( , , ')1
1058

LF. dr = L Vf. dr = - 1) = - (-1) = e h + 1

y
2 Jc F .
(0 , 1)
(0 , 1)
x
(0 ,

-10 r(t) = -tj -1 t

C1 C

(0 ,
20
LF dr = L F dr = frF(r(0) dt

11 = E(3i i2j) (-j) dt

= fr3t2 dt = t3|2 = + 1
•

5 F(x , y , z) = l i + (2xy + e3z ) j + 3ye 3z

f/x , y , z) = y2

y , z) = 2xy + e 3z
fz(x , y , z) = 3ye 3z

f(x , y , z) = xy2 + g(y , z)

g(y ,

y , z) = 2xy + gy( y , z)

gy(y , z) = e 3z

g(y, z) = ye 3z +

f(x , y , z) = xy2 + ye 3z + h(z)

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 15.3 1059

h'(z) =

h(z) = K

f(x , y , z) = Xy2 + ye 3z + K

r(t) , a t r(a) = r(b) =

C F(r(t))

= mr"(t)

a (t) =

w= LF . S: dr = F(r(t)) . = f: mr"(t) . r ’(t) dt

= K [r'(t) . r'(t)] dt (

= f: 1 12 r'(t) dt = [1

= (1 r'(b) 12- 1r'(a) 12)

w= -

5m | v(0 |2,

W = K(B) - K(A)

(x , y , P(x , y , z) = -f(x , y ,
=

W = L F . dr = - L VP . dr = -[P(r(b)) - P(r(a))] = P(A) - P(B)

P(A) + K(A) = P(B) + K(B)

t (1 ( 'f 1
1060

1. 11. F(x , y) = (2xy , (1,

Ic Vf. (3 ,
y (a) IcF .

(b)
y

-----_....-?/
3
10

2
/’
0 x

2. I I I !
Ic Vf. ’ r f f f

x = (2 +1 y = t3 +( 0 t 1 0 2 3 x

12. y) = 2xyi + +
0 2
IcF .
0 6 4 (a) (b)
3 5 7 y y
(2 ,
2 8 2 9

3 - 10
F = 0 x 1 x

3. F(x , y) = (xy + y2) i + (x 2 + 2xy) j

4. F(x , y) = (y2-2x)i+2xyj 13. F(\', y) = + l)i +

y
5. F(x , y) = y 2e xy i + (1 + xy)eXl' j
(-2 , 0) (2 , 0)
6. F(x , y) = ye Xi + (e" + e Y ) j x
0
7. F(x , y) = (ye X + siny) i + (e X + xcosy)j C

8. F(x , y) = (2xy + y-2) i + (x 2 - 2xy-3) j , Y > 0

9. F(x , y) = (y2 cos X + cos y) i + (2y sin x - x sin y) j

10. F(x , y) = (l ny + y/x)i + (l nx + x /y)j (a)

(b) F =

[c h'!1
1062

37-40 (a) (b) (c)

(a) d1 , P1 ,

37. {(x , y) 1 0 <Y< 3}

38. {(x , y) 11 < Ixl < 2} (b)

39. {(x , y) 1 1 x2 + y2 4, y O} F = -(mMG)r/1 r

1.5 2 x
40. {(x , y) 1 (x , y) (2 , 3)} 1 .47 x
(m =
24 30
-y 1 -r XJ 5.97 X 10 kg , M = 1. 99 X 10 kg , G = 6.67 X 10- 11
41. F(x , y) =
x- -r y
(a) ðP/ày = (c)
(b) fcF . (1 , F = eqQr/1 r -1. 6 X

(-1 ,
C1 , fc , F' fCl F .

(e = 8.985 X
42.

n
n U

15.4 I

•
y

r(t) , a t

0
2
x

x 0 l

(a) (b)

( 1(. } ’t 1
 15 .4 1063

F=Pi+ LP dx + Q dy = U( 8o - ap )1 dA
11 I --::=:-
JJ \ ðx ðy /
.fcF . D

NOTE

- dA = LPdx +

S: F'(x) = F(b) - F(a)

Green ,

ðQ/ðx ,

Q, a, b
[a ,

regions)

LPdx

(Thomson ),

( 1( ,t I
1064

D= {(x , y) Ia X b , gt(x) y g2(X)}

g"

ff ay
% dA = fb ày
(x, y) dy dx = {b [P(x, 92(x)) - P(x, 9l(x))] dx

y
y = g2(X) C" C2 , C3 ,
/
C3 C , x = x, y

C. t D +C = g ,(X) , a X

I C1 L P(x, y) dx = gt(x)) dx
y =gl(X)

0 a b X

x = x , y = g2(X) , a X

L P(x, y) = -Lc P(x, y) dx = -K P(x, g2(x))

C2 C4
=

L P(x, y) dx = 0 = L P(x, y) dx

fc P(x, y) =
L
P(x, y) dx + L P(x, y) dx + L P(x, y) + L P(x, y) dx

=
f: P(x , -
f: P(x , g2(X)) dx

LP(x, y)dx=

II
34 .

•
1 (1 , (0 , (0 ,
fcX4 dx + xy

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 15 .4 1065

y
4 P(x , y) =
(0 , 1) y=l-x
(x , y) =

+ - =
(0 , 0) (1 , 0) x

= I [fy2]j:; = (1 - x )2 dx

= -&(l - x)3]S = &

•
Pc (3y -

fc (3y - e sinx ) dx + (7x +

ff4 =4 = + - - e sinx ) ] dA
D

= (7 - 3) f dr d8 = 4 r d8 Kr dr =
•

C P(x , y) =
Q(x , y) = D

- dA = LP dx + Q dy =

l
IJD 1

aQ ap l
ðx ðy

- - -
I t I
1066

P(x , y) = 0 P(x , y) = -y P(x , y) = -ty

Q(x , y) = x Q(x , y) = 0 Q(x , y) =

| A = t c xdy = -tcydx = - y dx

a- D

x = a cos t , y = b sin t , 0 t

A= dy - ydx

= r' (a cos t)(b cos t) dt - (b

- -2
m
d,‘
‘ -

• R. W. Gatterman , “ The as an example of Green ’ s Theorem" Ame r.

5 Math. Monthly , Vo l. 88 (1981) , pp. 701 --4.
Tanya Leise , “ As the planimeter wheel turns" College Math. Journal , Vo l. 38
(2007) , pp. 24-31

C1
Co •

D, U C, u

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
 15 .4 1067

C2 U

L c P dx
CIUC}
+ Q dy = " U/8o \ dX
ap ) dA
dy /
D , ‘ •

dA

-C3

Luc Qdy = ff
D = D, U C
= C, U
7

dx + 3xy
y 8

D= {(r , 8) 11 r 2, 0 8
A }1
}l - (
x
’y =
a
-”
a
/
V
2 Ju A

= ff ydA f r (rsin
= 7T
0
8) rdrd8

= fo" sin 8d8 f> 2dr = [ -cos =

10

‘ :.1 ( I , .)1
1068

- dA

= LD Pdx + +

- = L P dx + Q +L P + Q dy = L P dx + Q
D

5 F(x , y) = (-y i + xj)/(x2 +

fcF' dr =

a <j
C oJ j 11
x

11
r . . r
1 P dx + Q dy + 1 P dx + Q dy = 11 I --::=:- - -_- I dA
I ðQ ðP \
J-c' JJ \ ðx ðy /
D

Pdx+

;;<.
.." LF dr=LF dr

r(t) = a cos t i + a sin t j , 0 t

L F dr = L F dr = F(r(t)) . r ’(t) dt

1-" (-a-- sin

---- t)( -----,t) + (a
-" -a-. sin -- - t)(a
,-- cos --- t).
-" .. cos -, dt = r dt
1-" = •
Jo a 2 cos 2 t + a 2 sin 2 t _. Jo

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 15 .4 1069

ðP ðQ
ðy ðx

fc F • dr = fc P dx + Q dy = if - = Qo =0

fcF' dr = fc F .
.•

15.4 1

1-4 (a) (b) 11. f cy 3 dx - x 3 dy ,

12. fc (1 - y3) dx + (x 3 + e Y ') cly , +

1. tcy2dx + x 2ycly , (0 , 0) , (5 , 0) , (5 , 4) , (0 , 4) i= 9

2. tcydx - xcly , 13-18 fcF .

3. tc xy clx + 2
X y 3 cly , (0 , 0) , (1 , 0) , (1 , )

13. fc (3 + e") dx + (tan-1y + 3x 2) cly

4. tcx2y2dx + xydy , (1, y = x2
(1 , (0 , (0, (0 ,

x 2 + y2 = 1
5-12
2 x

5. + 2e" cly , (0 , 0) , (3 , 0) , (3 , 4) , (0 , 4)
14. fc (x 2/3 + y2) clx + (y4 /3 - x 2) dy
y
(4 , 2)
6. fc ln(xy) + (y/x) dy , (1, 1), (1 , 4), (2 , 4),
(2 ,
C
7. f Cx 2y2 clx + y tan- 1y dy , (0 , 0) , (1, 0) , (1 , 3)

0 x
8. fc (x 2 + y2) dx + (x 2 - y2) cly , (0 , 0) , (2 , 1) ,
(0 , 15. F(x , y) = (ycosx - xysinx , xy + xcosx) , (0 ,
(0 , 4) , (2 , 0) , (0 ,
9. fc(Y + eh )clx + (2x + cosy2)dy , y
16. F(x , y) = (e-" + y2 , e- Y + x 2) , y = cos
4
10. fcy clx + 2xy 3 dy , + 2l =
{ --
 15.5 1071

15.5

curl F = i + - -

p · a a 8
= i-:'=-+j-:'=-+ k-:'=-
ðx ðy ðz

. ðf . . ðf .• ðf ðf . . ðf . . ðf
V'f= i-:'-
ðx
+j -:'- + k-:'-
ðy ðz
= -:'-i
ðx
+ -:,- j +-:'-k
ðy ðz

ð/ðx , ð/ðy ,

·l ·J k
a-K 8 a-K
V' X F= -W
P Q R

i + j +
= curl F

curl F = V' X F

1 F(x , y , z) = xzi + xyzj curl

x { --
r I I
1072

k
a
cur1 F = V X F = -k
2
7
xz xyz

_ i - _
[lJ

+ (xyz) - (xz)] k

= (-2y - xy) i - (0 - x) j + (yz - k

= -y(2 + x) i + x j + yz k

cur1 (Vf) = 0

·l ·J
k

cu r1 (Vf) = V X (Vf) =
-”
a 8-
”%

M-h

i + j +
=Oi+Oj+Ok=O
•
=

curl F = 0

2 F(x , y , z) = xz i + xyz j - l

t r -
( 1(1 i
 15.5 1073

curl F = -y(2 + x) i + x j + yz k

curl F =f:. F

F =

(a) F(x, y, z) = lZ3 i + 2xyz3j + 3xy2Z2

(b) F =

(a)

k j

8 8 8
curl F = V X F = I _-_
ðx ðy ðz
y2 z 3 2 xyz 3 3xy2z2
= (6xyz2 _ 6xyz2)i _ (3y2z2 _ 3y2Z2)j + (2 yz 3 _ 2 yz 3)k
=0

curl F =
(b)

fx(x , y , z) = y2 z 3

J;, (x , y , z) = 2xyz3

.fz (x , y , z) = 3xy2z2

f(x , y, z) = xy2z3 + g(y, z)

y, z) = 2xyz3 + 9y(y,
gy (y, z) = g(y, z) =
.fz (x, y, z) = 3xy2z2 + h’(z)
h ’ (z) =
1074

f(x , y , z) = Xy2 Z 3 + K

3
(x , y , z) curl F(x , y ,

l curlF

curl F =

curl F #

curl F #

curl F =

“‘ ,/ - ' 1'- ‘/’ .//._‘ ,"-'\\ ‘ y f I / /'

"-.../ /.._ ‘- / ‘~
'\ " \ ‘ I / )'

_.. l • J ‘ • |•
’ 1/
‘ • • j

_.. " , I / /

l N
--1 --
\.
\ , I ! !
/ N _. ! I! _. /
' 1'
III ' \ 1\ III x x

-,/'/,/ - -,/ /- ". _. -

/1/
“‘ '\

t
‘-/
_.. -
_.__.. . . . . . . . . _. )' 1/ _.
l • 1 ' 1 • 1 • i
l --" - ‘ ..- .’
-

- “~
- / 1/ - . . . ......... __.
‘ , ,/ ý

2
(a) F(x , y, z) = sin y i + cos x j (b) F(x , y, z) = 2xy i + (X + y) j
curl F(x , y, z) = -(sin x + cos y) k curl F(x , y , z) = 0

F = Pi + Qj + ap/ax , aQ/ay ,

div F = _-_
ap . aQ +. -aR
+ ....:....=:...
ax ay az
( - -
 15.5 1075

div
curl div
"il = (a/ðx) i + (ð/ay)j + (ð/ðz) ?

div F = "il . F

F(x , y , z) = xzi + xyzj

divF = "il. F = + +
ðx " ðy ' -, ðz

•
curl curl

Q,

div curl F = 0

a . (a X b) =

5 F(x , y , z) = xz i +
F 0/= curl

div F = z + xz

div F 0/= F =

div F = div curl G = 0

x
r ( 1( I
1076

div F .•

div F(x , y ,
div F(x , y , (x , y ,
div F(x , y ,
(x , y , div F =

div F div
Pl
div P2
div F =

f (i Î t \,
/"

.....--"'/ ;'’
P1 •
/’ /'

/’ /.....--'"
P2
/

// f K
P.
,
--
•
___., _,.. ...... I _...-
/’ ---'’ __.. 7 \ ......... ..........__

__.
---t;’ .--1> -• ---t> ‘~ ‘-
--•-
--J:> --9 ----sx
-•’“~“ -.‘ ..- -
-----.:. --..,. --..,. -----.:. "-.,. ,/
3
---• s ... "‘ N J //
)
'\. \‘ '\. N J J
(a) F(x , y , z) = (1 + X ) i + Y j 2
(b) F(x , y , z) =- xi + yj
div F(x , y , z) = 2x + 1 div F(x , y , z) = 0

ð2f , ð2f ,
div( 'Vf) = 'V • ('V f) =
ðx. ðy. ðz.

'V 2 = 'V • 'V

equation)
2
.....,? r
"
ðf , a2f , a2f ^
’ J ðx2. ðy2 . ðz2

r H I t
 15.5 1077

F=Pi+Qj+Rk

V2 F = V 2p i + V2Qj + V 2R k

fc F . dr =

j
ð ð
curl F =
ðx ðy
P(x , y) Q(x , y)

(curl F) . k = k. k

I fc F . dr = fc F . = ff (curl F) . k dA

curl

r(t) = x(t) i + y(t) j a t b

x'(t) ' . y ’(t)

T(t) i +
=
Ir’(t) I •.
I I
Ir’(t) I j
I J I
J

x ’(t)
(1) =
Ir'(t) I .i - Ir'(t)
I J I ,:-_: j
I
1-. I
J

( 1( 't I
1078

F n ds = I (F n)(t) | rI(t) | dt

0 x = Ib l P(X(t) , y(t)) yI(t) Q(x(t) y(t)) XI(t) |

l \ / - '-- 11 r'(t) 1 dt
1 1r'(t) 1 1r ’(t) 1 1

= r P(x(t) , y'(t) dt - Q(x(t) , y(t)) x'(t) dt

= ff

fcF. = fS div F(x,

C

15.5 1

1-8 (a) (b) 9. y 10. y

1. F(x , y , z) = xy2z2 i + x 2yz2 j + x 2y2z k

11//
2. F(x , y , z) = x 3yz 2j + y4 z 3 k t t 1///
3. F(x , y, z) = xye' i + yze k X
11 / / ' ..-/ -----
-•
0 ‘r 0 x
4. F(x , y, z) = sin yz i + sin zx j + sin xy k

5. F(x , y , z) =
..+ --!'--"----.i
i
JY ..+ ';; k
11. y 12. y
‘ .....
z 1+x ‘ 1+Y
-- -- ~ x \
,p \.\ \

- --
p.
6. F(x , y, z) = ln(2y + 3z) i + ln(x + 3z) j + ln(x + 2y) k -+-
-’ ’- \
“- \
7. F(x , y, z) = (e ‘ sin y, e>" sin z , e: sin x)
-‘-
8. F(x , y, z) = (arctan(xy) , arctan(yz) , arctan(zx)) 0 x 0 x

9-1 2
13. (a) f(x , y, z) = sin
(b) F(x , y , z) = xyz2 i + x 2yz 3 j + i
(a)
(b) curl F =
14.

I
U I
U C
{ t t
L
1080

(c) curl v =
z
divE =

E =
0
--c
-um
div H = 0

curlH
1 òE
=--
c àt
w

B
\ \ (a) V X (V X E) =
1 ò2 E
.. ?
c ‘ òt L
1 ò2 H
(b) V X (V X H) = .... ?
/ cL òt L
1 ò2 E
(c) V2E = -::-
òt ‘
‘ 1 ò2 H
0 (d) VlH
C•

y
41. F=Vg curl F =
x F = curl G
div F =
40. f = div G

g(x, y , z) = y, z) G(x, y, z) = (g (x , y,
z) , 0, ]

15.6 I

u, r(u ,

r(u , v) = x(u , v) i + y(u , v) j + z(u , v) k

x , y,
u, (u ,

x = x(u , v) y = y(u , v) z = z(u , v)

[R 3 (x , y ,

surface)

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 15.6 1081

u, (u , D
r(u , l

U z

\
\

11 0

x y

r(u , V) = 2 cos u i + vj + 2 sin u

x = 2 cos u y = v z = 2 sin u

(x , y ,

x2 + Z2 = 4 cos 2 u + 4 sin 2 u = 4

y = 2
•

0 U 0 U V7]- x 0,
• (0, 3 , 2)
Z 0, 0 y

r(u ,
uv
u = r(uo , v)
4

, l' I t I
1082

v = r(u ,

r(u , v) = ((2 + sin v) cos u, (2 + sin v) sin u, u + cos v)

0 u U

x = (2 + sin v) cos u y = (2 + sin v) sin u z= u + cos v

sin cos

u = Uo
z = uo + uo - Uo +
l

P
-•
PoP = ua +

46 P

-• -•
r = OPo + PoP = ro + ua + vb

r(u , v) = ro + ua + vb

u,

r H I t
 15.6 1083

r = (x , y , z) , ro = (xo , yo , zo) , a = (al , aZ , a3), b = (bl , bz , (xo

yo ,
x = Xo + ua + vb , , y = yo + Ua2 + vb 2 Z = Zo + Ua3 + vb 3

4 + i + Z2 =

x = e y= a e z= a

= a sin cos e i + a sin sin ej + a cos k

O 8 D = [0 ,
X 8
7

2 7T
D

f) =k

x
7T
•
NOTE

x2 +
l + Z2 =

FL ’\} ( 8L " ,:->1

1084

x 2 + y2 = 4 0 Z 1

x = 2 cos 8 Y = 2 sin 8 z= z

0 8 Z

r(8 , z) = 2 cos 8i + 2 sin 8j + zk

D = {(8 , z) 10 8 Z 1}

k r

0 C 8

•
6 z = x2 +

x= x y= y z = x 2 + 2y2

r(x , y) = xi + yj + (x 2 + 2y2)k

•
z = f(x , y)

x=x y=y z=f(x , y)

7 Z2 = +
V I V J. ,t L
 15.6 1085

x=x y=y

r(x , y) = x i + Yj +

2
(x , y , x = r cos B, y = r sin B, z = =

r(r , B) = r cos B i + r sin B j + 2r k

r O 8
•
z =

D = {(r, B) I 0 r 5, 0 8

i
2
r
k ----•
D

0 C 6 y

11 x

y of f(x)
y = f(x) , a X 8
(x , y , S

x = x y = f(x) cosB z = f(x) sinB

f(x)
x

8
12

( 1( '8 iJ I t I
1086

8 y = sinx, 0 X

x= x y = sin x cos e z = sin x sin e

O X 8

30 .

•
r(uo,

r(u , v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v) k

u=
r(uo , S Cl
14

ðy
rv = (uo , vo)j + (uo , vo) k
dV dV dV

r
\

0 11

v= r(u ,

ðy
r ll = (Uo , vo) i + (uo , vo)j + (uo , VO) k
dU dU dU

r ll X

r ll X
2 2
x = U ,Y = V ,Z = U +

,. E '. I t
 15.6 1087

(1 , 1, 3)

ðx . . ðy. ðz
r“ __:_::__k = 2u i + k
ðu ðu - ðu

ðx . . ðy. ðz
rv = i+ j + k = 2v j + 2 k
ðv ðv - ðv

·J LK

” × ‘r
rl
U
- 0 1i - J U
‘
-Il A4u 1J
• + A4·
M LA
0 @

(1 , Ll = v =

-2 i - 4j + 4 k

(1 , 1,

-2(x - 1) - 4(y - 1) + 4(z - 3) = 0

--, x + 2y - 2z + 3 = 0

16

Rij

-- r

0 11
x y

= r “ (ut , = rv{u ;t\

l1 u
1088

D. v D. u D. v

Pij
(a)
I(D. u d') X (D. v r j') I = Ir;)' I
X r t- D. u D. v

m 11

L L Ir j' X r .T I D. u D. v

(b) ffDlr“ X r vI du

17

r(u , v) = x(u , v) i + y(u , v) j + z(u , v) k (u , v) E D

D (u ,

A(S) = If I r ll X r V I

d‘ x v z
r ll =
ðx.
i
,
+
ðy.
j +
, ðz
-::-=- k
Fl - -U,l
. + “-u + - -ULk
”d
au ðu U ðu

10 a 'il

x = a cos 8 y = a sin 8 z = a

D = I0 0 8

j k
ax ay az J k
X re =I a cos cos 8 a cos sin 8 -asm
ax ay ðz -a sin 8 asm cos 8 0
a8 a8 ae

= a2 cos 8 i + sin 8 j + a2
I ‘ I ‘ ,
 15.6 1089

X rO I = .J.a 4 cos 28 + sin 28 + cos 2 cþ

= + = =

A= × = d <þ d8
D

= a2 r d6 I sin = = 4 1Ta 2

•
•
(x , z = f(x ,

x=x y=y z=f(x , y)

rx = i + +

j k
ðf
rx X ry = 1 0 I
I =
ðf. -
ðf + k
M ðx ðy
n
U
--
ðy

Irx X ryl =

8.1

L =
[]] A(S) = if +

11 z=9
+l = 9, z =

D 18

; c 'J (J. ( 8L " ,:'" 1

1090

dA

= ff + dA = ff .J l + 4(x 2 + y2) dA

A = I: dr d fJ = I:

+ = - 1)

•
y = f(x) , a X

f(x)

x= x y = f(x) cos fJ z = f(x) sin fJ

r ,, =i+f ’(x) cos ej f' (x) sin fJ k

ro = -f(x) sin fJ j + f(x) cos fJ k

j k
r" Xro=ll f'(x)cose f ’ (x) sin fJ
o -f(x) sin fJ f(x) cos fJ

= f(x)f ’(x) i - f(x) cos fJ j - f(x) sin e k

f(x)

Irx X rol = YÍ[f(x)Hf'(x5 J2 + [f(X)J2 cos fJ + [f(x}J2 sin

2 2
fJ

= + [f’ (X)J2J = + [f '(X)J2

A = ff
D
roldA

= I: f(x) .J1 + [f ’(x)J2 d fJ

s: f(x) .J + [f '(X)J2 dx
l

( II /t
 15.6 1091

15.6 1

1-2 15. r(u , v) = (u 3 - u) i + v2 j + u2 k

1. r(u , v) = (u + v , u - 2v , 3 + u - v) 16. x (1 - u)(3 + cos v) cos

=

P(4 , -5 , 1) , Q(O , 4, 6) y = (1 - u)(3 + cos v) sin 4 7r1l,

z = 3u + (1 - u) sin v
2. r(u , v) = (1 + u - v, u + v2, u 2 - v2)
P(1 , 2, 1) , Q(2 , 3, 3) 17. x = cos 3 u cos 3 v , Y = sin 3 u cos 3 v , z = sin 3 v

18. x = sin u, y = cos u sin v, z = sin v

3-6 H

3. r(u , v) = (u + v) i + (3 - v) j + (1 + 4u + 5v) k
4. r(u , v) = u2 i + u cos v j + u sin v k

5. r(s , t) = (s cos t , s sin t , s)

6. r(s , t) = (3 cos t, s , sin t) ,

y

7. r(u , v) = (u 2 , v 2 , U + v) ,

8. r(u , v) = (u , v 3, -v) , x
-2 U 2, -2 U 2

9. r(u , v) = (u 3, u sin v , u cos v) , V

-1 U 1, 0
10. r(u , v) = (u , sin(u + v) , sin v) ,
-7r U 7r, v .;; 7r

11. x = sin v , y = cos u sin 4v , z = sin 2u sin 4v ,

y
0 U 2 7r, U

12. x = cos y = sin u sin v, z = cos v,

19-26

19. -
13-18 20. (0 , -1 , (2 , (-3 , 2 ,

13. r(u , v) = u cos v i + u sin v j + v k 21. 4x2 - 4/ - Z2 =

14. r(u , v) = i + u v j + (u
2 2
-
22. + 2l + 3z 2 =

FL ‘ J ( öL I J.' I
1094

15.7 I

S
f(x , y , z) =

r(u , v) = x(u , v) i + y(u , v) j + z(u , v) k (u , v) E D

U
Rij

I I I J I I I I r
I I Hcwl I I I ---’-
í I I I I
I I I I I I I I

0 u
x

111 '1

2: 2: f(P/j) /:l Sij

;=1 j=1

I If f(x , y , z) = Ef(RT) ASu

/:l S;j = Iru X rv I/:l u /:l v

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 15.7 1095

d‘ x ‘‘0
ðx
r ll = -:::-:- i
. ðy • . ðz
+ ðu j + -:=- k ‘r - -u + - -U
.o
‘ d
.•
, + - -” k
”
?‘

dv
ðu ðu

(u , D
If f(x , y, z) dS = ff f(r(u , v)) 1 r X ll

fc f(x , y , z) = S: f(r(t)) 1 r'(t) 1 dt

ff1 = ff 1r X r.1 dA = A(S)

ll

f(r(u , f(x , y, x = x(u , V) , y = y(u, V) ,

z = z(u ,

+ l + Z2 =

x = 8 y = z=

::;<..
---, = cos 8 i + sin8 j + k

X rol =

If x dS = If
2
X rO IdA

= (1 + cos 2IJ)
= If U cos 28 sin d8 = r cos28 d6 U
= + cos 28) d8 50"
= 1-

= ![8 + ! sin 28 + •

t (1 ( 'f 1
1096

(x , y, p(x, y,

n= ff p(x , y , z)

y,

= ff xp(x, y, z) i = y p(x , y , z) dS z= zp(x, y, z)

41 .

•
z = g(x,
x=x y=y z =g{x, y)

/
----‘
0 9
‘r x - ,.l +
‘\ o.
-‘-x L
k
ry = j +

og . og
rx X ry = -
ox i -
oy j + k

I rx X + 1

II f{x , y, z) dS = ij f{x , y, g(x, y)) + 1

y = h(x,

Y f{x , y, z) dS = lj f{x , h{x, z) , z) + ldA

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 15.7 1097

z = x +i ,0 X 1, 0 y ffsY

ðz ðz
-_ = 1, -_ =
ðx . ðy

-‘-
UydS= {J y F dA

= fOl f02 y .J l + 1 +

= f02

= + J: =
•
SI , S2 , "',

ff f(x , y , z) dS = ff f(x , y , z) dS + ... + ff f(x , y , z) dS

3
i S2 z = 1 +

\ ___ SI (X 2+ y2 = 1) x = cos 8 y = sin 8 z= z

" lI
- \.1 _ _ _ -• r
__ X O 8 Z 1 + x = 1 + cos
•0
/ j k
S2
r o xrz =l-sin8 cos8 01=cos8i+sin8j
0 o 1

Iro X r z I = .Jcos 28 + sin 28 = 1

ff z dS ff z Iro =

= IfI+co 8zkd8 = ” + cos 8)2 de

‘ :.1 ( I , ')1
1098

= [1 + 2cos8 + !(1 + cos 28)] d8

= 5[% + 2 Sln8 + i sin 28]T=

ff zdS= ffOdS=O

D
g(x , y) = 1+

= (1 +

= .J2 fo217 fOl (r + r 2cos 8) dr d8 =.J2 f0217 (! + ! cos 8) d8

= = .J271"

ff z dS = ff z dS + ff + ff zdS

= +0+ = (t + •
•

\ / Möpbius ,
\
"r
I
“‘......
\

B D
B C -+- .•

A D -’•••C
A

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 15.7 1099

orientable, (x ,

y, (x , y ,
02 = 6
S (x , y ,

//n
r ,
: / ’
•
n
“/nr n
þ."
n

z = g(x ,

r(u ,

r “ × ‘r U
n -r-u-×-rl-u

x2

(J) = a sin cos (J i + a sin sin (J j + a cos cþ k

X ro = cos (J i + a 2sin 2cþ sin (J j + a 2 cos cþ k

Ir q, X rol = a 2 sincþ

= Slll cos (J i + sin sin (J j + cos k = L e)

Ir q, X a

( 1( I f
1100

8
re X - X

///

~
z- ~
;
\
x

,
tive
9

l
p(x , y , v(x , y ,

10

L
S
x / / s---

x x y

11

11

(pV . n)A(Sij)

p, V ,

pV • )
S pV'

ff pV' n = ff p(X, , Z)V(X,

y y , Z) • n(x, y , Z)

t 1

1
P
U
t
U
”l
’’
’t tr
 15.7 1101

F =

ff F.

ftux

ff F . dS ff F . = n dS

r(u , ‘

ff F . dS = ff F . n dS = ff F
= n R“ l
l
l
|
|
L
nu
r ” × r--r
-r-“-×
i
i
r
u
× ‘r M

LF · dr I F(r(r)) · r ’
= (t) dt
ff F . dS ff F . (r" = X r.) dA

r ll X

4 + y2 Z2 = F(x , y , z) = z i + Yj + x k

e) = cos e i + sin ej + cos 1> k

e)) = i + sin ej + sin 1> cos e k

( 1( I f
1102

X ro = cosO i + sinO j + k

0)) . X ro) = coscþ sin 2cþ cosO + sin 20 + cos CÞ cos 0

ff F . dS ff F .
= X ro)dA

= f (2 cos cos 0 + sin 20) dcþ dO

0
1T

= 2 f
0
1T dO + r rsin26d8

= 0 + r
•
z = g(x ,

F. (r .r X r)') = (Pi + Qj + Rk) - + k)

If F. dS = If -Q + R) dA

y = h(x, z) x = k(y,
37 , 38

5 F(x , y, z) = y i + xj + z z=O
ffs F .

13

13 SI

t f
n
U
( ” n
”
!
’l
/ f r
 15.7 1103

P(x , y , z) = y Q(x , y , z) = x R(x , y , z) = z = 1- X

2 - y2

--oa
ðg
--= -
‘‘
“ - • VJ
U
ðx

ffF R) dA
= ff [-y(-2x) - x(-2y) + 1- X
2 - y2JdA

- n--‘/ -- + A
‘. n“ x,‘ ?
V ‘ ,‘,
/
D

= (1 + 4r2cos8 sin6 - r2)rdrd6

= fOl (r - r 3 + 4r 3cos8 sin8) drd8

= r' (t + cos8 sin8) d8 = +0=

n S2

ff F . dS = ff F . (- k) = = ff 0 =0

ffs F . S2

ff F . dS = ff F . dS + ff F . dS l

nE
s

Q= 80 ff E. dS

J
) 1
‘ :.1 O. ( I
1104

Système international 1':0 = 8.8542 X 10- 12

C2 jN.m 2 ].
Q=

(x , y , u(x , y ,

F = -KVu

ff F . dS = - K ff V u . dS

6
a 'il_

u(x , Y, z) = C(x 2 + / + Z2)

F(x , y , z) = -KVu = -KC(2xi + 2yj + 2zk)

(x , y , x2 + l + Z2 =

n = .!_ (x i + Y j + z k)
a

2KC ’
F.n = --- (x'
‘
+ ‘
+ z')” ‘

x2 + l + Z2 = F. n =

ff F . dS ff F .
= n dS = -2aKC ff
= -2aKCA(S) = = -8KC7r a 3

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 15.8 1107

(::+::1 , ::+::1 , 48.

47. K = (x , y ,
u(x , y , z) = 2i + i + Z2 = 6, 0 X 4 49.
F(r) = cr/I r

15.8 I
n

x y

i
l
l
•
,,
“, r
!
p
l ur
J
- nu l F
s

LF' dr = LF' ff curI F . dS = ff curl F . n dS

Stokes, 1819-

n p p
l
- i
i
l

“
,
·’’
X
F a, r
l

Thomson ,

sc F . dr = ff curl F . dS = ff (curl F) .
s s

t (1 ( ?Jf ‘ Y. I f 1
1108

F , S,

z = 9 (x , y) , (x , y) E

z g(x , y)

F curl
x y

If curl F . dS
S

= lf [ - +

(x , y , 9 (x ,
x = x(t) Y = y(t) a t b

x = x(t) Y = y(t) z = g(x(t) , y(t)) a t b

LF. dr
F . dr =
= Ifb I( P - , +
.)" \ at
Q @
at
+ k)
R - , I dt
at /

= r[(P + R + (Q + R dt

= L (P + R + (Q + R dy

+ - + ] dA

Q,

t n
U
( ” u
! t
t

,••
f r
 15.8 1109

LF' dr = if
ð"z \ I
- II . .ðP ðP ðz
:. .::.._ + ....:...::.._..::.::... ðR ðz
+ ----..::.::... ðR ðz ðz
+ ---..::.::.....::.::... + R ----- I I dA

i
l
i
”
--’ F
[
a’ ‘r - n p -m -p m
x
l
vi i
s

F(x , y , z) = -li + xj +
= fc F .

fc F .
·l j
k
-[

curl F = -Z
= (1 + 2y) k
27 Z
2
x

+
l z= = 2-
’
---
.. l
“,, c
F
U ‘r - n nF i
- n ‘ ’i
t
l
/ 1
+ y‘,,
4
/
s D

= (1 + 2r sin ()) r dr d()

= () 1 d() = f02 (! +
1T sin ()) d()

NOTE C

F
L J ( 8L " ,:->1
1110

ff curl F . dS = LF . dr = ff curl F . dS

z F(x, y , z) = xzi + yzj +

+l =

4 ffs curl F .

1 x2 + l + z2 =

x x 2 + y2 = 1 1, z =

r(t) = cos t i + sin t j + 0 t

r ’(t) = -sin t i + cos t j

F(r(t)) = cos t i + sin t j + cos t sin t k

ff curl F . dS = L F . dr = r T
F(r(t)) . r ’(t) dt

= t sin t + t cos t) dt = J3 r". =0

z
2

n l
l
F - n F x
s &

curl F = (x - y)i + (x - y)j

ff curl F . dS = ff curl F . dS = ff curl F . n dS

= ff [(x - y)i (x - y)j] . = ffOdS=O

( 1(. } ’t 1
 ‘
, ,,. ,,.
A A 4

15.8 ’
l
l
1
•

fc v . dr = fc v . T ds

fc v .
v

\\ - --’-
6

-- --
/ “ ‘...
‘--‘
---- /'"

// ‘
1
/ *
‘f
-
/ k' 1 “ \ k'

‘/ v t J / ,; v

-
f x
Ll
K

V dr > 0 ,

- --‘ ~‘~‘
/’

"'-.. - ’ / /’ - •· “ ‘i
‘ “‘’‘

Po(xo , Yo ,
curl (curl F)
(P) = (curl

’
---’
“,, (“
v a’ ‘r = n n, v - n” m v , n
& e

= ff curl v(Po) • n(Po) dS = curl v(Po) .

curl a•

curl v(Po) . n(Po) = lim I v. dr

• o 'TT' a ‘ JCa

curl v .

r curl

curl F =

fcF' dr =
- - -
I t I
1112

1 F. dr = 11 curl F . dS = 11 0 . dS = 0
‘JC JJ JJ

fcF' dr =

15.8 1
z
1. H,

s ____

ff curl F . dS = ff curl F . dS = ff curl F . dS --- -

--- y

4x 2+ y2 + 4Z2= 4

4 |
H | P

7-14 Jc F .

7. F(x , y , z) = (x + y2)i + (y + Z2)j + (z + x 2 )k ,

2-6 fJ s curl F • (1 , 0, 0) , (0 , 1, 0) , (0 , 0,

2. F(x , y , z) = x 2sin z i + y2 j + xy k , 8. F(x , y, z) = i + (x + yz) j + (xy - Jz) k ,

Z=I-X2_i 3x + 2y + Z =

3. F(x, y, z) = ze)' i + x cos Y j + xz sin y k , 9. F(x, y, z) = xy i + yz j + zx k ,

x 2
+ i + Z2 = 16 , y O

4. F(x , y , z) _= tan- 1(x 2yz2) i + x 2y j + X2Z2 k ,

X 2

5. F(x , y , z) = xyz i + xy j + x2yz k ,

(::!:1 , ::!:I ,

6. F(x , y , z) = e')' i + e-" j + x 2z k ,

4x2 + l + 4z2 = 4 x

( 1(. } ’t 1
1114

15.9 I

” F
‘---’
‘’ c
i
‘ nd 1
F
J
- n A -lV
U
RX J
u
A
D

ff F •n dS = fff div F(x , y , z) dV

1, 2 ,

Friendrich Gauss, 1777-1855) Theorem )

(Mikhail Ostrogradsky, ff F. dS fff divFdV =

ðP . ðQ . ðR
divF = - + ---=:.. +-
ðx ðy ðz

fff div F dV = + +

( 1(. } ’t 1
 15.9 1115

ff F . dS = ff F . + Qj + R k) . n dS

ffRk.nds

ff Qj .

E = {(x , y, z) I (x , y) E D , Ul(X , y) Z U2(X , y)}

M dV= (x , y , z) dZ]

M dV = ff [R(x , y , U2(X , y)) - R(x, y, Ul (X , y))]

S" S2 ,
1
k 0 n =

1
S,

z = y) , (X , y) E

ff R k 0 n dS = HR(x, y, uix, y))

S, D

x
r ( 1( I
1116

z = ,
u (x ,

ffRkon = - ff R(x, y , u J(x, y)) dA

ffRkon = ff [R(x , y , U2(X , y)) - R(x, y , Ul(X , y))]

ff R k 0 n dS =

2 3

•
1 F(x , y , z) = zi + Yj + x

ð .. a
div F = -:-
ðx (z)
', + -:-
ðy (y)
--, ðz (x)
+ -:- = 1

x2 + l + Z2

PF dS = F dV = 1 dV = V(B) = =

•
2 F(x , y, z) = xy i + (y2 + + sin(xy) z=l-x2
= 0, y = 2
/ JJs F 0

I )-“
9kr~ ~~1
F

a
divF = ;-(xy)
ðx ' -, + ;-(y2
ðy
+ e'=') + ðz (sinxy) = y + 2y = 3y
V

E = {(X , y , z) I -1 X 1, 0 Z 1 - X2, 0 y 2 - z}

t r -
( 1(. i
 15.9 1117

n l
F - d ”F M - ‘V M
s E E

= 3El 3El
- --2“,”
3 , l ---l ·‘ q ‘ 1
‘
- +n
/

”
j
1
l
-2--’ - - 3 -/ a’ x / ‘ a, x
l

,‘, x -/ ”“
i l
l 1

,,
l l
- • l
•• l
L

“ L n
U

184
L'r (X 6, + 3x 4 + 3x ,2 -
•
1 ,
= - 7) dx =
Jo ' 35

S = S, U 0=
3

fff di v F dV = ff F . dS = ff F . 0 dS

= ff F. ff F.
- p
l
X + nF
& &-

•
E(x) =
3
1X 1

x = (x , y ,

ff E. dS =

S
S,

;, L) I
1118

fff div E dV = - ff E . dS + ff E . dS
div E = 25

ff E . dS ff E . dS
=

\X\ =

E ·n
=
EQ / x l EQ EQ EQ

ff E . dS = ff E . = = = =

eo e = l

V(X, y ,

F = Po(xo , )'0 ,
div
div F(P) = div S“

ff F . dS = fff div F dV = fff div F(Po) dV = div F(Po )V(B ,,)

n•

div F(Po) = lim F. dS

l • o V(Ba) SJ
“”v ‘
‘,--’ ”/ ?/ div
/' / ! f ll

--- div F(P) >

/ /
/’ /' ! f /
,

’’ / / •
/ ’ • P div F(P) <
’
P
- - -’ l p , P ,
- - •
P, div F(P ,) > P,
- -’ . /p,
/’ /' r
I

f 1 I 1 , ! /'./’ P2
/'/ • t • I ff!//' div F(P2) <
+l j div F = 2x + y>

( - -
/t
 15.10 1121

15.10 I

S: F'(x) =F(b) - F(a) a b

r(b)

L dr = f(r(b)) - f(r(a))

- Qdy
----‘
D
D

ff curl F . dS = fc F . dr
S

M-” J
U
P
l
M - nF
E s

‘ :.1 ( , ,')1