Experiment – 01
Develop program to understand the control structure of python.
num = 7
if num > 0:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Non-positive number")
# For loop
print("For loop from 1 to 5:")
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
# While loop with break and continue
print("While loop demonstration:")
i=0
while i < 5:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue # skip printing 3
if i == 5:
break # exit loop when i is 5
print(i)
output:
Experiment – 02
Develop program to implement list, dictionary & tuple.
# List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print("List example:", fruits)
print("Second fruit:", fruits[1])
# Tuple
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
print("Tuple example:", colors)
print("First color:", colors[0])
# Dictionary
student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20, "grade": "A"}
print("Dictionary example:", student)
print("Student name:", student["name"])
output:
Experiment – 03
Develop program to implement function with stress on scoping.
x = 10 # Global variable
def outer_function():
x = 20 # Enclosing (nonlocal) variable
def inner_function():
nonlocal x
x = 30 # Modifies the enclosing variable
print("Inside inner_function, x =", x)
inner_function()
print("Inside outer_function after inner_function, x =", x)
def modify_global():
global x
x = 50 # Modifies the global variable
print("Inside modify_global, x =", x)
print("Initial global x =", x)
outer_function()
print("Global x after outer_function =", x)
modify_global()
print("Global x after modify_global =", x)
output:
Experiment – 04
Develop a program to implement exception handling.
try:
a = int(input("Enter numerator: "))
b = int(input("Enter denominator: "))
result = a / b
print("Result:", result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")
except ValueError:
print("Please enter valid numbers!")
output:
Experiment – 05
Develop program to implement classes and objects.
# Define a class
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade):
self.name = name
self.grade = grade
def display(self):
print("Student Name:", self.name)
print("Grade:", self.grade)
# Create an object of the class
s1 = Student("Alice", "A")
# Call method using the object
s1.display()
output:
Experiment – 06
Develop program to implement linear search & binary search.
# Linear Search
def linear_search(arr, target):
for i in range(len(arr)):
if arr[i] == target:
return i
return -1
# Binary Search (works only on sorted lists)
def binary_search(arr, target):
low = 0
high = len(arr) - 1
while low <= high:
mid = (low + high) // 2
if arr[mid] == target:
return mid
elif arr[mid] < target:
low = mid + 1
else:
high = mid - 1
return -1
# Sample list and target
numbers = [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]
target = 12
# Perform searches
print("List:", numbers)
print("Target:", target)
# Linear Search Result
result1 = linear_search(numbers, target)
print("Linear Search: Found at index" if result1 != -1 else "Linear Search: Not
found", result1)
# Binary Search Result
result2 = binary_search(numbers, target)
print("Binary Search: Found at index" if result2 != -1 else "Binary Search: Not
found", result2)
output:
Experiment – 07
Develop program to implement insertion sort , selection sort, bubble sort, &
merge sort.
# Insertion Sort
def insertion_sort(arr):
for i in range(1, len(arr)):
key = arr[i]
j=i-1
while j >= 0 and arr[j] > key:
arr[j + 1] = arr[j]
j -= 1
arr[j + 1] = key
# Selection Sort
def selection_sort(arr):
for i in range(len(arr)):
min_idx = i
for j in range(i + 1, len(arr)):
if arr[j] < arr[min_idx]:
min_idx = j
arr[i], arr[min_idx] = arr[min_idx], arr[i]
# Bubble Sort
def bubble_sort(arr):
n = len(arr)
for i in range(n):
for j in range(0, n - i - 1):
if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:
arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j]
# Merge Sort
def merge_sort(arr):
if len(arr) > 1:
mid = len(arr) // 2
left_half = arr[:mid]
right_half = arr[mid:]
merge_sort(left_half)
merge_sort(right_half)
i=j=k=0
while i < len(left_half) and j < len(right_half):
if left_half[i] < right_half[j]:
arr[k] = left_half[i]
i += 1
else:
arr[k] = right_half[j]
j += 1
k += 1
while i < len(left_half):
arr[k] = left_half[i]
i += 1
k += 1
while j < len(right_half):
arr[k] = right_half[j]
j += 1
k += 1
# Sample List
arr = [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
print("Original List:", arr)
# Insertion Sort
insertion_sorted = arr.copy()
insertion_sort(insertion_sorted)
print("Insertion Sort:", insertion_sorted)
# Selection Sort
selection_sorted = arr.copy()
selection_sort(selection_sorted)
print("Selection Sort:", selection_sorted)
# Bubble Sort
bubble_sorted = arr.copy()
bubble_sort(bubble_sorted)
print("Bubble Sort:", bubble_sorted)
# Merge Sort
merge_sorted = arr.copy()
merge_sort(merge_sorted)
print("Merge Sort:", merge_sorted)
output:
Experiment – 08
Demonstrate the following conditional statement in python with suitable
example.
(i) If – statement
# Example to check if a number is positive
number = 7
if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")
output:
(ii) If else – statement
# Example to check if a number is positive or negative
number = -5
if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")
else:
print("The number is negative.")
output:
(iii) If-elif –else statement
# Example to check if a number is positive, negative, or zero
number = 0
if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")
elif number < 0:
print("The number is negative.")
else:
print("The number is zero.")
output:
Experiment – 09
Demonstrate the following function which operates on string in
python with suitable example.
(i) Len
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python!"
# Using len() function to get the length of the string
length = len(text)
# Display the length of the string
print("The length of the string is:", length)
output:
(ii) Strip
# Example string with leading and trailing spaces
text = " Hello, Python! "
# Using strip() to remove leading and trailing spaces
stripped_text = text.strip()
# Display the stripped string
print("Original string:", repr(text))
print("Stripped string:", repr(stripped_text))
output:
(iii) Rstrip
# Example string with trailing spaces
text = "Hello, Python! "
# Using rstrip() to remove trailing spaces
stripped_text = text.rstrip()
# Display the original and stripped strings
print("Original string:", repr(text))
print("Right stripped string:", repr(stripped_text))
output:
(iv) Lstrip
# Example string with leading spaces
text = " Hello, Python!"
# Using lstrip() to remove leading spaces
stripped_text = text.lstrip()
# Display the original and stripped strings
print("Original string:", repr(text))
print("Left stripped string:", repr(stripped_text))
output:
(v) Find
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python! Welcome to Python programming."
# Using find() to search for a substring
position = text.find("Python")
# Display the result
print("Substring 'Python' found at index:", position)
# Searching for a substring that is not in the string
position_not_found = text.find("Java")
print("Substring 'Java' found at index:", position_not_found)
output:
(vi) Rfind
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python! Welcome to Python programming."
# Using rfind() to search for a substring from the end
position = text.rfind("Python")
# Display the result
print("Substring 'Python' found at index:", position)
# Searching for a substring that is not in the string
position_not_found = text.rfind("Java")
print("Substring 'Java' found at index:", position_not_found)
output:
(vii) Index
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python! Welcome to Python programming."
# Using index() to search for the first occurrence of a substring
position = text.index("Python")
# Display the result
print("Substring 'Python' found at index:", position)
# Trying to search for a substring that doesn't exist (this will raise
an error)
try:
position_not_found = text.index("Java")
print("Substring 'Java' found at index:", position_not_found)
except ValueError:
print("Substring 'Java' not found in the string.")
output:
(viii) Rindex
# Example string
text = "Hello, Python! Welcome to Python programming."
# Using rindex() to search for the last occurrence of a substring
position = text.rindex("Python")
# Display the result
print("Substring 'Python' found at index:", position)
# Trying to search for a substring that doesn't exist (this will raise
an error)
try:
position_not_found = text.rindex("Java")
print("Substring 'Java' found at index:", position_not_found)
except ValueError:
print("Substring 'Java' not found in the string.")
output:
Experiment – 10
Write a python program to demonstrate local and global
variables.
# Global variable
x = 10
def my_function():
# Local variable
x=5
print("Inside function, local x =", x)
# Call the function
my_function()
# Print the global variable
print("Outside function, global x =", x)
output:
