SOLID Principles in Java with Real-Time Examples
1. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
Definition: A class should have only one reason to change.
Bad Example:
public class Employee {
public String getEmployeeDetails() {
return "Employee Data";
public void generatePDFReport() {
// Generates report
Good Example:
public class Employee {
public String getEmployeeDetails() {
return "Employee Data";
public class ReportGenerator {
public void generatePDFReport(Employee emp) {
// Generates report
}
SOLID Principles in Java with Real-Time Examples
2. Open/Closed Principle (OCP)
Definition: Software entities should be open for extension, but closed for modification.
Bad Example:
public class DiscountCalculator {
public double calculate(String customerType) {
if (customerType.equals("Premium")) return 0.2;
else if (customerType.equals("Regular")) return 0.1;
return 0;
Good Example:
public interface DiscountStrategy {
double getDiscount();
public class PremiumCustomer implements DiscountStrategy {
public double getDiscount() { return 0.2; }
public class RegularCustomer implements DiscountStrategy {
public double getDiscount() { return 0.1; }
public class DiscountCalculator {
public double calculate(DiscountStrategy strategy) {
return strategy.getDiscount();
SOLID Principles in Java with Real-Time Examples
3. Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)
Definition: Subtypes must be substitutable for their base types.
Bad Example:
public class Bird {
public void fly() {
System.out.println("Flying");
public class Ostrich extends Bird {
public void fly() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Ostrich can't fly");
Good Example:
public interface Bird {}
public interface FlyingBird extends Bird {
void fly();
public class Sparrow implements FlyingBird {
SOLID Principles in Java with Real-Time Examples
public void fly() {
System.out.println("Flying");
public class Ostrich implements Bird {
// No fly method
4. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)
Definition: No client should be forced to depend on interfaces it does not use.
Bad Example:
public interface Worker {
void work();
void eat();
Good Example:
public interface Workable {
void work();
public interface Eatable {
void eat();
}
SOLID Principles in Java with Real-Time Examples
public class Robot implements Workable {
public void work() {
System.out.println("Working");
5. Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)
Definition: High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules; both should depend on abstractions.
Bad Example:
public class MySQLDatabase {
public void connect() {
System.out.println("Connected to MySQL");
public class App {
private MySQLDatabase db = new MySQLDatabase();
public void start() {
db.connect();
Good Example:
public interface Database {
SOLID Principles in Java with Real-Time Examples
void connect();
public class MySQLDatabase implements Database {
public void connect() {
System.out.println("Connected to MySQL");
public class App {
private Database db;
public App(Database db) {
this.db = db;
public void start() {
db.connect();
