Exotic Forest Insect Guidebook

Exotic Forest Insect
Guidebook
Troy Kimoto and
Marnie Duthie-Holt
For additional copies, please call 1-800-442-2342.
This publication is also available on CD and is posted on the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's website:
www.inspection.gc.ca
© Her Majesty In Right Of Canada (Canadian Food Inspection Agency), 2004.
Cat. No.: A104-23/2006E
ISBN: 0-662-43977-5
CFIA No.: P0351-04/06E
Cette publication est aussi disponible en français.
Printed in Canada.
Exotic Forest Insect
Guidebook
2006
Prepared by:
Troy Kimoto
Plant Health Survey Unit
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Marnie Duthie-Holt
Medi-For Forest Health Consulting
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are very grateful to Rob Favrin, Louise Dumouchel, Bruce

Gill, David Holden, Erhard Dobesberger, John Garland and
Doreen Watler, CFIA, Leland Humble, Edward Hurley and Wayne
MacKay, Canadian Forest Service, John Borden, Simon Fraser
University, Jerry Carlson, New York State Lands and Forests and
Ron Kimoto for reviewing various sections of the text. As well,
preliminary text contributions were made by Scott Holt, Medi-For
Forest Health Consulting and Jennifer Burleigh and Alex
Gustafsson, Phero Tech Inc.
French translation was reviewed by Louise Dumouchel, Jean-Guy

Champagne, Steve Cote, Marcel Dawson, Mélanie Mecteau, and
Jacqueline Van Acker.
Various literature searches were conducted by Patricia Madaire

and Greg Eldridge, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
Design review was conducted by Rob Favrin, Jacqueline Van

Acker, Kurt Sauder, Nancy Kummen, Jerry Dowding, Ches
Caister, Kara Soares and Ken Marchant, CFIA.
Financial assistance for the production of this guidebook

was provided by the Professional and Technical Development
Section, CFIA.
Troy Kimoto and Marnie Duthie-Holt
ii
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................. ii
Table of Contents .................................................................................................. iii
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
DEFOLIATORS ..................................................................................................... 5
Family: Lymantriidae
Calliteara pudibunda (Linnaeus) - Pale tussock moth ...................................... 6
Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) - Gypsy moth ..................................................... 8
Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus) - Nun moth ................................................... 10
Family: Tortricidae
Choristoneura murinana (Hübner) - Silver fir shoot tortricid ......................... 12
Tortrix viridana Linnaeus - European oak leafroller ....................................... 14
Family: Lasiocampidae
Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetverikov - Siberian coniferous silk moth.............. 16
Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus) - European tent caterpillar ......................... 18
LARGER WOODBORERS .................................................................................. 21

Family: Buprestidae
Agrilus biguttatus (Fabricius) - Two spotted oak borer .................................... 22
Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire - Emerald ash borer......................................... 24
Family: Cerambycidae
Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) - Asian long-horned beetle.............. 26
Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky) - Smaller Japanese
cedar longhorned beetle ..................................................................................... 28
Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus - Great Capricorn beetle........................................ 30
Monochamus sartor (Fabricius) ...................................................................... 32
Monochamus urussovi (Fischer) - Black fir sawyer beetle ............................... 34
Oberea linearis (Linnaeus) - Hazelnut longhorned beetle............................... 36
Oberea oculata (Linnaeus) - Eyed longhorn beetle ......................................... 38
Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus) .................................................................... 40
Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus) - Large poplar longhorned beetle................... 42
Saperda perforata (Pallas) .............................................................................. 44
Tetropium castaneum (Linnaeus) - European spruce longhorn beetle.............. 46
Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) - Brown spruce longhorn beetle ........................ 48
Tetropium gracilicorne Reitter - Thin-antenna spruce borer ........................... 50
iii
Xylotrechus altaicus Gebler - Altaï larch longhorn beetle ............................... 52
Xylotrechus rufilius Bates ............................................................................... 54
Family: Curculionidae
Pissodes harcyniae (Herbst) - Spruce weevil................................................... 56
Family: Siricidae
Sirex noctilio Fabricius - Sirex woodwasp....................................................... 58
Sirex rufiabdominis Xiao & Wu - Red-bodied horntail.................................... 60
BARK BEETLES ................................................................................................ 63

Family: Scolytidae
Dendroctonus armandi Tsai & Li - Large pitch tube bark beetle .................... 64
Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) - Great spruce bark beetle ......................... 66
Hylastes ater (Paykull) - Black pine bark beetle............................................. 68
Hylesinus varius (Fabricius) - Ash bark beetle ................................................ 70
Hylurgus ligniperda Fabricius - Red-haired pine bark beetle .......................... 72
Ips hauseri Reitter - Hauser’s engraver........................................................... 74
Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) - Six-spined engraver beetle ................................... 76
Ips subelongatus (Motschulsky) - Larch bark beetle ....................................... 78
Ips typographus (Linnaeus) - European spruce bark beetle ............................ 80
Pityogenes chalcographus (Linneaus) - Six-spined spruce bark beetle............ 82
Scolytus intricatus (Ratzeburg) - European oak bark beetle ........................... 84
Scolytus morawitzi (Semenov) - Morawitz’s bark beetle .................................. 86
Scolytus ratzeburgi Janson - Birch bark beetle ............................................... 88
Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus) - Common pine shoot beetle ............................ 90
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 93
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................... 99
HOST–INSECT INDEX .................................................................................... 104
INSECT–HOST INDEX .................................................................................... 110
PHOTO CREDITS ............................................................................................ 113
iv
Introduction
Trees and forested areas are invaluable white ash trees and threatens to severely
resources as they provide ecological, limit the distribution of these species.
economic, spiritual and social benefits to However, in this insect’s native range such
all within Canada. damage has rarely been observed.
Human activities impact the surrounding The Canadian Food Inspection Agency
environment by altering the structure and (CFIA) has a mandate, under the federal
dynamics of ecosystems. The rate and Plant Protection Act, to protect Canada’s
extent of global trade and human migration plant resource base against the introduction
have increased dramatically over the years. and spread of quarantine pests according
This expansion has increased the probability to standards outlined in the International
that organisms can be accidentally moved Plant Protection Convention. The CFIA
to and become established in areas does this by developing import, export
outside of their natural range. and domestic regulatory policies and
Most organisms fail to survive when associated inspection, surveillance and
introduced into a new environment or eradication programs.
moved over long distances. Sometimes
the conditions are suitable for an
introduced organism to survive, find an PATHWAYS OF INTRODUCTION
appropriate food source and successfully In terms of introduced organisms,
reproduce in its new environment. Once pathways can be defined as means by
established, their population levels may which organisms are moved to new
increase rapidly because the predators, environments. Various plant health
parasites and diseases which attack them policies have identified that the greatest
in their native range are not usually risks of introducing forest insects are
present in the new environment. generally associated with the importation
Canadian forests have been dynamically and domestic movement of:
evolving since the last ice age (~10, 000 • Wood packaging material
years ago) in response to fire, climate and • Shipping containers
indigenous insects and diseases. When • Nursery stock
exotic forest pests become established, • Firewood
trees are abruptly exposed to a new • Raw logs with bark
invasive species and may not have the • Christmas trees
mechanisms to defend themselves. • Personal effects
In conjunction with the absence of Wood packaging material can be one of
population-limiting factors, the the most important pathways for the
establishment of introduced forest pests introduction of exotic forest insects because
may lead to either localized or large scale it is often used to ship a wide variety of
tree mortality that can impact private consignments (e.g. steel products, granite,
residences, municipalities, industries and break bulk, glass, machinery, vehicles,
forest ecosystems. Recently, the Emerald consumer products, etc.).
Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis), a metallic The risk posed by wood packaging varies
woodborer native to China, has become with wood quality and degree of finishing.
established in North America where it is The higher the grade and degree of finishing,
causing extensive mortality to green and the less likely the possibility of infestation.
1
In the past, many exotic plant pests have OBJECTIVES
been intercepted on loose wood dunnage, This book is designed for public and
pallets, crating or other wood packaging private sector Canadians who work in the
made from low grade material from areas of tree health and arboriculture.
various origins. North America has This book focuses more on insect
recently agreed to begin the implementation descriptions, host tree preferences, damage
of a new International Plant Protection symptoms and geographic distribution
Convention standard (ISPM #15) that will rather than insect biology in order to
regulate the movement of international increase the probability of finding exotic
wood packaging. pests during tree health assessments. A key
Cities and urbanized areas have higher issue in the eradication of quarantine
probabilities of receiving exotic forest insects is discovering and identifying
pests because of the large volume of populations while they are still at low and
goods that are imported into those areas. controllable levels. Hopefully this book
Urban trees and forested areas are often will serve as an early detection tool.
exposed to poor growing conditions due This book is intended to help detect exotic
to soil compaction, air pollution, mechanical forest insects and should be used in
damage, etc. The combination of these conjunction with indigenous pest field
factors increases their vulnerability to guides. However, the information within
exotic forest pests. this book will not transform the reader
CFIA forest pest surveillance programs into an expert in insect identification.
target the routes of these pathways and Some exotic insects, especially bark
high risk locations (e.g. international beetles, may resemble indigenous or
ports or terminals, industrial zones, naturalized insects. Some of the damage
landfills and storage sites, nurseries, etc.). caused by exotic and indigenous forest
For example, high risk consignments insects may also be very similar (e.g. red
within transport containers are inspected needles). Therefore, suspect specimens
at major ports before they are permitted need to be examined by professional
to enter Canada. However, only a small entomologists for conclusive identification.
proportion of these containers are Most of the insects included in this book
inspected upon entry and therefore, a could pose a serious threat if they became
large volume of uninspected wood established in Canada. However, there
packaging material is transported to are a few that have already become
urban and rural centres throughout established and are being eradicated
Canada. As it is a tremendous and/or regulated. The insects within this
undertaking to monitor the introduction book do not represent a complete list of
of forest pests in a country the size of exotic forest insects which could invade
Canada, it is important to have many Canada. There are a large number of
additional “eyes” that are on the lookout non-indigenous insects throughout
for exotic organisms. temperate forest regions in the world and
only a very small portion of these has
been included.
2
How to Use this Book
BOOK FORMAT Signs and symptoms describes the
Descriptions of insects in this book are characteristics that are indicative of insect
organized by guilds, which represents attack (signs such as colour of frass, exit
similarities in their biology and the part of hole size and shape, egg gallery shape,
a tree in which they breed. Bark beetles etc.) and outlines a tree’s response to
are small insects that usually feed beneath attack by the insect (symptoms such as
the bark on phloem. Woodborers are a resinosis, fading foliage, thinning crown,
diverse assemblage of round and flat- etc.). Literature cited within the text of
headed wood borers, wood wasps, weevils this book is assigned a unique number.
and other insects that feed within the Citations can be looked up in the
wood. Defoliators are primarily moths, the Reference section at the back of the book.
larvae of which feed on foliage or needles. Two cross-reference indexes are provided.
Within this guidebook, these guilds are The first index can help determine which
colour coded for convenient referencing. insects will attack specific parts of a given
The insects are also arranged alphabetically tree. The second index indicates which tree
within each guild and each family. genera are known hosts of specific insects.
For many exotic insects scientific information Wherever possible, non-scientific
may be difficult to obtain. Some insects language is used throughout this book to
have not been extensively studied in their describe the insects. However, in some
native range. Therefore, there is some instances entomological terminology is
variation in the amount of information used. A glossary is located at the end of
presented for each insect. the guidebook to define these terms.
For each insect, information is arranged
into 6 categories:
• Identification DETECTING EXOTIC FOREST
• Host trees INSECTS
• Location of infestation within the tree Detecting newly introduced forest insects
• Host condition can be very difficult because the population
• Distribution may be localized and still at very low
• Signs and symptoms densities. Furthermore, the signs and
symptoms may be masked by other factors.
Identification briefly describes some of the However, there are specific clues that can be
key anatomical features that distinguish used to increase the likelihood of detection.
one insect from another. General symptoms of decline in coniferous
Host trees indicates which trees, by genus, trees are a thin crown, stunted leader (i.e.
are known hosts of an insect. top) and a chlorotic or reddening crown.
Location of infestation within the tree In broad-leaved trees, epicormic shoots,
describes the parts (roots, root collar, bole, wilted leaves, thin crown and pre-mature
branches, etc.) and tissues (foliage, phloem, foliage colour change are common
sapwood, heartwood, etc.) that are attacked indications of decline. Although these
by the various life stages of the insect. symptoms characterize many other types
Host condition outlines the health status, of forest health stress factors (e.g. drought,
age and size of trees that are attacked. root disease, hail damage, insects,
Distribution lists the countries or regions mammals, salt damage, sun scald), they
in which the insect is either native or has are also the most obvious external
been introduced. indicators of exotic insects. 3
Obtaining a “search image” for these If the cause of tree decline seems
symptoms is an initial step in locating suspicious, contact your local municipal
potentially infested trees. As many exotic or city forester, provincial ministry of
forest insects tend to breed in stressed natural resources
trees, it is important that inspectors and entomologist/pathologist or professional
surveyors check all obviously declining arborist. Record pertinent information
trees. This is particularly important in (street address or geographical
urban areas where trees often grow in coordinates, tree species affected,
sub-optimal conditions and are subjected observable signs and symptoms, etc.) and
to many stress factors. if possible, collect a specimen (preferably
In order to find infested trees, the adults) as these will assist professionals in
surveyor must scan the entire length of a evaluating the situation.
tree. Vigilance and general observation
for declining trees is most beneficial.
Scanning trees while walking through SAMPLE SPECIMEN SUBMISSION
parks, sparsely treed industrial areas, This guidebook should assist in recognizing
woodlots, fencerows, riparian corridors or the presence of introduced forest insects
other wooded areas is critical in quickly but it can not replace the years of
locating and identifying an early attack. specialized training required to correctly
identify insect species. There are many
General symptoms of decline should draw anatomical characteristics that require
attention to a tree or a group of trees. microscopic examination by specialists.
The next step is to determine the causal The “Identification” section within the text
agent. Familiarity with indigenous or of this guidebook only provides a general
naturalized biotic and abiotic forest description of an insect and does not
health factors as well as local site contain enough information to allow the
conditions will greatly enhance the reader to dependably identify an insect to
likelihood of an accurate assessment. the species level. If all other sources (e.g.
External signs of insect activity include local forest health specialists, native forest
the presence of larvae or adults, frass insect guidebooks, etc.) are unable to
(within bark cracks or crevices, on provide a definitive identification of a
understory leaves, at the base of the tree, forest pest, please contact a Plant Health
etc.), exit holes, entrance holes, pitch specialist at your local Canadian Food
tubes along the bole, resinosis, gouting, Inspection Agency office
oviposition niches, defoliation (partial or (http://www.inspection.gc.ca).
complete) and silk webbing. Internal
signs such as egg and larval galleries,
tunnels within twigs or branches, pupal Troy Kimoto
chambers and the presence of various Survey Biologist
insect life stages can be uncovered by Canadian Food Inspection Agency
removing portions of the outer and inner
bark with an axe or knife. Permission
from the landowner is always required for
more invasive investigations.
4
DEFOLIATORS
• Lymantriidae
• Tortricidae
• Lasiocampidae
5
Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae
Calliteara pudibunda (Linnaeus)

Pale tussock moth
IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Adult: Adults are robust light gray to Eggs are usually deposited on the bark of
gray-brown moths with a wingspan of 40 tree trunks and on foliage, in flat masses
to 62 mm in females and 33 to 45 mm in of 50 to 300 eggs.2, 47
males.2, 47 The front wings are light gray to Young larvae gather on the underside of
gray-brown with rust-coloured spots and leaves. Their feeding activity punctures
two dark transverse bands. The hindwings the leaf tissue creating holes which may
are dirty white to almost white.2, 47 While contain a few uneaten veins or the holes
at rest, adult moths extend their large, may be completely clear.2 Mature larvae
white and densely hairy front legs.2, 47 devour the entire leaf.2, 47 Pieces of
Males have densely pectinate antennae.2, 47 uneaten leaves, frass and branchlets can
Larva: Larvae are usually bright yellow- be found on the forest floor because
green but can appear brownish. Larvae mature larvae are wasteful eaters.2, 47
have four erect, yellow-white, dorsal tufts Severe defoliation causes thinning in the
on segments 4 through 7 with black canopy (i.e. increased sunlight penetration
transverse colouration between each tuft. to the forest floor).47 Branch tip die-back,
Third instar larvae also have a distin- up to 30 cm, can also occur during heavy
guishable erect, red, hair-pencil on the infestations.47 Outbreaks can result in
11th segment.2, 47 complete defoliation of the host tree by
Egg: Eggs are gray-blue, oblate spheroid the end of summer and cause mortality in
(pumpkin shaped) with a slight, dark young trees.2, 47
depression on the top.2, 47
HOST TREES
Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Carpinus, Castanea,
Corylus, Fagus, Juglans, Quercus, Populus,
Salix, Sorbus, Tilia and Ulmus.2, 47 Prefers
Fagus and Carpinus.2, 47
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN

THE TREE
Larvae feed on foliage within the crown.2, 47
HOST CONDITION
Healthy trees.2, 47
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, central Asia, China and Japan.2, 47
6
A B
Adult C. pudibunda. Note two dark transverse bands on front wings. Adult C. pudibunda extending
white, hairy front legs.
Pumpkin-shaped C. pudibunda eggs. Note black depression on the top.
D E
Bright yellow-green C. pudibunda larva. C. pudibunda larva. Note four erect, yellow-white,
Note red hair-pencil. dorsal tufts.
7
Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus)

Gypsy moth
IDENTIFICATION HOST CONDITION

Adult: Male moths are much smaller Healthy trees.4
than females and have a wing span of 35
to 40 mm.1 Females have a wingspan of DISTRIBUTION
55 to 70 mm. Males are brown whereas Europe, northern Africa, Asia, eastern
females are mainly white. Both sexes Canada and northeastern USA.1
have a dark, crescent-shaped mark on the
forewing.1, 2, 39 Both sexes also have SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
pectinate antennae, however the males Typically near their pupation sites, female
have longer branches that give their moths lay egg masses on tree bark, branches
antennae a more feathery appearance.1 and other protected places including rock
Larva: The 1st (3 mm) and 3rd (7 mm) piles, lawn furniture, bird houses, piles of
instars are black with long hairs; the 2nd wood, beneath logs, underneath
instar (5 mm) is brown with short hairs. recreational vehicles or equipment, etc.4
Instars 4, 5 and 6 are similar to each other Early instar larvae excavate small holes in
and may be light to dark gray with flecks leaves and feed gregariously.2 As the
of yellow. They have long hairs that may larvae grow they make larger holes and
be dark or golden and have 2 rows of they also consume the leaf margin.1 Final
tubercles along the back. Normally 5 instar larvae will consume the entire leaf.
pairs of blue tubercles are followed by 6 At high populations, larvae can strip all
pairs of red, however variations are leaves from a tree.1 At low populations,
known to occur including all 11 pairs of feeding may be barely noticeable and
tubercles being blue.1 larvae may be difficult to find since they
Egg: Ovoid egg masses are covered with prefer to rest in dark locations under bark
tan coloured hairs from the female’s flaps, stones, litter on the ground, etc.4
abdomen. They eventually become sun Larvae seek sheltered places to pupate.57
bleached with age. Egg masses are Pupae may be found attached by silken
approximately 30 to 60 mm long and 20 thread to branches, tree trunks, rocks,
to 30 mm wide and may contain 100 to forest debris, buildings or fences.57
1000 eggs.1, 4 Spent egg masses have pin- During outbreaks large amounts of frass
sized holes caused by emerging larvae.39 may fall from defoliated trees.4 When
food is scarce, larvae will also feed on
HOST TREES unripe tissues of annual shoots, flowers
Quercus (main host), Acer, Alnus, Betula, and buds.2 One year of defoliation may
Crataegus, Fagus, Malus, Populus, Prunus, not kill a healthy tree. Severe defoliation
Salix, Tilia and many other tree and shrub can reduce tree growth and predispose
species.1, 36, 39 trees to attack from other insects and
diseases. Four successive years of
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN defoliation can cause mortality, especially
THE TREE in weakened or stressed trees.58
Larvae feed on foliage within the crown.2
8
A B
Larger and mainly white female (top). Smaller and mainly brown male Female L. dispar moth ovipositing
(bottom). Note dark crescent-shaped mark on forewings. an ovoid egg mass. Egg masses are
covered with tan coloured hairs from
the female’s abdomen.
C D
L. dispar larva. Note five pairs of blue tubercles are Defoliation by early instar L. dispar larvae. Note small
followed by six pairs of red. holes in the leaves.
E F
Defoliation by late instar L. dispar larvae. Note Extensive stand defoliation caused by L. dispar.
consumed leaf margin.
9
Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus)

Nun moth
IDENTIFICATION HOST CONDITION

Adult: Nun moths are moderately sized, Healthy trees.4
hairy and often stout-bodied with a
wingspan of 45 to 55 mm (female) or 35 DISTRIBUTION
to 45 mm (male).2, 4 Moths have white China, Japan, Korea, Russia, Turkey and
forewings with numerous dark, transverse, Europe.1, 4
wavy lines (arches) and patches. The hind
wings are gray-white or gray-brown, with SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
minute dark patches along the outer edge.2, Naked clusters of eggs may be found in
4
Female antennae are short and saw-like, bark crevices or under bark scales of trees
whereas male antennae are feathery.2, 4 and logs, wood packaging, forest products,
Females have a reddish-brown abdomen sea containers and ships.1 Egg clusters
with black spots, males have a gray-black are not covered with the abdominal hair
abdomen.2, 4 Melanic gray-brown and of females.4 On coniferous trees, female
black forms are also known to occur. nun moths preferentially oviposit on the
Larva: Mature larvae are light to dark lower bole, but during outbreaks
brown and have an orange to pale-brown oviposition will occur on the upper bole
head with dense black markings. Larvae and in the crown.95
are 30 to 35 mm long. Numerous short Gymnosperms
black and white hairs are present; hairs on First instar larvae will only feed on the
the prothoracic and anal segments are
foliage of newly expanded shoots and are
longer. The 1st four abdominal segments
unable to consume older needles.4
have a dorsal pair of small, bluish glandular
Second and third instar larvae are able to
protrusions; the 6 th and 7 th segments have
feed on older foliage but prefer to feed on
prominent mid-dorsal, orange glandular
new needles.4, 95 Larvae can be wasteful
warts.2, 4 A dark dorsal band runs from the
feeders and may only consume the base of
2 nd to the 11th segment.2, 4
a needle, resulting in partially uneaten
Egg: Eggs are initially orange-brown or needles falling to the ground.94 The crowns
purplish, turning dark brown over time, 1 of defoliated trees appear thinned and
mm in diameter, spherical and slightly have a reddish-brown colour. During
concave in the centre.4, 43, 94 outbreaks, over 50% of the foliage can be
defoliated. Severe defoliation over a few
HOST TREES years can cause tree mortality.95
Prefers Picea, Larix, Abies, Pinus and
Pseudotsuga.1, 4, 94 Will also feed on Acer, Angiosperms
Betula, Carpinus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Malus, Initially, larval browsing creates holes in
Prunus, Quercus, Ulmus and other fruit the leaves.7 As feeding progresses, leaves
trees.1, 4, 94 are entirely consumed except for the
middle vein.96
THE TREE
Larvae feed on needles or leaves. First
instars prefer newly expanded foliage or
young male flowers, whereas older larvae
can feed on new and old foliage.4, 94, 95, 96
10
A B
Adult L. monacha. Note white forewings and numerous Thin crowns caused by L. monacha defoliation.
dark, transverse, wavy lines and patches.
C D
Mature dark brown L. monacha larva (30-35 mm long). Bark scale removed to reveal naked L. monacha egg mass.
Note mid-dorsal orange warts on the 6th and 7th segments.
E F G
L. monacha defoliation on understory Extensive stand defoliation caused by Defoliation by late instar
host tree. L. monacha. Note thinning reddish- L. monacha. Note partially
brown crowns. eaten needles.
11
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
Choristoneura murinana (Hübner)

Silver fir shoot tortricid

Adult: Moths have a wingspan of 17 to Eggs are predominantly deposited in the
25 mm.2 Forewings are gray and yellow upper crown of host trees, in two
with variable brown markings and a overlapping rows on the upper side of the
characteristic broad, red-brown transverse needle.2, 13, 126 Females oviposit
band.2 Hind wings are gray-brown with approximately 10 to 30 eggs within these
yellowish tips.2 two rows and up to 100 eggs in total.2
Larva: Newly hatched larvae are green- Immediately after hatching, 1st instar
yellow with a brown head, and are 1.5 larvae seek hibernation sites between the
mm long.2 Second instar larvae are dark bud scales or bark cracks and spin fine
yellow with a yellow-brown head.2 white hibernacula within which they
Mature larvae, 16 to 22 mm long, have a moult and pass the rest of the summer
shiny black head and a pale gray-green and the following winter.126 First instar
body with lighter lateral and ventral larvae do not feed.13 In the spring, 2nd
segments.2 They also have an orange instar larvae penetrate new unopened
anal shield.2 Chitinized warts with black buds, weave silk threads over the bud
hairs occur over the entire body.2, 13 scales and cause the developing shoot to
Egg: Eggs are 1.5 by 1.2 mm, somewhat become characteristically bent.2, 126 Unlike
flat, slightly green, oval and North American coniferophagous
characteristically rimmed.2 Choristoneura species, C. murinana larvae
only feed on newly formed needles and
HOST TREES will not feed on older needles, even during
Abies (main host), Cedrus, Juniperus, outbreaks.2, 13, 126
Picea, Pinus and Pseudotsuga.13 Early instar larvae create holes in the
needles and often leave behind partially
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN eaten stubs, while older instars consume
THE TREE the entire needle.2 On rare occasions, the
Larvae feed on foliage in the crown.2 epidermis and inner bark of young shoots
are consumed. Defoliation primarily
HOST CONDITION occurs in the upper crown, but will also
Healthy trees.2 Prefer forests with a large occur in the lower crown during
percentage of Abies. Mature trees are outbreaks.2 Pupation normally occurs in
preferred but larvae will also feed on the foliage.13
young trees.126 Symptoms of attack include loss of newly
flushed needles, decrease in annual height
DISTRIBUTION increment and gradual thinning and
Central and southeastern Europe.2, 13 rounding of the crown.2 Defoliated
crowns may appear reddish-brown.
Mortality occurs on trees experiencing
two or more consecutive years of severe
defoliation.126 Cones do not develop
because feeding occurs on flower buds.2
12
A B
Adult C. murinana. Forewings are gray and yellow with brown markings. C. murinana larva. Note silk threads
and partially consumed needles.
C D
C. murinana larva. Note black head. Mature C. murinana larva.
E F
C. murinana only feeds on new foliage. Note reddish- C. murinana defoliation from the previous year.
brown colour of damaged shoots.
13
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
Tortrix viridana Linnaeus

European oak leafroller

Adult: Forewings are pale-green or yellow- Each female oviposits approximately 50
green; hindwings are brownish-gray to to 60 eggs in pairs within a cement-like
grayish; both wings have a white, frayed mass.42, 76, 87 Eggs are deposited on branches,
outer edge.6, 36, 42, 87 The wingspan is leaves, and branch forks, within the entire
approximately 18 to 23 mm.6, 42, 87 crown.6 A dust and algae lining make the
The head is yellowish and adults have eggs nearly invisible.6
a grayish, 8 mm long abdomen.6, 42 Emerging larvae bore into open buds,
Larva: Younger larvae are gray coloured since closed buds cannot be penetrated.6
with dark heads.6 Older instar larvae Therefore, emerging larvae can only
turn gray-green.6 Larvae are 15 to 19 survive if the buds are in synchrony with
mm long and 2.5 mm wide.42 their development.6 As the buds flush, the
Egg: Eggs are round, with a diameter of larvae move to young leaves and flowers
about 0.7 mm.6, 42 They are initially light and continue feeding.6, 42 Larvae construct
yellow, later changing to brown.6, 42 shelters by rolling leaves with silk webbing.42
Third instar larvae become more mobile
HOST TREES and are thus more visible. Similar to
Quercus (main host), Acer, Betula, Carpinus, other tortricids, when larvae are disturbed,
Fagus and Populus.6, 42 They also feed on they will drop on a silken thread.34 Last
shrubs including Vaccinium and Urtica. instar larvae feed upon the expanded
foliage as well as the bark of tender
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN young shoots.42, 76
THE TREE Tortrix viridana is part of a Quercus die-
Larvae feed on foliage, with the most back complex that results in thinning
preferable section being the upper crown.6 foliage, progressive die-back, cambial
necrosis, epicormic shoot development
HOST CONDITION and tree mortality.80, 81, 83 Successive
Drought stressed and healthy hosts. defoliation can cause growth loss and can
Pole-sized and older trees are preferred.6 also weaken trees and predispose them to
mortality by other organisms.42
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, northern Africa, Cyprus, Iran
and Israel.6, 36, 42, 83
14
A B
Adult T. viridana (18-23 mm wingspan). Note pale-green forewings and Gray-green T. viridana larva (late
frayed outer edge. instar).
C D
T. viridana larva (15-19 mm long). Rolled leaf shelters created by T. viridana larvae.
E F
Thinned crowns caused by T. viridana defoliation. Rolled leaf shelters created by T. viridana larvae.
15
Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae
Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetverikov

Siberian coniferous silk moth

Adult: Moths are yellowish-brown or light Female moths oviposit a single egg or
gray to dark brown or almost black.4 clusters (an average of 200 to 300 eggs)
The front wings have two dark transverse of egg chains primarily on needles in the
bands and a white spot in the centre. lower part of the crown. However, during
The hind wings are the same base colour as outbreaks eggs are laid throughout the
the forewings but without any markings.1 tree and even on the ground.4, 24
Males are approximately 30 mm long and First instar larvae preferentially consume
have a wing span of 40 to 60 mm. the edges of needles.4, 24 Older larvae will
Females are approximately 40 mm long completely consume entire needles and
and have a wing span of 60 to 80 mm.4, 24 may sometimes eat the bark of young
Larva: Larvae are mainly black or dark shoots and cones.24 Defoliated crowns
brown with numerous spots and long appear reddish-brown.16
hairs.4, 24 Reddish setae are found on the Severe defoliation over a few years can
sides of larvae, usually as red jagged lead to direct tree mortality or it can
bands or spots.1 The 2 nd and 3rd segments predispose host trees to attack by
are marked with blue-black stripes. Larvae secondary insects.4, 24 In it’s native range,
are approximately 55 to 70 mm long.4, 24 D. sibiricus outbreaks can cause severe
Egg: Eggs are 2.2 mm long and 1.9 mm tree mortality over very large areas.4, 24
wide (oval). They are initially light-green
but turn creamy-white and finally darken
and become spotted.24
HOST TREES
Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus and Tsuga.4, 24

THE TREE
Larvae feed on foliage in the crown.4, 24
HOST CONDITION
Stressed (e.g. drought) and healthy trees.4, 24
DISTRIBUTION
China, Mongolia, Japan, Korea,
Kazakhstan and Russia.4
16
A B C
Mating D. sibiricus moths. D. sibiricus larva (55-70 mm long). Reddish-brown crowns of trees
Note two dark transverse bands and defoliated by D. sibiricus.
white spot on forewing.
D E
Oval D. sibiricus eggs (1.9 mm wide). D. sibiricus larva. Note red bands on the side of the larva.
F G
D. sibiricus larva. Note 2nd and 3rd segments with blue- D. sibiricus cocoon.
black stripes.
17
Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus)

European tent caterpillar
IDENTIFICATION DISTRIBUTION
Adult: Adult moths vary greatly in China, Europe, Iran, Japan, Korea,
colour.2, 111 There are two common morphs, Mongolia, northern Africa, Siberia, Syria,
one light and one dark, with less frequent Taiwan and Turkey.111
intermediates. The basic colour is brown,
but can range from ochre-yellow to red- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
brown.2, 111 Males have a wingspan of 30 to Eggs are deposited in masses of 150 to
40 mm, with the more robust females 400 and are cemented together by a
having a wingspan of 36 to 40 mm.2, 111 frothy varnish-like material. Similar to
Forewings have a brownish, narrow-edged, other Malacosoma species, eggs are
oblique, central transverse band.2, 111 deposited in a band (1 cm wide) around 1
The fringes of the forewings are irregularly and 2 year old branch tips.70, 111
variegated and checkered.2, 111 Male and Newly emerged larvae immediately crawl
female antennae are bipectinate, with to the crown. Larvae feed gregariously
females having shorter antennal branches and gather at major branch forks to
and shorter antennae. construct tents.111 Although larvae feed
Larva: First instar larvae are black and within these tents, they also feed
approximately 2 mm long.111 Mature throughout the entire crown.111 Larvae
larvae are 40 to 55 mm long, slender and can completely defoliate trees during
are covered with numerous fine secondary outbreaks.111
setae.2, 111 Larvae are marked with a As larvae develop they become solitary
distinct white dorsal line and blue or and eventually seek sheltered locations to
gray-blue, and red-yellow lateral bands pupate such as bark crevices, between
separated by black edging.2, 111 dried leaves on the tree stem or branches,
Egg: Eggs are white or gray-brown.111 in leaves on the ground or in the cracks of
buildings.111 Cocoons are yellowish-white
HOST TREES and may occur in clusters.70, 111
Acer, Alnus, Amygdalus, Betula, Carpinus, Defoliation can cause growth loss and can
Castanea, Cotoneaster, Corylus, Crataegus, predispose host trees to mortality by
Fagus, Juniperus, Larix, Malus, Morus, other organisms.111 Trees may be killed
Populus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Rosa, after a few years of severe defoliation.111
Rubus, Salix, Sorbus, Syringa, Ulmus and
occasionally Tilia and Fraxinus.111

THE TREE
Larvae feed on foliage within the
crown.111
HOST CONDITION
Healthy trees.111
18
A B
Adult M. neustria (dark morph). Note central Complete defoliation of host tree during a M. neustria
transverse band. outbreak. Note silk tents.
C D
M. neustria larvae. Note white, gray-blue and red-yellow M. neustria larvae on silk tent.
bands separated by black edging.
E F G
M. neustria egg mass (1 cm wide). Foliage partially consumed by M. Male M. neustria (light morph).
neustria larva.
19
20
LARGER WOODBORERS
• Buprestidae
• Cerambycidae
• Curculionidae
• Siricidae
21
Coleoptera: Buprestidae
Agrilus biguttatus (Fabricius)

Two spotted oak borer

Adults are cylindrical, metallic beetles, 8 Females oviposit clusters of 5 to 6 eggs on
to 13 mm long, ranging in colour from the bark of host trees.42, 120, 129 Larvae bore
golden-green, green, blue-green, blue to through the bark and excavate frass-
violet.42, 129 The elytra are slender and filled, zig-zagging galleries which can
have two white spots near the posterior reach lengths of 155 cm.42, 98, 120 Early
end of the elytral suture.42, 129 The frons is instar larvae generally make their
wide and flat, with a shallow depression.129 galleries along the wood grain while older
The length of the pronotum is one and a instars produce galleries in irregular
half times the width.129 twisting transverse directions.42, 98, 120
These galleries are not as distinctly “S-
HOST TREES shaped” as those created by the emerald
Quercus (main host), Fagus and ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. Dark
Castanea.98, 130 Quercus rubra is a known cracks and discolouration of the bark and
host tree occurring within Canada.98 cambial tissue may occur over the
galleries as the tree tries to defend itself
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN from the invasion.98, 120
THE TREE Larvae overwinter in 10 to 14.8 mm by 3
Larvae feed on the inner bark and sapwood to 4.5 mm chambers within the inner
along the entire bole (including stumps) bark.42, 120 Woodpecker activity on living
and larger diameter branches.120, 129, 130 trees may indicate overwintering larvae.120
Immature beetles maturation feed on host Beetles emerge from “D-shaped” exit holes
tree leaves.42, 98, 120 that are about 2.5 by 3.0 mm and are
found from ground level up to a height of
HOST CONDITION 10 m (i.e. lower portion of the crown).42, 98, 120
Standing trees (especially if weakened by
defoliation, frost damage or water stress) Larval galleries can girdle the host tree
or recently downed trees and stumps.98, 120, resulting in twig and branch die-back,
129, 130
In it’s native range, larvae will not changes in foliage colour from green to
develop in dried dead trees.120 Healthy trees brown, thinning of foliage within the
are also susceptible to attack.98, 120 crown, development of epicormic shoots
Although beetles prefer larger diameter along the stem and tree mortality in
(i.e. greater than 30 cm) and older (i.e. 50 heavily infested trees.42, 98, 120
to 120 years) trees, attacks have also been
recorded on 20 year old hosts.98, 120
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, Middle East, Siberia and
northern Africa.42, 98, 120
22
A B C
Adult A. biguttatus (8-13 mm long). Zig-zag shaped larval galleries (up Branch and twig dieback caused by
Note white spots near elytral suture. to 155 cm long). A. biguttatus.
D E
A. biguttatus larva just prior to pupation. Mature A. biguttatus larva.
F G
D-shaped exit hole (2.5 by 3.0 mm) of A. biguttatus. Early instar larval galleries. Note zig-zag shape.
23
Coleoptera: Buprestidae
Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire

Emerald ash borer

Adult beetles are metallic blue-green, Immature beetles maturation feed on host
narrow, hairless, elongate, 8.5 to 14.0 mm tree foliage, creating irregular notches in
long and 3.1 to 3.4 mm wide.86 The head the leaves.86 Eggs are laid singly on the
is flat and the vertex is shield-shaped.86 bole or branches.86 First instar larvae
The eyes are bronze or black and kidney bore through the bark and feed on the
shaped.86 The prothorax is slightly wider inner bark and the outer sapwood,
than the head and is transversely rectangular, eventually forming flat and wide (6 mm),
but is the same width as the anterior “S-shaped” galleries that are filled with a
margin of the elytra. The posterior margins fine brownish frass.86 Galleries are 9 to
of the elytra are round and obtuse with 16 cm long (up to 20 to 30 cm) and
small tooth-like projections on the edge.86 increase in width from the beginning to
Mature larvae are 26 to 32 mm long and the end.86 Galleries can occur along the
creamy white.86 The body is flat and broad entire bole and in branches that are at
shaped.86 The posterior ends of some least 2.5 cm in diameter.86 Callus tissue
segments are bell-shaped. The abdomen may be produced by the tree in response
is 10-segmented. The 1st 8 segments each to larval feeding and may cause vertical
have one pair of spiracles and the last bark cracks to occur over a gallery.86
segment has one pair of brownish, pincer- Pupation takes place at the end of a
like appendages.86 gallery just beneath the bark, or near the
surface of the sapwood (5 to 10 mm) and
HOST TREES even in the corky tissue of thick-barked
Fraxinus, Juglans, Pterocarya and Ulmus.86 trees.86 Beetles emerge through “D-shaped”
In North America, only Fraxinus has been exit holes, 3.5 by 4.1 mm in size.86 These
found infested to date. holes are very difficult to find so careful
inspection is required.86 Woodpecker
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN activity may also indicate the presence of
THE TREE this beetle.86 Dying or dead trees,
Larvae feed on the inner bark and sapwood particularly with bark sloughing off and
along the entire bole and larger branches crown die-back can also be used as
(greater than 2.5 cm diameter) in the crown. indicators of attack.86 Other signs of
In addition to mature trees, galleries can attack include a thinning crown,
occur in young saplings. Immature beetles epicormic shoots, and vertical cracks on
maturation feed on leaves.86 the trunk.86
HOST CONDITION
Healthy or weakened trees.86
DISTRIBUTION
China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia and
Taiwan. Introduced to Canada (Essex,
Lambton & Elign Counties and Chatham-
Kent Municipality, Ontario) and USA
(Michigan, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio).1, 86
24
A B
Adult A. planipennis (8.5-14 mm long). Metallic, green- Various larval instars of A. planipennis.
blue body.
C D E
S-shaped larval galleries of D-shaped exit hole (3.5 by 4.1 mm) Epicormic shoots caused by A.
A. planipennis. of A. planipennis. planipennis.
F G
Vertical bark cracks over larval galleries caused by Thinned ash crowns infested with A. planipennis.
callus tissue production.
25
Coleoptera: Cerambycidae
Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)

Asian long-horned beetle

Adults are large shiny black beetles, 20 to Beetles feed on the leaves and twigs of host
35 mm long and 7 to 12 mm wide. There trees.1, 4, 38, 99 Feeding damage on young
are up to 20 irregular white spots on each shoots causes them to wither and die.99
elytron. There is one prominent spine on Females chew oval oviposition niches
each side of the black thorax. The antennae (about 10 mm wide) and lay a single egg
are longer than the body and consist of in the inner bark. Depending upon the
11 black segments with a white or whitish- tree species, the oviposition niches are
blue base. The legs are black and have a initially reddish-brown but fade over
bluish tinge.1, 4, 38, 99 time. Oviposition niches can occur from
ground level up into the crown on branches
HOST TREES that are at least 2 to 3 cm in diameter.
Acer, Aesculus, Albizia, Betula, Celtis, Frothy, white sap may exude from recently
Platanus, Populus, Salix, Sorbus and Ulmus created oviposition niches.1, 4, 38 Over time,
are host trees in North America.1, 4, 38 The the sap ferments and stains the bark.
suitability of Alnus, Crataegus, Elaeagnus,
Fraxinus, Hibiscus, Malus, Morus, Prunus, Young larvae feed within the inner bark
Pyrus, Quercus, Robinia and Tilia in North and sapwood and can cause the bark to
America is still in question. become concave.38, 99 Mature larvae bore
into the heartwood. Late instar galleries
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN are initially perpendicular to the stem
THE TREE axis but gradually turn upwards and can
Female beetles oviposit on exposed roots, reach lengths of 3.5 to 15 cm.4 These
along the entire bole and on branches as winding larval galleries can eventually
small as 2 to 3 cm in diameter.4 lead to tree mortality in heavily infested
Immature larvae feed on the inner bark trees. Coarse, sawdust-like frass is
and sapwood while mature larvae feed expelled from the larval galleries and will
on the heartwood.4, 38 Beetles feed on occur in piles around the base of the tree
leaves, petioles, or the inner bark or in branch forks.4, 38 Adults emerge
of twigs.1, 38, 99 through the wood by chewing round exit
holes 6 to 12 mm in diameter and expel
HOST CONDITION large, coarse wood fibres on the ground.1,
4, 99
Healthy and weakened trees. Females do Exit holes may be present anywhere
not oviposit on dead, debarked wood.1 on the larger above ground parts of the
host, including branches, trunk, and
DISTRIBUTION exposed roots.1, 4, 38, 99
China, Korea and Japan. Introduced and Leaf yellowing and wilting, pre-mature
under eradication in New York, Chicago, leaf drop, branch die-back and tree death
New Jersey, Toronto, Bayern (Germany), are symptoms of advanced infestation.1, 4, 99
Gien and Sainte Anne sur Brivet (France)
and Braunau (Austria).1, 4, 38
26
A B
Adult A. glabripennis (20-35 mm long). Bark staining caused by fermented sap.

Note approximately 20 irregular white spots on each elytron.
C D E
New A. glabripennis oviposition Old (darker) and new (reddish-brown) Frothy, white sap exuding from recent
niches (10 mm wide). oviposition niches of A. glabripennis. A. glabripennis oviposition niches.
F G
Circular A. glabripennis exit hole (6-12 mm wide). Coarse frass expelled by larva of A. glabripennis.
27
Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky)

Smaller Japanese cedar longhorned beetle

Adult beetles are 6 to 14 mm long, 3 to 4 Eggs are laid in bark crevices. Newly
mm wide and have a slightly flattened hatched larvae bore through the bark and
body.91 The head and thorax are brown construct shallow, flat and irregular
with reddish-brown hairs.91 The 1st antennal shaped galleries (2 to 6 mm wide).10, 91
segment is black while the following Gentle scraping of the bark may be
segments are chestnut brown.91 Male required to expose the frass-filled
antennae are slightly longer than the body galleries.91 These larval galleries increase
while those of the female are about two- in width as the larvae increase in size.90
thirds the body length.8 Male elytra are Mature larvae create an “L-shaped”
usually black with metallic blue-violet or gallery by boring straight into the
greenish reflections.8, 91 Females typically sapwood, then construct 2.4 to 2.7 cm
have brownish-red to red elytra.91 long pupation chambers parallel to the
grain.10, 91 The entrance to these pupal
HOST TREES chambers is tightly packed with fine,
Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, powdery frass.10 Adults emerge from
Juniperus and Thuja.1 The suitability of elliptical exit holes that are 6 to 10 mm
Cedrus, Pinus and Abies is still in question.91 or more in diameter.90
In North America, C. rufipenne has been Other signs of attack include bark
found in T. occidentalis, J. virginiana and depressions resulting from larval mining,
J. communis.1, 90, 91, 92 light red frass on branches and the trunk,
8 to 15 mm long cracks in the bark,
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN callus tissue (i.e. puckering) forming over
THE TREE the larval galleries and brittle branches
Larvae feed on inner bark and sapwood that may crack and expose the larval
where the stem or branch diameter is at galleries beneath.9, 90, 91 Attacks can also
least 1 cm.8, 90, 91 hasten the death of the host tree or
increase its susceptibility to pathogens or
HOST CONDITION other forest insects.91
Preferentially attacks dying, weakened,
stressed or freshly felled trees.10, 90
DISTRIBUTION
China, Japan, Korea and Russia
(Sakhalin). Introduced into Italy, Spain
and North America (Connecticut and
North Carolina).1, 20, 90, 91, 92
28
A B
Adult C. rufipenne. Head and thorax are brown with Male C. rufipenne has black to bluish-green elytra and
reddish-brown hairs. longer antennae. Female has red elytra and shorter antennae.
C D
Adult C. rufipenne ready to emerge from the pupal chamber. Frass plug blocking the pupal chamber entrance.
E F G
Frass filled C. rufipenne larval galleries. Callus tissue surrounding C. rufipenne Elliptical C. rufipenne exit hole
galleries. (6-10 mm wide).
29
Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus

Great Capricorn beetle

Adult beetles are 24 to 53 mm long, with Females lay eggs in the bark.117 Larvae
a blackish body and legs.25 Male antennae develop in the inner bark before penetrating
are twice as long as the body, while those into the sapwood, and then into the
of the female extend to the elytral apex.25 heartwood.25, 117, 128 Larval galleries are
The pronotum is roughly textured and long, irregular and widen as the larvae
greater in width than in length. The tapered increase in size.25, 117, 128 Larval development
elytra are reddish-brown towards the may take up to 2 to 5 years.25, 117
apex.25 The elytral apex has well Pupation occurs in the sapwood
developed sutural spines.128 (approximately 80 mm deep) in a large,
elongate, oval pupal cell that is partitioned
HOST TREES from the larval gallery by a calcareous
Quercus (main host), Carpinus, Castanea, operculum secreted by the larvae.128
Ceratonia, Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Pyrus, Adults overwinter in the pupal cell and
Robinia, Salix and Ulmus.25, 85, 128 emerge at the end of spring, during the
summer, or at the beginning of fall.25, 117
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN Exit holes are more or less oval and up to
THE TREE 2 cm in diameter. Brown frass also
Larvae feed on the inner bark, sapwood accumulates at the base of infested trees.
and heartwood along the stem.25, 128
Dark resin seeps from holes at attack
HOST CONDITION sites.117 Several generations may develop
Mature, weakened (e.g. diseased, pruned) in the trunk. Re-infestation may continue
trees, especially those growing in open year after year, highly degrading the wood
and sunny locations.25, 85, 117, 128 and in some cases causing death of the
Occasionally young or healthy trees are infested tree.117, 128
attacked.85
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, Asia, Caucasus, Asia Minor and
northern Africa.25, 121, 128
30
A B C
Male C. cerdo (24-53 mm long). Female C. cerdo (24-53 mm long). Elongate and oval C. cerdo pupal
Antennae are twice the body length. Antennae extend to the elytral apex. chamber.
D E
Adult C. cerdo. Elytra are reddish-brown towards the apex. C. cerdo larval galleries within the sapwood.
Long, irregular-shaped C. cerdo larval galleries in the

inner bark. Galleries widen as the larvae increase in size.
31
Monochamus sartor (Fabricius)

These shiny, black metallic beetles are 21 Beetles emerge in spring and feed in the
to 35 mm long and have sparse yellow crown on needles, weakened twigs and
hairs on the elytra.2, 25, 128 Antennae are green cones.2, 85, 128 In the summer,
twice the body length in males but only fertilized females excavate a funnel-
slightly longer than the body in females.2 shaped pit in the bark, 6 to 7 mm wide
Antennae of both sexes are black but the and 4 to 5 mm long, and deposit a single
bases of the 3rd to 11th antennal segments egg in each niche.2, 85, 128 At least 50 eggs
in females are whitish-gray.2, 25 are laid by a single female.85
A distinguishing characteristic of this species Early instar larvae excavate large, deep,
is a transverse saddle-like impression galleries (up to 50 cm long) packed with
found behind the pronutum.2 The pronotum long, fibrous frass in the inner bark.2
and elytra of females have a few white Through an oval entrance hole, larvae bore
spots, but these are absent or indistinct on horizontal galleries into the sapwood that
males.25 Female elytra have parallel edges may sometimes reach the heartwood.2, 128
whereas the male’s narrows posteriorly.2 Larvae then bore parallel to the grain of
the wood for a few cm and expel frass
HOST TREES through these holes.2, 128 Last instar larvae
Picea (main host), Abies, Larix and Pinus.2, 25 mine “U-shaped” galleries, so that adult
emergence occurs on the same side of the
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN trunk as the entrance holes.85, 128 Pupation
THE TREE chambers are plugged with wooden fibres
Larvae feed on the inner bark, sapwood and occur at a depth of 10 to 12 mm.2
and heartwood along the stem. Attacks Adults emerge from exit holes 8 to 12
usually occur 2 to 4 m above the mm in diameter.2, 128
ground.2, 25, 85 Immature beetles maturation
feed on needles, green cones and twigs.2, 25, 128
HOST CONDITION
Weakened, felled, fire scorched, or
uprooted trees.2, 25, 85, 128 Large diameter
stems are preferred.25, 85 As populations
increase during an outbreak, attacks can
occur on healthy trees.2
DISTRIBUTION
Europe.2, 128
32
A B
Male and female M. sartor. Male

antennae are twice the body length.
Female antennae are slightly longer
than the body.
M. sartor larva and larval galleries

(up to 50 cm long). Note long,
fibrous frass in the larval galleries.
Adult M. sartor (21-35 mm long).
33
Monochamus urussovi (Fischer)

Black fir sawyer beetle

Adult beetles are 18 to 37 mm long, with Beetles feed in the crown, removing strips
antennae that are 2 to 2.5 times the body of bark and infecting branches with
length in males but only slightly longer spores of phytopathogenic Ceratocystis
than the body in females.23, 25, 128 fungi.26 The developing fungi kills
The pronotum is as long as it is wide.138 branches on the periphery of the crown,
The head and pronotum have sparse white weakens the tree, and reduces resin flow,
or yellowish pubescence. Legs, elytra and thus making the tree suitable for
antennae are all black with a very slight oviposition and larval feeding.26, 50, 138
brass tinge, but female elytra also have In the summer, fertilized females excavate
spots of whitish-gray hairs.25, 128, 138 oviposition niches and deposit a single
egg beneath the bark.2, 26 Larvae bore
HOST TREES broad (2 to 2.5 cm wide), sinuous
Abies (most heavily damaged), Larix, Picea galleries beneath the bark that are filled
and Pinus.25, 26, 137, 138 Even though this with frass and fine chips.2, 26, 138 Frass is
species is frequently found on Betula, it expelled through ventilation holes along
causes little damage to it.26 the gallery.138 After overwintering, last
instar larvae bore into the sapwood
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN through an oval entrance hole that is on
THE TREE average 16 by 6.5 mm.138 The excavation
Immature beetles maturation feed on twigs, of these galleries is at first transverse,
branches and needles within the crown.25, 138 then longitudinal, exhibiting an almost 90
Larvae breed in the inner bark and degree turn.138 The longitudinal portion is
sapwood along the entire bole of standing often packed with a frass plug and ends
trees. In felled trees, larvae primarily in a pupal chamber (6.5 cm long and 2.0
breed within the lower bole.25, 128, 138 cm wide).138 Adults emerge through
Larger trees (16 to 40 cm in diameter) round exit holes that are 6 to 12 mm in
are preferentially attacked.138 diameter.26, 138 As infested host trees die,
needles fade from green to yellow and
HOST CONDITION finally to red.61
Breeding preferentially occurs in damaged
(e.g. drought, fire, and windthrow), dying or
recently cut trees.25, 26, 50, 138 Outbreaks can
occur in live healthy trees.26 Beetles prefer
to feed on young, thin growing shoots.50, 138
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, Russia, Japan, Korea, Mongolia
and northern China.25, 138
34
A B C
Male (antennae 2.0-2.5 times body Chlorotic needles on tree attacked by

length) and female (antennae slightly M. urussovi.
longer than body) M. urussovi.
D E
Adult M. urussovi (18-37 mm Circular M. urussovi exit hole M. urussovi pupal chamber.
long). Note brass tinge on elytra. (6-12 mm wide).
F G
Broad (2-2.5 cm wide), sinuous M. urussovi M. urussovi larval gallery leading to the pupal chamber.
larval galleries.
35
Oberea linearis (Linnaeus)

Hazelnut longhorned beetle

Adult beetles are 11 to 14.5 mm long and Beetles of this species feed on the lateral
have yellow legs.121, 128 The body is black, veins of young hazel leaves.121
cylindrical and very long and narrow.115, Females chew through the bark, at the base
121, 128
The antennae are shorter than the of the previous year’s branch, and deposit
body.128 The prothorax bulges slightly in a single egg between the bark and
the middle.115 sapwood.37, 115, 128 Occasionally, adult beetles
will girdle the shoot a few centimetres
HOST TREES above the oviposition site.37 Bark tissue
Corylus (main host), Alnus, Carpinus, around the egg becomes necrotic.121
Juglans, Ostrya, Salix and Ulmus.25, 37, 115, 121, 128
Each larva bores to the central pith and
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN mines a tunnel, 50 to 100 cm long, within
THE TREE the branch.37, 115 Larval feeding causes the
Larvae develop within one year old shoots leaves to wilt, curl and turn brown and
and twigs.25, 37, 115, 121, 128 Immature beetles causes the shoot to break.37 Crown
maturation feed on leaves.25, 121 damage is most noticeable in the fall.37
In Corylus, shoot feeding also causes the
HOST CONDITION bark to turn reddish.37
Healthy trees.85, 121, 128 Larvae expel frass through ventilation
holes along the twig so the tunnel remains
DISTRIBUTION hollow.37, 115, 128 Larvae overwinter within
North and central Europe, Caucasus to the twig for 2 seasons.37, 115 In the spring,
Southern Russia, and Turkey.37, 121, 128 last instar larvae make pupal chambers
inside the base of the twig.37, 115 The pupal
cells are constructed by plugging off a
section of the tunnel with two wads of
fibrous frass.128 The lower parts of pupal
cells are filled with fine frass.115 The pupal
cells are 2.0 to 3.5 cm long.115 Exit holes
are oval (7.0 mm by 2.5 mm).115
36
A B
Male and female O. linearis (11-14.5 mm long). O. linearis feeding on lateral vein.
Note yellow legs and black body.
C D E
Maturation feeding of O. linearis on Necrotic tissue surrounding Wilting foliage caused by O. linearis
lateral veins of host leaf. O. linearis oviposition niche. larva feeding within the branch.
O. linearis larva within larval gallery (50-100 cm long).
37
Oberea oculata (Linnaeus)

Eyed longhorn beetle

Adult beetles are distinguished from other Immature beetles maturation feed on host
species of this genus by a comparatively leaves.23, 128, 131 Longitudinal bite marks
large body (15 to 20 mm long), black may be present and the leaf vein may be
head, elytra and antennae. The parallel damaged.23
elytra are covered with a fine ash-gray Females chew a small, longitudinal incision
pubescence.23, 25, 121, 128 The legs, pronotum, in the smooth bark of slender stems and
scutellum and ventral abdomen are rusty twigs and lay a single egg.23, 128 Bark tissue
orange.23, 25, 128 The antennae are shorter around these oviposition sites becomes
than their body and also taper from the callused and necrotic and the egg appears
base to the apex.23, 128 Two (rarely 4) dark to be “enclosed in a chamber”.23
spots occur medially on the pronotum.23, 128
After emerging from the eggs, larvae feed
HOST TREES on the regenerative tissue near the
Salix (main host) and Populus.25, 121, 128 oviposition site and cause dark spots to
form on the bark.23 After feeding in the
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN callused area, larvae excavate straight
THE TREE longitudinal tunnels (36 to 50 cm long
Larvae infest living twigs, stems and and 4 to 7 mm wide) in the central pith
branches 0.5 to 5 cm in diameter.1, 25, 85, 121, of twigs and branches.23, 25, 85, 121, 128, 131
128, 131
Immature beetles maturation feed Ventilation holes occur at regular
on leaves and young shoots.23, 25, 128, 131 intervals and are used to discard frass and
woodchips.23, 131 Ejected frass accumulates
HOST CONDITION on the twigs.85
Healthy or recently dead hosts.64, 85, 128 Pupation occurs in the larval tunnels near
the bark surface.23, 85, 128, 131 Pupal cells, 4.5
DISTRIBUTION cm long and 8 mm wide, are constructed
Europe and Asia.121, 128 by plugging off the upper and lower
section of the chamber with two wads of
coarse, fibrous frass.23, 85 Shoots wither
after 1 or 2 years of infestation.23
38
A B
Adult O. oculata (15-20 mm long) with black head and antennae. Note Ash-gray pubescence covering black
orange pronotum, legs and abdomen. elytra. Note 2 dark spots on orange
pronotum.
C D
O. oculata within larval gallery (36-50 cm long). Callused and necrotic tissue surrounding O. oculata
oviposition niche.
O. oculata larva.
39
Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus)

Adults are 8 to 20 mm long, with yellow- Eggs are laid in bark crevices.2, 27, 128
brown antennae and legs (front and Larvae mine frass-filled, longitudinal
middle legs have black femurs).2, 25, 27, 128 galleries beneath the bark on the main
The black pronotum is rounded laterally, stem or branches. These galleries etch the
has a yellow stripe on the anterior and inner bark and sapwood.27 Larval galleries
posterior margins and has 2 oblique are 19 to 29 cm long and 10 to 45 mm
yellow stripes that converge near the wide.27 Mature larvae bore into the
middle.2, 25, 27, 121 The antennae extend sapwood for 1 to 3 cm at a 45 to 60 degree
beyond the elytral midpoint in males and angle, and then mine galleries parallel to
up to the midpoint in females.27 Although the grain of the wood.27 The entrance
colouration is variable, the elytra are hole to these galleries are 8 to 10 mm in
typically black with yellow marks behind diameter.27 A pupal cell is formed at the
the scutellum and 5 to 6 transverse, thin, end of these “L-shaped” galleries.2, 27, 131
yellow bands.27 The elytra are covered The entrance to the pupal cell is packed
with dense, short brown or black hairs.2, 27 with fibrous frass.85, 128 Larvae pupate on
their backs, with their heads towards the
HOST TREES bark.85 Adults exit through oval
Quercus (main host), Acer, Carpinus, emergence holes.
Castanea, Fagus, Prunus, Robinia, Salix Larval feeding weakens standing trees and
and Tilia.1, 2, 25, 27, 121, 128 causes technical damage to the wood.6

THE TREE
Larvae feed on the inner bark and
sapwood along the entire stem or in large
branches.121, 128
HOST CONDITION
Prefers freshly felled trees or recently cut
stumps, but can attack standing trees.2, 27,
85, 121, 128
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, Asia Minor, Syria and northern
Africa.2, 27, 128
40
A B
Adult P. arcuatus (8-20 mm long). Note two oblique yellow stripes Adult P. arcuatus. Note yellow-
converging near middle of the pronotum. brown antennae and legs.
C D
Adult P. arcuatus.
P. arcuatus pupal chamber. The entrance (8-10 mm wide)

is packed with fibrous frass.
41
Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus)

Large poplar longhorned beetle

Adult beetles are 20 to 30 mm long, Immature beetles require supplementary
yellow-brown, gray or gray-yellow and feeding which mainly occurs on aspen
have an acutely pointed elytra.25 The head and poplar but rarely on willow leaves.23
and pronotum have numerous small black Feeding usually occurs away from the leaf
punctures, and the elytra have larger margin and is characterized by large oval
punctures.25 Each elytron has a faint, or irregular shaped holes with serrated
indistinct, light-coloured transverse band edges.2, 23, 85 Usually the leaf veins and
below the midpoint.25 Antennae are stems are consumed.2, 85 Beetles also feed
yellowish or gray with black apices and on the bark of young shoots and create
extend beyond the elytral apex in males, pear-shaped incisions.23
but do not reach the apex in females.23, 25 Prior to oviposition, females gnaw a
vertical (occasionally oblique) incision,
HOST TREES about 4.8 mm long, in the bark.85
Populus (main host), Betula and Salix.23, 25, Females deposit one egg per niche,
32, 85
primarily on the basal part of the stem or
on exposed roots.2, 23 Each egg is covered
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN with a sticky secretion.85 First instar
THE TREE larvae excavate flat, 2.5 cm long galleries
Larvae feed on the inner bark, sapwood between the bark and sapwood.2, 85 Later
and heartwood.2, 23, 85 They often attack in the summer, older instars create
the base of young trees and occasionally “L-shaped” galleries by boring perpendicular
attack higher sections of larger stems and to the sapwood and then vertically within
branches.25 Immature beetles maturation the heartwood.2, 85 These longitudinal
feed on leaves and young shoots (1 to 2 galleries are 25 to 40 cm long and 12 mm
mm diameter).2, 23, 85 wide.23 A small ventilation hole is made
in the upper part of the gallery. Coarse
HOST CONDITION fibrous frass (large chips about 20 mm
Healthy trees with a preference for hosts long) is discarded through the hole and
between 5 and 20 years old (3 to 30 cm accumulates in separate piles near the
in diameter).23, 25, 85 base of the tree.2, 23
DISTRIBUTION Larvae hibernate 2 to 3 times prior to the
Europe, Korea and northern China.2, 23, 25 construction of a pupal cell at the end of
the “L-shaped” gallery.23, 85 The pupal cell,
4.0 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, is isolated
from the lower portion of the tunnel by a
fibrous frass plug.23 Pupae lie in cells
with their heads pointing downward.23
Severe infestations can directly cause tree
mortality or predispose host trees to other
mortality agents (e.g. fungi).23
42
A B
Adult S. carcharias (20-30 mm long). Note acutely S. carcharias larval galleries within the heartwood.
pointed elytra with numerous black punctures.
C D E
Adult S. carcharias. Note yellow Coarse fibrous frass expelled by Callus tissue and bark cracks caused
antennae with black apices. S. carcharias larva. by S. carcharias.
F G
S. carcharias pupal chamber. Note fibrous frass plug. S. carcharias larval gallery in the heartwood
(25-40 cm long).
43
Saperda perforata (Pallas)

Adults are yellow or grayish, slightly Immature beetles feed on the tissues of
flattened dorsally and are 12 to 20 mm green leaves and thin shoots.23, 25 Prior to
long.23, 25, 121, 128 The pronotum typically has ovipostition, females gnaw small 3 mm
a single median spot as well as 8 black spots incisions on the stem or branch and lay a
arranged into two transverse lines.23, 25 single egg under the bark.2, 23, 25 Larvae
Each elytron has a stripe of black excavate irregular galleries in the inner
pubescence along the shoulder, which bark that are packed with coarse fibrous
extends towards the midpoint.23, 25 frass.2, 23, 25, 128
Each elytron also has 5 black spots in a Last instar larvae bore a 22 mm long
longitudinal line and a black spot on the horizontal gallery into the sapwood and
basal quarter.23, 25 Gray antennae have then mine a longitudinal pupal chamber
black apices.2 21 to 27 mm long and 5 to 10 mm wide.2,
25, 128
Larvae plug the pupal chambers
HOST TREES with fibrous frass and pupate with their
Populus (main host) and Salix.23, 25, 85, 121, 128 heads toward the entrance hole.2, 25
Occasionally pupation takes place deeper
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN in the sapwood due to desiccation of the
THE TREE outer sapwood.128 Adults emerge through
Larvae feed on the inner bark and sapwood circular exit holes (6 mm in diameter).2, 23
of stems and branches.23, 25 Immature beetles
maturation feed on leaves and thin shoots.23, 25
HOST CONDITION
Weakened, dying, recently felled or stressed
trees.23, 25, 121, 128 This beetle requires a very
moist breeding substrate.121
Larger diameter trees (18 to 35 cm in
diameter) are preferred.23, 25
DISTRIBUTION
Europe and northern Asia.2, 23, 25, 128
44
A
Yellow and gray S. perforata. Note 5 black spots on each elytron.
B C
Adult S. perforata (yellow morph). Adult S. perforata (gray morph).
D E
S. perforata in pupal chamber. Note fibrous frass plug. Adult S. perforata (12-20 mm long).
45
Tetropium castaneum (Linnaeus)

European spruce longhorn beetle

Adults are flat, 8 to 18 mm long, with Eggs are laid singly, or sometimes in
antennae that are half the body length.2, 19, 48 clusters of up to 10 eggs, in bark crevices
Adults typically have a black body, brown or under bark scales of host trees.2, 42, 128
elytra, and either brown or red antennae Early instar larvae feed on the inner bark
and legs.2, 48 The shiny pronotum is rarely and outer sapwood.128 Larvae excavate
punctured. The eyes are separated into two wide, irregular galleries that become densely
halves and a conspicuous longitudinal filled with brown, granular frass.2, 48, 128
groove exists between the antennae on the Mature larvae bore horizontally (2 to 5 cm)
head.2, 48, 121 The elytra are uniformly into the sapwood through narrow elliptical
covered with very fine hairs and are holes.2 Then larvae bore parallel to the
densely punctured.2, 48 grain for another 3 to 4 cm and form
“L-shaped” galleries. At the end of these
HOST TREES galleries, larvae form pupal chambers that
Picea (main host in Europe), Pinus (main are plugged with coarse white frass.2, 19, 48, 128
host in Siberia), Abies and Larix.2, 19, 42, 48, 128
Pupae lie in a vertical position with their
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN heads towards the frass plug.48, 85, 131 In
THE TREE stumps, pupal cells are usually excavated
Larvae develop in the inner bark and in exposed roots or at the base.128 Adults
outer sapwood from the roots upwards on bore through the bark and emerge
the stem. However the lower bole is through oval exit holes that are 5 mm in
usually preferred.2, 25, 48 diameter.2, 19, 48
Tetropium castaneum populations can
HOST CONDITION build to levels where living trees are
Prefers freshly felled trees and stumps attacked and killed. The boring activity
and trees weakened by drought, insects, of the larvae can cause structural damage
fungi, air pollution, etc. However, healthy to the wood and may lead to stem
trees will also be attacked.2, 19, 42, 48, 128, 131 breakage during windstorms. Copious
resin flow occurs on attacked healthy
DISTRIBUTION trees.48 The foliage of attacked trees can
Europe and Asia (Siberia, Korea, also fade from green to yellow and finally
Mongolia, China and Japan).19, 42, 48 to reddish-brown.42
46
A B C
Adult T. castaneum (8-18 mm long). Tree killed by T. castaneum. Note Yellowing foliage on attacked tree.
sloughing bark.
D E
T. castaneum gallery filled with brown, granular frass. T. castaneum larval galleries and exit holes (5 mm wide).
Note exit hole (5 mm wide).
F G
Irregularly shaped T. castaneum larval galleries. Frass plug blocking pupal chamber entrance.
47
Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius)

Brown spruce longhorn beetle

Adult beetles have a flattened body, 10 to Eggs are laid singly or in pairs in well
15 mm long.1, 25, 55, 128 The head is black or concealed locations under bark scales or
dark brown, with a deep longitudinal in bark crevices.1, 55
groove between the antennae. The head is Larvae bore into the inner bark and
also covered with long, light-coloured excavate a network of irregular, 6 mm
hairs.1, 25, 55 Their eyes are completely wide galleries, which become filled with
divided.55 The slender antennae are half tightly packed, fine-grained frass and
the length of the body and are reddish short wood fibres.1, 55 Larval galleries
brown.25, 55, 123, 128 The pronotum bulges lightly etch the sapwood.55 Much of the
laterally.19 The elytra are tan, brown, or tree’s inner bark can be destroyed by
reddish-brown with 2 or 3 longitudinal these wide, irregular and meandering
grooves.123 The legs are dark brown or larval galleries.55 Mature larvae bore
reddish-brown.1, 25, 55 “L-shaped” galleries within the sapwood.
Larvae first bore into the sapwood to a
HOST TREES depth of about 2 to 4 cm, then turn parallel
Picea (main host), Abies, Pinus and to the trunk for another 3 to 4 cm.123
Larix.1, 25, 55, 128 In North America, only These galleries end in an oval-shaped
Picea has been found infested to date.55 pupal chamber.1, 55
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN Pupation occurs in the spring either in

THE TREE the bark, between the sapwood and bark
Larvae feed on the inner bark and sapwood or in the sapwood. Pupae lie in a vertical
along the entire stem. However, the lower position with their heads pointed upward.85
portions of the bole are the most heavily The wood may be stained from the
infested.55, 123, 124 associated Ophiostoma fungi.55
Adults exit through oval or circular exit
HOST CONDITION holes that are 4 to 6 mm in diameter,
Stressed (e.g. drought, root disease), dying, which may or may not be plugged with
recently felled, or healthy trees.1, 25, 35, 55, 85 coarse sawdust.1, 55 Attacked trees
Middle aged and mature spruce trees are produce excessive white resin down the
preferred.124 length of the trunk.55 Trees may be re-
infested over subsequent years.55 Infested
DISTRIBUTION tree crowns exhibit progressive yellowing,
Europe and Japan. Introduced and under browning and loss of needles.55 Once the
eradication in eastern Canada (Halifax, tree has died, the remaining foliage
Nova Scotia).1, 55 changes to reddish-brown.55
48
A B C
Adult T. fuscum (10-15 mm long). Resin flowing from tree attacked by Resin flowing from infested tree.
T. fuscum.
D E
T. fuscum larva. Irregular shaped T. fuscum larval galleries.
F G
T. fuscum larval galleries and oval exit hole (4-6 mm wide). Stand mortality caused by T. fuscum.
Note fine-grained frass in larval galleries.
49
Tetropium gracilicorne Reitter

Thin-antenna spruce borer

Adult beetles typically have a flat black Female lays eggs, often in groups of 3 to 5
body, 8 to 18 mm long, brown or red legs in bark crevices.19, 24
and relatively thin, short, brown or red Larvae form irregular shaped, longitudinal
antennae (half the length of body).2, 19, 24 galleries (10 mm wide) first in the inner
The 2 nd through the 5 th antennal segments bark and then later in the sapwood.
are enlarged.24 There are different colour Larval galleries are filled with granular
morphs within this species: black body, frass.19, 42 Mature larvae bore horizontally
antennae and legs with light brown elytra into the sapwood to a depth of 4 to 5 cm
or completely black beetles.19 The elytra and then parallel to the wood grain for
have a broad covering of very fine hairs 1.6 to 2.2 cm.19, 24 These “L-shaped”
and are densely punctured.2 galleries end in a pupal chamber. If
development occurs under thick bark,
HOST TREES larvae may only bore beneath the bark
Larix.19 without entering the sapwood.24
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN Before pupation, larvae make oval
THE TREE emergence holes that are plugged with
Larvae feed on the inner bark and frass.24 Pupal chambers are lined with
sapwood from root spurs to the top of frass.19, 24 Pupae develop with their heads
the crown.24 toward the holes.19
Adults emerge through these oval holes.19
HOST CONDITION
External signs and symptoms include
Stressed (e.g. defoliation, disease, fire, or
peeling bark, frass at the base of infested
wind), dying, and recently cut trees are
trees, beetles visible on the trunks, and
preferred, but beetles also attack healthy,
yellowing and wilting of needles.24
mature trees.19, 24, 49 Trees of all ages are
Consecutive years of attack can result in
attacked.24
tree mortality.42 When trees are not
killed, infestations result in loss of vigor
DISTRIBUTION
and reduced wood marketability due to
Asia including Russia, Kazakhstan,
bore holes.24
northern China, northern Japan and
northern Mongolia.24
50
A
Adult T. gracilicorne (8-18 mm long). Note antennae are half the body length.
B C
Close up of T. gracilicorne larva. Start of L-shaped T. gracilicorne gallery in the sapwood.
51
Xylotrechus altaicus Gebler

Altaï larch longhorn beetle

Adult beetles have an elongated (12 to 22 Females usually attack hosts within 400
mm long), reddish-brown body.4, 24, 27, 35 m of the tree in which they developed.4
The head and thorax are black. The legs Eggs are laid singly in slit-like niches in
and antennae are reddish-brown.4, 24, 27, 35 the bark over the entire length of the
The antennae barely extend beyond the trunk.27 Oviposition usually occurs on the
apex of the elytra.27 The elytra are south-side of the trunk.4, 35, 54
yellowish-brown and covered with dense Resin flows from wounds where young
short hairs.4, 24, 27, 35 There are two or three larvae have entered the bark.4, 35 Early
barely visible, whitish bands crossing the instar larvae feed on the inner bark.4, 35
centre of the elytra.4, 24, 27, 35, 54 Larvae overwinter in the bark and in the
spring they continue feeding on the inner
HOST TREES bark, creating horizontal galleries (30 to
Larix.4, 24, 35 35 cm long and 10 to 13 mm wide)
around the stem.4, 27, 35 In the summer,
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN larvae enter the sapwood to a depth of 1
THE TREE to 10 cm and overwinter again.27, 35
Larvae feed on the inner bark and
sapwood over the entire length of the The following spring, the larvae feed in
trunk.4, 35, 54 Adult beetles are often found the sapwood and gradually approach the
sitting on the trunks of host trees.4, 27 bark surface.4, 35 Mature larvae create
pupal cells just under the bark (3 to 5
HOST CONDITION mm) and adults emerge from round exit
Healthy or stressed trees are attacked. holes, 4 to 6 mm in diameter.4, 35 Frass is
Mature trees are preferred but larch of all observed at the base of infested trees.4
ages are susceptible to attack.4 This insect is Attacks can continue on the same tree for
not known to attack felled (e.g. windthrow, several consecutive years, ultimately
cut logs), dying or dead trees.4, 27, 35, 54 causing its death.4 Trees are eventually
killed as the larvae encircle the inner bark
DISTRIBUTION and girdle the tree.4 Needles of attacked
Russia and Mongolia.4, 24, 35 trees often appear yellow or wilted.35
When attacks on mature trees do not
result in mortality, callus tissue encircles
the larval galleries and the infestation
causes a significant loss of vigour.4, 27, 54
52
A B
Adult X. altaicus.
Adult X. altaicus (12-22 mm long). Note yellowish-brown elytra, black head

and thorax.
53
Xylotrechus rufilius Bates

The adult beetle differs from all other Females lay eggs singly or in batches
species in this genus by having a large, within bark crevices.27 Larvae bore
coarsely punctate, red pronotum and short through the bark and excavate
elytra (length twice the total width).27 longitudinal, meandering, frass-filled
Adults are 8 to 13 mm long.27, 122 galleries.27 Larval galleries may
In males, the hind femora extend far occasionally be transverse.27 If eggs are
beyond the elytral apex whereas in females laid in batches, larvae orient in different
the hind femora extend just beyond the directions, leaving behind radial galleries
apex.27 The head and scutellum are in the inner bark.27 The length of each
black, while the antennae and legs are larval gallery is approximately 28 cm,
dark brown with a rusty tinge.27 with an initial width of 1 mm and a
terminal width of 12 mm.27
HOST TREES Some last instar larvae construct
Acer, Ulmus and Fraxinus.27 longitudinal pupal cells within the bark (a
few millimetres beneath the bark
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN surface).27 Others bore into the wood,
THE TREE through 13 by 3 mm openings filled with
Larvae feed on the inner bark and frass, and create longitudinal pupal cells.27
sapwood along the stem.27 The pupal cells are 15 to 19 mm long
and 5 to 7 mm wide.27
HOST CONDITION
Dying and recently felled trees.27 Larval feeding can girdle the tree causing
a reduction in tree growth, crown
DISTRIBUTION stunting, wilting and branch mortality.122
Asian Russia, Japan, northeast China
and Korea.27
54
A B
Adult X. rufilius (8-13 mm long).
Adult X. rufilius. Note large red pronotum and short elytra.
55
Coleoptera: Curculionidae
Pissodes harcyniae (Herbst)

Spruce weevil

Adult weevils are black and 5 to 6 mm Immature beetles ascend the tree and feed
long.2 Antennae are located along the on the inner bark of the stem.2 Fertilized
middle of the adult’s snout.2 The posterior females excavate deep narrow holes into
edges of the pronotum are rounded.2 the bark of weakened trees and lay eggs
The elytra have two medial transverse individually or in groups of 2 to 5,
yellow or white bands.2 creating a star-like gallery.2
Larval galleries are irregularly shaped and
HOST TREES are initially 3 mm wide.2 As they enlarge,
Picea.2, 15 they eventually intersperse with other
galleries.2 Larval galleries penetrate the
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN inner bark but do not etch the sapwood.2
THE TREE
Larvae feed on the inner bark and sapwood At the end of the larval galleries, mature
on the upper part of the stem.2, 124 larvae bore pupal cells, 7 to 10 mm long
Immature beetles maturation feed on the and 3 mm wide, that penetrate deep into
inner bark of the stem where the bark is the sapwood.2 The pupal cells are lined
thin and smooth.2 with shredded wood.2 Attacked trees
appear wilted.2
HOST CONDITION
Diseased or weakened trees ranging from
50 to 100 years old are preferentially
attacked.2, 124
DISTRIBUTION
Central and northern Europe, Siberia.2, 15
56
A B
Adult P. harcyniae (5-6 mm long). Adult P. harcyniae. Note two yellow

medial transverse bands on elytra.
C D
P. harcyniae larval galleries ending in pupal chambers. Irregular shaped P. harcyniae larval gallery widens as
larva increases in size. Note shredded wood lining the
pupal chamber.
E F
Resin flowing from P. harcyniae maturation feeding sites. Debarked boles of P. harcyniae attacked trees.
57
Hymenoptera: Siricidae
Sirex noctilio Fabricius

Sirex woodwasp

Adult wasps have four clear yellow Females use their saw-like ovipositor to
membranous wings.1, 22 Both sexes also cut oviposition holes 12 mm into the
have a stout, cylindrical body measuring wood of the host tree.1, 22, 131 Up to 5 holes
9 to 36 mm and a pointed abdomen.1, 4, 22 are drilled into the outer sapwood.22 The
Males have thickened, black hind legs and spores of a symbiotic white rot fungus
orange-yellow middle segments on the (Amylostereum areolatum), which are fed
abdomen.1, 4, 22 Females have reddish- upon by the larvae, and a toxic mucus are
brown legs and a steel-blue body.1, 4, 22 injected into the sapwood by ovipositing
Females also have a spike-like projection females.1, 4, 22 Up to three eggs are laid per
on their abdomen, which protects the oviposition hole.1, 4, 22 The fungus and the
ovipositor.1, 4, 22 mucus act together to kill the tree and
create a suitable environment for
HOST TREES developing larvae.4, 22, 110, 118 When the bark
Pinus (main host), Abies and Picea.1, 4, 22, 42 is removed, a dark fungal stain can be
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN seen extending vertically from each
THE TREE oviposition site.4, 114
Along the lower or middle portion of the Larval galleries, 5 to 20 cm long, are
bole, larvae feed on a symbiotic fungus packed with chewed wood and a fine
within the sapwood and heartwood.22, 59, 107, 113 powdery frass.1, 4, 22 These galleries occur
at all depths in the sapwood and
HOST CONDITION heartwood, even to the centre of large
Healthy and stressed trees (e.g. logging trees.1, 4 The length of the gallery and the
damage, drought, fire) or dead stems.4, 105, size of the developing wasps are
116, 131
dependent upon the moisture content of
the wood.4 If the wood is dry, the
DISTRIBUTION galleries will be short, the smaller larvae
Europe, northern Africa, Mongolia, Siberia will pupate earlier and become adults at a
and Turkey. Introduced to Australia, New smaller size.4 Mature larvae pupate close
Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, to the bark surface.4 Adults emerge
Uruguay and eastern North America.1, 4, 22, 125 through circular emergence holes 3 to 8
mm in diameter.
Symptoms of attack also include beads of
resin flowing from oviposition holes.4, 59
Needles on attacked trees wilt and turn
from green to yellow and finally to reddish-
brown.4 Stem growth is drastically
reduced as a result of attack.59 Mortality
occurs in heavily infested trees.4
58
A B
Male S. noctilio. Note black hind legs and orange-yellow Female S. noctilio. Note brown legs and steel-blue body.
middle segments on abdomen.
C D
S. noctilio larval gallery (5-20 cm long). Note chewed Frass-filled S. noctilio larval galleries.
wood lining the gallery.
E F G
Circular S. noctilio exit holes Resin flowing from S. noctilio Reddish-brown crowns on S.
(3-8 mm wide). oviposition holes. noctilio attacked trees.
59
Hymenoptera: Siricidae
Sirex rufiabdominis Xiao & Wu

Red-bodied horntail

Adult females are 18 to 34 mm long with Females use their saw-like ovipositor to
black, 19 to 22 segmented antennae.63 cut holes 1 mm into the sapwood.63 At
The wings are transparent on the basal half the time of oviposition, females first
and smoky-brown on the apical half.63 secrete a phytotoxic mucus (a colourless
The body is covered with yellowish-gray gel) that reduces the tree’s ability to
hairs that are particularly abundant on enclose the eggs.63 One to seven eggs are
the head and thorax.63 Adult males are laid per oviposition hole.63 The browning
14 to 22 mm long and their bodies are and necrosis of the cambium that occurs
similar in colour to females but have around the phytotoxic mucus leads to
more hairs.63 Wings are pale yellow.63 wilting and tree mortality.63
Larvae initially bore 10 to 20 mm into the
HOST TREES sapwood and create vertical galleries.63
Pinus.63 Late instar larvae then bore into the
heartwood and may even reach the pith.63
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN Galleries are winding (15 to 20 cm long)
THE TREE and filled with sawdust and small, hard
Larvae feed on the sapwood and heartwood frass pellets.63 Most larvae return to the
along the stem between the base of the sapwood to pupate. Circular exit holes
tree and the main branches.63 They are are 5 to 8 mm in diameter.63
primarily found 2 m above ground level.63
HOST CONDITION
Weakened, stressed, or dying trees.63 This
insect prefers host trees growing in poorly
sanitized or thinned forests or trees growing
along the forest edge or on sunny slopes.63
DISTRIBUTION
China.63, 119
60
A
Adult S. rufiabdominis (18-34 mm long).
Frass-filled S. rufiabdominis larval galleries.
61
62
BARK BEETLES
• Scolytidae
63
Coleoptera: Scolytidae
Dendroctonus armandi Tsai & Li

Large pitch tube bark beetle

Adults are cylindrical beetles that are 3.5 Adult females mine monoramous,
to 6.8 mm long.62 Newly emerged beetles longitudinal egg galleries that are 10 to
are initially light-yellow but gradually 60 cm long (30 to 40 cm average).62
become light-brown, black-brown and Females lay eggs in niches on both sides
finally black upon maturation.62 of the egg gallery.62 The average distance
between egg niches is 8 mm.62 Larval
HOST TREES galleries are perpendicular to the egg
Pinus.62, 101 gallery and are usually 2 to 3 cm long,
but may reach lengths up to 5 cm.62
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN Elliptical pupal chambers are formed at
THE TREE the end of larval galleries.62 Maturing
Larvae feed on the inner bark along the beetles feed within the pupal chamber,
lower three-quarters of the bole.62 greatly enlarging it and increasing the
damage to the phloem tissue.62
HOST CONDITION Evidence of attack includes red to gray-
Healthy or recently felled trees, greater brown pitch tubes (10 to 20 mm in
than 30 years old are attacked.62 diameter), reddish frass around entrance
Outbreaks generally initiate in pine holes on the trunk, loose frass in bark
forests growing in nutritionally poor, crevices and fading of the foliage from
steep, dry sites, with thin soil layers.62, 69 yellow to yellow-brown.62, 65, 67 Trees
This insect prefers to attack trees growing girdled by larvae will eventually die.62
in sparsely stocked forests and trees
growing on southern aspects.62
DISTRIBUTION
Central China (Gansu, Henan, Hubei,
Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan
provinces).62, 69, 106
64
A B
Adult D. armandi (3.5-6.8 mm long). Pitch tubes on host tree attacked by

D. armandi.
C D
Pitch tube surrounding the entrance hole of D. armandi. Drawing of D. armandi egg (10-60 cm long) and larval
galleries (2-3 cm long).
65
Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann)

Great spruce bark beetle

Adult beetles are 5.5 to 9.0 mm long, 2.5 Attacking females bore through the bark
to 3.0 mm wide and are covered in orange and create a narrow oblique groove-like
hairs.6, 60, 84 Adults are uniformly jet black egg gallery in which a group of eggs are
or dark brown and cylindrical.6, 84 oviposited.60, 84 Pitch tubes surrounding
the entrance hole and dried white resin
HOST TREES may be visible on the trunk.6 Pitch tubes
Picea (main host), Abies, Pinus, Larix and may be purple, brown, cream or white
Pseudotsuga menziesii.4, 7, 24, 84 and may be present individually or in a
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN large group.60 Granular resin at the base
THE TREE of the tree is also a good indication of
Larvae feed on the inner bark.6, 84 Attacks attack. Within the egg gallery, early instar
usually occur on the lower part of the bole, larvae feed side by side creating a
root collars and even on underground widening feeding front beneath the bark.
roots. However during outbreaks, As a result of gregarious larval feeding that
galleries can also occur on branches in occurs until pupation, the gallery system
the upper crown.60, 84 (cavity) often appears fan-like.10, 84 Feeding
occurs along a leading edge; islands of
HOST CONDITION frass and dead individuals are left behind
Preferentially attacks healthy trees but in the rectangular cavity from which the
will also attack stressed trees (e.g. frost, larvae started from.6, 60, 84 These cavities are
snow, wind, drought).4, 10, 14, 84 Usually 30 to 60 cm long and 10 to 20 cm wide.60
prefers older, mature trees but can also Pupation occurs within individual niches
attack younger age classes.4, 84 in the rectangular cavity.60
Red, powder-like frass is expelled from
DISTRIBUTION emergence holes and can be found in
Europe, China, Japan, Mongolia and bark crevices along the trunk.60 Foliage
Turkey.4, 24, 84 can turn brown over some of the crown
(e.g. top kill) or over all of the crown,
depending upon the severity of the
attack.60 Entire trees can be killed as a
result of the girdling caused by feeding
larvae. Trees that have undergone
repeated attack will also have broken,
peeling (bark peels as larvae consume
inner bark), and often blackened bark.4
However, some infested trees can retain a
green canopy, even with severe girdling.84
66
A B
Adult D. micans (5.5-9.0 mm long). Note orange hairs Gregarious feeding of D. micans larvae.
covering body.
C D
Pitch tube and frass at the base of an attacked tree. D. micans pitch tube surrounding the entrance hole.
E F G
Dried resin on attacked tree. Declining Picea caused by Top kill caused by D. micans.
D. micans attack.
67
Hylastes ater (Paykull)

Black pine bark beetle

Adults are cylindrical and shiny black or Immature beetles remove patches of bark
slate gray with reddish-brown antennae and inner bark from seedlings at ground
and elytra.4, 18 Adults are 3.5 to 5.0 mm level.4 This feeding can cause heavy
long and 1.4 mm wide.4, 18 Newly emerged mortality.4 Seedlings that survive attack
beetles are uniformly reddish-brown but will show resin-encrusted wounds in the
darken as they mature.18 When viewed major roots and on the portion of the stem
from above, a small portion of the head below ground.18 Injured seedlings first
projects beyond the pronotum.18 The head appear wilted and sickly, then often turn
is directed downwards and is prolonged bright red, with needles becoming hard and
into a short snout.18 brittle.4 Injured seedlings tend to appear in
clumps near infested stumps or logs, but
HOST TREES may also be found at considerable distances
Pinus (main host), Araucaria, Abies, Larix, from breeding sites.4 In addition to the
Picea, Pseudotsuga and Thuja.4, 18 damage caused by feeding, beetles can also
vector several black stain root diseases.4
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN Adults prefer moist breeding habitats
THE TREE especially underground roots and the
This species breeds primarily in the inner underside of logs that are in contact with
bark of roots, fresh stumps, the base of dead the ground.4 A reddish, sawdust-like frass
and dying trees or logs in contact with the is expelled from entrance holes when adults
ground.4 However, immature beetles feed bore into the bark. Brood galleries consist
on the inner bark of pine, spruce, true of a short entrance tunnel leading to an
firs, Douglas-fir and larch seedlings.4 oblique nuptial chamber.4 From this
chamber the female bores a uniramous
HOST CONDITION gallery (8 to 13 cm long) that is packed
Breeding occurs in fresh stumps, recently with frass and is usually parallel with the
dead or broken host material and dying grain of the wood.4 However, any males
trees.4 that are present will clear debris from the
central egg gallery.4 Egg galleries reach but
DISTRIBUTION do not engrave the surface of the sapwood,
Europe.4 Introduced into Chile, Japan, except in small diameter material.4, 18
South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.4, 18
About 100 eggs are laid in individual
niches along the walls of the egg gallery.18
Larval galleries initially occur at right
angles to the egg gallery, but eventually
become random and ultimately obliterate
both the early larval galleries and those
made by the parents.4, 18 Upon maturation
of the brood, groups of about 40 (up to
120) beetles may be present in broad
irregularly shaped communal galleries
underneath the bark.18
68
A B
Adult H. ater (3.5-5.0 mm long). Maturation feeding by H. ater on seedlings. Note

reddish foliage.
C D E
Black staining of root collar associated H. ater egg galleries (8-13 cm long). Resin-encrusted wound caused by
with H. ater attack. Note frass packed vertical gallery. immature H. ater beetles.
F G
Immature beetles within communal galleries under the bark. Immature beetles feeding on the inner bark of a seedling.
69
Hylesinus varius (Fabricius)

Ash bark beetle

Adults are black and are 2.5 to 3.0 mm Immature beetles maturation feed on
long.2 Antennae have three segments and neighbouring trees (usually young trees),
are club shaped.2, 112 The antennae and mining short galleries (20 mm long) in the
tarsi are both reddish.112 The pronotum is bark.2, 112 Gall-like swellings (callus tissue)
shorter than it is wide.2, 112 The elytra are form as a result of maturation feeding and
flattened, rounded, and have irregular grow larger as beetles continue to feed in
light and dark coloured patches.2 Long the same spot.2, 112 During outbreaks,
hairs exist along the edge of the elytra.2 feeding is so intense that the entire bark of
a tree can be destroyed.112
HOST TREES Adults initiate attack by creating a
Fraxinus (main host), Acer, Ailanthus, “clamp-shaped” entrance tunnel. Adults
Carpinus, Corylus, Fagus, Juglans, Olea, then mine biramous, transverse egg
Pinus, Pyrus, Quercus, Robinia, Syringa, galleries 7 to 10 cm long and 1.5 mm
Tilia and Ulmus.2, 112 wide.2, 112 The two arms of the egg
galleries originate from a central nuptial
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN chamber (connected to the entrance
THE TREE hole).112 Larval galleries, 3 to 5 cm long,
Larvae feed on the inner bark along the branch at right angles from the egg
stem and branches.2 Immature beetles gallery and etch the sapwood.2, 88 Larval
maturation feed on the inner bark of galleries turn black over time.112 Light
host trees.112 coloured frass is present on the bark
surface.88 Pupation occurs at various
HOST CONDITION depths in the sapwood.2
Freshly felled, weakened, or stressed (e.g.
drought) trees.2 This is an aggressive Growth loss (i.e. stunting) and mortality
beetle that can also attack healthy trees.2, 112 can occur, especially on young trees.112
Prefers thin bark of young host trees.112 This beetle also vectors Pseudomonas
fraxini and is suspected to facilitate
DISTRIBUTION infection by Nectria galligena (beech
Europe, Turkey and northern Africa.2, 112 bark disease).112
70
A B C
Adult H. varius (2.5-3.0 mm long). Callus tissue resulting from H. varius Light coloured frass from H. varius
maturation feeding. attack.
D E
Callus tissue caused by maturation feeding. H. varius egg and larval galleries.
F G
H. varius egg and larval galleries. Note two-armed egg H. varius exit holes.
gallery extending from nuptial chamber.
71
Hylurgus ligniperda Fabricius

Red-haired pine bark beetle

Adults are small (4 to 6 mm long and 2 Each female constructs a short entrance
mm wide), cylindrical black-brown or tunnel leading to an oblique nuptial
golden-brown beetles.4, 44, 93 The entire body chamber in the inner bark. From this
is covered with dense yellowish or reddish nuptial chamber the female constructs a long
hairs that are particularly noticeable on egg gallery that usually runs parallel or at an
the posterior slope of the elytra and on angle with the grain of the wood.4, 93 The egg
the front of the head.44, 93 The elytral apex gallery can be up to l m long and is not
is convex with a slight indentation but always straight; it often meanders and
does not have teeth on the declivity.82 sometimes doubles back on itself.4, 44, 93
Galleries may occur along the stem and in
HOST TREES the roots and root collar.
Pinus.44 Pinus strobus, P. nigra and P. The eggs are laid in notches cut in the walls
sylvestris are known host trees occurring of the egg gallery and are covered with frass.
in Canada.4, 93 Egg galleries consist of alternating, 10 to 20
cm long sections with and without eggs.
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN As a result, the larvae tend to be found in
THE TREE groups with mature or nearly mature
Larvae feed on the inner bark along the larvae near the nuptial chamber, then
stem, roots and root collar.44 In standing groups of successively smaller, even-sized
trees, females oviposit near the root larvae at intervals along the gallery. The
collar.93 These beetles will also attack larval galleries are initially at right angles to
buried logs or portions of the log in the egg gallery but soon become random so
contact with the ground.4, 93 Immature that they make no distinctive pattern.4, 44, 93
beetles maturation feed on the roots and
root collar of healthy and stressed As this insect tends to attack severely
seedlings and young saplings (up to 15 stressed or recently dead host material, pitch
cm in diameter).93 tubes and crown symptoms are usually not
evident.75 Along with the reddish brown
HOST CONDITION frass found in bark crevices of host material,
Stressed or recently felled trees.44 Females the presence of small, round exit holes and
oviposit on freshly cut logs, stumps, slash dark staining caused by associated fungi are
and even seedlings.44, 93 other indications of attack.93 Upon
emergence, immature beetles seek pine hosts
DISTRIBUTION for maturation feeding and bore spiral
Europe.44, 93 Introduced into Brazil, Chile, galleries in seedlings and young saplings.93
Uruguay, Japan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Mortality can occur if larger roots or the
Australia, New Zealand and North root collar of host trees are girdled.93
America (near Rochester, New York).44, 93 Hylurgus ligniperda has often been associated
with many Leptographium species of varying
pathogenicity. If these beetles vector a
fungal pathogen, reduced height and branch
growth, crown thinning, chlorosis and tree
mortality may also be evident on standing
infested trees.
72
A B C
Adult H. ligniperda (4-6 mm long). H. ligniperda egg gallery. Numerous H. ligniperda adults
Note reddish hairs on the declivity under the bark.
and front of the head.
D E
Reddish-brown frass around stump attacked by H. ligniperda maturation feeding damage on seedling.
H. ligniperda.
F G
H. ligniperda egg gallery (up to l m long) in stump. Various life stages of H. ligniperda.
73
Ips hauseri Reitter

Hauser’s engraver

Adult beetles are bright reddish-black, Immature beetles maturation feed under
with an elongated body (3.5 to 5.0 mm the bark of brood trees creating slightly
long) and are completely covered with irregular-shaped feeding galleries that are
sparse, yellowish-brown hairs.24 Each parallel to the main stem.42 Adults
elytron has four spines along the declivity.24 emerge from small, round exit holes.42
The 3rd spine in the male is finger-shaped One central nuptial chamber includes one
and is the widest and longest, whereas in male and 2 to 8 females.24 Thus, several
the female, the spines are all uniform.24 egg galleries can radiate downwards
The surface of the declivity is matted.71 (most likely) or upwards from the nuptial
chamber.24 Longitudinal egg galleries are
HOST TREES 8 to 14 cm long and 1.5 to 3.0 mm wide.
Picea, Larix and Pinus.24 These galleries are free of frass.24 Females
lay 20 to 45 eggs on both sides of the egg
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN gallery.42 The intervals between egg niches
THE TREE are shorter near the nuptial chamber than
Larvae feed on the inner bark along the at the end of the egg gallery.42
entire bole, including the root collar, and The perpendicular larval galleries are
in larger branches (inner bark and short (3 to 4 cm long) and become wider
sapwood).24 Immature beetles maturation as the larvae increase in size.24, 42
feed on the inner bark of brood trees.24
Symptoms of attack include resin flow
HOST CONDITION from entrance holes, reddish-brown frass
Healthy trees. But stressed, dying and in bark crevices, pitch tubes and sparse
recently cut trees are preferred.24 Mature crowns with partly dead tops and
trees are preferred, but at high populations branches.24, 42 Attack sites occur over the
young trees (5 to 6 cm diameter) can also entire trunk from the top, down to the
be attacked.24 root collar.24 Therefore, needles of
attacked trees often show yellowing or
DISTRIBUTION reddening and wilting that usually begins
Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, at the top of a tree.24
Tajikistan, Turkey and China.17, 42, 72, 73, 74
74
A B
Adult I. hauseri (3.5-5.0 mm long). Elytral declivity of male I. hauseri.

Note size and shape of 3rd spine.
Drawing of I. hauseri egg (8-14 cm long) and larval (3-4

cm long) galleries.
75
Ips sexdentatus (Boerner)

Six-spined engraver beetle

Ips sexdentatus is the largest species in the Males initiate the attack and create a
genus Ips, measuring 5.5 to 8.2 mm in large nuptial chamber beneath the bark.4,
length.4, 131 Adult beetles are dark brown 131
Males are joined by 2 to 5 females
and cylindrical.4 The head is covered by a that create individual egg galleries,
thoracic shield and the head is not visible radiating longitudinally in opposite
when viewed dorsally.4 Both sexes have directions from the nuptial chamber.4, 131, 132
six spines on each side of the declivity, of Egg galleries are usually 15 to 35 cm long
which the 4 th is the largest and capitate.24 and 4 to 5 mm wide.4, 131, 132 Eggs are
deposited in individual niches along each
HOST TREES side of the egg gallery.4 Larval galleries
Pinus (main host), Abies, Larix, Picea and run approximately perpendicular to the
Pseudotsuga.4, 17 egg gallery and are 8 to 10 cm long.4, 24, 132
Larval galleries increase in size as the
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN larvae grow.4 Both egg and larval galleries
THE TREE are mainly found in the inner bark and
Larvae feed on the inner bark of the barely etch the sapwood.131 Large round
lower bole.132 This species prefers to pupal chambers are located at the end of
attack larger trees with thick bark.4, 66 the larval galleries.4, 131 Round exit holes on
the bole, approximately 4 mm in diameter,
HOST CONDITION will be apparent once adults emerge.4
This insect rarely attacks healthy Breeding attacks are characterized by the
vigorous hosts, preferring recently cut, presence of reddish-brown frass on the
weakened, dying or windthrown trees.4, 77, bark surface of trees, freshly cut logs, or
78, 131
windthrow.4 If relatively vigorous trees
are attacked, pitch tubes can be found on
DISTRIBUTION the bole.4, 127 The needles of attacked trees
Europe, Asian Russia, Mongolia, China turn from green to yellow and then
and Thailand.4, 17, 24 reddish-brown.4 Ips sexdentatus acts as a
vector for a bluestain fungus, Ophiostoma
brunneo-ciliatum, which also damages the
tree and stains the wood.4, 24, 79
76
A B C
Star shaped I. sexdentatus gallery Egg galleries (15-35 cm long) of Reddish-brown crown of
system with six egg galleries I. sexdentatus. I. sexdentatus attacked tree.
radiating from the nuptial chamber.
D E
Immature I. sexdentatus beetle (5.5-8.2 mm long). Pitch tube around entrance hole of I. sexdentatus.
F G
Reddish-brown frass around the base of I. sexdentatus Chlorotic foliage and woodpecker damage on
attacked tree. I. sexdentatus attacked trees.
77
Ips subelongatus (Motschulsky)

Larch bark beetle

Adult beetles are completely brown and Maturation feeding usually occurs along
4.5 to 6.0 mm long. Adults have four the trunk but may also occur on the root
spines on each side of the elytral declivity.24 collar, the upper bole, or on branches.24
The 3rd spine is the largest and is strongly These maturation galleries are filled with
capitate.24 The surface of the elytral declivity large quantities of frass.24, 42
is completely covered with long hairs.24 Males initiate the attack and are joined
by 2 to 5 females.42 The shape and depth
HOST TREES of egg galleries vary depending on host
Larix (main host), Abies, Picea and health, but all galleries originate from a
Pinus.24, 26, 42 central nuptial chamber.24, 42 In healthy
trees, egg galleries radiate downwards and
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN upwards from the nuptial chamber, but in
THE TREE stressed hosts egg galleries radiate
Larvae feed in the inner bark along the vertically and horizontally.24, 42 Egg
length of the bole.24 Immature beetles galleries are usually 3.0 to 3.5 mm wide
maturation feed in the inner bark of the and 16 to 18 cm long, but can reach
bole and will feed in the root collar or lengths up to 27 cm.24 Larval galleries
branches if sites on the bole are are usually perpendicular to the egg
unavailable.24 galleries.24 Pitch tubes and reddish frass
occur on the bark surface.42 Adults
HOST CONDITION emerge from small round exit holes.24, 42
Healthy, dying, stressed, or cut trees.
Mature trees are preferred.24 If the initial attack density is not too high,
I. subelongatus usually re-attacks the same
DISTRIBUTION host tree over several consecutive years
Asian Russia, northern China and which can lead to the death of healthy
Mongolia.24, 42 trees.24, 26 Additional symptoms of attack
include sparse crowns, partly dead tops,
wilting of needles, and fading of foliage
from green to yellow and finally to red. 42
Resin also flows from entrance holes.24
78
A B
Adult I. subelongatus declivity. Note the large and Adult I. subelongatus (4.5-6.0 mm long).
capitate 3rd spine.
C D
Drawing of I. subelongatus egg (16-18 cm long) and Maturation feeding galleries. In the region of larval
larval galleries on a healthy tree. development (A). On roots (B). Top of the trunk or on
branches (C & D).
E F
I. subelongatus egg and larval I. subelongatus egg galleries on a

galleries. stressed tree.
79
Ips typographus (Linnaeus)

European spruce bark beetle

Adults are 4.2 to 5.5 mm long, cylindrical Males excavate a nuptial chamber and
and reddish or dark brown to completely are joined by 1 to 4 females. Females
black.2, 4, 131, 136 The front of the head and construct egg galleries in the inner bark
the sides of the body are covered with long radiating outward from the nuptial
yellowish hairs.1 Both sexes have four chamber.4 Vertical egg galleries are 10 to
spines on each side of the elytral declivity, 20 cm long (12.5 cm average) and are
with the 3rd spine being the largest and usually three-armed, but can be two-
capitate.4 However, males have a larger armed or multi-branched.1, 3, 88, 131
head on the 3rd spine than do females and Approximately 50 eggs are laid on each
have fewer hairs on the pronotum.2, 3, 97 side of the egg gallery.3, 97, 136 Larval galleries
radiate at right angles to the egg gallery
HOST TREES and become wider as the larvae grow.136
Picea (main host), Abies, Larix and Pinus.1, On standing trees, needles turn yellow-
4, 136
green to red-brown and the foliage drops
within a few weeks.1, 136 Signs of
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN infestation include red-brown frass in
THE TREE bark crevices, numerous round exit holes
Larvae feed in the inner bark up to 10 m approximately 2 to 3 mm in diameter,
along the stem.35, 133, 136 This species prefers and small (dime sized) tubes of resin
thicker-barked stems with a minimum bark (pitch tubes) extruding from the bark.1, 136
thickness of 2.5 mm and an optimum Woodpecker damage may also be present.6
thickness of 5.0 mm.131, 134
Adult beetles also carry a number of
HOST CONDITION associated fungi such as Ceratocystis
This beetle prefers physiologically weakened, polonica (Siemaszko). This bluestain
damaged, windthrown, recently felled or fungus is highly virulent and can kill
overmature trees.4, 35, 133 However, as healthy spruce trees.4 This fungus also
populations increase healthy hosts may be stains the wood with blue streaks, which
attacked.4, 133 Infestations are more severe reduces its commercial value.4
in stands greater than 120 years old, with
a preference for trees between 70 and 150
years old. Stands less than 40 years old
sustain very little damage.4, 5, 35, 53
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, China, Korea, Japan and Russia., 42
80
A B
Adult I. typographus (4.2-5.5 mm long). Note yellow Brown frass around base of I. typographus attacked tree.
hairs covering head and body.
C D E
I. typographus egg (10-20 cm long) I. typographus egg and larval Reddish-brown crowns of trees
and larval galleries. galleries. Galleries widen as larvae attacked by I. typographus.
increase in size.
F G
Stand mortality caused by I. typographus. Reddish-brown frass at the base of tree attacked by
I. typographus.
81
Pityogenes chalcographus (Linneaus)

Six-spined spruce bark beetle

Adult beetles are 1.6 to 2.9 mm long, and Brownish-white frass, resulting from
are either black or bicoloured (black colonizing adult beetles can be observed in
head/thorax and red-brown elytra).2, 82 the bark crevices.46 However, if attacks
The frons on males are flat, whereas the first occur high in the crown, frass will not
frons on females are round with a depression be visible in the bark or at the base of the
between the eyes.2 Adults have a moderately tree as it disperses during the fall from the
excavated elytral declivity with 3 widely canopy.46 Streams of resin may exude from
spaced conical teeth (per elytron) in males entrance holes, but these are not always
and 3 smaller rounded teeth in females.2, 82 readily observable within the crown.46
Pityogenes chalcographus galleries are
HOST TREES stellate (star-like), usually with 3 to 6 egg
Picea, Larix, Pinus, Pseudotsuga menziesii.28, 31 galleries radiating from a central nuptial
Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus strobus chamber. Each egg gallery is approximately
and Pseudotsuga menziesii are known host 3 to 5 cm long and 1 mm wide.2 Larval
trees occurring within Canada. galleries are approximately 3 cm long,
radiate away from the egg gallery in a
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN more or less irregular pattern and may or
THE TREE may not penetrate the sapwood.2 Larval
Larvae feed on the inner bark of stems and galleries occur very close to each other and
branches. On larger diameter trees, attacks occur on both sides of the egg gallery.2
initially occur high on the stem and Exit holes are small (less than 1 mm in
subsequent attacks may occur progressively diameter) and circular.46
lower on the bole.2, 97 Adults prefer to
attack portions of the tree with thin bark.29 On smaller (e.g. 2 to 4 m) trees, attacks
occur along the entire length of the tree
HOST CONDITION and crown symptoms (red needles) will be
Prefers stressed and recently felled trees quite visible.46 On larger trees, attacks
(e.g. windthrow, uprooted trees) and initiate at the top of the crown and foliar
logging residue (e.g. slash, stumps, broken colour change is not usually evident.
tops). Populations can build up in these In these trees the needles tend to fall to
hosts and spill over into healthy trees.28 the ground, the crown appears thinned
and the terminal leader will be dead.46
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, Siberia, Russia, Japan and
China.2, 15, 30
82
A B
Adult P. chalcographus. Note elytral declivity with Reddish-brown crowns on P. chalcographus

three widely spaced spines. attacked saplings.
C D
Egg (3-5 cm long) and larval (3 cm long) galleries of Star shaped gallery system with egg galleries radiating
P. chalcographus. from a central nuptial chamber.
E F G
P. chalcographus egg and larval Top kill caused by P. chalcographus. Chlorotic and thinning crown caused
galleries. by P. chalcographus.
83
Scolytus intricatus (Ratzeburg)

European oak bark beetle

Adults are small brownish beetles Immature beetles fly to the crown and
measuring 2.4 to 4.0 mm.4, 108, 109 maturation feed on twigs, then seek breeding
sites in trunks and branches.100, 104 As a
HOST TREES result of maturation feeding, broken shoots
Quercus (main host), Aesculus, Betula, containing small entrance holes can be
Carpinus, Castanea, Corylus, Fagus, Ostrya, found on the ground beneath host trees.40, 46
Populus, Salix, Sorbus and Ulmus.4, 41, 102, 103, Either males or females will bore through
104, 106, 108
the bark and initiate construction of a
transverse monoramous egg gallery.41
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN These egg galleries are 5 to 20 mm long
THE TREE (11 mm average). Eggs are laid individually
Larvae feed in the inner bark on the entire in regularly spaced niches along both
stem and in branches greater than 5 cm sides of the egg gallery.4 Larval galleries
in diameter. Immature beetles maturation extend parallel to the grain (perpendicular
feed on twigs, usually at the juncture of to the egg gallery) and can reach lengths
the current year and 1 year old shoots.4 of 10 to 15 cm.100 Larvae feed on the
inner bark and slightly etch the sapwood.41
HOST CONDITION During the first two instars, larval
Mature, recently dead, dying or stressed galleries remain discreet but gradually
trees. Recently cut (less than 18 months become indistinct as the larvae mature.41
old) logs and branches are also attacked.4 Exit holes are round and approximately
1.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter.46
DISTRIBUTION
Europe, northern Africa and Asia Minor.4, Infested trees exhibit general symptoms of
103, 104 decline that include reduced growth,
crown thinning (i.e. reduced foliage cover)
and mortality.4 Leaves generally do not
change colour but usually shrivel and
remain on the branch.46
84
A B
Adult S. intricatus (2.4-4.0 mm long). Transverse egg gallery (5-20 mm

long) and vertical larval galleries
(10-15 cm long).
C D
Adult S. intricatus. S. intricatus egg (transverse) and larval (vertical) galleries.
E F
S. intricatus egg (transverse) and larval (vertical) galleries. S. intricatus maturation feeding damage.
85
Scolytus morawitzi (Semenov)

Morawitz’s bark beetle

Male beetles are 2.6 to 4.2 mm long while Immature beetles maturation feed at the
females are 3.1 to 4.8 mm.24, 42 top of the trunk and on branches.24
The pronotum, antennae, and legs are all Adults bore 7 to 13 mm long galleries at
reddish-brown.24, 42 Males have a retreating these feeding sites.24 These galleries can
forehead.24, 42 Females have a roughly be distinguished from breeding sites by
wrinkled projecting forehead, covered the absence of frass.24
with hairs which are denser on the lower The female adult bores under bark scales
part of the forehead.24, 42 The length of the and creates a small central chamber
pronotum is greater than its width.24, 42 where she initially lays 2 to 3 eggs.24, 42
The abdomen of adults projects slightly As more eggs are laid the chamber is
beyond the elytra.24, 42 The elytra are widened.24 A total of 8 to 20 eggs are laid
toothed near the apex and are furrowed.24, 42 per chamber.24, 42 Larval galleries are 15
to 17 cm long, radiate from the central
HOST TREES chamber and may wind back and forth
Larix.17, 24 across other larval galleries.24, 42 These
galleries etch the sapwood and are filled
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN with frass.24 Larval galleries usually
THE TREE spiral around branches, encircling them.24
Larvae feed on the inner bark along the The ends of larval galleries are slightly
stem and larger branches (7 mm diameter enlarged to form pupal chambers.24
minimum) where the bark thickness does Adults emerge from small exit holes.
not exceed 3 to 4 cm.24, 42 Immature beetles
maturation feed on the inner bark of the Resin and pitch tubes occur along the
stem and branches.24, 42 tree stem near the entrance holes.24, 42
Reddish-brown frass also occurs on the
HOST CONDITION bark surface. The crowns of attacked
Mature, stressed, dying or recently felled trees are sparse with partly dead tops and
trees are preferred, but during outbreaks branches.24, 42 The foliage on infested trees
healthy trees of various ages are also often appears wilted and the needles
attacked.24 This species prefers to attack usually fade from green to yellow.24, 42
trees growing in sparse forests.24 This species usually re-attacks the same
trees during several consecutive years
DISTRIBUTION causing their death.24, 42
Russia, Mongolia and northeast China.17, 24
86
A B
Adult S. morawitzi (2.6-4 mm long). S. morawitzi larval galleries

radiating from the nuptial chamber.
S. morawitzi larval galleries (15-17 mm long) radiating from the nuptial chamber.
87
Scolytus ratzeburgi Janson

Birch bark beetle

Adults are 4.5 to 6.5 mm, cylindrical, Immature beetles feed on fresh young twigs
shiny black or brown.2 Males have a long and branches of host trees.68 They also feed
flat frons covered with dense hairs.2 The on leaves but do not consume the leaf stalk.68
pronotum is finely punctured.2 Elytra are Beetles bore a semi-circular gallery into the
flat with punctured grooves and interstices, bark beneath the nodes.68 These galleries are
the posterior portions are smooth.2 The 1 to 2 cm long.68 Callus tissue may occur
legs and antennae are brown.2 over old maturation galleries.68 In some
cases galleries are not formed, but the bark
HOST TREES is gnawed away in irregular patches.68
Betula and Ulmus.2, 68 Sometimes the maturation galleries are used
as breeding sites. Otherwise, these galleries
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN are abandoned and new ones are
THE TREE constructed for egg laying.68
Immature beetles maturation feed on bark, Females initiate the attack. Entrance holes,
buds, leaves, and thin twigs in the crown.68 shaped like the head of a golf club, are
Larvae usually develop beneath the thick, easily visible on smaller branches with
coarse bark of the main stem or large thinner bark, but are difficult to find on
branches (less than 40 cm in diameter) thicker bark.68 Females bore straight into
but may occasionally develop in the the sapwood, then bore longitudinally along
smooth bark of smaller branches (5 to 7.5 the axis of the bole. Reddish-brown frass is
cm in diameter).68 usually pushed out by females as they
excavate the egg gallery.68 Monoramous,
HOST CONDITION longitudinal egg galleries are 0.75 to 10 cm
Old and weakened trees. Healthy trees long and etch the sapwood.2, 68
are attacked during outbreaks.2
Eggs are laid in small niches on each side of
DISTRIBUTION the egg gallery and are packed with frass.68,
131
Europe, Central and Eastern Russia, At right angles to the egg galleries, long
Mongolia and Japan.17 larval galleries (6 to 10 cm long) penetrate
the sapwood as well as the bark.2, 68, 89
As larvae grow the galleries approach the
surface, with pupal chambers occurring just
under the bark.68
Other signs of attack are the conspicuous
ventilation holes in bark that are 2.5 mm in
diameter.2, 88 These holes are initially round,
but become oval with use.2 Dry crowns and
die-back also occur on attacked trees.2
Scolytus ratzeburgi is associated with the
occurrence of Dutch elm disease, facilitating
the spread of this disease.68
88
A B C
Adult S. ratzeburgi (4.5-6.5 mm long). S. ratzeburgi egg and larval galleries. S. ratzeburgi egg (0.75-10 cm long)
and larval (6-10 cm long) galleries.
D E F
S. ratzeburgi egg and larval galleries. S. ratzeburgi ventilation holes Dieback on S. ratzeburgi
(2.5 mm wide). attacked tree.
89
Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus)

Common pine shoot beetle

Adults are 3 to 5 mm long and Breeding attacks are characterized by fine
cylindrical.4, 131 Their head and thorax are reddish-brown frass on the bark surface
shiny black while the elytra are reddish- of trees. If relatively vigorous trees are
brown to black.6, 11 The head is visible attacked, whitish pitch tubes occur
from above. The elytral declivity is around entrance holes on the bark
smooth and rounded.4 surface.4 Adult beetles are associated
with various species of blue stain fungi,
HOST TREES which stain the sapwood.4
Pinus (main host), Abies, Larix, Picea and Females construct individual
Pseudotsuga.4, 131 monoramous, vertical (more or less) egg
galleries within the inner bark that are 10
LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN to 25 cm long and about 2 mm wide.4, 131
THE TREE Females lay eggs singly in niches on both
Larvae feed on the inner bark along the sides of the egg gallery.4 This species
bole from the root collar to the middle or periodically sweeps its egg galleries clean
lower crown. Immature beetles maturation of frass.52 Larvae construct galleries, 4 to
feed and overwinter within shoots. 9 cm long, that are perpendicular to the
Adults overwinter in short tunnels at the egg gallery.4, 131
base of trees.4, 66
Immature beetles bore through the outer
HOST CONDITION bark, creating round exit holes about 2
Trees of all ages are attacked, with mm in diameter.4, 51 Beetles then fly to the
preference for larger standing brood trees crowns of live, healthy pines of all ages
(at least 12 cm in diameter). Dying, and usually maturation feed on the
stressed (e.g. drought, defoliation, fire, current year’s shoots.4, 131 Beetles tunnel
snow) and healthy trees as well as recently into the centre and bore outwards,
cut stumps, felled trees and windthrow are hollowing out 2 to 10 cm of the shoot.4
preferred brood trees.4, 66, 131 Shoot attack Shoot feeding does not kill the tree but
usually occurs above 1.8 m.4, 12, 66 causes reductions in height, diameter and
volume.4, 135 Damaged shoots display a
DISTRIBUTION round entrance hole (2 mm) and either
Asia, northern Africa and Europe with one hollowed gallery or several short
introductions into eastern North hollow galleries, which are usually
America.1, 4, 21, 33, 45, 51 surrounded by pitch.1 Damaged shoots
are disfigured, turn yellow then red,
droop, become dry and brittle, and
eventually break off near the entrance
hole.1, 4, 12, 131 After windstorms, branches
break off and the tree appears pruned.6
In late October to November the adult
beetles move down the tree to the base of
the trunk where they bore into the bark
to overwinter.1, 131
90
A B C
Adult T. piniperda (3-5 mm long) T. piniperda egg (10-25 cm long) and Pitch tube surrounding entrance hole
tunnelling in a shoot. larval (4-9 cm long) galleries. Note on brood tree.
vertical orientation of egg galleries.
D E
Round entrance hole (2 mm wide) on infested shoot. Green flagging on shoot caused by maturation feeding.
F G
Frass expelled from T. piniperda entrance holes. Red flagging caused by maturation feeding within
current year’s shoot.
91
92
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98
Glossary
Abdomen: The region of the insect body Cambium (vascular): In woody plants it
behind the thorax. The last of the three is the single layer of cells between the
major body divisions of an insect. bark and wood, from which new wood
Abies: A genus of trees collectively develops. Division of these cells results in
known as true firs. diameter growth of the tree through
formation of xylem and phloem.
Acer: A genus of trees collectively known
as maple. Capitate: Abruptly enlarged and globular
at the tip.
Aesculus: A genus of trees collectively
known as buckeye or horsechestnut. Carpinus: A genus of trees collectively
known as hornbeam.
Ailanthus: A genus of trees collectively
known as Chinese-sumac or Tree-of-heaven. Carya: A genus of trees collectively
known as hickory.
Alnus: A genus of trees collectively
known as alder. Castanea: A genus of trees collectively
known as chestnut.
Ambrosia beetle: Scolytids in which
larvae feed on fungi lining larval galleries Cedrus: A genus of trees collectively
created within the wood of a tree. e.g. known as true cedars.
Xyleborus spp., Xylosandrus spp., Celtis: A genus of trees collectively
Trypodendron spp. known as hackberry.
Amygdalus: A genus of trees collectively Cerambycidae: A family of beetles known
known as almonds. as longhorn beetles. Cerambycids that attack
Antenna, antennae (pl.): A pair of trees are also known as round headed wood
segmented sensory organs located on the borers. Adults usually have long antennae
head of an insect, above the mouthparts. while the larvae are often cylindrical.
Betula: A genus of trees collectively Chamaecyparis: A genus of trees collectively

known as birch. known as false cypress or yellow cedar.
Bipectinate: Feathery, with branches on Chlorosis: Abnormal condition

both sides of the main axis; applied characterized by the absence of green
mainly to antennae. pigments in plants.
Biramous gallery: A system in which two Coniferophagous: Organisms that feed on

egg galleries arise from the same nuptial coniferous trees.
chamber. Galleries can be longitudinal, Coniferous tree: Commonly known as
transverse or diagonal. evergreen trees. Generally these trees retain
Bole: The trunk or stem of a tree. their needles throughout the year, with the
exception of larch. Also known as gym-
Buprestidae: A family of beetles known nosperms; woody vascular plants that produce
as flat-headed or metallic wood borers. naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary.
Adults tend to be almond shaped and the
larvae tend to have flattened heads. e.g. pines, spruces, true firs, Douglas-fir,
hemlocks, cedars, junipers, cypress.
Callus: An isolated thickening of tissue,
usually developed by a plant to contain Corylus: A genus of trees collectively
and isolate an infection or wound. known as hazelnut.
99
Crataegus: A genus of trees collectively Elytron; elytra (pl): The thickened,
known as hawthorns. sclerotized forewings of insects such
Crown: The live branches and foliage at as beetles.
the top of a tree. Epicormic branches: Adventitious twigs
Cryptomeria: A genus of trees collectively or branches that form from dormant buds
known as Japanese-cedar or Sugi. along the bole or branches. These branches
usually form in response to tree stress.
Cupressus: A genus of trees collectively
known as cypress. Epistoma: The region on an insect’s face
above the mouthparts and below the
Curculionidae: A family of beetles known frons. In many beetles, the mouthparts
as weevils. Adults are snout nosed with their articulate with this region.
antennae located mid-length on the snout.
Exit hole: A hole through the bark or wood
e.g. Pissodes picea, Hylobius abietis that is created by an emerging insect.
Declivity: Posterior portion of the elytra Fagus: A genus of trees collectively
that descends to the apex. known as beech.
Deciduous tree: Commonly known as broad- Forewing: The first or anterior pair of
leaved or hardwood trees. Generally these insect wings.
trees lose their leaves (except arbutus and
holly) during the fall when the photoperiod Frass: The waste material produced by
decreases in intensity and duration (less feeding insects that includes excrement
light). They belong to a class of vascular and partially chewed vegetation.
plants known as angiosperms that have their Fraxinus: A genus of trees collectively
ovules and seeds enclosed in an ovary. known as ash.
e.g. oak, elm, ash, maple, hickory, alder, birch, Frons: Upper part of the insect face,
arbutus, dogwood, beech, poplar, walnut. between the eyes and above the epistoma.
Defoliators: Insects that feed on the needles Genus, genera (pl.): A group of
or leaves of coniferous or deciduous trees. evolutionarily related species, sharing one
Major forest defoliators include budworms or a number of characteristics.
(Tortricids), tussock moths (Lymantriids), Hair pencil: The collection or mass of
loopers or inchworms (Geometrids), sawflies elongate hairs (i.e. setae) growing from
(Diprionids), leaf beetles (Chrysomelids) and the integument of an insect.
tent caterpillars (Lasiocampids).
Head: The anterior region of an insect,
Egg/parent gallery: The gallery produced which bears the mouthparts, eyes and
by an adult beetle in which eggs are laid. antennae.
It is from the egg or parent gallery that
larval galleries will initiate. Heartwood: The inner core of a woody
stem composed of nonliving cells and
Elaeagnus: A genus of trees collectively usually differentiated from the outer wood
known as oleasters. layer (sapwood) by its darker colour.
Elytral declivity: Posterior portion of the Hibernaculum; hibernacula (pl.):
elytra that descends to the apex. A shelter occupied during winter by
Elytral suture: The area on the dorsal a dormant animal.
side of a beetle where the two elytra meet.
100
Hindwings: The second pair of wings of Monoramous (uniramous) gallery:
an insect. A linear, non-branching egg gallery that
Infestation: A term generally used to define can be either transverse or parallel to the
large, extensive forest insect populations. wood grain.
Similar in definition to an outbreak. Morus: A genus of trees collectively
Inner bark: The living tissue beneath the known as mulberry.
outer bark. Also known as phloem. Naturalized: An organism that has been
Instar: The stage of an insect’s life between introduced into a new environment and
successive molts, for example the first has become established as if it was
instar is the stage between emergence indigenous to this area.
from the egg and the first molt. Necrosis: A pathological state characterized
Juglans: A genus of trees collectively by brown or dark discoloration and
known as walnut. disintegration (local tissue mortality) of
Juniperus: A genus of trees collectively plant tissue.
known as junipers. Nuptial chamber: For bark beetles and
Large wood borers: A term used in this woodborers it is usually a small gallery
book to describe cerambycids, buprestids, beneath the bark in which mating occurs.
weevils and siricids. Oblate: Flattened or depressed at the
Larix: A genus of trees collectively poles (e.g. oblate spheroid).
known as larch. Olea: A genus of trees collectively known
Larva, larvae (pl.): The immature stage as olives.
between the egg and pupa of insects Order: A taxonomic subdivision that
having complete metamorphosis where contains groups of related families or
the immature differs radically from the superfamilies. Order names usually end
adult (e.g. caterpillars, grubs). with a “-ptera” in insects.
Larval gallery: The galleries produced by Ostrya: A genus of trees collectively
the mining action of larvae. Larval galleries known as hop-hornbeam or ironwood.
initiate from egg/parent galleries.
Outbreak: A term generally used to
Lasiocampidae: A family of lepidoptera define forest insect populations that are
known as tent caterpillars. extensively and intensively large. Usually
Lepidoptera: An order of insects that populations increase dramatically
includes butterflies and moths. resulting in mortality or defoliation over a
Lymantriidae: A family of lepidoptera large area (> 1 ha).
known as tussock moths. Overwinter: A period of rest or hibernation
Malus: A genus of trees collectively by which insects survive the winter.
known as apple. Oviposition: The laying or depositing
Maturation feeding: Some forest insects of eggs.
require supplemental feeding, before or Ovipositor: The tubular or valved egg-
after emerging from the host, to complete laying apparatus at the posterior end of a
sexual maturation and sclerotization female insect.
(hardening and darkening of the cuticle)
or to increase energy reserves.
101
Pathway: The way in which an organism Quarantine pest: A pest of potential
is moved to a new environment. economic importance to the area endangered
Pectinate: Having branches which arise thereby and not yet present there, or
from the main axis like the teeth of a present but not widely distributed and
comb; usually applied to antennae. being officially controlled, (IPPC).
Phloem: The tissue in the conducting Quercus: A genus of trees collectively

system of a plant through which known as oak.
metabolites (products of chemical Root collar: The transition zone between
reactions in the plant, such as sugars) are stem and root at the ground line of a tree
transported. or seedling.
Phytotoxic: Poisonous to plants. Robinia: A genus of trees collectively
Picea: A genus of trees collectively known as locust.
known as spruce. Rosa: A genus of erect or climbing
Pinus: A genus of trees collectively shrubs collectively known as roses.
known as pine. Rubus: A large genus of brambles that
Pitch tubes: Usually a tubular mass of produce berries (e.g. blackberry,
resin that forms on the surface of bark at thimbleberry, raspberry, etc.).
entrance holes. Salix: A genus of trees collectively known
Platanus: A genus of trees collectively as willow.
known as sycamore. Sapwood: The wood found closest to the
Populus: A genus of trees collectively bark and usually distinguished from
known as aspen, poplar or cottonwood. heartwood by being lighter in color.
Consists of xylem (structural support,
Pronotum: The dorsal surface or sclerite transports water, etc.).
of the 1st thoracic segment, located just
behind the head of an insect. Scolytidae: A family of beetles known as
bark beetles. Includes the true bark beetles
Prunus: A genus of trees collectively in which the larvae feed on the phloem
known as cherry or plum. and sapwood and ambrosia beetles that
Pseudotsuga: A genus of trees of within feed on fungi within the wood of a tree.
the pine family which is collectively Scutellum: A more or less triangular
known as Douglas-fir. This genus is sclerite that occurs on the dorsal surface
closely related to Larix and is native to of the thorax, behind the pronotum.
Canada, U.S.A., Mexico, Japan and China.
Semiochemical: A chemical produced by
Pterocarya: A genus of trees collectively on organism that affects the behaviour of
known as Asiatic nut or Chinese wingnut. another organism. Semiochemicals are
Punctate: Marked by minute depressions. used to detect and monitor exotic insects.
Pupa, pupae (pl.): For insects with complete Siricidae: A family of wood boring wasps
metamorphosis, it is the nonfeeding stage collectively known as wood wasps or
between the larva and adult. horntails.
Pyrus: A genus of trees collectively Small wood borers: A term used to
known as pear. describe ambrosia beetles.
102
Species: A group of individuals similar in Uniramous (monoramous) gallery: A
structure and capable of interbreeding linear, non-branching egg gallery that can
and producing fertile offspring. be either transverse or parallel to the
Sorbus: A genus of trees collectively wood grain.
known as mountain ash, Rowan trees or Variegated: Having discrete markings of
dogberries. different colours.
Stellate: Arranged like rays or radiating Windthrow: A tree or group of trees
from a common centre (i.e. star-like). uprooted by the wind. Also known as
Sternite: Ventral segments of an insect’s blowdown.
abdomen. Xylem: Woody tissue in vascular plants
Stylet: A needle-like structure. that provides support and carries water
and nutrients up from the roots.
Syringa: A genus of shrubs collectively
known as lilacs or mock-orange.
Terminal leader: The apical or uppermost
vertical shoot on a conifer.
Thorax: The insect body region behind
the head which bears the legs and wings.
The middle of the three major divisions of
the insect body.
Thuja: A genus of trees collectively
known as cedar.
Tilia: A genus of trees collectively known
as linden or basswood.
Tortricidae: A family of lepidoptera in
which species that feed on trees are
generally referred to as budworms or
leafrollers.
True bark beetles: Scolytidae in which
the larvae feed directly beneath the bark.
e.g. Ips typographus, Pityogenes
chalcographus, Hylurgus ligniperda,
Hylurgops palliatus.
Tsuga: A genus of trees collectively
known as hemlock.
Tubercle: Small knobby protuberance or
lump on the surface of an organism.
Ulmus: A genus of trees collectively
known as elm.
103
Host–Insect Index
Host Insect Position within tree
Abies Choristoneura murinana Crown (foliage)
Dendroctonus micans Root, Root Collar, Bole, Crown (branches)
Dendrolimus sibiricus Crown (foliage)
Hylastes ater Root, Bole
Ips sexdentatus Bole
Ips subelongatus Root Collar, Bole, Crown (branches)
Ips typographus Bole
Lymantria monacha Crown (foliage)
Monochamus sartor Bole, Crown (branches)
Monochamus urussovi Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Sirex noctilio Bole
Tetropium castaneum Bole
Tetropium fuscum Bole
Tetropium gracilicorne Bole
Tomicus piniperda Bole, Crown (foliage)
Acer Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Calliteara pudibunda Crown (foliage)
Hylesinus varius Bole, Crown (branches)
Lymantria dispar Crown (foliage)
Malacosoma neustria Crown (foliage)
Plagionotus arcuatus Bole, Crown (branches)
Tortrix viridana Crown (foliage)
Xylotrechus rufilius Bole
Aesculus Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Scolytus intricatus Bole, Crown (branches)
Ailanthus Hylesinus varius Bole, Crown (branches)
Albizia Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Alnus Lymantria dispar Crown (foliage)
Oberea linearis Crown (branches & foliage)
Amygdalus Malacosoma neustria Crown (foliage)
Araucaria Hylastes ater Root, Bole
Betula Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Saperda carcharias Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Scolytus ratzeburgi Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
104
Carpinus Calliteara pudibunda Crown (foliage)
Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Castanea Agrilus biguttatus Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Cedrus Choristoneura murinana Crown (foliage)
Celtis Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Ceratonia Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Chamaecyparis Callidiellum rufipenne Bole, Crown (branches)
Corylus Calliteara pudibunda Crown (foliage)
Cotoneaster Malacosoma neustria Crown (foliage)
Crataegus Lymantria dispar Crown (foliage)
Cryptomeria Callidiellum rufipenne Bole, Crown (branches)
Cupressus Callidiellum rufipenne Bole, Crown (branches)
Fagus Agrilus biguttatus Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Fraxinus Agrilus planipennis Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Cerambyx cerdo Bole
105
Juglans Agrilus planipennis Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Juniperus Callidiellum rufipenne Bole, Crown (branches)
Choristoneura murinana Crown (foliage)
Larix Dendroctonus micans Root, Root Collar, Bole, Crown (branches)
Ips hauseri Root Collar, Bole, Crown (branches)
Pityogenes chalcographus Bole, Crown (branches)
Scolytus morawitzi Bole, Crown (branches)
Sirex noctilio Bole
Xylotrechus altaicus Bole
Malus Lymantria dispar Crown (foliage)
Morus Malacosoma neustria Crown (foliage)
Olea Hylesinus varius Bole, Crown (branches)
Ostrya Scolytus intricatus Bole, Crown (branches)
Picea Choristoneura murinana Crown (foliage)
106
Pissodes harcyniae Bole
Sirex noctilio Bole
Pinus Choristoneura murinana Crown (foliage)
Dendroctonus armandi Bole
Hylurgus ligniperda Root, Root Collar, Bole
Sirex noctilio Bole
Sirex rufiabdominis Bole, Crown (branches)
Platanus Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Populus Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Oberea oculata Crown (branches & foliage)
Saperda perforata Bole, Crown (branches)
Prunus Lymantria dispar Crown (foliage)
Pseudotsuga Choristoneura murinana Crown (foliage)
107
Sirex noctilio Bole
Pterocarya Agrilus planipennis Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Pyrus Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Quercus Agrilus biguttatus Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Robinia Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Rosa Malacosoma neustria Crown (foliage)
Rubus Malacosoma neustria Crown (foliage)
Salix Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Oberea oculata Crown (branches & foliage)
Saperda perforata Bole, Crown (branches)
Sorbus Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Syringa Hylesinus varius Bole, Crown (branches)
Thuja Callidiellum rufipenne Bole, Crown (branches)
108
Tilia Calliteara pudibunda Crown (foliage)
Tsuga Dendrolimus sibiricus Crown (foliage)
Ulmus Agrilus planipennis Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Anoplophora glabripennis Root, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Cerambyx cerdo Bole
Scolytus ratzeburgi Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
109
Insect–Host Index
Insect Host Position within tree
Agrilus biguttatus Castanea, Fagus, Quercus Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Agrilus planipennis Fraxinus, Juglans, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Pterocarya, Ulmus
Anoplophora Acer, Aesculus, Albizia, Betula, Root, Bole, Crown (branches &
glabripennis Celtis, Platanus, Populus, Salix, foliage)
Sorbus, Ulmus
Callidiellum rufipenne Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Bole, Crown (branches)
Cupressus, Juniperus, Thuja
Calliteara pudibunda Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Carpinus, Crown (foliage)
Castanea, Corylus, Fagus, Juglans,
Quercus, Populus, Salix, Sorbus,
Tilia, Ulmus
Cerambyx cerdo Carpinus, Castanea, Ceratonia, Bole
Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Pyrus,
Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Ulmus
Choristoneura murinana Abies, Cedrus, Juniperus, Picea, Crown (foliage)
Pinus, Pseudotsuga
Dendroctonus armandi Pinus Bole
Dendroctonus micans Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Root, Root Collar, Bole,
Pseudotsuga Crown (branches)
Dendrolimus sibiricus Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Tsuga Crown (foliage)
Hylastes ater Abies, Araucaria, Larix, Picea, Root, Bole
Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Thuja
Hylesinus varius Acer, Ailanthus, Carpinus, Corylus, Bole, Crown (branches)
Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Olea,
Pinus, Pyrus, Quercus, Robinia,
Syringa, Tilia, Ulmus
Hylurgus ligniperda Pinus Root, Root Collar, Bole
Ips hauseri Larix, Picea, Pinus Root Collar, Bole, Crown (branches)
Ips sexdentatus Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Bole
Pseudotsuga
Ips subelongatus Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus Root Collar, Bole, Crown (branches)
Ips typographus Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus Bole
Lymantria dispar Acer, Alnus, Betula, Crataegus, Crown (foliage)
Fagus, Malus, Populus, Prunus,
Quercus, Salix, Tilia
Lymantria monacha Abies, Acer, Betula, Carpinus, Crown (foliage)
Fagus, Fraxinus, Larix, Malus,
Picea, Pinus, Prunus, Pseudotsuga,
Quercus, Ulmus
Malacosoma neustria Acer, Alnus, Amygdalus, Betula, Crown (foliage)
Carpinus, Castanea, Corylus,
Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Fagus,
Fraxinus, Juniperus, Larix, Malus,
Morus, Populus, Prunus, Pyrus,
Quercus, Rosa, Rubus, Salix,
Sorbus, Syringa, Tilia, Ulmus
110
Insect Host Position within tree
Monochamus sartor Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus Bole, Crown (branches)
Monochamus urussovi Abies, Betula, Larix, Picea, Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Pinus, Thuja
Oberea linearis Alnus, Carpinus, Corylus, Juglans, Crown (branches & foliage)
Ostrya, Salix, Ulmus
Oberea oculata Populus, Salix Crown (branches & foliage)
Pissodes harcyniae Picea Bole
Pityogenes chalcographus Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga Bole, Crown (branches)
Plagionotus arcuatus Acer, Carpinus, Castanea, Fagus, Bole, Crown (branches)
Prunus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix,
Tilia
Saperda carcharias Betula, Populus, Salix Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Saperda perforata Populus, Salix Bole, Crown (branches)
Scolytus intricatus Aesculus, Betula, Carpinus, Bole, Crown (branches)
Castanea, Corylus, Fagus, Ostrya,
Populus, Quercus, Salix, Sorbus,
Ulmus
Scolytus morawitzi Larix Bole, Crown (branches)
Scolytus ratzeburgi Betula, Ulmus Bole, Crown (branches & foliage)
Sirex noctilio Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Bole
Pseudotsuga
Sirex rufiabdominis Pinus Bole, Crown (branches)
Tetropium castaneum Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus Bole
Tetropium fuscum Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus Bole
Tetropium gracilicorne Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus Bole
Tomicus piniperda Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Bole, Crown (foliage)
Pseudotsuga
Tortrix viridana Acer, Betula, Carpinus, Fagus, Crown (foliage)
Populus, Quercus, Urtica,
Vaccinium
Xylotrechus altaicus Larix Bole
Xylotrechus rufilius Acer, Fraxinus, Ulmus Bole
111
112
Photo Credits
Insect Sequence Photo Credit
Agrilus biguttatus A Leen G. Moraal, Alterra, Researchinstituut voor de Groene Ruimte
B Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts,
France, Image 2515035, www.invasive.org, Feb. 5, 2004
C Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts,
D Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts,
E Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts,
France, Image 2515032, www.invasive.org, Feb. 5, 2004.
F C. Bystrowski
G Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
Image 2515039, www.invasive.org, Feb. 5, 2004
Agrilus planipennis A David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Image 9000019,

www.invasive.org, Feb. 5, 2004
B David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Image 1460072,
www.invasive.org, Mar. 6, 2003
C David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Image 1460075,
www.invasive.org, April 1, 2004
D Jerry Dowding, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
E Ed Czerwinski, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Image
1439003, www.invasive.org, Mar. 6, 2003
F Jerry Dowding, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
G Jerry Dowding, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Anoplophora glabripennis A Bruce Gill, Canadian Food Inspection Agency

B Bruce Gill, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
C Bruce Gill, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
D Bruce Gill, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
E Rob Favrin, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
F Bruce Gill, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
G Bruce Gill, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Callidiellum rufipenne A Michael Hoskovec, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
B Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Archives, Connecticut
Agricultural Experiment Station, Image 3047055, www.invasive.org,
Feb. 5, 2004
C Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Archives, Connecticut
Feb. 5, 2004
D Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Archives, Connecticut
Feb. 5, 2004
E Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Archives, Connecticut
Feb. 5, 2004
F Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Archives, Connecticut
Feb. 5, 2004
G Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Archives, Connecticut
Feb. 5, 2004
113
Calliteara pudibunda A Berks, www.bioimages.org.uk
B Malcolm Storey, www.bioimages.org.uk
C Malcolm Storey, www.bioimages.org.uk
D M. Wilts, www.bioimages.org.uk
E Volker Ahrens
Cerambyx cerdo A Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

B Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
C Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Image 1231104,
forestryimages.org, Feb. 4, 2003
D Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Image 1231106,
E Karl-Heinz Apel, Landesforstanstalt Eberswalde, Abteilung
Waldschutz
F Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Image 1231105,
Choristoneura murinana A Daniel Adam, Office National des Forêts, France, Image 2515007,
www.insectimages.org, Feb. 4, 2004
B J.P. Fabre, INRA, France
C Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
Image 2515004, www.insectimages.org, Feb. 5, 2004
D Jean-François Abergall, Centre d'étude du machinisme agricole du
génie rural, des eaux et forêts, France, Image 2515002,
www.insectimages.org, Feb. 5, 2004
E Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
F Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
Dendroctonus armandi A Klaus Bolte, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
B Zhang Zheng, Research Institute of Forest Protection, Chinese
Academy of Forestry
C Zhang Zheng, Research Institute of Forest Protection, Chinese
Academy of Forestry
D Drawing from Li, K. and J. Zhou. 1980, Forest Insects in China,
Chinese Forestry Press
Dendroctonus micans A Norwegian Forest Research Institute, www.skogforsk.no

B Fabio Stergulc, University of Udin, Image 1433022,
C Forestry Commission, Great Britain
D Fabio Stergulc, University of Udin
E Forestry Commission, Great Britain
F Fabio Stergulc, University of Udin
G Forestry Commission, Great Britain
114
Dendrolimus sibiricus A Yuri Baranchikov, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.N. Sukachev
Institute of Forest, Russia
B John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service, Image 1241016,
C Yuri Baranchikov, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.N. Sukachev
D John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service, Image 1241015,
E Yuri Baranchikov, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.N. Sukachev
F Yuri Baranchikov, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.N. Sukachev
G Yuri Baranchikov, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.N. Sukachev
Hylastes ater A Daniel Adam, Office National des Forêts, France, Image 2515012,
B William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
1428130, www.invasive.org, Nov. 19, 2003
C William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
1428133, www.invasive.org, Feb. 23, 2004
D Forest Research, New Zealand
E Forest Research, New Zealand
F Forest Research, New Zealand
G Forest Research, New Zealand
Hylesinus varius A Daniel Adam, Office National des Forêts, France, Image 2515021,
www.forestryimages.org, April 5, 2004
B Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Image 1231200,
C Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie, München, www.faunistik.net
D Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
Image 2515022, www.forestryimages.org, April 5, 2004
E Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Image 1231199,
F Daniel Adam, Office National des Forêts, France, Image 2515020,
G R. Schlepphorst, Landesforstanstalt Eberswalde, Abteilung Waldschutz
Hylurgus ligniperda A Steve Passoa, USDA APHIS PPQ, Image 1669028,

B Forest Research, New Zealand
C William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
D William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
E William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
F William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
G William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
115
Ips hauseri A Klaus Bolte, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
B Drawing from Li, K. and J. Zhou. 1980, Forest Insects in China,
C Drawing from Li, K. and J. Zhou. 1980, Forest Insects in China,
Ips sexdentatus A Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
B Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
C Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
E Fabio Stergulc, University of Udin, Image 1433026,
F Fabio Stergulc, University of Udin, Image 1433028,
G Fabio Stergulc, University of Udin, Image 1433027,
Ips subelongatus A Yulin An, Jiangsu Entry & Exit Quarantine and Inspection Bureau of
the People's Republic of China
B Yulin An, Jiangsu Entry & Exit Quarantine and Inspection Bureau of
the People's Republic of China
C Drawing from Shamaev, A. V. 1994, Guide on identification of pests
of forest trees trunks, on which the importers of Russian wood have
phytosanitary requirement, Syktyvkar
D Drawing from Issaev, A. S. 1966, Borer pests of Larix dahurica.
Moscow, Nauka
E Jun-Bao Wen, Beijing Forest University
F Drawing from Issaev, A. S. 1966, Borer pests of Larix dahurica.
Moscow, Nauka
Ips typographus A Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Image 1231225,
www.invasive.org, Jan. 5, 2004
B Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
C Milos Knizek, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute,
Czechia, Image 1191005, www.invasive.org, Feb. 5, 2004
D Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, France,
F Petr Kapitola, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute,
G Norwegian Forest Research Institute, www.skogforsk.no
Lymantria dispar A Tim Tigner, Virginia Department of Forestry, Image 0886001,
B Kenneth H. Knauer, USDA Forest Service, Image 1510057,
C David Holden, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
D USDA APHIS PPQ Archives, Image 2652051, www.invasive.org, Feb. 5, 2004
E Tim Tigner, Virginia Department of Forestry, Image 0886003,
F Mark Robinson, USDA Forest Service, Image 2912081,
116
Lymantria monacha A Paul Schaefer, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, USDA
Agricultural Research Service
B Landesforstpräsidium Sachsen Archives, Image 1259120,
www.forestryimages.org, May 23, 2004
C Daniel Adam, Office National des Forêts, France, Image 2515023,
D William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
E William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
F Jan Liska, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute,
G Petr Kapitola, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute
Malacosoma neustria A Antoine Guyonnet, www.ibs-t.net/lepidoptera

B András Koltay, Hungary Forest Research Institute
C N. Devon, www.bioimages.org.uk
D N. Devon, www.bioimages.org.uk
E Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute
F András Koltay, Hungary Forest Research Institute
G Antoine Guyonnet, www.ibs-t.net/lepidoptera
Monochamus sartor A Marcel and Alain Galant

B Michael Hoskovec, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
C Fabio Stergulc, University of Udin, Image 1433012,
www.forestryimages.org, Feb. 5, 2004
Monochamus urussovi A Hiroshi Makihara, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute.
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council, Japan
C Stanislaw Kinelski, Image1258335, www.forestryimages.org, Aug. 30, 2004
D Stanislaw Kinelski, Image 1258054, www.forestryimages.org, Aug.
30, 2004
E Michail Mandelshtam, Institute for Experimental Medicine, St.
Petersburg, Russia
F Michail Mandelshtam, Institute for Experimental Medicine, St.
Petersburg, Russia
G Jun-Bao Wen, Beijing Forest University
Oberea linearis A Michael Hoskovec, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,

C Michael Hoskovec, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
D Remi Coutin, OPIE
E Remi Coutin, OPIE
F Remi Coutin, OPIE
117
Oberea oculata A Frank Koehler. Bornheim, Germany
www. forestryimages.org, Feb. 5, 2004
C Stanislav Krejcik, www.meloidae.com
D Adrian Colston, Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve, England.
www.forestryimages.org, May 23, 2004
Pissodes harcyniae A University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria
B Wojciech Grodzki, Forest Research Institute, Krakow, Poland
C Stanislaw Kinelski, Image 1258263, www.forestryimages.org,
Aug. 31, 2004
D Wojciech Grodzki, Forest Research Institute, Krakow, Poland
E Stanislaw Kinelski, Image 1258261, www.forestryimages.org,
Aug. 31, 2004
F Stanislaw Kinelski, Image 1258260, www.forestryimages.org,
Aug. 31, 2004
Pityogenes chalcographus A Landesforstpräsidium Sachsen Archives, Image 1259017,

www.forestryimages.org, Sept. 24, 2004
B Jan Liska, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute,
C University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria
D University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria
F Landesforstpräsidium Sachsen Archives, Image 1259172,
G Landesforstpräsidium Sachsen Archives, Image 1259166,
Plagionotus arcuatus A Marcel and Alain Galant

www.insectimages.org, Mar. 25, 2004
www.insectimages.org, Mar. 25, 2004
D Denis Germanovich, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences
Saperda carcharias A Jean Pinon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France,

www.invasive.org, Feb 5, 2004
F Petr Kapitola, Forestry and Game Management Research Institute,
G Norwegian Forest Research Institute, www.skogforsk.no
118
Saperda perforata A Michael Hoskovec, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
B Marcel and Alain Galant
C Marcel and Alain Galant
D Till Tolasch, www.koleopterologie.de
E Michael Hoskovec, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Scolytus intricatus A Rune Axelsson, Sweden

C Frank Koehler. Bornheim, Germany
D University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences (BOKU),
Austria
E Rune Axelsson, Sweden
F University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences (BOKU),
Austria
Scolytus morawitzi A Drawing from Li, K. and J. Zhou. 1980, Forest Insects in China,
B Drawing from Issaev, A. S. 1966, Borer pests of Larix dahurica.
Moscow, Nauka
C Drawing from Li, K. and J. Zhou. 1980, Forest Insects in China,
Scolytus ratzeburgi A A.G. Kirejtshuk, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

B Karl-Heinz Apel, Landesforstanstalt Eberswalde, Abteilung
Waldschutz
C Erkki Annila, Finnish Forest Research Institute, www.metla.fi
D Erkki Annila, Finnish Forest Research Institute, www.metla.fi
E Till Tolasch, www.koleopterologie.de
F Erkki Annila, Finnish Forest Research Institute, www.metla.fi
Sirex noctilio A Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of

Pretoria, South Africa
B Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of
D Forests New South Wales, Department of Primary Industries, Australia
E Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of
F Forest Research, New Zealand
G Forest Research, New Zealand
Sirex rufiabdominis A Klaus Bolte, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
B Dave Holden, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
119
Tetropium castaneum A Michael Hoskovec, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
B Fabio Stergulc, University of Udin
C Stanislaw Kinelski, Image 1258308, www.forestryimages.org, July 4, 2004
E University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria
F Norwegian Forest Research Institute, www.skogforsk.no
G Stanislaw Kinelski, Image 1258317, www.forestryimages.org, July 4, 2004
Tetropium fuscum A Klaus Bolte, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
B Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth
C Bob Guscott, Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources
D Stephanie Sopow, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
E Ken Harrison, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
F Tom Prest, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
G Bob Guscott, Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources
Tetropium gracilicorne A Hiroshi Makihara, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute.
B Institut für Forstschutz, Österreichischer Pflanzenschutzdienst Holz
C Institut für Forstschutz, Österreichischer Pflanzenschutzdienst Holz
Tomicus piniperda A Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Image 1231204,
B William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Image
0017008, www.invasive.org, March 14, 2004
C Stanislaw Kinelski, Image 1258125, www.forestryimages.org, May 22, 2004
E Bruce Smith, USDA APHIS PPQ, Image 0805094, www.invasive.org,
April 5, 2004
F Stanislaw Kinelski, Image 1258126, www.forestryimages.org, May 22, 2004
G Robert A. Haack, USDA Forest Service, Image 3225083,
Tortrix viridana A Berks, www.bioimages.org.uk

B Hannes Lemme, Sächsische Landesanstalt für Forsten, Image
1220075, www.forestryimages.org, March 5, 2004
C Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute
D Stephen Dalton, NHPA, Image SDA000721A, www.nhpa.co.uk
E Hannes Lemme, Sächsische Landesanstalt für Forsten, Image
1260040, www.forestryimages.org, June 5, 2004
F Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute
Xylotrechus altaicus A Hiroshi Makihara, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute.
B Institut für Forstschutz, Österreichischer Pflanzenschutzdienst Holz
Xylotrechus rufilius A Hiroshi Makihara, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute.
B www.beetleskorea.com
120

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Exotic Forest Insect

We are very grateful to Rob Favrin, Louise Dumouchel, Bruce

French translation was reviewed by Louise Dumouchel, Jean-Guy

Various literature searches were conducted by Patricia Madaire

Design review was conducted by Rob Favrin, Jacqueline Van

Financial assistance for the production of this guidebook

Troy Kimoto and Marnie Duthie-Holt

LARGER WOODBORERS .................................................................................. 21

BARK BEETLES ................................................................................................ 63

HOST–INSECT INDEX .................................................................................... 104

INSECT–HOST INDEX .................................................................................... 110

PHOTO CREDITS ............................................................................................ 113

Calliteara pudibunda (Linnaeus)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN

Pumpkin-shaped C. pudibunda eggs. Note black depression on the top.

Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus)

IDENTIFICATION HOST CONDITION

Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus)

IDENTIFICATION HOST CONDITION

Choristoneura murinana (Hübner)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

C. murinana larva. Note black head. Mature C. murinana larva.

Tortrix viridana Linnaeus

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetverikov

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN

Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus)

LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN

Agrilus biguttatus (Fabricius)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A. biguttatus larva just prior to pupation. Mature A. biguttatus larva.

Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Adult A. glabripennis (20-35 mm long). Bark staining caused by fermented sap.

Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Long, irregular-shaped C. cerdo larval galleries in the

Monochamus sartor (Fabricius)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Male and female M. sartor. Male

M. sartor larva and larval galleries

Adult M. sartor (21-35 mm long).

Monochamus urussovi (Fischer)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Male (antennae 2.0-2.5 times body Chlorotic needles on tree attacked by

Oberea linearis (Linnaeus)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

O. linearis larva within larval gallery (50-100 cm long).

Oberea oculata (Linnaeus)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus)

IDENTIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

LOCATION OF INFESTATION WITHIN

P. arcuatus pupal chamber. The entrance (8-10 mm wide)