Java Memory Management & GC
S Mukherjee
Java Memory Management & GC
1. What is Java Memory Management?
Java manages memory automa cally using the JVM. It allocates memory to
objects and reclaims it using Garbage Collec on (GC).
Key Areas:
Heap (Objects)
Stack (Method calls)
Metaspace (Class metadata)
Recommended: Let JVM handle memory; fine-tune GC only if needed.
2. What is Garbage Collec on in Java?
GC is the process of reclaiming memory used by unreachable objects.
JVM tracks object references. If no references → object is GC'ed.
GC is automa c, but you can trigger manually:
System.gc(); // Not recommended in produc on
3. What is Heap Memory?
Heap stores dynamically created objects.
Divided into:
Young Genera on (Eden + Survivor)
Old Genera on
Metaspace (Java 8+)
Recommended: Monitor with -Xmx, -Xms.
4. What is Stack Memory?
Used for method execu on, local variables, and references.
Each thread has its own stack.
S Mukherjee
Java Memory Management & GC
void print() {
int x = 10; // Stored in stack
}
StackOverFlowError occurs if stack is too deep (e.g., infinite recursion).
5. Difference: Heap vs Stack?
Feature Heap Stack
Un l
Life me Un l GC method
ends
Per
Scope Global (across threads)
thread
Speed Slower Faster
6. What is Young Genera on and Old Genera on in Java?
Java breaks the memory (Heap) into two main parts to manage objects more
efficiently:
1. Young Genera on (New Objects)
All new objects are created here.
It's like a play school – kids (objects) come and go quickly.
It has 3 parts:
o Eden: Where objects are first created.
o Survivor 1 & 2: Temporary holding areas for objects that survive
once.
2. Old Genera on (Long-Lived Objects)
S Mukherjee
Java Memory Management & GC
Objects that stay alive for a longer me (survive mul ple cleanups in
Young Gen) are moved here.
Think of it as a re rement home for old people (long-living objects).
It takes more me to clean, and causes app pauses when cleaned (called
Major GC).
Object Lifecycle in Simple Steps:
1. You create an object → it goes to Eden.
2. If it’s s ll needed a er Minor GC → moves to Survivor.
3. If it s ll lives a er a few more Minor GCs → promoted to Old
Genera on.
Code Example 1: Short-Lived Object (Young Gen)
These temp strings are short-lived → GC will clean them quickly from Eden.
Code Example 2: Long-Lived Object (Old Gen)
S Mukherjee
Java Memory Management & GC
Since list stays in memory and grows, it's not collected early → moved to Old
Genera on.
Recommended:
Keep short-lived objects short-lived (don’t hold unnecessary references).
Avoid memory leaks so that Major GC happens less o en.
Monitor GC behavior in produc on (use VisualVM, JConsole, etc.).
7. What is Minor vs Major GC?
Minor GC: Cleans Young Gen → fast and frequent
Major GC (Full GC): Cleans Old Gen → slower
Full GC pauses the app → avoid too many Full GCs.
8. When is an object eligible for GC?
When no reference points to it:
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
obj = null; // Now eligible for GC
Tip: Set large unused objects to null for early cleanup.
9. What Are Strong, Weak, So & Phantom References in Java?
Java has 4 types of references — they control how the Garbage Collector (GC)
treats an object.
Think of it like how ghtly you're holding an object in your hand, and GC is
trying to take it away
S Mukherjee
Java Memory Management & GC
Strong Reference – “Holding it TIGHTLY”
Most common type.
As long as you hold it → GC can’t collect it.
You must set it to null before GC can collect.
Example:
String name = new String("Java"); // Strong reference
GC can’t touch it unless you say: name = null;
Weak Reference – “Loose Hold”
GC can collect it any me if no strong refs exist.
Used when you don’t want to prevent GC from cleaning up.
Example:
WeakReference<String> weakRef = new WeakReference<>(new
String("Weak"));
GC will remove "Weak" if it's not strongly referenced elsewhere.
So Reference – “Gentle Hold”
GC tries not to collect it, unless memory is low.
Useful for caching.
Example:
So Reference<String> so Ref = new So Reference<>(new String("So "));
GC keeps "So " un l memory runs low.
Phantom Reference – “Ghost Mode”
GC already collected the object → this is just a no fica on.
You can't get the object anymore.
S Mukherjee
Java Memory Management & GC
Used for cleanup work a er GC.
Reference Type Collected By GC When? Use Case
Default object
Strong Never (unless null)
refs
Caching (LRU
So When memory is low
cache)
Maps, memory-
Weak Any me if no strong refs
sensi ve
Post-cleanup
Phantom A er GC collects it (no fy)
hooks
10. How do you tune the JVM memory?
-Xms512m -Xmx2048m
-XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200
Xms: Ini al Heap
Xmx: Max Heap
Tip: Avoid Full GC by monitoring memory usage.
11. What tools help monitor memory?
JVM Profilers:
VisualVM
jconsole
JProfiler
Eclipse MAT
jmap, jstat, jvisualvm
Always monitor memory during stress/load tes ng.
S Mukherjee
Java Memory Management & GC
12. What is OutOfMemoryError?
Occurs when JVM can't allocate memory even a er GC.
List<byte[]> list = new ArrayList<>();
while (true) list.add(new byte[1024 * 1024]); // Boom
Avoid memory leaks and use monitoring tools.
13. What is Memory Leak in Java?
Meaning: When objects are not used anymore but s ll referenced, so GC
can’t clean them.
Why it's bad?
Wastes memory
Slows down applica on
Can cause OutOfMemoryError
Example:
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
while (true) {
list.add("Leak"); // Keeps growing → GC can't clean it
}
Tip: Remove unused objects or set them to null.
14. What are JVM Memory Areas?
Memory Area Purpose
Heap Stores objects
Stores method calls & local
Stack
variables
Metaspace Stores class metadata (Java 8+)
S Mukherjee
Java Memory Management & GC
Memory Area Purpose
Code Cache Stores JIT-compiled bytecode
Heap is the main area for GC to work.
15. GC Process Overview :
1. New Object → Young Gen (Eden)
2. Survive GCs → Moved to Survivor
3. Live long enough → Promoted to Old Gen
4. Old Gen full → Major (Full) GC
5. Unreachable objects → Collected
S Mukherjee
