Functions
In this lesson the following topics will be covered:
Interpretation of graphs (Functions)
- Quadratic function
- Hyperbolic function
- Exponential function
- Average gradient
- The sine function
- The cosine function
- The tan function
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Quadratic / Parabolic function:
1. The effects of a and c / q
c / q represents the vertical movement of the graph:
Your value of a represents the shape of your graph:
If the value of your a is positive your graph will be concaved upwards
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If the value of your a is negative your graph will be concaved downwards
2. Domain & Range
Domain
Range
The range will depend on your value of q and a (concavity of your graph)
- Concaved upwards ( a is positive ) , Range = y ≥ q
- Concaved downwards ( a is negative ) , Range = y ≤ q
N.B Your parabolic formula was derived from your quadratic equation
by completing the square.
From your parabolic equation you can take out the turning point of your graph ( -p ; q )
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Now Iam going to show you an example on how to convert a quadratic equation into a
parabolic equation
3. Intercepts ( This method applies to all Functions)
- To find the x intercepts of your graph you will have to equate your equation to 0 then
solve for x
- To find the y intercept of your graph you will have to substitute all values of x with 0
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4. The vertical movement of the graph
The vertical movement of the graph will effect your value of x
5. Steps on how to draw your parabolic function
Step 1 : Determine your asymptote
Step 2 : Work out the intercepts of your graph
Step 3 : Find the turning point of your graph and plot it
Step 4 : Plot your points & sketch your graph ( including your axis of symmetry line )
Step 5 : State the Domain & Range
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6. Finding the Equation of the graph
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Hyperbolic Function
The effects of q on the vertical shift
. If m is added to q, the graph is shifted up by m units.
. If m is subtracted to q, the graph is shifted down by m units.
. The horizontal asymptote is the line y = q
. The vertical asymptote is the y axis, the line x = -p
The effects of a on the position of the graph
. If a > 0
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. If a < 0
Vertical movement of the graph
. If p is added to the graph, the graph will move p units to the left
. If p is subtracted to the graph, the graph will move p units to the right
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Domain & Range
Domain
The domain is all values of x which are real numbers, but the domain cannot be the value of x that
will make the denominator equal to 0.
Range
The range is all values of y which are real numbers, but the range cannot be your value of q because
q is your horizontal asymptote
Asymptotes
Horizontal asymptote - ( y = q )
Vertical asymptote - ( x = -p )
Axes of symmetry lines
, you need to take out the point of intersection ( -p, q ) then sub the point into
these equations.
Y1 = x + c1 ////// Y2 = -x + c2
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Steps on how to draw your hyperbola graph:
Step 1: Examine the equation & see which quadrants your graph will lie
Step 2: Determine the asymptotes
Step 3: Determine your X & Y intercepts
Step 4: Determine the axis of symmetry
Step 5: Plot the points & sketch the graph
Step 6: State the domain & range
Finding the equation of the graph
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Transformation ( This method is the same for all graphs [ Parabola/ Hyperbola / Exponential]
Reflection over the x- axis
= if a graph is reflected over the x- axis this will cause the y values to be negative
i.e f (x) now becomes - f (x) ( meaning that you are going to multiply the entire equation by –1 )
Reflection over the y-axis
= This will cause your x values to be negative [ y(x) now becomes y(-x) ]
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Exponential Function
The effects of q on the vertical shift
- If m units is added to q, the graph will move m units up
- If m units is subtracted to q, the graph will move m units down
. (q) is also your horizontal asymptote y = q
The Horizontal movements of the graph
The horizontal movement will effect our x variable
- If m units is added to x, the graph will shift m units to the left
- If m units is subtracted to x, the graph will shift m units to the right
The effects of b on your graph
If b > 1
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If b is a fraction
The effects of a on the shape of your graph
. If a is positive , your graph will be increasing
. If a is negative , your graph is decreasing (the graph is reflected below the horizontal
asymptote)
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Domain & Range
Domain
( all values of x which are real numbers)
Range
You will use your asymptote to determine your range
Y (> / <) q
Steps on how to sketch the exponential function
Step 1 : Determine your asymptote
Step 2 : Calculate your intercepts
Step 3 : Determine 2 extra points for your graph
Step 4 : Plot the points & sketch the graph
Step 5 : State the domain & range
Reflections
Reflection over the x- axis
= if a graph is reflected over the x- axis this will cause the y values to be negative
i.e f (x) now becomes - f (x) ( meaning that you are going to multiply the entire equation by –1 )
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Reflection over the y-axis
= This will cause your x values to be negative [ y(x) now becomes y(-x) ]
Finding the equation of an exponential function
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Summary
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The sine function
Effects of q on the vertical shift
. If q > 0 , the graph will be shifted vertically upwards by q units
. If q < 0 , the graph will be shifted vertically downwards by q units
Effects of a on the shape
.(a) represents the amplitude of the graph ( the distance between your x-axis & the highest point of
your graph)
- For a > 1 the amplitude of the graph will increase
- If a < -1 your graph will be reflected below your x-axis
The period of your graph is 360, but if there is any value before your theta, you will have to divide
360 by that value to get your period
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Domain & Range
Domain
= the domain will depend on the period of your graph
Range
= the range will depend on the amplitude of your graph (Determine the range for Sin0+2 function)
The amplitude is 1 (because a = 1)
Range: -1 ≤ y ≤ 1
Intercepts
Horizontal movement of the graph
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Worked example of the sketched graph
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The cosine function
Effects of q on the vertical shift of the graph
- If q > 0 , the graph will be vertically shifted q units up
- If q < 0, the graph will be vertically shifted q units down
Horizontal movement of the graph
Effects of a on the shape
(a) Represents the amplitude of the graph
- If a > 1 the amplitude will increase
- If a < 1 the graph will be reflected below the x-axis
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Period
The period of your graph is 360, but if there is any value before your theta, you will have to divide
360 by that value to get your period.
Domain & Range
Domain
= the domain will depend on the period of your graph..... e.g if your period is 360
Domain= [-360; 360]
Range
= the range will depend on the amplitude of your graph (Determine the range for 2Cos0 function)
The amplitude is 2 (because a = 2)
Range: -2 ≤ y ≤ 2
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Worked Example (Finding the equation of a cosine graph)
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The tangent graph
The effects of q on the vertical shift
- If q > 0 , the graph will be shifted upwards by q units.
- If q < 0 , the graph will be shifted downwards by q units.
The Horizontal movement of the graph
Period
The period of your graph is 180, but if there is any value before your theta, you will have to divide
180 by that value to get your period.
Asymptote
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Effects of a on the shape of the graph
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Worked Example
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Average gradient
The average gradient between any two points on a curve is the gradient of the straight line
passing through the two points.
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