File Handling

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Storage seen so far

All variables stored in memory

Problem: the contents of memory are wiped out
when the computer is powered off

Example: Consider keeping students’ records
 100 students records are added in array of
structures
 Machine is then powered off after sometime
 When the machine is powered on, the 100 records
entered earlier are all gone!
 Have to enter again if they are needed
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Solution: Files

A named collection of data, stored in secondary
storage like disk, CD-ROM,
ROM, USB drives etc.

Persistent storage, not lost when machine is
powered off

Save data in memory to files if needed (file
write)

Read data from file later whenever needed (file
read)

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Organization of a file

Stored as sequence of bytes, logically contiguous
 May not be physically contiguous on disk, but you
do not need to worry about that

The last byte of a file contains the end-of-file
end
character (EOF),), with ASCII code 1A (hex).
 While reading a text file, the EOF character can be
checked to know the end

Two kinds of files:
 Text : contains ASCII codes only
 Binary : can contain non-ASCII
non characters

Example: Image, audio, video, executable, etc.

EOF cannot be used to check end of file

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Basic operations on a file

Open

Read

Write

Close

Mainly we want to do read or write, but a file has
to be opened before read/write, and should be
closed after all read/write is over

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Opening a File: fopen()

FILE * is a datatype used to represent a

pointer to a file

fopen takes two parameters, the name of the
file to open and the mode in which it is to be
opened

It returns the pointer to the file if the file is
opened successfully, or NULL to indicate that it
is unable to open the file

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Example: opening file.dat for write
FILE *fptr;
char filename[ ]= "file2.dat";
fptr = fopen (filename,"w");
if (fptr == NULL) {
printf (“ERROR IN FILE CREATION”);
/* DO SOMETHING */
}

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Modes for opening files

The second argument of fopen is the mode in
which we open the file.

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Modes for opening files

The second argument of fopen is the mode in
which we open the file.
 "r" : opens a file for reading (can only read)

Error if the file does not already exists

"r+" : allows write also

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Modes for opening files

The second argument of fopen is the mode in
which we open the file.
 "r" : opens a file for reading (can only read)

Error if the file does not already exists

"r+" : allows write also

 "w" : creates a file for writing (can only write)

Will create the file if it does not exist

Caution: writes over all previous contents if the
flle already exists

"w+" : allows read also

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Modes for opening files

The second argument of fopen is the mode in
which we open the file.
 "r" : opens a file for reading (can only read)

Error if the file does not already exists

"r+" : allows write also

 "w" : creates a file for writing (can only write)

Will create the file if it does not exist

Caution: writes over all previous contents if the
flle already exists

"w+" : allows read also

 "a": opens a file for appending (write at the

end of the file)

"a+" : allows read also
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The exit() function

Sometimes error checking means we want
an emergency exit from a program

Can be done by the exit() function

The exit() function, called from anywhere
in your C program, will terminate the
program at once

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Usage of exit( )
FILE *fptr;
char filename[]= "file2.dat";
fptr = fopen (filename,"w");
if (fptr == NULL) {
printf (“ERROR IN FILE CREATION”);
/* Do something */
exit(-1);
}
………rest of the program………
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 Writing to a file: fprintf( )

fprintf() works exactly like printf(),
printf() except that
its first argument is a file pointer. The
remaining two arguments are the same as
printf

The behaviour is exactly the same,
same except that
the writing is done on the file instead of the
display
FILE *fptr;
fptr = fopen ("file.dat","w");
fprintf (fptr, "Hello World!\n");
World!
fprintf (fptr, “%d %d”, a, b);
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 Reading from a file: fscanf( )

fscanf() works like scanf(),
scanf() except that its first
argument is a file pointer. The remaining two
arguments are the same as scanf

The behaviour is exactly the same,
same except
 The reading is done from the file instead of from
the keyboard (think as if you typed the same thing
in the file as you would in the keyboard for a scanf
with the same arguments)
 The end-of-file
file for a text file is checked differently
(check against special character EOF)

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 Reading from a file: fscanf( )
FILE *fptr;
EOF checking in a loop
fptr = fopen (“input.dat”, “r”);
/* Check it's open */ char ch;
if (fptr == NULL) while (fscanf(fptr, “%c”,
{ &ch) != EOF)
printf(“Error in opening file \n”);
n”); {
exit(-1); /* not end of file; read */
}
}
fscanf (fptr, “%d %d”,&x, &y);

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Reading lines from a file: fgets()

Takes three parameters
a character array str,, maximum number of characters
to read size,, and a file pointer fp

Reads from the file fp into the array str until any
one of these happens
 No. of characters read = size - 1
 \n is read (the char \n
n is added to str)
 EOF is reached or an error occurs

‘\0’ added at end of str if no error

Returns NULL on error or EOF, otherwise returns
pointer to str
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Reading lines from a file: fgets()

FILE *fptr;
char line[1000];
/* Open file and check it is open */
while (fgets(line,1000,fptr) != NULL)
{
printf ("Read line %s\n",line);
%s
}

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Writing lines to a file: fputs()

Takes two parameters
A string str (null terminated) and a file pointer
fp

Writes the string pointed to by str into the
file

Returns non-negative
negative integer on success,
EOF on error

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Reading/Writing a character:
fgetc(), fputc()

Equivalent of getchar(),
getchar() putchar() for
reading/writing char from/to keyboard

Exactly same, except that the first
parameter is a file pointer

Equivalent to reading/writing a byte (the
char)
int fgetc(FILE *fp);
int fputc(int c, FILE *fp);

Example:
char c;
c = fgetc(fp1); fputc(c, fp2); 20
Formatted and Un-formatted
Un I/O

Formatted I/O
 Using fprintf/fscanf
 Can specify format strings to directly read as
integers, float etc.

Unformatted I/O
 Using fgets/fputs/fgetc/fputc
 No format string to read different data types
 Need to read as characters and convert explicitly

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Closing a file

Should close a file when no more read/write
to a file is needed in the rest of the program

File is closed using fclose() and the file
pointer

FILE *fptr;
char filename[]= "myfile.dat";
fptr = fopen (filename,"w");
fprintf (fptr,"Hello World of filing!\n");
filing!
…. Any more read/write to myfile.dat….
fclose (fptr);
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Command Line
Arguments

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What are they?

A program can be executed by directly
typing a command with parameters at the
prompt
$ cc –o test test.c
$ ./a.out in.dat out.dat
$ prog_name param_1 param_2 param_3
..
 The individual items specified are
separated from one another by spaces

First item is the program name
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What do they mean?

Recall that main() is also a function

It can also take parameters, just like other
C function

The items in the command line are passed
as parameters to main

Parameters argc and argv in main keeps
track of the items specified in the
command line

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How to access them?
int main (int argc, char *argv[]);

Argument Array of strings

Count as command line
arguments including
the command itself.

The parameters are filled up with the command line

arguments typed when the program is run
They can now be accessed inside main just like any
other variable
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Example: Contd.
$ ./a.out s.dat d.dat

argc=3
./a.out
s.dat
d.dat
argv

argv[0] = “./a.out” argv[1] = “s.dat” argv[2] = “d.dat”

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Contd.

Still there is a problem
 All the arguments are passed as strings in argv[ ]
 But the intention may have been to pass an
int/float etc.

Solution: Use sscanf()
 Exactly same as scanf, just reads from a string
(char *) instead of from the keyboard
 The first parameter is the string pointer, the next
two parameters are exactly the same as scanf

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Example

Write a program that takes as command line
arguments 2 integers, and prints their sum

int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])

{ $ ./a.out 32 54
int i, n1, n2;
printf(“No. of arg is %d\n”,
n”, argc); No. of arg is 3
for (i=0; i<argc; ++i) ./a.out
printf(“%s\n”, argv[i]);
sscanf(argv[1], “%d”, &n1); 32
sscanf(argv[2], “%d”, &n2); 54
printf(“Sum is %d\n”,
n”, n1 + n2);
return 0; Sum is 86
} 29