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DBMS Module4 Module5 Answers

The document outlines important questions and answers related to Database Management Systems (DBMS) covering transaction states, assertions, triggers, Two Phase Locking Protocol, NoSQL concepts, and CRUD operations in MongoDB. It explains transaction states such as Active, Committed, and Aborted, and discusses the CAP theorem in distributed systems. Additionally, it provides examples of document-based NoSQL systems and graph databases like Neo4j.

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7 views4 pages

DBMS Module4 Module5 Answers

The document outlines important questions and answers related to Database Management Systems (DBMS) covering transaction states, assertions, triggers, Two Phase Locking Protocol, NoSQL concepts, and CRUD operations in MongoDB. It explains transaction states such as Active, Committed, and Aborted, and discusses the CAP theorem in distributed systems. Additionally, it provides examples of document-based NoSQL systems and graph databases like Neo4j.

Uploaded by

gurumurthymk2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VTU DBMS Module 4 & 5 Important Questions - Answers

Q7a: Demonstrate transaction states & additional operations

Transaction States:

1. Active - Initial state where transaction is being executed.

2. Partially Committed - After the final statement is executed.

3. Committed - After successful execution, changes are saved.

4. Failed - If any error occurs during execution.

5. Aborted - After rollback due to failure.

Additional Operations:

- BEGIN: Marks start of transaction.

- COMMIT: Saves changes.

- ROLLBACK: Undoes changes.

- SAVEPOINT: Sets a point for potential rollback.

Diagram Reference: Page 2 of BCS403-module-4-pdf.pdf.

Q7b: Demonstrate working of Assertion & Triggers in database with an example

Assertions:

Used to enforce database-wide constraints.

Example:

CREATE ASSERTION SALARY_CONSTRAINT

CHECK (

NOT EXISTS (

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE E, EMPLOYEE M, DEPARTMENT D

WHERE E.Salary > M.Salary AND E.Dno = D.Dnumber AND D.Mgr_ssn = M.Ssn

);

Triggers:

Automatically execute on INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE.


VTU DBMS Module 4 & 5 Important Questions - Answers

Example:

CREATE TRIGGER EmpBonus

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON Employee

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

:NEW.bonus := :NEW.salary * 0.03;

END;

Diagram Reference: Pages 5-6 of BCS403-module-4-pdf.pdf.

Q9a: Explain the Two Phase Locking Protocol used for concurrency control

Two Phase Locking (2PL):

Ensures serializability by dividing lock operations into:

1. Growing Phase: Acquires all locks.

2. Shrinking Phase: Releases locks only after all acquisitions.

Types:

- Basic 2PL

- Strict 2PL: Holds exclusive locks until commit/abort.

- Rigorous 2PL: Holds all locks until end of transaction.

Diagram Reference: Page 4 of BCS403-module-5-pdf.pdf.

Q10a: What is NoSQL? Explain the CAP theorem

NoSQL:

Non-relational, schema-less databases designed for scalability and flexibility.

Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Neo4j.

CAP Theorem:

A distributed system can ensure only two of the following:


VTU DBMS Module 4 & 5 Important Questions - Answers

1. Consistency - Same data across nodes.

2. Availability - Every request gets a response.

3. Partition Tolerance - Operates despite network failures.

Diagram Reference: Page 5 of BCS403-module-5-pdf.pdf.

Q10b: What are document-based NoSQL systems? Basic CRUD in MongoDB

Document-Based NoSQL:

Stores data in JSON-like documents (BSON in MongoDB).

Schema-less and flexible.

MongoDB CRUD:

- Create: db.students.insertOne({name: "Alice", age: 21})

- Read: db.students.find({name: "Alice"})

- Update: db.students.updateOne({name: "Alice"}, {$set: {age: 22}})

- Delete: db.students.deleteOne({name: "Alice"})

Reference: Page 7 of BCS403-module-5.pdf.

Q10c: What is NoSQL Graph Database? Explain Neo4j

Graph Database:

Stores data as nodes and relationships (edges). Ideal for complex relations.

Neo4j:

Uses Cypher query language.

Example:

CREATE (a:Person {name:'Alice'})-[:KNOWS]->(b:Person {name:'Bob'})

Query:

MATCH (a:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(b:Person)
VTU DBMS Module 4 & 5 Important Questions - Answers

RETURN a.name, b.name

Reference: Page 9 of BCS403-module-5.pdf.

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