WEB PROGRAMMING

1. List string manipulation functions of Java String class.

String manipulation in Java refers to the process of modifying or working with strings,
which are sequences of characters. This includes tasks like concatenating strings,
extracting substrings, searching for specific characters or patterns, and replacing parts of
strings. String manipulation is a fundamental aspect of Java programming used in various
applications for data processing and manipulation.

String: Every group of characters a script interprets literally is known as a string

Java String Class Methods

The java.lang.String class provides a lot of built-in methods that are used to manipulate
string in Java. By the help of these methods, we can perform operations on String objects
such as trimming, concatenating, converting, comparing, replacing strings etc.

list of common string manipulation functions from the Java String class:

1. charAt(int index)

Returns the character at the specified index.

Example: "Hello".charAt(1) returns 'e'.

2. concat(String str)

Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.

Example: "Hello".concat(" World") returns "Hello World".

3. contains(CharSequence s)

Checks if the string contains the specified sequence of characters.

Example: "Hello".contains("ll") returns true.

4. equals(Object obj)

Compares this string to the specified object for equality.

Example: "Hello".equals("hello") returns false.

5. indexOf(String str)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring.
Example: "Hello".indexOf("l") returns 2.
 6. length()

Returns the length of the string.

Example: "Hello".length() returns 5.

7. replace(char oldChar, char newChar)

Replaces all occurrences of a character with another character.

Example: "Hello".replace('l', 'p') returns "Heppo".

8. replaceAll(String regex, String replacement)

Replaces each substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with the
given replacement.
Example: "Hello123".replaceAll("[0-9]", "") returns "Hello".

9. substring(int beginIndex)

Returns a new string that is a substring starting from the specified index.
Example: "Hello".substring(2) returns "llo".

10. toLowerCase()

Converts all characters of the string to lowercase.

Example: "HELLO".toLowerCase() returns "hello".

11. toUpperCase()

Converts all characters of the string to uppercase.

Example: "hello".toUpperCase() returns "HELLO".

12. isEmpty()

Checks if the string is empty.

Example: "".isEmpty() returns true.
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2. Does Java support multi way selection statement? Justify your answer.

Yes, Java supports multi-way selection statements through the switch statement.
The switch statement is designed to handle multiple possible execution paths based on
the value of an expression. It provides a more concise and readable alternative to using a
series of if-else statements when dealing with multiple conditions.
 the basic syntax of a switch statement in Java:

switch (expression) {
case value1:
// code to be executed if expression is equal to value1
break;
case value2:
// code to be executed if expression is equal to value2
break;
// additional cases as needed
default:
// code to be executed if none of the cases match the expression
}

 The switch keyword introduces the switch statement.

 The expression is evaluated, and the control flow is directed to the matching case label.
 Each case represents a possible value of the expression.
 The break statement is used to exit the switch block. If a break statement is omitted, the
control flow will “fall through” to the next case, which is sometimes intentional but often
requires careful handling.

example to illustrate the use of a switch statement

public class MultiWaySelection {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int dayOfWeek = 3;

switch (dayOfWeek) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
 break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("Sunday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid day");
}
}
}

In this example, the switch statement is used to determine the day of the week based on
the value of the dayOfWeek variable. The program prints the corresponding day to the
console. The default case is optional and is executed if none of the other cases match the
value of the expression.
The switch statement is particularly useful when there are multiple possible values for a
variable, and you want to execute different code based on those values. It enhances code
readability and can be more efficient than a series of nested if-else statements in certain
situations.
The switch statement in Java is designed for scenarios where there are multiple possible
execution paths based on the value of a single expression. It provides a clean and
structured way to handle such situations, making the code more readable and easier to
maintain.
One notable feature of the switch statement is its ability to handle different cases
efficiently. When the expression’s value matches a case, the corresponding block of code
is executed, and control exits the switch statement. The break statement is crucial for
preventing “fall-through” behavior, where subsequent cases would be executed even if
their conditions don’t match.

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3. What is an exception? How are exceptions handled in Java programming? Explain with
suitable program.

An exception is an error that occurs during a program's execution, disrupting its normal
flow. Java's exception handling mechanism allows programs to respond to these errors
without crashing.

An exception in Java is an unexpected event or error that occurs during the execution of
a program, disrupting the normal flow of instructions. Exceptions are typically caused by
errors like invalid user input, resource access issues (e.g., files not found), or logical
errors (e.g., division by zero).
 Java provides a robust mechanism for handling such exceptions, preventing the program
from terminating unexpectedly. Exceptions can be checked, unchecked, or errors, and
they are represented as objects of the Throwable class or its subclasses like Exception and
RuntimeException.

How are Exceptions Handled in Java?

In Java, exceptions are handled using the following key mechanisms:
1. try block: Code that might throw an exception is placed inside a try block.
2. catch block: Catches and handles the exception. You can specify the type of exception to
catch.
3. finally block (optional): Always executes, whether an exception occurs or not,
commonly used for cleanup code.
4. throw statement: Used to explicitly throw an exception.
5. throws keyword: Declares that a method can throw an exception.
Java Exception Handling Example

public class ExceptionHandlingDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Code that might throw an exception
int a = 10, b = 0;
int result = a / b; // This will cause ArithmeticException (division by zero)
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
// Handling the exception
System.out.println("Exception caught: Division by zero is not allowed.");
} finally {
// Code that will always execute
System.out.println("Execution completed, resources closed.");
}

// Continuation of normal program flow

System.out.println("Program continues...");
}
}

try block: The statement int result = a / b; is placed inside the try block because division
by zero may occur, which triggers an ArithmeticException.

catch block: The catch block catches the ArithmeticException when the division by zero
happens and prints an appropriate message ("Exception caught: Division by zero is not
allowed.").

finally block: Regardless of whether an exception occurs, the finally block is executed,
ensuring that any necessary cleanup code (like closing resources) is performed. In this
case, it prints "Execution completed, resources closed.".

Normal Program Flow: After handling the exception, the program continues with its
normal flow and prints "Program continues...".

Output
Exception caught: Division by zero is not allowed.
Execution completed, resources closed.
Program continues...

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4. Explain various operators and data types available in java script with examples

JavaScript operators are symbols that are used to perform operations on operands.

For example:
var sum=10+20;

Here, + is the arithmetic operator and = is the assignment operator.

There are following types of operators in JavaScript.

Arithmetic Operators
Comparison (Relational) Operators
Bitwise Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Special Operators

Arithmetic Operators
These are used for basic mathematical operations.
let a = 5 + 3; // 8 addition
let b = 10 - 2; // 8 subtraction
let c = 4 * 2; // 8 multiplication
let d = 16 / 2; // 8 division
let e = 10 % 3; // 1 modulus
let f = 5; increment
f++; // 6
let g = 5; decrement
g--; // 4

Assignment Operators
These are used to assign values to variables.
= : Assigns the right-hand value to the left-hand variable

let x = 10;

+= : Adds and assigns

x += 5; // x = x + 5; x is now 15

-= : Subtracts and assigns

x -= 3; // x = x - 3; x is now 12

Comparison Operators
These compare two values and return true or false.

== : Equal to
5 == '5'; // true (type coercion happens)

=== : Strict equal to (no type coercion)

5 === '5'; // false (different types)

> : Greater than

6 > 5; // true

<= : Less than or equal to

4 <= 5; // true

Logical Operators

These are used to combine multiple conditions.

&& : Logical AND

(5 > 2) && (6 > 3); // true (both conditions are true)

|| : Logical OR
(5 > 2) || (6 < 3); // true (one condition is true)

! : Logical NOT
!(5 > 2); // false (negates the result)

Bitwise Operators
These perform operations on the binary representations of numbers.
& : Bitwise AND
| : Bitwise OR
^ : Bitwise XOR
~ : Bitwise NOT
<< : Left shift
>> : Right shift

Ternary (Conditional) Operator

This is a shorthand for if-else statements.
condition ? expr1 : expr2
Type Operators
typeof: Returns the data type of a variable or expression.

typeof 42; // "number"

typeof "hello"; // "string"

instanceof: Tests whether an object is an instance of a class or constructor.

let date = new Date();
date instanceof Date; // true

Javascript Data Types

JavaScript provides different data types to hold different types of values. There are two
types of data types in JavaScript.

Primitive data type

Non-primitive (reference) data type
JavaScript is a dynamic type language, means you don't need to specify type of the
variable because it is dynamically used by JavaScript engine. You need to use var here to
specify the data type. It can hold any type of values such as numbers, strings etc. For
example:

var a=40;//holding number

var b="Rahul";//holding string

JavaScript primitive data types

There are five types of primitive data types in JavaScript. They are as follows:

JavaScript non-primitive data types

The non-primitive data types are as follows:

Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Types

Object: Used to store collections of data or more complex entities. Objects are created
using curly braces {}.

let person = {
firstName: "John",
lastName: "Doe",
age: 30
};
 Array: Special kind of object used to store multiple values in a single variable.
let colors = ["red", "green", "blue"];

Function: JavaScript functions are objects that can be assigned to variables or passed as
arguments.
function greet() {
return "Hello!";
}

Date: Represents dates and times.

let now = new Date();

Example
let num = 10; // Number
let name = "Alice"; // String
let isActive = true; // Boolean
let colors = ["red", "green", "blue"]; // Array
let person = { name: "Bob", age: 25 }; // Object

console.log(num + 5); // 15 (Arithmetic operation)

console.log(name === "Alice"); // true (Comparison operation)
console.log(isActive && num > 5); // true (Logical operation)
console.log(typeof colors); // "object" (Type check)
console.log(person.name); // "Bob" (Accessing object property)

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5. JavaScript is referred to as Object based programming language’. Justify with an example

JavaScript is referred to as an "object-based programming language" because it

supports the creation and manipulation of objects, but it doesn't enforce all the principles
of traditional object-oriented programming (OOP), like class-based inheritance. In
JavaScript, objects can be created without the need for classes (as seen in class-based
languages like Java or C++). This flexible nature of using objects to store data and define
behavior makes JavaScript an object-based language.
Justification
In JavaScript, objects are used as the fundamental building blocks for creating and
managing data. Almost everything in JavaScript, including arrays, functions, and even
variables, can be treated as objects. However, unlike full OOP languages, JavaScript does
not strictly require objects to be instantiated from classes (though classes were introduced
in ES6 for syntactic sugar over prototype-based inheritance).

// Creating an object using object literals

let student = {
name: "Alice",
age: 22,
major: "Computer Science",

// Adding a method to the object

getDetails: function() {
return this.name + " is studying " + this.major + " and is " + this.age + " years old.";
}
};

// Accessing object properties and methods

console.log(student.name); // "Alice"
console.log(student.getDetails()); // "Alice is studying Computer Science and is 22 years
old."

Object Literal: The student object is created directly using object literals. It contains
properties like name, age, and major, as well as a method getDetails() that provides
details about the student.

Properties and Methods:

The properties store values related to the student object.

The method (getDetails()) is a function that operates on the object’s properties,
demonstrating how JavaScript uses objects to organize both data and behavior.

Dynamic Nature: JavaScript objects can have properties and methods dynamically
added, modified, or deleted during runtime, which demonstrates its object-based
flexibility.

student.grade = "A"; // Adding a new property

console.log(student.grade); // "A"

Prototypal Inheritance (vs. Classical Inheritance)

JavaScript uses prototypal inheritance, where objects can inherit properties and
methods from other objects. This differs from classical inheritance (found in languages
like Java), where classes define object blueprints.

// Constructor function to create new objects

function Car(brand, model) {
this.brand = brand;
this.model = model;
}
 // Adding a method using prototype
Car.prototype.getCarDetails = function() {
return this.brand + " " + this.model;
};

// Creating new instances

let myCar = new Car("Toyota", "Corolla");
console.log(myCar.getCarDetails()); // "Toyota Corolla"

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6. Explain about the different types of JDBC drivers with an example.

JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the
database.
There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

Native-API driver (partially java driver)
Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
Thin driver (fully java driver)

1) JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver uses ODBC driver to connect to the database. The
JDBC-ODBC bridge driver converts JDBC method calls into the ODBC function calls.
This is now discouraged because of thin driver.
Advantages:
easy to use.
can be easily connected to any database.
Disadvantages:
Performance degraded because JDBC method call is converted into the ODBC function
calls.
The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine.

Native-API driver
The Native API driver uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver converts
JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API. It is not written entirely in java.
Advantage:
performance upgraded than JDBC-ODBC bridge driver.
Disadvantage:
The Native driver needs to be installed on the each client machine.
The Vendor client library needs to be installed on client machine.

Network Protocol driver

The Network Protocol driver uses middleware (application server) that converts JDBC
calls directly or indirectly into the vendor-specific database protocol. It is fully written in
java.
Advantage:
No client side library is required because of application server that can perform many
tasks like auditing, load balancing, logging etc.
Disadvantages:
Network support is required on client machine.
Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.
Maintenance of Network Protocol driver becomes costly because it requires database-
specific coding to be done in the middle tier.

Thin driver
The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol.
That is why it is known as thin driver. It is fully written in Java language.
 Advantage:
Better performance than all other drivers.
No software is required at client side or server side.
Disadvantage:
Drivers depend on the Database.
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7. Discuss in detail about java file handling with an example.

In Java, a File is an abstract data type. A named location used to store related information
is known as a File. There are several File Operations like creating a new File, getting
information about File, writing into a File, reading from a File and deleting a File.

Stream
A series of data is referred to as a stream. In Java, Stream is classified into two types,
i.e., Byte Stream and Character Stream

Byte Stream
Byte Stream is mainly involved with byte data. A file handling process with a byte
stream is a process in which an input is provided and executed with the byte data.
Character Stream
Character Stream is mainly involved with character data. A file handling process with a
character stream is a process in which an input is provided and executed with the
character data.

File Operations
We can perform the following operation on a file:
Create a File
Get File Information
Write to a File
Read from a File
Delete a File

Key classes used in Java file handling include:

File: Represents the actual file or directory.

FileReader: Reads data from files.
FileWriter: Writes data to files.
BufferedReader: Buffers the input for efficient reading.
BufferedWriter: Buffers the output for efficient writing.
FileInputStream and FileOutputStream: For reading and writing binary data.
PrintWriter: Writes formatted text to files.

Example Program:
To create a file, we use the File class. The method createNewFile() creates a new file if it
doesn't already exist.

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

public class FileCreateExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
File myFile = new File("example.txt");
if (myFile.createNewFile()) {
System.out.println("File created: " + myFile.getName());
} else {
System.out.println("File already exists.");
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("An error occurred.");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
 }

8. Explain the structure of the HTML webpage with an example.

An HTML webpage consists of several elements that form the structure and content of a
website. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) uses tags to structure text, images, and
other multimedia components. The basic structure of an HTML webpage includes the
following main sections:

 <!DOCTYPE html>: Declaration that defines the document type and version of
HTML.
 <html>: The root element that wraps all the content on the page.
 <head>: Contains meta-information about the document, like its title, linked CSS
files, JavaScript files, and metadata.
 <title>: Defines the title of the webpage, shown in the browser tab.
 <body>: Contains the visible content of the webpage, including headings,
paragraphs, images, links, etc.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<title>My Webpage</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css"> <!-- Link to external CSS file -->
</head>
<body>
<!-- Header section -->
<header>
<h1>Welcome to My Webpage</h1>
</header>

<!-- Navigation section -->

<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>

<!-- Main content section -->

<main>
<section>
<h2>About Us</h2>
 <p>This is a simple example of an HTML webpage structure.</p>
<img src="image.jpg" alt="Example Image" />
</section>

<section>
<h2>Our Services</h2>
<p>We offer web development, design, and SEO services.</p>
</section>
</main>

<!-- Footer section -->

<footer>
<p>&copy; 2024 My Webpage. All rights reserved.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>

!DOCTYPE html>:
This is the document type declaration that tells the browser the version of HTML (HTML5 in
this case).

<html lang="en">:
The <html> element is the root of the HTML document. It wraps all the content. The lang
attribute defines the language of the document as English.

<head>:
The <head> element contains metadata about the webpage, such as the title (<title>) of the
webpage, meta tags for character encoding and responsiveness, and links to external resources
like CSS files or JavaScript files
.
<title>:
This defines the title of the webpage, which appears in the browser’s tab.<body>: Contains
visible elements like headings, paragraphs, and links.

<body>:
This element contains the main content of the webpage that users see, including text, images,
headings, links, and more.

<header>:
The header section typically contains the main title or logo of the page, like the page heading
(<h1>).

<meta charset="UTF-8">:
Specifies the character encoding of the webpage, ensuring that it supports most languages and
characters.
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">:
Ensures the webpage is responsive and scales correctly on different devices, like mobile phones
and tablets.

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9. Discuss the client-side and server-side scripting.

 The process of creating and embedding scripts in a web page is known as web-
scripting.
 A script or a computer-script is a list of commands that are embedded in a web-page
normally and are interpreted and executed by a certain program or scripting engine.
 Scripts may be written for a variety of purposes such as for automating processes on
a local-computer or to generate web pages.
 The programming languages in which scripts are written are called scripting
language, there are many scripting languages available today.
 Common scripting languages are VBScript, JavaScript, ASP, PHP, PERL, JSP etc.
Types of Script :
Scripts are broadly of following two type :

Client-Side Scripts :
1. Client-side scripting is responsible for interaction within a web page. The client-
side scripts are firstly downloaded at the client-end and then interpreted and
executed by the browser (default browser of the system).
2. The client-side scripting is browser-dependent. i.e., the client-side browser must be
scripting enables in order to run scripts
3. Client-side scripting is used when the client-side interaction is used. Some example
uses of client-side scripting may be :
 To get the data from user’s screen or browser.
 For playing online games.
  Customizing the display of page in browser without reloading or
reopening the page.
4. Here are some popular client-side scripting languages VBScript, JavaScript,
Hypertext Processor(PHP).

Server-Side Scripts :
1. Server-side scripting is responsible for the completion or carrying out a task at the
server-end and then sending the result to the client-end.
2. In server-side script, it doesn’t matter which browser is being used at client-end,
because the server does all the work.
3. Server-side scripting is mainly used when the information is sent to a server and to
be processed at the server-end. Some sample uses of server-scripting can be :
 Password Protection.
 Browser Customization (sending information as per the requirements of
client-end browser)
 Form Processing
 Building/Creating and displaying pages created from a database.
 Dynamically editing changing or adding content to a web-page.
4. Here are some popular server-side scripting languages PHP, Perl, ASP (Active
Server Pages), JSP ( Java Server Pages).

10. List and explain the benefits of OOPS and Describe the features of Java with an example
code

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) offers several benefits that enhance software

development efficiency and maintainability:

Encapsulation:
Definition: Bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data
into a single unit, or class.
Benefit: Protects the internal state of the object from unintended interference and misuse,
providing a controlled interface.

Abstraction:
Definition: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the essential
features of the object.
Benefit: Simplifies code usage and understanding by focusing on what an object does
instead of how it does it.

Inheritance:
Definition: The mechanism by which one class (subclass) can inherit properties and
behaviors (methods) from another class (superclass).
Benefit: Promotes code reusability and establishes a hierarchical relationship between
classes.
Polymorphism:
Definition: The ability of different classes to be treated as instances of the same class
through a common interface; methods can perform different tasks based on the object that
invokes them.
Benefit: Increases flexibility and allows for easier maintenance and expansion of code.

Reusability:
Definition: Classes and objects can be reused in different programs or in multiple
instances of a program.
Benefit: Reduces redundancy and promotes the development of more modular and
maintainable code.

Features of Java
Java is a popular object-oriented programming language with several key features:

Simple: Java is easy to learn and use due to its clear syntax, which is similar to C and C+
+.

Object-Oriented: Java follows the OOP paradigm, enabling modular and reusable code
through encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Platform-Independent: Java is platform-independent at both the source and binary levels,

thanks to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows Java applications to run on any
device with a JVM installed.

Secure: Java provides a secure environment for developing and running applications
through its runtime environment and various security features.

Multithreaded: Java supports multithreading, enabling concurrent execution of two or

more threads, which improves the performance of applications.

Rich Standard Library: Java has a comprehensive set of standard libraries (APIs) for
networking, I/O operations, data structures, and GUI development.

Automatic Memory Management: Java includes an automatic garbage collection

mechanism to manage memory and eliminate memory leaks.

Example code:

// Base class
class Car {
// Encapsulation: private fields
 private String model;
private String color;

// Constructor
public Car(String model, String color) {
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}

// Getter methods (part of encapsulation)

public String getModel() {
return model;
}

public String getColor() {

return color;
}

// Method to display car details (abstraction)

public void displayDetails() {
System.out.println("Car Model: " + model + ", Color: " + color);
}
}

// Subclass that inherits from Car

class ElectricCar extends Car {
private int batteryCapacity; // Additional field for ElectricCar

// Constructor
public ElectricCar(String model, String color, int batteryCapacity) {
super(model, color); // Call the constructor of the superclass
this.batteryCapacity = batteryCapacity;
}

// Overriding the displayDetails method (polymorphism)

@Override
public void displayDetails() {
super.displayDetails(); // Call the base class method
System.out.println("Battery Capacity: " + batteryCapacity + " kWh");
}
}

// Another subclass that inherits from Car

 class SportsCar extends Car {
private int topSpeed; // Additional field for SportsCar

// Constructor
public SportsCar(String model, String color, int topSpeed) {
super(model, color); // Call the constructor of the superclass
this.topSpeed = topSpeed;
}

// Overriding the displayDetails method

@Override
public void displayDetails() {
super.displayDetails(); // Call the base class method
System.out.println("Top Speed: " + topSpeed + " km/h");
}
}

// Main class to demonstrate OOP concepts

public class OOPCarExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creating objects of ElectricCar and SportsCar
Car myElectricCar = new ElectricCar("Tesla Model S", "Red", 100);
Car mySportsCar = new SportsCar("Ferrari 488", "Yellow", 330);

// Calling the displayDetails method

myElectricCar.displayDetails();
mySportsCar.displayDetails();
}
}

Output:

Car Model: Tesla Model S, Color: Red

Battery Capacity: 100 kWh
Car Model: Ferrari 488, Color: Yellow
Top Speed: 330 km/h

11. How does Java’s multithreading capability enable you to write more efficient programs?
Explain.
 Java's multithreading capability allows developers to create applications that can perform
multiple tasks concurrently. This leads to more efficient programs in several ways:

Benefits of Java's Multithreading Capability

1. Improved Resource Utilization:
o Definition: Multithreading allows the CPU to be utilized more effectively by
enabling it to execute multiple threads simultaneously, especially on multi-core
processors.
o Benefit: This leads to better performance and responsiveness of applications, as
threads can share CPU time and resources more effectively.
2. Increased Application Responsiveness:
o Definition: In applications with a user interface (UI), multithreading enables
background tasks (like file downloads, data processing, etc.) to run without
freezing the UI.
o Benefit: This improves user experience, allowing users to interact with the
application while other operations are still running.
3. Simplified Program Structure:
o Definition: Using multiple threads can help break down complex processes into
smaller, manageable tasks that can run concurrently.
o Benefit: This leads to cleaner code, making it easier to maintain and understand
the program's structure.
4. Concurrent Processing:
o Definition: Tasks that can be performed at the same time, such as data processing,
networking, and file I/O, can be executed in parallel using threads.
o Benefit: This can significantly reduce the overall execution time of the program,
especially for I/O-bound tasks.
5. Real-time Processing:
o Definition: Multithreading allows for real-time data processing in applications
like video games, simulations, and real-time data analytics.
o Benefit: This ensures that the application can process inputs and outputs
continuously without delays, leading to more accurate and timely results.

// Thread class for counting numbers

class NumberCounter extends Thread {
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Counting: " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(500); // Sleep for 500 milliseconds
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
 }
}

// Thread class for printing letters

class LetterPrinter extends Thread {
public void run() {
char letter = 'A';
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Letter: " + letter);
letter++;
try {
Thread.sleep(700); // Sleep for 700 milliseconds
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
}

// Main class to demonstrate multithreading

public class MultithreadingExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create thread instances
NumberCounter counter = new NumberCounter();
LetterPrinter printer = new LetterPrinter();

// Start the threads

counter.start();
printer.start();
}
}

Output:

Counting: 1
Letter: A
Counting: 2
Letter: B
Counting: 3
Counting: 4
Letter: C
Counting: 5
Letter: D
 Letter: E

________________________________________________________________________
12. Explain how basic tables and nested tables are created using HTML

HTML table tag is used to display data in tabular form (row * column). There can be
many columns in a row.

We can create a table to display data in tabular form, using <table> element, with the help
of <tr> , <td>, and <th> elements.

In Each table, table row is defined by <tr> tag, table header is defined by <th>, and table
data is defined by <td> tags.

A basic table consists of rows and columns to display data in a grid format. The main
elements used to create a basic table include:

<table>: Defines the table.

<tr>: Defines a table row.
<th>: Defines a header cell in a table (bold and centered by default).
<td>: Defines a standard cell in a table.

Nested Tables
A nested table is a table that is placed within another table. This allows for more complex
data representation.

Example code:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Nested Table Example</title>
<style>
table {
width: 50%;
border-collapse: collapse;
margin: 20px 0;
}
th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 10px;
 text-align: left;
}
th {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Nested Table Example</h2>

<table>
<tr>
<th>Department</th>
<th>Employees</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HR</td>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Position</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alice</td>
<td>Manager</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bob</td>
<td>Assistant</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IT</td>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Position</th>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>Charlie</td>
<td>Developer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>David</td>
<td>Tester</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

Output

13. What is the scope of the variables in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, the scope of a variable refers to the accessibility or visibility of that

variable in different parts of the code. JavaScript uses function scope and block scope to
determine the scope of variables. Here’s a detailed explanation of the different types of
scopes in JavaScript:

1. Global Scope
Variables declared outside of any function or block are said to have global scope.
These variables can be accessed from anywhere in the code, including inside functions.

let globalVar = "I am a global variable";

function showGlobalVar() {
 console.log(globalVar); // Accessible here
}

showGlobalVar(); // Output: I am a global variable

console.log(globalVar); // Output: I am a global variable

2. Function Scope
Variables declared inside a function are said to have function scope.
These variables are only accessible within that function and cannot be accessed from
outside.

Example:
function myFunction() {
let functionScopedVar = "I am a function-scoped variable";
console.log(functionScopedVar); // Accessible here
}

myFunction(); // Output: I am a function-scoped variable

console.log(functionScopedVar); // ReferenceError: functionScopedVar is not defined

3. Block Scope
Variables declared with let and const within a block (denoted by curly braces {}) have
block scope.
These variables can only be accessed within that specific block and are not visible outside
of it.

if (true) {
let blockScopedVar = "I am a block-scoped variable";
console.log(blockScopedVar); // Accessible here
}

console.log(blockScopedVar); // ReferenceError: blockScopedVar is not defined

4.Lexical Scope
JavaScript also has lexical scoping, meaning that a function's scope is determined by its
location within the nested function blocks.
Inner functions have access to variables declared in their outer (enclosing) functions.

function outerFunction() {
let outerVar = "I am an outer variable";

function innerFunction() {
 console.log(outerVar); // Accessible here
}

innerFunction(); // Output: I am an outer variable

}

outerFunction();

________________________________________________________________________
14. Can inheritance be applied between interfaces? Justify your answer.

Yes, inheritance can be applied between interfaces in Java. This is achieved through a
mechanism called interface inheritance, which allows one interface to inherit the
abstract methods of another interface.

Interface Inheritance

Definition:
An interface in Java is a reference type that can contain only constants, method
signatures, default methods, static methods, and nested types. It cannot contain instance
fields or constructors.
When one interface inherits another, it can extend the behavior of the existing interface
by adding more abstract methods.

Syntax:
An interface can extend one or more other interfaces using the extends keyword.

Example:
// Parent interface
interface Animal {
void eat(); // Abstract method
}

// Child interface inheriting from Animal

interface Pet extends Animal {
void play(); // Additional abstract method
}

// Implementing the Pet interface

class Dog implements Pet {
@Override
 public void eat() {
System.out.println("Dog is eating.");
}

@Override
public void play() {
System.out.println("Dog is playing.");
}
}

// Test the interfaces

public class InterfaceInheritanceExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog myDog = new Dog();
myDog.eat(); // Output: Dog is eating.
myDog.play(); // Output: Dog is playing.
}
}

Output:
Dog is eating.
Dog is playing.

15. Write a JDBC program to update the amount balance in an account after every
withdrawal. Assume the necessary database table.
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class WithdrawAmount {

// JDBC URL, username, and password
private static final String URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database_name"; //
replace with your DB name
private static final String USER = "your_username"; // replace with your DB username
private static final String PASSWORD = "your_password"; // replace with your DB
password

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter account ID: ");

 int accountId = scanner.nextInt();

System.out.print("Enter amount to withdraw: ");

double withdrawalAmount = scanner.nextDouble();

// Connect to the database

try (Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER,
PASSWORD)) {
// Check current balance
double currentBalance = getCurrentBalance(connection, accountId);
if (currentBalance < withdrawalAmount) {
System.out.println("Insufficient balance.");
} else {
// Update balance after withdrawal
updateBalance(connection, accountId, currentBalance - withdrawalAmount);
System.out.println("Withdrawal successful. New balance: " + (currentBalance -
withdrawalAmount));
}
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
scanner.close();
}
}

private static double getCurrentBalance(Connection connection, int accountId) throws

SQLException {
String query = "SELECT balance FROM accounts WHERE account_id = ?";
try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(query)) {
preparedStatement.setInt(1, accountId);
var resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
if (resultSet.next()) {
return resultSet.getDouble("balance");
} else {
System.out.println("Account not found.");
return 0;
}
}
}

private static void updateBalance(Connection connection, int accountId, double

newBalance) throws SQLException {
String query = "UPDATE accounts SET balance = ? WHERE account_id = ?";
 try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(query)) {
preparedStatement.setDouble(1, newBalance);
preparedStatement.setInt(2, accountId);
preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
}
}
}

Sample SQL to Create the Table

CREATE TABLE accounts (

account_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
account_name VARCHAR(50),
balance DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

Table Structure: accounts

Output:
Enter account ID: 1
Enter amount to withdraw: 150.00
Withdrawal successful. New balance: 350.00

When the account does not exist:

Enter account ID: 999
Enter amount to withdraw: 50.00
Account not found.

________________________________________________________________________
16. Discuss the use of frames in creation of HTML document

Frames in JavaScript typically refer to the concept of using HTML framesets to divide a
web page into multiple frames, each containing a separate HTML document. However,
it's essential to note that the use of framesets has become outdated, and the modern
approach is to use alternative techniques such as iframes or to design single-page
applications using JavaScript frameworks.
1. HTML Framesets:
In the traditional approach, you could use HTML framesets to create a page with multiple
frames. Framesets have been deprecated in HTML5, and their use is generally
discouraged due to various usability and accessibility issues. However, for historical
context, here's a simple example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Frameset Example</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="50%,50%">
<frame src="frame1.html" name="frame1">
<frame src="frame2.html" name="frame2">
</frameset>
</html>

Using iframes:
Instead of framesets, you can use inline frames (<iframe>) to embed documents within a
page. iframes are more flexible and offer better control over content isolation.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Iframe Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<iframe src="frame1.html" width="50%" height="300px" title="Frame 1"></iframe>

<iframe src="frame2.html" width="50%" height="300px" title="Frame 2"></iframe>

</body>
</html>

3. JavaScript and Frames:

 If you need to interact with frames using JavaScript, you can access frames using the
window.frames object. Each frame is accessible by its index or name attribute.

// Accessing a frame by index

var frame = window.frames[0];

// Accessing a frame by name

var frame = window.frames["frame1"];

// Accessing a document inside a frame

var frameDocument = frame.document;

Remember, manipulating frames directly using JavaScript might lead to security issues,
and it's often better to design your application using modern techniques like AJAX,
single-page applications (SPAs), or other frameworks/libraries for a more seamless user
experience.
_______________________________________________________________________

17. Explain about Document Object Model with suitable example.

The document object represents the whole html document.

When html document is loaded in the browser, it becomes a document object. It is the
root element that represents the html document. It has properties and methods. By the
help of document object, we can add dynamic content to our web page.

window.document

or

document

Properties of document object

Methods of document object
We can access and change the contents of document by its methods.
The important methods of document object are as follows:

Method Description

write("string") writes the given string on the doucment.

writes the given string on the doucment with

writeln("string")
newline character at the end.

returns the element having the given id

getElementById()
value.

returns all the elements having the given

getElementsByName()
name value.

getElementsByTagName() returns all the elements having the given tag

 name.

returns all the elements having the given

getElementsByClassName()
class name.

Accessing field value by document object

In this example, we are going to get the value of input text by user. Here, we are using
document.form1.name.value to get the value of name field.

Here, document is the root element that represents the html document.

form1 is the name of the form.

name is the attribute name of the input text.

value is the property, that returns the value of the input text.

Example:
<script type="text/javascript">
function printvalue(){
var name=document.form1.name.value;
alert("Welcome: "+name);
}
</script>

<form name="form1">
Enter Name:<input type="text" name="name"/>
<input type="button" onclick="printvalue()" value="print name"/>
</form>

Output:

________________________________________________________________________
18. How to insert a java script code while deploying a web application? Explain.
nserting JavaScript code into a web application can be done in several ways depending on
your project structure and requirements. Below are the common methods for including
JavaScript code in a web application during deployment:

1. Inline JavaScript
You can directly include JavaScript code within your HTML files using the <script> tag.
This method is often used for small scripts.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Inline JavaScript Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World</h1>
<script>
alert('This is an inline JavaScript alert!');
</script>
</body>
</html>

External JavaScript File

For larger applications or when you want to keep your HTML files clean, it's a good
practice to place JavaScript code in an external .js file. This file can then be linked to
your HTML files.

Example:
JavaScript File (script.js):
// script.js
function showAlert() {
alert('This alert is from an external JavaScript file!');
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>External JavaScript Example</title>
<script src="script.js" defer></script>
</head>
<body>
 <h1>Hello World</h1>
<button onclick="showAlert()">Show Alert</button>
</body>
</html>

3. Including JavaScript Libraries

If you are using external libraries (like jQuery, React, or Vue), you can include them in
your application through CDN links or by downloading the library files and linking them.

4. Using JavaScript Frameworks

If you are using frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue, the JavaScript code is typically
written in component files. These frameworks handle the inclusion and bundling of
JavaScript automatically when you build your application for deployment.