CONTENT

INTRODUCTION 2

CHAPTER - 1.TRIGNOMETRY (BASIC ANGLE DEFINITIONS) 3

 1.1GRAPHS OF BASIC (PARENT) TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 4

 1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION GRAPHS 5
 1.3 GRAPH OF A GENERAL SINE FUNCTION 9
 1.4 GRAPH OF A GENERAL COSINE FUNCTION 10
 1.5 GRAPH OF A GENERAL TANGENT FUNCTION 11
 1.6 GRAPH OF A GENERAL COTANGENT FUNCTION 12
 1.7 GRAPH OF A GENERAL SECANT FUNCTION 13
 1.8 GRAPH OF A GENERAL COSECANT FUNCTION 14

CHAPTER - 2 PYTHON 15

 2.1 BASICS OF PYTHON 16

 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF PYTHON 17
 2.3 BASIC CORE LANGUAGE 17
 2.4 MODULES 17
 2.5 EXCEPTION HANDLING 18

CHAPTER – 3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON 21

 3.1 Pi (π) 21
 3.2ANGLE CONVERSION BETWEEN RADIANS AND DEGREES:
MATH.DEGREES(), MATH.RADIANS() 22
 3.3 SINE AND ARC SINE: MATH.SIN(), MATH.ASIN() 22
 3.4 COSINE AND ARC COSINE: MATH.COS(), MATH.ACOS() 24
 3.5 TANGENT AND ARC TANGENT: MATH.TAN(), MATH.ATAN(), MATH.ATAN2() 25
 3.6 NEGATIVE ZERO 25
 3.7 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 28

CONCLUSION 30

REFERENCE: 31
INTRODUCTION

The word “Trigonometry” comes from the Greek “trigonon” (meaning triangle) and “metron”

(meaning measure). So, simply put, Trigonometry is the study of the measures of triangles.

This includes the lengths of the sides, the measures of the angles and the relationships

between the sides and angles. The modern approach to Trigonometry also deals with how

right triangles interact with circles, especially the Unit Circle, i.e., a circle of radius 1.

Although the basic concepts are simple, the applications of Trigonometry are far reaching,

from cutting the required angles in kitchen tiles to determining the optimal trajectory for a

rocket to reach the outer planets. The modern definition of the sine is first attested in the

Surya Siddhanta, and its properties were further documented in the 5th century (AD) by

Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata.[13] These Greek and Indian works were

translated and expanded by medieval Islamic mathematicians. In 830 AD, Persian

mathematician Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi produced the first table of cotangents.[14][15]

By the 10th century AD, in the work of Persian mathematician Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī, all

six trigonometric functions were used.[16] Abu al-Wafa had sine tables in 0.25° increments,

to 8 decimal places of accuracy, and accurate tables of tangent values.[16] He also made

important innovations in spherical trigonometry[17][18][19] The Persian polymath Nasir al-

Din al-Tusi has been described as the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in

its own right.[20][21][22] He was the first to treat trigonometry as a mathematical discipline

independent from astronomy, and he developed spherical trigonometry into its present form

2
 CHAPTER - 1.TRIGNOMETRY (BASIC ANGLE DEFINITIONS)

A few definitions relating to angles are useful when beginning the study of Trigonometry.

Angle: A measure of the space between rays with a common endpoint. An angle is typically

Measured by the amount of rotation required to get from its initial

Side to its terminal side.

Initial Side: The side of an angle from which it’s rotational measure begins.

Terminal Side: The side of an angle at which it’s rotational Measure ends.

Vertex: The vertex of an angle is the common endpoint of the two rays that define the angle.

When angles are graphed on a coordinate system (Rectangular or Polar), a number of

additional terms are useful.

Standard Position: An angle is in standard position if its vertex is the origin (i.e., the

Polar Axis: The Polar Axis is the positive axis. It is the initial side of all angles in standard

position. Polar Angle: For an angle in standard position, its polar angle is the angle measured

from the polar axis to its terminal side. If measured in a counter‐clockwise direction, the

polar angle is positive; if measured in a clockwise direction, the polar angle is negative.

Reference Angle: For an angle in standard position, its reference angle is the angle between

0° and 90° measured from the axis (positive or negative) to its terminal side. The reference

angle can be 0°; it can be 90°; it is never negative.

3
1.1GRAPHS OF BASIC (PARENT) TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

It is instructive to view the parent trigonometric functions on the same axes as their reciprocal

Identifying patterns between the two functions can be helpful in graphing them.

Looking at the sine and cosecant functions, we see that they intersect at their maximum and

minimum values (i.e., when y =1). The vertical

asymptotes (not shown) of the cosecant function occur

when the sine function is zero.

4
Looking at the cosine and secant functions, we see that

they intersect at their maximum and minimum values

(i.e., when y = 1). The vertical asymptotes (not shown)

of the secant function occur when the cosine function is

zero.

Looking at the tangent and cotangent functions, we see that

they intersect when integer). The vertical asymptotes (not

shown) of the each function occur when the other function is zero.

1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION GRAPHS

All trigonometric functions are periodic, meaning that they repeat the pattern of the

curve (called a cycle) on a regular basis. The key characteristics of each curve, along with

knowledge of the parent curves are sufficient to graph many trigonometric functions. Let’s

consider the general function:

Amplitude

Amplitude is the measure of the distance of peaks and troughs from the midline (i.e., center)

of a sine or cosine function; amplitude is always positive. The other four functions do not
5
have peaks and troughs, so they do not have amplitudes. For the general function,f(x)

,defined above, amplitude = |A|.

Period

Period is the horizontal width of a single cycle or wave, i.e., the distance it travels before it re

peats. Every trigonometric function has a period. The periods of the parent functions are as

follows: for sine, cosine, secant and cosecant, period is 2π; for tangent and cotangent, period

= π.

Frequency

Frequency is most useful when used with the sine and cosine functions. It is the reciprocal of

the period, i.e.,

Frequency is typically discussed in relation to the sine and cosine functions when considering

harmonic motion or waves. In Physics, frequency is typically measured in Hertz, i.e., cycles

per second. 1 Hz=1 cycle per second.

6
Phase Shift

Phase shift is how far has the function been shifted horizontally

(left or right) from its parent function. For the general function,

A positive phase shift indicates a shift to the right relative to the graph of the parent function;

a negative phase shift indicates a shift to the left relative to the graph of the parent function.

A trick for calculating the phase shift is to set the argument of the trigonometric function

Vertical Shift

Vertical shift is the vertical distance that the midline of a curve lies

above or below the midline of its parent function (i.e., the axis). For

the general function, defined above, vertical Shift D. The value of D

may be positive, indicating a shift upward, or negative, indicating a

shift downward relative to the graph of the parent function.

Putting it All Together

The illustration below shows how all of

the items described above combine in a

single graph.

7
8
1.3 GRAPH OF A GENERAL SINE FUNCTION

General Form

The general form of a sine function is in this equation, we find several parameters of the

function which will help us graph it. In particular:

Amplitude: The amplitude is the magnitude of the stretch or compression of the function

from its parent function

Period

The period of a trigonometric function is the horizontal distance over which the curve travels

before it begins to repeat itself (i.e., begins a new cycle). For a sine or cosine function, this is

the length of one complete wave; it can be

measured from peak to peak or from trough to

trough. Note that 2π is the period of

Phase Shift:

The phase shift is the distance of the horizontal

translation of the function. Note that the value of in the general form has a minus sign in

front of it, just like does in the vertex form of a quadratic equation So, A minus sign in front

of the implies a translation to the right, and

A plus sign in front of the implies a implies a translation to the left. Vertical Shift:. This is

the distance of the vertical translation of the function. This is equivalent to in the vertex form

of a quadratic equation

9
1.4 GRAPH OF A GENERAL COSINE FUNCTION

General Form

The general form of a cosine function In this equation, we find several parameters of the

function which will help us graph it. In particular:

Amplitude: The amplitude is the magnitude of the stretch or compression of the

function from its parent function.

Period The period of a trigonometric function is the horizontal distance over which

the curve travels before it begins to repeat itself (i.e., begins a new cycle). For a sine or

cosine function, this is the length of one complete wave; it can be measured from peak to

peak or from trough to trough. Note that 2π is the period of

Phase Shift

The phase shift is the distance of the horizontal translation of the function. Note that the

value of in the general form has a minus sign in front of it, just like does in the vertex form

of a quadratic equation: So, A minus sign in front of the

implies a translation to the right, and A plus sign in front of

the implies a implies a translation to the left Vertical Shift.

This is the distance of the vertical translation of the function.

10
1.5 GRAPH OF A GENERAL TANGENT FUNCTION

General Form

The general form of a tangent function is in this equation, we find several parameters of the

function which will help us graph it. In particular Scale factor. The tangent function does not

have amplitude. is the magnitude of the stretch or compression of the function from its parent

function Period The period of a trigonometric function is the horizontal distance over which

the curve travels before it begins to repeat itself

(i.e., begins a new cycle). For a tangent or

cotangent function, this is the horizontal distance

between consecutive asymptotes (it is also the

distance between intercepts). Note that π is the

period of Phase Shift. The phase shift is the distance of the horizontal translation of the

function. Note that the value of in the general form has a minus sign in front of it, just like

does in the vertex form of a quadratic equation So, A minus sign in front of the implies a

translation to the right, and A plus sign in front of the implies a implies a translation to the

left.

Vertical Shift. This is the distance of the vertical translation of the function. This is

equivalent to in the vertex form of a quadratic equation.

11
1.6 GRAPH OF A GENERAL COTANGENT FUNCTION

General Form

The general form of a cotangent function isIn this equation, we find several parameters of the

function which will help us graph it. In particular:

Scale factor: The cotangent function does not have amplitude. is the magnitude of the stretch

or compression of the function from its parent function:

Period: The period of a trigonometric function is the horizontal distance over which the

curve travels before it begins to repeat itself (i.e., begins a new cycle). For a tangent or

cotangent function, this is the horizontal distance between consecutive asymptotes (it is also

the distance between intercepts). Note that π is the period

Phase Shift: The phase shift is the distance of the horizontal translation of the function. Note

that the value of in the general form has a minus sign in

front of it, just like does in the vertex form of a quadratic

equation So, A minus sign in front of the implies a

translation to the right, and A plus sign in front of the

implies a implies a translation to the left.

Vertical Shift: This is the distance of the vertical translation of the function. This is

equivalent to ࢑ in the vertex form of a quadratic equation.

12
1.7 GRAPH OF A GENERAL SECANT FUNCTION

General Form

The general form of a secant function is in this equation, we find several parameters of the

function which will help us graph it. In particular:

Scale factor: The secant function does not have amplitude.is the magnitude of the stretch or

compression of the function from its parent function.

Period: The period of a trigonometric function is the horizontal distance over which the

curve travels before it begins to repeat itself (i.e., begins a new cycle). For a secant or

cosecant function, this is the horizontal distance between consecutive maxima or minima (it

is also the distance between every second asymptote). Note that 2π is the period.

Phase Shift: The phase shift is the distance of the horizontal translation of the function. Note

that the value of in the general form has a minus sign in front of it, just like does in the vertex

form of a quadratic equation. So, A minus sign in front of the implies a translation to the

right, and A plus sign in front of the implies a implies a

translation to the left.

Vertical Shift: This is the distance of the vertical

translation of the function. This is Equivalent in the vertex form of a quadratic equation

13
1.8 GRAPH OF A GENERAL COSECANT FUNCTION

General Form

The general form of a cosecant function is. In this equation, we find several parameters of the

function which will help us graph it. In particular Scale factor. The cosecant function does

not have amplitude.is the magnitude of the stretch or compression of the function from its

parent function:

Period:

The period of a trigonometric function is the horizontal distance over which the curve travels

before it begins to repeat itself (i.e., begins a new cycle). For a secant or cosecant function,

this is the horizontal distance between consecutive maxima or minima (it is also the distance

between every second asymptote). Note that 2π is the period of Phase Shift:. The phase

shift is the distance of the horizontal translation of the function. Note that the value of in the

general form has a minus sign in front of it, just like does in the vertex form of a quadratic

equation: A minus sign in front of the implies a translation to the right, and

A plus sign in front of the implies a implies a

translation to the left.

Vertical Shift: This is the distance of the vertical

translation of the function. This is equivalent to in the vertex form of a quadratic equation:

14
 CHAPTER - 2 PYTHON

Python is a high-level scripting language which can be used for a wide variety of text

processing, system administration and internet-related tasks. Unlike many similar languages,

it’s core language is very small and easy to master, while allowing the addition of modules to

perform a virtually limitless variety of tasks. Python is a true object-oriented language, and is

available on a wide variety of platforms. There’s even a python interpreter written entirely in

Java, further enhancing python’s position as an excellent solution for internet-based problems.

Python was developed in the early 1990’s by Guido van Rossum, then at CWI in Amsterdam,

and currently at CNRI in Virginia. In some ways, python grew out of a project to design a

computer language which would be easy for beginners to learn, yet would be powerful enough

for even advanced users. This heritage is reflected in python’s small, clean syntax and the

thoroughness of the implementation of ideas like object-oriented programming, without

eliminating the ability to program in a more traditional style. So python is an excellent choice

as a first programming language without sacrificing the power and advanced capabilities that

users will eventually need. Although pictures of snakes often appear on python books and

websites, the name is derived from Guido van Rossum’s favorite TV show, “Monty Python’s

Flying Circus”. For this reason, lots of online and print documentation for the language has a

light and humorous touch. Interestingly, many experienced programmers report that python has

brought back a lot of the fun they used to have programming, so van Rossum’s inspiration may

be well expressed in the language itself.

15
 2.1 BASICS OF PYTHON

There are a few features of python which are different than other programming languages, and

which should be mentioned early on so that subsequent examples don’t seem confusing. Further

information on all of these features will be provided later, when the topics are covered in depth.

Python statements do not need to end with a special character – the python interpreter knows

that you are done with an individual statement by the presence of a newline, which will be

generated when you press the “Return” key of your keyboard. If a statement spans more than

one line, the safest course of action is to use a backslash (\) at the end of the line to let python

know that you are going to continue the statement on the next line; you can continue using

backslashes on additional continuation lines. (There are situations where the backslashes are

not needed which will be discussed later.) Python provides you with a certain level of freedom

when composing a program, but there are some rules which must always be obeyed. One of

these rules, which some people find very surprising, is that python uses indentation (that is, the

amount of white space before the statement itself) to indicate the presence of loops, instead of

using delimiters like curly braces ({}) or keywords (like “begin” and “end”) as in many other

languages. The amount of indentation you use is not important, but it must be consistent within

a given depth of a loop, and statements which are not indented must begin in the first column.

Most python programmers prefer to use an editor like emacs, which automatically provides

consistent indentation; you will probably find it easier to maintain your programs if you use

consistent indentation in every loop, at all depths, and an intelligent editor is very useful in

achieving this.

16
 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF PYTHON

Python has many features that usually are found only in languages which are much more

complex to learn and use. These features were designed into python from its very first

beginnings, rather than being accumulated into an end result, as is the case with many other

scripting languages. If you’re new to programming, even the basic descriptions which follow

may seem intimidating. But don’t worry – all of these ideas will be made clearer in the chapters

which follow. The idea of presenting these concepts now is to make you aware of how python

works, and the general philosophy behind python programming. If some of the concepts that

are introduced here seem abstract or overly complex, just try

2.3 BASIC CORE LANGUAGE

Python is designed so that there really isn’t that much to learn in the basic language. For

example, there is only one basic structure for conditional programming (if/else/elif), two

looping commands (while and for), and a consistent method of handling errors (try/except)

which apply to all python programs. This doesn’t mean that the language is not flexible and

powerful, however. It simply means that you’re not confronted with an overwhelming choice

of options at every turn, which can make programming a much simpler task.

2.4 MODULES

Python relies on modules, that is, self-contained programs which define a variety of functions

and data types, that you can call in order to do tasks beyond the scope of the basic core

language by using the import command. For example, the core distribution of python contains

17
modules for processing files, accessing your computer’s operating system and the internet,

writing CGI scripts (which handle communicating with pages displayed in web browsers),

string handling and many other tasks. Optional modules, available on the Python web site

(http://www.python.org), can be used to create graphical user interfaces, communicate with

data bases, process image files, and so on. This structure makes it easy to get started with

python, learning specific skills only as you need them, as well as making python run more

efficiently by not always including every capability in every program.

2.5 EXCEPTION HANDLING

Regardless how carefully you write your programs, when you start using them in a variety of

situations, errors are bound to occur. Python provides a consistent method of handling errors,

a topic often refered to as exception handling. When you’re performing an operation that

might result in an error, you can surround it with a try loop, and provide an except clause to

tell python what to do when a particular error arises. While this is a fairly advanced concept,

usually found in more complex languages, you can start using it in even your earliest python

programs. As a simple example, consider dividing two numbers. If the divisor is zero, most

programs (python included) will stop running, leaving the user back at a system shell prompt,

or with nothing at all. Here’s a little python program that illustrates this concept; assume

we’ve saved it to a file called

div.py:

#!/usr/local/bin/python

x=7
18
y=0

print x/y

print "Now we’re done!"

When we run this program, we don’t get to the line which prints the message,

because the division by zero is a “fatal” error:

% div.py

Traceback (innermost last):

File "div.py", line 5, in ?

print x/y

ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo While the message may look a little

complicated, the main point to notice is that the last line of the message tells us the name of

the exception that occured. This allows us to construct an except clause to handle the

problem:

x=7

y=0

try:

print x/y

except ZeroDivisionError:

19
print "Oops - I can’t divide by zero, sorry!"

print "Now we’re done!"

Now when we run the program, it behaves a little more nicely:

% div.py

Oops - I can’t divide by zero, sorry!

Now we’re done! Since each exception in python has a name, it’s very easy to modify your

program to handle errors whenever they’re discovered. And of course, if you can think ahead,

you can construct try/except clauses to catch errors before they happen.

20
CHAPTER – 3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON

This module provides access to common mathematical functions and constants, including

those defined by the C standard.

These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the same name

from the cmath module if you require support for complex numbers. The distinction between

functions which support complex numbers and those which don’t is made since most users do

not want to learn quite as much mathematics as required to understand complex numbers.

Receiving an exception instead of a complex result allows earlier detection of the unexpected

complex number used as a parameter, so that the programmer can determine how and why it

was generated in the first place.

In Python, you can calculate trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan) and inverse trigonometric

functions (arcsin, arccos, arctan) with the math module.

3.1 Pi (π): math.pi

The mathematical constant pi (π) is available as a constant in the math module and is

represented by math.pi.

print(math.pi)

# 3.141592653589793

21
3.2ANGLE CONVERSION BETWEEN RADIANS AND DEGREES:

MATH.DEGREES(), MATH.RADIANS()

In the math module, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions use radians as the unit

of angles.

To convert between radians and degrees, use math.degrees() and math.radians().

math.degrees() converts radians to degrees, while math.radians() converts degrees to radians.

print(math.degrees(math.pi))

# 180.0

print(math.radians(180))

# 3.141592653589793

3.3 SINE AND ARC SINE: MATH.SIN(), MATH.ASIN()

Use math.sin() for the sine function and math.asin() for its inverse.

Here's an example of finding the sine of 30 degrees. Use math.radians() to convert degrees to

radians.

sin30 = math.sin(math.radians(30))

print(sin30)

# 0.49999999999999994

22
The sine of 30 degrees should be 0.5, but since pi is an irrational number, there

may be small errors in the calculation due to approximations.To round to a

specific number of decimal places, use the round() function, specifying the

desired decimal places as the second argument. Note that this function employs

"round half to even" or "bankers' rounding", meaning it rounds to the nearest even

number.

Round numbers with round() and Decimal.quantize() in Python

print(round(sin30, 1))

# 0.5

To compare values while accounting for potential errors, you can use

math.isclose().

Check if the floating point numbers are close in Python (math.isclose)

print(math.isclose(sin30, 0.5))

# True

Similarly, here's an example of finding the inverse sine of 0.5. Since math.asin()

returns radians, math.degrees() is used to convert the result to degrees.

asin05 = math.degrees(math.asin(0.5))

23
print(asin05)

# 29.999999999999996

print(round(asin05, 1))

# 30.0

3.4 COSINE AND ARC COSINE: MATH.COS(), MATH.ACOS()

Use math.cos() for the cosine function and math.acos() for its inverse.

Here's an example of finding the cosine of 60 degrees and the arc cosine of 0.5.

print(math.cos(math.radians(60)))

# 0.5000000000000001

print(math.degrees(math.acos(0.5)))

# 59.99999999999999

To round to a specific number of decimal places, you can use round() as

explained in the previous section.

24
3.5 TANGENT AND ARC TANGENT: MATH.TAN(), MATH.ATAN(),

MATH.ATAN2()

Use math.tan() for the tangent function. The inverse functions are math.atan() and

math.atan2(), with the differences between them discussed below.

Here's an example of finding the tangent of 45 degrees and the arc tangent of 1.

print(math.tan(math.radians(45)))

# 0.9999999999999999

print(math.degrees(math.atan(1)))

# 45.0

To round to a specific number of decimal places, you can use round() as

explained in the previous section.

3.6 NEGATIVE ZERO

In math.atan2(), as in the example above, the angle in the negative x-axis

direction (y is 0 and x has a negative value) is pi (180 degrees). However, when y

is negative zero, the angle is -pi (-180 degrees). Be cautious if you need to handle

the sign precisely.

print(math.degrees(math.atan2(-0.0, -1)))

25
# -180.0

Negative zero can be generated as a result of certain operations.

print(-1 / math.inf)

# -0.0

print(-1.0 * 0.0)

# -0.0

There is no negative zero in integers (int).

print(-0.0)

# -0.0

print(-0)

#0

For cases when both x and y are zero (origin), the result may differ depending on

their signs.

print(math.degrees(math.atan2(0.0, 0.0)))

# 0.0

print(math.degrees(math.atan2(-0.0, 0.0)))

26
# -0.0

print(math.degrees(math.atan2(-0.0, -0.0)))

# -180.0

print(math.degrees(math.atan2(0.0, -0.0)))

# 180.0

Not only math.atan2(), but also math.sin(), math.asin(), math.tan(), and

math.atan() can produce results with different signs due to negative zero.

print(math.sin(0.0))

# 0.0

print(math.sin(-0.0))

# -0.0

print(math.asin(0.0))

# 0.0

print(math.asin(-0.0))

# -0.0

print(math.tan(0.0))

27
# 0.0

print(math.tan(-0.0))

# -0.0

print(math.atan(0.0))

# 0.0

print(math.atan(-0.0))

# -0.0

print(math.atan2(0.0, 1.0))

# 0.0

print(math.atan2(-0.0, 1.0))

# -0.0

3.7 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Improved Plotting Example:

import math as mt

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x=0

28
N = 100

xdata = []

ydata = []

for i in range(0, N):

x = x + 0.1

xdata.append(x)

y = mt.sin(x)

ydata.append(y)

plt.plot(xdata, ydata)

plt.show()

The problem with using the Trigonometric functions in the the Math module

from the Python Standard Library is that they don't handle an array as input.

29
CONCLUSION

Mastering trigonometric functions in Python is a valuable skill that opens doors to

a wide range of applications in mathematics, science, and engineering. Whether

you’re calculating angles, distances, or slopes, Python’s built-in trigonometric

functions and libraries make complex calculations accessible. However, it’s

essential to use these functions responsibly and ethically, ensuring their

application aligns with legal and ethical standards. With the knowledge gained

from this guide, you’re well-equipped to tackle real-world problems that involve

trigonometric calculations and leverage Python’s capabilities to solve complex

mathematical and scientific challenges. we will focused on a complete

walkthrough of trigonometric functions in Python using functions from math

library. It includes sine, cosine, tangent, inverse sine, inverse cosine, and inverse

tangent.

30
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"General Python FAQ – Python 3 documentation". docs.python.org. Retrieved 7

July 2024.

"Python 0.9.1 part 01/21". alt.sources archives. Archived from the original on 11

August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.

"Why is Python a dynamic language and also a strongly typed language". Python

Wiki. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

"PEP 483 – The Theory of Type Hints". Python.org. Archived from the original

on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2018.

"PEP 11 – CPython platform support | peps.python.org". Python Enhancement

Proposals (PEPs). Retrieved 22 April 2024.

31