4.

6 APPLIED OPTIMIZATION

1. Let and w represent the length and width of the rectangle, respectively. With an area of 16 in.2 , we have that
2
1 1 32 2( 16)
( )( w) 16 w 16 the perimeter is P 2 2w 2 32 and P ( ) 2 2 2
. Solving
2( 4)( 4)
P( ) 0 2
0 4, 4. Since 0 for the length of a rectangle, must be 4 and w 4 the
perimeter is 16 in., a minimum since P ( ) 16 0.
3

2. Let x represent the length of the rectangle in meters (0 x 4). Then the width is 4 x and the area is
A( x) x(4 x) 4 x x 2 . Since A ( x) 4 2 x, the critical point occurs at x 2. Since, A ( x) 0 for 0 x 2
and A ( x) 0 for 2 x 4, this critical point corresponds to the maximum area. The rectangle with the largest
area measures 2 m by 4 2 2 m, so it is a square.
Graphical Support:

3. (a) The line containing point P also contains the points (0, 1) and (1, 0) the line containing P is y 1 x
a general point on that line is ( x, 1 x).
(b) The area A( x) 2 x(1 x), where 0 x 1.
(c) When A( x) 2x 2 x 2 , then A ( x) 0 2 4 x 0 x 12 . Since A(0) 0 and A(1) 0, we conclude
that A 1 1 sq units is the largest area. The dimensions are 1 unit by 12 unit.
2 2

4. The area of the rectangle is A 2 xy 2 x (12 x 2 ),

where 0 x 12. Solving A ( x) 0 24 6 x2 0
x 2 or 2. Now 2 is not in the domain, and
since A(0) 0 and A 12 0, we conclude that
A(2) 32 square units is the maximum area. The
dimensions are 4 units by 8 units.

5. The volume of the box is V ( x) x (15 2 x)(8 2 x)

120 x 46 x 2 4 x3 , where 0 x 4. Solving
V ( x) 0 120 92 x 12 x 2 4(6 x )(5 3 x) 0
x 53 or 6, but 6 is not in the domain. Since
V (0) V (4) 0, V 5 2450 91 in3 must be the
3 27
maximum volume of the box with dimensions
14 35 5 inches.
3 3 3

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 Section 4.6 Applied Optimization 291

6. The area of the triangle is A 1 ba

2
b
2
400 b 2 ,
where 0 b 20. Then dA 1 400 b 2 b2
db 2 2 400 b2
200 b 2 0 the interior critical point is b 10 2.
400 b2
When b 0 or 20, the area is zero A 10 2 is the
2 2
maximum area. When a b 400 and b 10 2,
the value of a is also 10 2 the maximum area
occurs when a b.

7. The area is A( x) x(800 2 x), where 0 x 400.

Solving A ( x ) 800 4 x 0 x 200. With
A(0) A(400) 0, the maximum area is
A(200) 80, 000 m 2 . The dimensions are 200 m by
400 m.

8. The area is 2 xy 216 y 108 . The amount of

x
fence needed is P 4 x 3 y 4 x 324 x 1 , where
0 x; dP
dx
4 3242
0 x 2 81 0 the critical
x
points are 0 and 9, but 0 and 9 are not in the
domain. Then P (9) 0 at x 9 there is a
minimum the dimensions of the outer rectangle are
18 m by 12 m 72 meters of fence will be needed.

9. (a) We minimize the weight tS where S is the surface area, and t is the thickness of the steel walls of the
tank. The surface area is S x 2 4 xy where x is the length of a side of the square base of the tank, and y
is its depth. The volume of the tank must be 500 ft 3 y 5002
. Therefore, the weight of the tank is
x
w( x) t x2 2000
x
. Treating the thickness as a constant gives w ( x) t 2x 2000 . The critical value is
x2
at x 10. Since w (10) t 2 4000 0, there is a minimum at x 10. Therefore, the optimum dimensions
103
of the tank are 10 ft on the base edges and 5 ft deep.
(b) Minimizing the surface area of the tank minimizes its weight for a given wall thickness. The thickness of
the steel walls would likely be determined by other considerations such as structural requirements.

10. (a) The volume of the tank being 1125 ft 3 , we have that yx 2 1125 y 1125 . The cost of building the
x2
tank is c ( x) 5 x 2 30 x 1125 , where 0 x. Then c ( x) 10 x 33750 0 the critical points are 0 and 15,
x2 x2
but 0 is not in the domain. Thus, c (15) 0 at x 15 we have a minimum. The values of x 15 ft and
y 5 ft will minimize the cost.
(b) The cost function c 5( x 2 4 xy ) 10 xy, can be separated into two items: (1) the cost of the materials and
labor to fabricate the tank, and (2) the cost for the excavation. Since the area of the sides and bottom of
the tanks is ( x 2 4 xy ), it can be deduced that the unit cost to fabricate the tanks is $5/ft 2 . Normally,
excavation costs are per unit volume of excavated material. Consequently, the total excavation cost can be
2
taken as 10 xy 10
x
( x 2 y ). This suggests that the unit cost of excavation is $10/ft
x
where x is the length of
a side of the square base of the tank in feet. For the least expensive tank, the unit cost for the excavation is

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

292 Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

$10/ft 2 $0.67 $18

15 ft
. The total cost of the least expensive tank is $3375, which is the sum of $2625 for
ft 3 yd 3
fabrication and $750 for the excavation.

11. The area of the printing is ( y 4)( x 8) 50.

Consequently, y 50 4. The area of the paper is
x 8
A( x) x x508 4 , where 8 x. Then
50 50 4( x 8)2 400
A ( x) x 8
4 x 0
( x 8) 2 ( x 8) 2
the critical points are 2 and 18, but 2 is not in the
domain. Thus A (18) 0 at x 18 we have a
minimum. Therefore the dimensions 18 by 9 inches
minimize the amount of paper.

12. The volume of the cone is V 1

3
r 2 h, where r x 9 y 2 and h y 3 (from the figure in the text). Thus,
2 2 3
V ( y) 3
(9 y )( y 3) 3
(27 9 y 32 y y ) V ( y) 3
(9 6 y 3 y 2 ) (1 y )(3 y ). The critical
points are 3 and 1, but 3 is not in the domain. Thus V (1) 3
( 6 6(1)) 0 at y 1 we have a maximum
volume of V (1) (8)(4) 32 cubic units.
3 3

ab sin
13. The area of the triangle is A( ) 2
, where
ab cos
0 . Solving A ( ) 0 2
0 2
.
ab sin
Since A ( ) 2
A 2
0, there is a
maximum at 2
.

14. A volume V r 2 h 100 h 1000 . The amount

r2
of material is the surface area given by the sides and
bottom of the can S 2 rh r 2 2000
r
r2,
0 r. Then dS 2000 2 r 0 r 3 1000 0.
dr r2 r2
The critical points are 0 and 10 , but 0 is not in the
3
2
domain. Since d 2s 4000 2 0, we have a
dr r3
minimum surface area when r 10 cm and
3

h 1000 10 cm. Comparing this result to the result

r2 3

found in Example 2, if we include both ends of the

can, then we have a minimum surface area when
the can is shorter specifically, when the height of
the can is the same as its diameter.

15. With a volume of 1000 cm3 and V r 2 h, then h 1000 . The amount of aluminum used per can is
r2
A 8r 2
2 rh 8r 2 2000 . Then A (r ) 16r 2000 0 8r 3 1000 0 the critical points are 0 and 5, but
r r2 r2
r 0 results in no can. Since A ( r ) 16 1000 0 we have a minimum at r 5 h 40 and h:r 8: .
r3

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 4.6 Applied Optimization 293

x (10 2 x )(15 2 x )
16. (a) The base measures 10 2x in. by 15 22 x in., so the volume formula is V ( x) 2
2 x3 25 x 2 75 x.
(b) We require x 0, 2 x 10, and 2 x 15. Combining these requirements, the domain is the interval (0, 5).

(c) The maximum volume is approximately 66.02 in.3 when x 1.96 in.
50 ( 50)2 4(6)(75)
(d) V ( x) 6 x 2 50 x 75. The critical point occurs when V ( x) 0, at x 2(6)
50
12
700

25 5 7
6
, that is, x 1.96 or x 6.37. We discard the larger value because it is not in the domain. Since
V ( x) 12 x 50, which is negative when x 1.96, the critical point corresponds to the maximum volume.
25 5 7
The maximum volume occurs when x 6
1.96, which confirms the result in (c).

17. (a) The sides of the suitcase will measure 24 2x in. by 18 2x in. and will be 2x in. apart, so the volume
formula is V ( x) 2 x(24 2 x)(18 2 x ) 8 x3 168 x 2 862 x.
(b) We require x 0, 2 x 18, and 2 x 12. Combining these requirements, the domain is the interval (0, 9).

(c) The maximum volume is approximately 1309.95 in.3 when x 3.39 in.
14 ( 14)2 4(1)(36)
(d) V ( x) 24 x 2 336 x 864 24( x 2 14 x 36). The critical point is at x 2(1)
14
2
52

7 13, that is, x 3.39 or x 10.61. We discard the larger value because it is not in the domain. Since
V ( x) 24(2 x 14) which is negative when x 3.39, the critical point corresponds to the maximum
volume. The maximum value occurs at x 7 13 3.39, which confirms the results in (c).
(e) 8 x3 168 x 2 862 x 1120 8( x3 21x 2 108 x 140) 0 8( x 2)( x 5)( x 14) 0. Since 14 is not in
the domain, the possible values of x are x 2 in. or x 5 in.
(f ) The dimensions of the resulting box are 2x in., (24 2 x) in., and (18 2 x). Each of these measurements
must be positive, so that gives the domain of (0, 9).

18. If the upper right vertex of the rectangle is located at ( x, 4cos 0.5 x ) for 0 x , then the rectangle has width
2x and height 4 cos 0.5x, so the area is A( x ) 8x cos 0.5 x.. Solving A ( x) 0 graphically for 0 x , we find
that x 2.214. Evaluating 2x and 4 cos 0.5x for x 2.214, the dimensions of the rectangle are approximately
4.43 (width) by 1.79 (height), and the maximum area is approximately 7.923.

19. Let the radius of the cylinder be r cm, 0 r 10. Then the height is 2 100 r 2 and the volume is
2 r 3 4 r (100 r 2 )
V (r ) 2 r 2 100 r 2 cm3 . Then, V (r ) 2 r2 1
2
( 2r ) 2 100 r 2 (2r )
2 100 r 100 r 2

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

294 Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

2 r (200 3r 2 ) 200 2 . Since V 2

. The critical point for 0 r 10 occurs at r 3
10 3
(r ) 0 for 0 r 10 3
100 r 2
and V (r ) 0 for 10 2 r 10, the critical point corresponds to the maximum volume. The dimensions are
3
r 10 2
3
8.16 cm and h 20 11.55 cm, and the volume is 4000 2418.40 cm3 .
3 3 3

20. (a) From the diagram we have 4 x 108 and

V x 2 . The volume of the box is
V ( x) x 2 (108 4 x), where 0 x 27. Then
V ( x) 216 x 12 x 2 12 x(18 x) 0 the
critical points are 0 and 18, but x 0 results in
no box. Since V ( x) 216 24 x 0 at x 18
we have a maximum. The dimensions of the
box are 18 18 36 in.
2
(b) In terms of length, V ( ) x2 108
4
. The
graph indicates that the maximum volume
occurs near 36, which is consistent with the
result of part (a).

21. (a) From the diagram we have 3h 2w 108 and

V h 2 w V (h) h 2 54 32 h 54h 2 32 h3 .
Then V (h) 108h 92 h 2 92 h(24 h) 0
h 0 or h 24, but h 0 results in no box.
Since V (h ) 108 9h 0 at h 24, we
have a maximum volume at h 24 and
w 54 32 h 18.

(b)

22. From the diagram the perimeter is P 2r 2h r,

where r is the radius of the semicircle and h is the
height of the rectangle. The amount of light
transmitted proportional to A 2rh 1
4
r2

r ( P 2r r) 1
4
r2 rP 2r 2 3
4
r 2 . Then
dA P 4r 3 r 0 r 2P
dr 2 8 3
4P 2 P (4 ) P
2h P 8 3 8 3 8 3
. Therefore,
2r 8 gives the proportions that admit the most
h 4
2
light since d 2A 4 3
2
0.
dr

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 4.6 Applied Optimization 295

23. The fixed volume is V r2h 2

3
r3 h V 2r
3
, where h is the height of the cylinder and r is the radius
r2
of the hemisphere. To minimize the cost we must minimize surface area of the cylinder added to twice the
surface area of the hemisphere. Thus, we minimize C 2 rh 4 r 2 2 r V2 2r
3
4 r2 2V
r
8
3
r2.
r

Then dC 2V 16 r 0 V 8 r3 r 3V 1/3 . From the volume equation, h V 2r

dr r2 3 3 8 r2 3
4V 1/3 2 31/3 V 1/3 31/3 2 4 V 1/3 2 31/3 V 1/3 3V 1/3 . Since d 2C 4V 16 0, these dimensions do minimize
1/3
32/3 3 2 1/3 3 2 1/3 dr 2 r3 3
the cost.

24. The volume of the trough is maximized when the area of the cross section is maximized. From the diagram
the area of the cross section is A( ) cos sin cos , 0 2
. Then A ( ) sin cos 2 sin 2
(2sin 2 sin 1) (2sin 1)(sin 1) so A ( ) 0 sin 1
2
or sin 1 6
because
sin 1 when 0 2
. Also, A ( ) 0 for 0 6
and A ( ) 0 for 6 2
. Therefore, at 6
there
is a maximum.

25. (a) From the diagram we have: AP x, RA L x 2 , PB 8.5 x,

2 2 2
CH DR 11 RA 11 L x , QB x (8.5 x) ,
2 2
HQ 11 CH QB 11 11 L x x (8.5 x)2
2 2 2
L x2 x 2 (8.5 x) 2 , RQ RH HQ
2 2 2 2
(8.5) 2 L x2 x2 (8.5 x 2 ) . It follows that RP PQ RQ
2
L2 x2 L2 x2 x2 ( x 8.5)2 (8.5)2

L2 x2 L2 x2 2 L2 x2 17 x (8.5)2 17 x (8.5)2 (8.5)2

172 x 2 4( L2 x 2 )(17 x (8.5)2 ) L2 x2 172 x 2
4[17 x (8.5) 2 ]
17 x3 17 x3 4 x3 2 x3 .
17 x (8.5) 2 17 2 4 x 17 2 x 8.5
17 x 2
3 4 x 2 (8 x 51)
(b) If f ( x) 4x
4 x 17
is minimized, then L2 is minimized. Now f ( x) f ( x) 0 when x 51
8
and
(4 x 17)2
f ( x) 0 when x 51 . Thus L2 is minimized when x 51 .
8 8
(c) When x 51 , then L 11.0 in.
8

26. (a) From the figure in the text we have P 2x 2 y y P x. If P 36, then y 18 x. When the
2
cylinder is formed, x 2 r r x and h y h 18 x. The volume of the cylinder is
2
2 2 3 3 x (12 x )
V r h V ( x) 18 x4 x . Solving V ( x) 4
0 x 0 or 12; but when x 0 there is no
cylinder. Then V ( x) 3 3 2x V (12) 0 there is a maximum at x 12. The values of x 12 cm
and y 6 cm give the largest volume.

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296 Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(b) In this case V ( x) x 2 (18 x). Solving V ( x) 3 x(12 x ) 0 x 0 or 12; but x 0 would result in
no cylinder. Then V ( x) 6 (6 x) V (12) 0 there is a maximum at x 12. The values of
x 12 cm and y 6 cm give the largest volume.

27. Note that h 2 r2 3 and so r 3 h2 . Then the volume is given by V 3

r 2h 3
(3 h 2 )h h 3
h3 for
0 h 3, and so dV
dh
r2 (1 r 2 ). The critical point (for h 0 ) occurs at h 1. Since dV
dh
0 for
0 h 1, and dV 0 for 1 h 3, the critical point corresponds to the maximum volume. The cone of
dh
greatest volume has radius 2 m, height 1 m, and volume 23 m3 .

y
28. Let d ( x 0) 2 ( y 0) 2 x2 y 2 and ax b
1 y b
a
x b. We can minimize d by minimizing
2 2
D x2 y2 x2 b x b D 2x 2 b x b b 2x 2b 2 x 2b 2 .D 0
a a a a2 a

2 x b2 x b2 0 x ab 2 is the critical point y b ab 2 b a 2b . D 2 2b2

2

a2 a a2 b2 a a2 b2 a2 b2 a
D ab2 2 2b 2 0 the critical point is a local minimum ab 2 , a 2b is the point on the line
a2 b2 a2 a 2 b2 a2 b2
x y
a b
1 that is closest to the origin.

29. Let S ( x) x 1, x 0 S ( x) 1 1 x2 1 . S ( x) 0 x2 1 0 x2 1 0 x 1. Since x 0, we

x x2 x2 x2
only consider x 1. S ( x ) 2 S (1) 2 0 local minimum when x 1
x3 13

30. Let S ( x) 1 4 x2 , x 0 S ( x) 1 8x 8 x3 1 . S ( x) 0 8 x3 1 0 8 x3 1 0 x 1.
x x2 x2 x2 2
S ( x) 2 8 S 1 2 8 0 local minimum when x 1.
x3 2 (1/2)3 2

31. The length of the wire b perimeter of the triangle circumference of the circle. Let x length of a side of the
equilateral triangle P 3 x, and let r radius of the circle C 2 r. Thus b 3 x 2 r r b2 3 x .
The area of the circle is r 2 and the area of an equilateral triangle whose sides are x is 12 ( x) 23 x 4
3 2
x .
2
Thus, the total area is given by A 3 2
x r2 3 2
x b 3x 2 3 2
x
b 3x
4 4 2 4 4
3 3 3 3b 9 3 3b 9 3b
A 2
x 2
(b 3 x) 2
x 2 2
x. A 0 2
x 2 2
x 0 x .
3 9
3 9 3b 9b
A 2 2
0 local minimum at the critical point. P 3 m is the length of the
3 9 3 9
b 3x 9b 3 b
triangular segment and C 2 2
b 3x b m is the length of the circular segment.
3 9 3 9

32. The length of the wire b perimeter of the triangle circumference of the circle. Let x length of a side of the
square P 4 x, and let r radius of the circle C 2 r. Thus b 4 x 2 r r b2 4 x . The area of the
circle is r 2 and the area of a square whose sides are x is x 2 . Thus, the total area is given by A x2 r2
2
x2 b 4x 2 x2
b 4x
A 2x 4 (b 4 x) 2 x 2b 8 x, A 0 2x 2b 8 x 0
2 4 2
x b .A 2 8 0 local minimum at the critical point. P 4 4b 4b m is the length of the
4 4
square segment and C 2 b 4x b 4x b 44b b m is the length of the circular segment.
2 4

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 4.6 Applied Optimization 297

33. Let ( x, y ) x, 43 x be the coordinates of the corner that intersects the line. Then base 3 x and height
y 4 x, thus
3
the area of the rectangle is given by A (3 x) 43 x 4 x 43 x 2 , 0 x 3. A 4 83 x, A 0
x 3. A 4 A 23 0 local maximum at the critical point. The base 3 32 32 and the height
2 3
4 3 2.
3 2

34. Let ( x, y ) x, 9 x 2 be the coordinates of the corner that intersects the semicircle. Then base 2x and

height y 9 x 2 , thus the area of the inscribed rectangle is given by A (2 x ) 9 x 2 , 0 x 3. Then

2 2 2
2 x 2(9 x ) 2 x 18 4 x 2 3 2 3 2
A 2 9 x (2 x) ,A 0 18 4 x 0 x 2
, only x 2
lies in
9 x2 9 x2 4 x2
0 x 3. A is continuous on the closed interval 0 x 3 A has an absolute maxima and absolute minima.
3 2 3 2
A(0) 0, A(3) 0, and A 2
3 2 2
9 absolute maxima. Base of rectangle is 3 2 and height

is 3 2 2 .

35. (a) f ( x) x2 a
x
f ( x) x 2 (2 x3 a), so that f ( x) 0 when x 2 implies a 16
2 a 3 3
(b) f ( x) x x
f ( x) 2x (x a), so that f ( x ) 0 when x 1 implies a 1

36. If f ( x) x3 ax 2 bx, then f ( x) 3 x 2 2ax b and f ( x) 6 x 2a.

(a) A local maximum at x 1 and local minimum at x 3 f ( 1) 0 and f (3) 0 3 2a b 0 and
27 6a b 0 a 3 and b 9.
(b) A local minimum at x 4 and a point inflection at x 1 f (4) 0 and f (1) 0 48 8a b 0 and
6 2a 0 a 3 and b 24.

37. (a) s (t ) 16t 2 96t 112 v(t ) s (t ) 32t 96. At t 0, the velocity is v (0) 96 ft/sec.
(b) The maximum height occurs when v(t ) 0, when t 3. The maximum height is s (3) 256 ft and it occurs
at t 3 sec.
(c) Note that s (t ) 16t 2 96t 112 16(t 1)(t 7), so s 0 at t 1 or t 7. Choosing the positive value
of t, the velocity when s 0 is v(7) 128 ft/sec.

38.

Let x be the distance from the point on the shoreline nearest Jane s boat to the point where she lands her boat.
Then she needs to row 4 x 2 mi at 2 mph and walk 6 x mi at 5 mph. The total amount of time to reach
4 x2 6 x 1 1 x
the village is f ( x) 2 5
hours (0 x 6). Then f ( x) 2 2 4 x2
(2 x ) 15 1.
5
Solving
2 4 x2

f ( x) 0. we have: x 1
5
5x 2 4 x2 25 x 2 4 4 x2 21x 2 16 x 4 . We discard
2 4 x2 21
the negative value of x because it is not in the domain. Checking the endpoints and critical point, we have
f (0) 2.2, f 4 2.12, and f (6) 3.16. Jane should land her boat 4 0.87 miles down the shoreline
21 21
from the point nearest her boat.

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298 Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

39. 8x h
x 27
h 8 216
x
and L ( x) h2 ( x 27)2
2
8 216
x
( x 27) 2 when x 0. Note that L ( x)
2
is minimized when f ( x) 8 216
x
( x 27) 2 is
minimized. If f ( x) 0, then
2 8 216
x
216 2( x 27) 0
x2

( x 27) 1 1728
3
0 x 27 (not acceptable
x
since distance is never negative) or x 12 . Then
L(12) 2197 46.87 ft.

1 sin t 3
40. (a) s1 s2 sin t sin t 3
sin t sin t cos 3 sin 3 cos t sin t 2 2
cos t tan t 3
t or 4
3 3
(b) The distance between the particles is s (t ) | s1 s2 | sin t sin t 1 sin t 3 cos t
3 2
sin t 3 cos t cos t 3 sin t
s (t ) d | x|
since dx x critical times and endpoints are
2 sin t 3 cos t | x|

0, 3 , 56 , 43 , 116 , 2 ; then s (0) 23 , s 3 0, s 56 1, s 43 0, s 116 1, s (2 ) 2

3
the
greatest distance between the particles is 1.
sin t 3 cos t cos t 3 sin t
(c) Since s (t ) we can conclude that at t 3
and 43 , s (t ) has cusps and the
2 sin t 3 cos t
distance between the particles is changing the fastest near these points.

41. I k , let x distance the point is from the stronger light source 6 x distance the point is from the other
d2
k1
light source. The intensity of illumination at the point from the stronger light is I1 , and intensity of
x2
k2
illumination at the point from the weaker light is I 2 . Since the intensity of the first light is eight times
(6 x) 2
8k 2 8k2 k2
the intensity of the second light k1 8k 2 . I1 . The total intensity is given by I I1 I 2
x2 x2 (6 x ) 2
16k2 2 k2 16(6 x )3 k2 2 x3k2 16(6 x )3 k2 2 x3k2
I 3 3 3 3
and I 0 0 16(6 x)3 k2 2 x 3 k2 0
x (6 x ) x (6 x ) x3 (6 x )3
48k2 6 k2 48k2 6 k2
x 4 m. I I (4) 0 local minimum. The point should be 4 m from the
x4 (6 x ) 4 44 (6 4)4
stronger light source.

v02 dR 2v02 2v02 2 4v02

42. R g
sin 2 d g
cos 2 and ddR 0 g
cos 2 0 4
. d R2 g
sin 2
d
d 2R 4v02 4v02
g
sin 2 4 g
0 local maximum. Thus, the firing angle of 4
45
d 2
4
will maximize the range R.

43. (a) From the diagram we have d 2 4r 2 w2 . The strength of the beam is S kwd 2 kw (4r 2 w2 ).
When r 6, then S 144kw kw3 . Also, S ( w) 144k 3kw2 3k (48 w2 ) so S ( w) 0 w 4 3;
S 4 3 0 and 4 3 is not acceptable. Therefore S 4 3 is the maximum strength. The dimensions of
the strongest beam are 4 3 by 4 6 inches.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 4.6 Applied Optimization 299

(b) (c)

Both graphs indicate the same maximum value and are consistent with each other. Changing k does not
change the dimensions that give the strongest beam (i.e., do not change the values of w and d that produce
the strongest beam).

44. (a) From the situation we have w2 144 d 2 . The stiffness of the beam is S kwd 3 kd 3 (144 d 2 )1/2 ,
2 2
4 kd (108 d )
where 0 d 12. Also, S (d ) critical points at 0, 12, and 6 3. Both d 0 and d 12
144 d 2
cause S 0. The maximum occurs at d 6 3. The dimensions are 6 by 6 3 inches.
(b) (c)

Both graphs indicate the same maximum value and are consistent with each other. The changing of k has
no effect.

45. (a) s 10 cos( t ) v 10 sin( t ) speed |10 sin( t )| 10 |sin( t ) | the maximum speed is
10 31.42 cm/sec since the maximum value of |sin ( t )| is 1; the cart is moving the fastest at t 0.5 sec,
1.5 sec, 2.5 sec and 3.5 sec when |sin ( t )| is 1. At these times the distance is s 10 cos 2 0 cm and
a 10 2 cos ( t ) | a | 10 2 |cos ( t ) | | a | 0 cm/sec 2
(b) | a | 10 2 |cos ( t )| is greatest at t 0.0 sec, 1.0 sec, 2.0 sec, 3.0 sec, and 4.0 sec, and at these times the
magnitude of the cart s position is | s | 10 cm from the rest position and the speed is 0 cm/sec.

46. (a) 2sin t sin 2t 2sin t 2sin t cos t 0 (2sin t )(1 cos t ) 0 t k where k is a positive integer
2 1/2
(b) The vertical distance between the masses is s (t ) | s1 s2 | ( s1 s2 ) ((sin 2t 2sin t ) 2 )1/2
s (t ) 1 ((sin 2t 2sin t ) 2 ) 1/2 (2)(sin 2t 2sin t )(2 cos 2t 2 cos t ) 2(cos 2t 2 cos t )(sin 2t 2 sin t )
2 |sin 2t 2 sin t|
4(2 cos t 1)(cos t 1)(sin t )(cos t 1) 2 4
|sin 2t 2sin t |
critical times at 0, 3 , , 3 , 2 ; then s (0) 0,
3 3 3 3
s 23 sin 43 2sin 23 2
, s( ) 0, s 43 sin 83 2sin 43 2
, s (2 ) 0

the greatest distance is 3 2 3 at t 2

3
and 43

47. (a) s (12 12t ) 2 (8t )2 ((12 12t )2 64t 2 )1/2

(b) ds 1 ((12 12t ) 2 64t 2 ) 1/2 [2(12 12t )( 12) 128t ] 208t 144 ds 12 knots and
dt 2 (12 12t 2 ) 64t 2 dt t 0
ds 8 knots
dt t 1

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300 Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(c) The graph indicates that the ships did not see (d) The graph supports the conclusions in parts (b)
each other because s (t ) 5 for all values of t. and (c).

208 144 2
ds (208t 144)2 t 2082
(e) lim dt
lim 2 2
lim 2 144 64
208 4 13 which equals the square
t t 144(1 t ) 64t t 144 1 1 64
t
root of the sums of the squares of the individual speeds.

48. The distance OT TB is minimized when OB is a

straight line. Hence 1 2.

49. If v kax kx 2 , then v ka 2kx and v 2k , so v 0 x a.

2
At x a
2
there is a maximum since
2
v a 2k 0. The maximum value of v is ka .
2 4

50. (a) According to the graph, y (0) 0.

(b) According to the graph, y ( L) 0.
(c) y (0) 0, so d 0. Now y ( x) 3ax 2 2bx c, so y (0) 0 implies that c 0. Therefore, y ( x) ax3 bx 2
and y ( x) 3ax 2 2bx. then y ( L) aL3 bL2 H and y ( L) 3aL2 2bL 0, so we have two linear
equations in two unknowns a and b. The second equation gives b 3aL
2
. Substituting into the first
equation, we have aL3 3aL3 H , or aL2
3
H , so a 2 H3 . Therefore, b 3 H2 and the equation for y is
2 L L
y ( x) 2 H3 x3 3 H2 2
x , or y ( x) H 2 x 3 3 x 2 .
L L L L

51. The profit is p nx nc n( x c ) [ a( x c) 1 b(100 x)]( x c) a b(100 x)( x c)

2
a (bc 100b) x 100bc bx . Then p ( x) bc 100b 2bx and p ( x ) 2b. Solving
p ( x) 0 x c 50. At x c 50 there is a maximum profit since p ( x) 2b 0 for all x.
2 2

52. Let x represent the number of people over 50. The profit is p ( x ) (50 x )(200 2 x ) 32(50 x) 6000
2
2x 68 x 2400. Then p ( x) 4 x 68 and p 4. Solving p ( x ) 0 x 17. At x 17 there is a
maximum since p (17) 0. It would take 67 people to maximize the profit.

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 Section 4.6 Applied Optimization 301

hq 2 2 km
53. (a) A(q ) kmq 1 cm h2 q, where q 0 A (q ) kmq 2 h
2
and A ( q) 2kmq 3 . The critical
2q 2
points are 2 km , 0, and 2 km , but only 2km is in the domain. Then A 2 km 0 at q 2km there
h h h h h
is a minimum average weekly cost.
( k bq ) m
(b) A(q ) q
cm h2 q kmq 1 bm cm h2 q, where q 0 A (q ) 0 at q 2km
h
as in (a). Also

A ( q) 2kmq 3 0 so the most economical quantity to order is still q 2km

h
which minimizes the
average weekly cost.

c ( x)
54. We start with c( x) the cost of producing x items, x 0, and x the average cost of producing x items,
assumed to be differentiable. If the average cost can be minimized, it will be at a production level at which
d c( x) xc ( x ) c( x)
dx x
0 0 (by the quotient rule) xc ( x ) c( x) 0 (multiply both sides by x 2 )
x2
c( x)
c ( x) x
where c ( x) is the marginal cost. This concludes the proof. (Note: The theorem does not assure a
production level that will give a minimum cost, but rather, it indicates where to look to see if there is one. Find
the production levels where the average cost equals the marginal cost, then check to see if any of them give a
minimum.)

55. The profit p( x) r ( x) c( x ) 6 x ( x3 6 x 2 15 x) x3 6 x 2 9 x, where x 0. Then p ( x) 3x 2 12 x 9

3( x 3)( x 1) and p ( x ) 6 x 12. The critical points are 1 and 3. Thus p (1) 6 0 at x 1 there is a
local minimum, and p (3) 6 0 at x 3 there is a local maximum. But p (3) 0 the best you can do is
break even.

c( x)
56. The average cost of producing x items is c ( x) x
x 2 20 x 20, 000 c ( x) 2 x 20 0 x 10, the
only critical value. The average cost is c (10) $19,900 per item is a minimum cost because c (10) 2 0.

57. Let x the length of a side of the square base of the box and h the height of the box. V x2h 48 h 48 .
x2
The total cost is given by C 6 x2 4(4 xh) 6 x 2 16 x 482 6x2 768 , x 0 C 12 x 768 12 x3 768
x x 2
x x2
C 0 12 x3 768 0 12 x3 768 0 x 4; C 12 1536 C (4) 12 1536 0 local minimum.
2
x2 x 2
4
x 4 h 48 3 and C (4) 6(4) 2 768
4
288 the box is 4 ft 4 ft 3 ft, with a minimum cost of $288.
42

58. Let x the number of $10 increases in the charge per room, then price per room 50 10 x, and the number of
rooms filled each night 800 40x the total revenue is R ( x ) (50 10 x)(800 40 x )
400 x 2 6000 x 40000, 0 x 20 R ( x) 800 x 6000; R ( x) 0 800 x 6000 0
x 15 ; R ( x) 800 R 15 800 0 local maximum. The price per room is 50 10 15 $125.
2 2 2

2
dR
59. We have dM CM M 2 . Solving d R2 C 2M 0 M C . Also. d 3 R 2 0 at M C there is a
dM 2 dM 3 2
maximum.

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302 Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

60 . (a) If v cr0 r 2 cr 3 , then v 2cr0 r 3cr 2 cr 2r0 3r and v 2cr0 6cr 2c r0 3r . The solution of
2 r0 2r 2r0 2r0
v 0 is r 0 or 3
, but 0 is not in the domain. Also, v 0 for r 30 and v 0 for r 3
at r 3
there is a maximum.
(b) The graph confirms the findings in (a).
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
304 Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

68. (a) Calculus Method:

The square of the distance from the point 1, 3 to x, 16 x 2 is given by
2
D ( x) ( x 1)2 16 x 2 3 x2 2 x 1 16 x 2 2 48 3 x 2 3 2 x 20 2 48 3 x 2 .

Then D ( x) 2 1 2 ( 6 x) 2 6x . Solving D ( x) 0 we have:

2 48 3 x 2
48 3 x 2

6 x 2 48 3 x2 36 x 2
4(48 3x 2 ) 9 x 2
48 3 x 2 12 x2 48 x 2 We discard x 2 as
an extraneous solution, leaving x 2. Since D ( x) 0 for 4 x 2 and D ( x) 0 for 2 x 4, the critical
point corresponds to the minimum distance. The minimum distance is D(2) 2 .
Geometry Method:
The semicircle is centered at the origin and has radius 4. The distance from the origin to 1, 3 is
2
12 3 2. The shortest distance from the point to the semicircle is the distance along the radius
containing the point 1, 3 . That distance is 4 2 2.
(b)

The minimum distance is from the point 1, 3 to the point 2, 2 3 on the graph of y 16 x 2 , and
this occurs at the value x 2 where D ( x), the distance squared, has its minimum value.

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