1.
Relations and Cartesian Product
Cartesian Product of Sets
If A and B are two non-empty sets, their Cartesian product is defined as:
A × B = {(a, b) ∣ a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
Example: If A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b}, then
A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}
Number of Elements in Cartesian Product
If ∣A∣ = m and ∣B∣ = n, then
∣A × B∣ = m × n
2. Relation
A relation from set A to set B is a subset of A × B . It is represented as R ⊆ A × B.
Types of Relations
1. Empty Relation: No element of A is related to any element of B .
Example: R = ∅.
2. Universal Relation: Every element of A is related to every element of B .
Example: R = A × B.
3. Identity Relation: Each element is related to itself.
Example: R = {(a, a) ∣ a ∈ A}.
4. Inverse Relation: If R is a relation from A to B , then its inverse R−1 is a relation from B to A
given by:
R−1 = {(b, a) ∣ (a, b) ∈ R}
5. Reflexive Relation: If (a, a) ∈ R for every a ∈ A.
Example: R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.
6. Symmetric Relation: If (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R.
Example: R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}.
7. Transitive Relation: If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R.
Example: R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}.
8. Equivalence Relation: A relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
3. Functions (Mappings)
A function (or mapping) from set A to set B is a relation in which each element of A has a unique
image in B . It is written as:
f :A→B
Types of Functions
1. One-One Function (Injective): A function f : A → B is one-one if different elements of A
have different images in B .
Example: f (x) = 2x is one-one.
2. Onto Function (Surjective): A function is onto if every element of B has at least one pre-image
in A.
Example: f (x) = x2 from R to [0, ∞) is onto.
3. One-One and Onto (Bijective) Function: A function that is both one-one and onto.
Example: f (x) = x + 1 from R to R is bijective.
4. Constant Function: A function that gives the same output for every input.
Example: f (x) = 5.
4. Important Function Types
1. Identity Function
f (x) = x
Graph: A straight line passing through the origin.
2. Modulus Function
f (x) = ∣x∣
Graph: V-shaped curve.
3. Greatest Integer Function (Floor Function)
f (x) = ⌊x⌋
Graph: Step-wise.
4. Smallest Integer Function (Ceiling Function)
f (x) = ⌈x⌉
5. Signum Function
⎧ 1, x>0
f (x) = ⎨ 0,
x=0
⎩
−1, x<0
5. Composition of Functions
If f : A → B and g : B → C , then the composition of f and g is defined as:
(g ∘ f )(x) = g(f (x))
