R Programming - 12 Mark Long Answers (CO5)
1. Discuss the basic features of R programming and how they aid in data analysis.
R is a powerful open-source language for statistical computing and data analysis.
Features:
1. Statistical Analysis: Built-in support for statistical tests.
2. Data Handling: Structures like vectors, lists, and data frames.
3. Visualization: Graphs via ggplot2, base R, lattice.
4. Extensible: Custom packages and user functions.
5. Open Source: Free and cross-platform.
6. Community Support: CRAN, forums.
These help perform data import, cleaning, analysis, and visualization easily.
2. Explain the process of installing and setting up R for Data Science projects.
Steps:
1. Install R from CRAN.
2. Install RStudio as IDE.
3. Install packages: tidyverse, ggplot2, caret, shiny.
4. Create RStudio project for organization.
5. Set working directory and load libraries.
Proper setup allows smooth coding, analysis, and visualization.
3. How do R objects help in managing and storing data in the R environment?
R uses objects to store data:
1. Vectors: Homogeneous 1D data.
2. Lists: Heterogeneous.
3. Matrices: 2D homogeneous.
4. Data Frames: Tabular heterogeneous.
5. Factors: Categorical data.
Objects help organize, store, and access data effectively in R.
4. Describe the working of vectors and lists in R programming and provide examples.
Vectors: Same type elements. Created using c().
Example: v <- c(1,2,3)
Supports arithmetic and filtering.
R Programming - 12 Mark Long Answers (CO5)
Lists: Different types. Created using list().
Example: l <- list(name='Tom', age=25)
Use $ or [[ ]] for access.
5. What are the different types of operations you can perform in R? Discuss them with examples.
Operations:
1. Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, ^
2. Relational: ==, !=, >, <
3. Logical: &, |, !
4. Assignment: <-, ->
5. Matrix: %*%, t()
6. String: paste(), substr()
7. Data frame: subset, filter, mutate
6. Explain the concept of data frames in R and their significance in handling tabular data.
Data Frame: Table-like structure with columns of equal length.
Creation: data.frame(Name, Age, Score)
Access: df$Name, df[1,2]
Modification: Add/delete columns.
Significance: Easy to manipulate, filter, and use in models.
7. How do control structures like loops and conditionals work in R? Provide examples.
Control structures:
1. if-else: if (x > 0) {}
2. for loop: for (i in 1:5) {}
3. while loop: while (i < 5) {}
4. repeat loop: repeat { if (...) break }
Used for conditional and iterative tasks.
8. Discuss the debugging process in R and the tools used for efficient debugging.
Debugging Tools:
1. traceback() - View call stack.
2. browser() - Pause execution.
3. debug(func) - Step through.
4. try(), tryCatch() - Error handling.
5. recover() - Post-error inspection.
R Programming - 12 Mark Long Answers (CO5)
RStudio has visual debugging support too.
9. How can simulation be performed in R, and in what scenarios is it useful?
Simulation uses random values to model outcomes.
Functions: rnorm(), runif(), rbinom(), sample()
Example: rnorm(1000, mean=50, sd=10)
Scenarios: Risk analysis, epidemiology, forecasting.
Simulation helps test systems without real-world cost.
10. Explain how R functions help in making the code modular and reusable.
Functions: Blocks of reusable code.
Syntax: function_name <- function(args) { }
Example: add <- function(x,y) return(x+y)
Benefits: Modular, readable, reusable, easier to debug.
Advanced: lapply, sapply use functions as arguments.
