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18
PARTNERSHIP GENERAL

Notes

You have already learnt about the sole proprietary business and preparation of its accounts. But, when a business expands, it goes beyond the capacity of one person to provide the capital and manage the affairs of the expanded business. A need is felt to combine his/her efforts and capital with those of another person/persons. This gives rise to the partnership form of organisation. As far as recording of business transactions in the books of original entry, their posting to ledger and preparing financial statements are concerned there is no difference between a sole proprietor or a partnership firm. But there are certain issues which are specific to partnership firm and require separate accounting treatment. These issues are appropriation of profits of the firm, treatment of goodwill on various occasions and so on. This lesson focuses on such issues related to partnership firms.

OBJECTIVES After going through this lesson, you will be able to : state the meaning and characteristics of partnership; explain the meaning of partnership deed; describe accounting treatment of specific issues related to partnership in the absence of partnership deed; state the meaning and preparation of capital account: distinguish between fluctuating and fixed capital account; calculate interest on capital and interest on drawings; state the meaning and purpose of Profit and Loss Appropriation account and its preparation.

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Partnership General 18.1 PARTNERSHIP AND PARTNERSHIP DEED Partnership is a form of business organisation, where two or more persons join hand and start and run a business. They share the profits and losses according to the agreement amongst them.

Notes

According to the Indian Partnership, Act 1932, Partnership is relation between persons who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. For example, one of your friends has passed class XII from National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and wants to start a business. He/she approaches you to join in this venture. He/she wants you to contribute some money and participate in the business activities. Both of you if join hands, constitute a partnership. Following are the characteristics of partnership : Agreement A partnership is formed by an agreement. The agreement may be either oral or in writing. It defines the relationship between the persons, who agree to carry on business. It may contain the terms of sharing profit and the capital to be invested by each partner, etc. The written agreement is known as partnership deed. Number of persons There must be at least two persons to form a partnership. The maximum number of partners in a partnership firm can be ten in case of banking business and twenty in case of non-banking business. Business The Partnership is formed to carry on business with a purpose of earning profits. The business should be lawful, Thus, if two or more persons agree to carry on unlawful activities, it will not be termed as partnership. Sharing Profits The partners agree to share profits in the agreed ratio. In case of loss, all the partners have to bear it in the same agreed profit sharing ratio. Mutual Agency Every partner is an agent of the the other partners. Every partner can bind the firm and all other partners by his/her acts. Each partner will be responsible and liable for the acts of all other partners.

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Partnership General Unlimited liability The liability of each partner, except that of a minor, is unlimited. Their liability extends to their personal assets also. If the assets of the firm are insufficient to pay off its debts, the partners personal property can be used to satisfy the claim of the creditors of the partnership firm. Management All the partners have a right to mange the business. However, they may authorize one or more partners to manage the affairs of the business on their behalf. Transferability of share No partner can transfer his/her share to any one including his/her family member without the consent of all other partners. Partnership deed Agreement forms the basis of partnership. The written form of the agreement is the basis of a document of partnership. It contains terms and conditions regarding the conduct of the business. It also explains relationship amongst the partners. This document is called partnership deed. Every firm can frame its own partnership deed in which the rights, duties and liabilities of the partners are stated in detail. It helps in settling the disputes arising among the partners in the general conduct of business. Contents of Partnership Deed The partnership deed generally contains the following : (i) (ii) Name and address of the partnership firm; Nature and objectives of the business;

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Notes

(iii) Name and address of each partner; (iv) (v) (vi) Ratio in which profits is to be shared; Capital contribution by each partner; Rate of Interest on capital if allowed;

(vii) Salary or any other remuneration to partners, if allowed;

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Partnership General (viii) Rate of interest on loans and advances by a partner to the firm; (ix) Drawings of partners and interest thereon, if any (x) Method of valuation of goodwill and revaluation of assets and liabilities on the reconstitution of the partnership i.e. on the admission, retirement or death of a partner;

Notes

(xi) Settlement of disputes by arbitration; (xii) Settlement of accounts at the time of retirement or death of a partner; (xiii) Circumstances in which the firm can be dissolved; (xiv) Settlement of accounts at the time of dissolution of a firm. In the absence of the partnership deed The partnership deed lays down the terms and conditions of partnership in regard to right, duties and obligations of the partners. In the absence of partnership deed, there may arise a controversy on certain issues like profit sharing ratio, interest on capital, interest on drawings, interest on loan and salary of the partners. In such cases, the provisions of the Partnership Act becomes applicable: (i) Distribution of Profit Partners are entitled to share profits equally. (ii) Interest on Capital Interest on capital is not allowed. (iii) Interest on Drawings No interest on drawing of the partners is to be charged. (iv) Interest on partners loan A Partner is allowed interest @ 6% per annum on the amount of loan given to the firm by him/her. (v) Salary and commission to partner A partner is not entitled to any salary or commission or any other remuneration for managing the business.

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Partnership General

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INTEXT QUESTIONS 18.1 I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/words : (i) There must be at least ........................ persons to form a partnership. (ii) A partnership is formed by ........................ (iii) Agreement of partnership can be ........................ or ........................ (iv) The written form of agreement of a partnership is called ........................ (v) The liability of each partner is ........................ II. Asha and Rahul are partners in a firm . If there is no partnership deed, how will you deal with the following? Give your answer in yes or no. (i) Asha wants a salary of Rs.3000 per month to be paid to her. Can she claim the salary? (ii) Rahul has advanced a loan to the firm. He claims interest @ 6% p.a. Is it permissible? (iii) Asha and Rahul contribute Rs. 50,000 each as capital. Rahul wants more profit than Asha. Is it permissible? (iv) Asha gets contracts for the firm. She wants 2% commission on the amount of contract. Is she entitled to such commission? (v) Rahul withdraws Rs.500 p.m. for personal use. Asha wants interest to be charged on Rahuls drawings. Can it be charged? 18.2 CAPITAL ACCOUNT : MEANING AND PREPERATION Partners contribute their share of capital in business. These are recorded in their respective accounts named as capital accounts. Suppose there are two partners A and B so there will be As capital account and Bs capital account. These accounts may be maintained in two ways : (a) Fixed Capital Account In fixed capital account, the closing balance of the capital account is same as that of opening balance except when additional capital is introduced or there is permanent withdrawal during the current accounting year. Items relating to capital account such as interest on capital, interest on drawings and share of profit etc, are recorded in capital account. In this case a separate account is opened for each partner to record these items. This account is Notes

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Partnership General known as current account. A current account may show a debit or a credit balance. Format of the fixed capital account and the current account is as under : Partners Capital Account

Notes

Dr. Date Particulars Bank (Permanent withdrawal of Capital) Balance c/d (Balance the end) J.F. Amount Date Particulars (Rs.) xxx Balance b/d (Capital contribution opening balance) Bank (Additional Capital introduced)

Cr. J.F. Amount (Rs.) xxx

xxx xxx

xxx xxx

Partners Current Account

Dr. Date Particulars Balance b/d (in case of debit opening Balance) Drawings A/c Interest on Drawings A/c Profit and Loss Appropriation (for share of loss) Balance c/d (in case of credit closing balance) xxx J.F. Amount Date Particulars (Rs.) xxx Balance b/d (in case of credit Opening Balance) Salary Interest on capital Profit and loss Appropriation (for share of profit) Balance c/d (in case of debit closing balance) xxx Cr. J.F. Amount (Rs.) xxx

xxx xxx xxx

xxx xxx xxx

(b) Fluctuating Capital account When capital account for each partner is so maintained that in addition to the capital amount other items related to capital account such as interest on capital, drawings, net profit or net loss etc. are written in this account. It is termed as fluctuating capital. In this case there is no need to maintain a separate account for recording of these adjustments. 120

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Partnership General In the absence of any information, the capital account should be prepared by this method. The format of the fluctuating capital account is as follows: Partners Capital Account
Dr. Date Particulars JF Amount Date (Rs.) xxx Particulars JF Cr. Amount (Rs.) xxx

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Notes

Balance b/d (in case of Debit opening balance) Drawings

Balance b/d (in case of Credit opening balance) Bank (Additional Capital introduced) A/c Salaries A/c

xxx

xxx

Interest on Drawings Profit and Loss Appropriation (for share of loss) Balance c/d (in case of credit closing balance)

xxx

xxx

xxx

Profit and Loss Appropriation (for share of profit) Balance c/d (in case of debit closing balance)

xxx

xxx

xxx

Illustration 1 Rohan and Monika are partners in a firm. Following information is provided as on 31 December, 2006: Rohan (Rs.) Capital (as on 1.01.2006) Drawings Interest on Capital Interest on Drawings Share of Profit 40,000 3,000 2,000 360 5,000 Monika (Rs.) 30,000 2,000 1,500 180 4,000

Prepare capital account of each partner if capital is : (a) fixed, (b) fluctuating. 121

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Partnership General Solution: (A) Fixed capital account Capital Account

Notes
Dr. Date Particulars JF Rohan (Rs.) 40,000 Monika Date Particulars (Rs.) 30,000 Balance b/d Cr. JF Rohan Monika (Rs.) (Rs.) 40,000 40,000 30,000 30,000

Balance c/d

Current Account
Dr. Date Particulars JF Rohan (Rs.) 3,000 Monika Date (Rs.) 2,000 Particulars Cr. JF Rohan Monika (Rs.) (Rs.) 2,000 1,500

Drawings

Interest on capital Profit and Loss (Appropriation A/c)

Interest on drawings

360

180

5,000

4,000

Balance c/d

3,640 7,000

3,320 5,500 Balance b/d 7,000 3,640 5,500 3.320

(b) Fluctuating capital Account Capital Account

Dr. Date Particulars JF Rohan (Rs.) 3,000 360 Monika Date (Rs.) 2,000 180 Particulars Cr. JF Rohan Monika (Rs.) (Rs.) 40,000 30,000 2,000 1,500

Drawings Interest on drawings Balance c/d

Balance b/d Interest on capital Profit & Loss (Appropriation A/c)

43,640

33,320

5,000

4,000

47,000

35,500 Balance b/d

47,000 35,500 43,640 33,320

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Partnership General Distinction between Fixed and Fluctuating Capital Accounts The main points of difference between the Fixed and Fluctuating capital accounts are as under: Table 17.1 Difference between fixed capital and fluctuating capital accounts
S. No. 1. Basis of Distinction Fixed Capital Account Fluctuating Capital Account Only one account for each partner is kept i.e. capital account. Adjustments are recorded directly in the capital accounts, as no current account is opened. The balance of the capital account fluctuates from period to period. The capital account can show a debit balance or a credit balance at the end of the period.

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Notes

Number of accounts Two separate accounts are kept for each partner i.e. capital account and current account. Adjustments All adjustments are recorded in the current account and not in the capital account. The capital account balance, normally remains, unchanged except under special circumstances. Capital accounts always show a credit balance only.

2.

3.

Fixed balance

4.

Balance

INTEXT QUESTION 18.2 Fill in the blanks with suitable word/words : (i) Fixed Capital account always show . balance only. (ii) A . capital account may show a debit or a credit balance. (iii) Two separate accounts are kept for each partner, if capital is . (iv) Interest on capital is shown on the . side of the current account. (v) Interest on drawings is shown on the . side of the current account. 18.3 ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF INTEREST ON CAPITAL AND INTEREST ON DRAWINGS Interest on capital Let us now study about calculation of interest on capital. As you know that, interest on capital is allowed when it is provided in the Partnership Deed.
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Partnership General If it is so provided, the rate of interest will be as agreed upon by the partners. Interest is charged on the opening balance of the partners capital account. When additional capital is introduced and some capital is withdrawn permanently, the interest will be calculated on the amount of the capital used in the business during a particular period. Interest is treated as an expense as it is a charge on the profits of the firm. The following journal entry will be made: For Interest on Capital Interest on Capital A/c To Partners Capital A/c (Individually) (Crediting Interest on Capital to Capital Account) Interest can be calculated directly i.e. simple interest is to be calculated by taking the principal amount, period and rate of interest. Alternately interest can be calculated by product method i.e. by converting the principal amount into monthly products depending upon number of months for which principal amount remained in business. Then the interest is calculated by taking monthly rate of interest. The following example will illustrate both the methods of calculating interest on capital. Illustration 2 Shilpa and Sanju are partners with a capital of Rs.1,00,000 and Rs.1,60,000 on January 1,2006 respectively. Shilpa introduced additional capital of Rs.30,000 on July 1, 2006 and another Rs.20,000 on October 31,2006. Calculate interest on capital for the year ending 2006. The rate of interest is 9% p.a. Solution: Interest on Capital (Shilpa): On Rs.1,00,000 for 12 month @ 9% = 1,00,000 9/100 12/12 = Rs. 9,000 On Rs.30,000 for 6 month @ 9% On Rs.20,000 for 2 month @ 9% Total interest on shilpa capital = 30,000 9/100 6/12 = Rs. 1,350 = 20,000 9/100 2/12 = Rs.300 = Rs. 9,000 + Rs. 1350 + Rs. 300 = Rs.10,650 Dr.

Notes

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Partnership General By product method Amount Rs 100000 30000 20000 Total product Interest on capital 1420000 9 1 100 12 = Rs 10650 Interest on Capital (Sanju): On Rs.1,60,000 for 12 month @ 9% = 1,60,000 9/100 12/12 = Rs.14,400 By product method : = 1,60,000 12 = 19,20,000 = INTEREST ON DRAWINGS When a partner withdraws cash from the firm for domestic use, the withdrawal of cash is termed as drawings. If the partnership deed has a provision of charging interest on drawings, the firm may charge interest on drawings from partners. Interest on drawing is a gain for the firm. It is calculated at the agreed rate. The amount of interest on drawings will be credited to Profit and Loss Appropriation Account and will be debited to partners capital account/current account (Individually). The journal entry will be: Partners Capital/Current A/c To Interest on Drawings A/c (Charging interest on drawings to Partners Capital account) Calculation of interest on Drawings : There are two methods of calculating interest on drawings Simple Average method Product method Dr.
19,20,000 9 = Rs 14,400 1200

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Months 12 6 2

Product 1200000 180000 40000 1420000

Notes

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Partnership General 1. Simple Average method A fixed amount may be withdrawn every month/ half yearly/ annually. The interest has to be calculated for the period for which the amount has been utilised for personal purposes by the partners. The calculation of amount of interest to be charged in different situations is shown as under : I. When Fixed amounts are withdrawn at equal time intervals. A fixed amount is withdrawn by the partners, at equal time interval, say each month or each quarter. The calculation of total time period, in such situations will depend upon whether the money was withdrawn at the beginning of the month, middle of the month or at the end of the month. For example, Manisha withdrew Rs. 1,000 per month from the firm for her personal use during the year ending December 31, 2006. interest is charged at the rate of 12% per annum. The calculation of average period and the interest on drawings in different situations would be as follows: (a) When money is withdrawn at the beginning of the period. Date of drawings 1 January 2006 1 February 2006 1 March 2006 1 April 2006 1 May 2006 1 June 2006 1 July 2006 1 August 2006 1September 2006 1 October 2006 1 November 2006 1 December 2006 Amount withdrawn 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000 Period (in Month) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 78 months

Notes

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Partnership General When money is withdrawn in the beginning of the month, the average period is calculated as under: Average Period = Total of months/12 = 78months/12 = 6 months Interest on Drawings = Rs. = Rs.780 (b) When money is withdrawn at the end of the period Date of drawings 31 January 2006 28/29 February 2006 31 March 2006 30April 2006 31 May 2006 30 June 2006 31July 2006 31 August 2006 30 September 2006 31 October 2006 30 November 2006 31December 2006 Amount withdrawn 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000 Period (in Month) 11 10 9 8 12 13 1 12,000 100 7 12 2 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 66 months

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Notes

When money is withdrawn at the end of the month, the average period is calculated as under: Average Period = Total of months/12 = 66 months/12

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Partnership General = 5 months Interest on Drawings = Rs.12,000 12/100 11/2 1/12 = Rs.660

Notes

(c) When money is withdrawn in the middle of the month: Date of drawings 15 January 2006 14 February 2006 15 March 2006 15 April 2006 15 May 2006 15 June 2006 15 July 2006 15 August 2006 15 September 2006 15 October 2006 15 November 2006 15 December 2006 Amount withdrawn 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 12,000 Period (in Month) 11.5 10.5 9.5 8.5 7.5 6.5 5.5 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 72 months

When money is withdrawn in the middle of the month, the average period is calculated as under: Average Period = Total of months/12 = 72 months/12 = 6 months Interest on Drawings = Rs.12,000 12/100 6/12 = Rs.720 (d) withdrawal of Fixed amounts at equal time intervals If the money is withdrawn by the partners in the beginning of each quarter, the interest is calculated on total money withdrawn during the year for an average period of seven and half months.

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Partnership General Illustration 3 Sunny and Himanshu are partners in a firms sharing profits and losses equally. During financial year 2006, Sunny withdrew Rs. 20,000 quarterly at the beginning of each quarter. If interest is to be charged on drawings @ 8% per annum, calculate the amount of interest to be charged at the end of the year. Solution. Statement showing calculation of interest on Drawings
Date Amount (Rs.) 20,000 Time Period Interest (Rs.) 20,000

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Notes

Jan. 1, 2006

12 months

8 100

= Rs. 1,600

April 1, 2006

20,000

9 months

20,000

= Rs. 1,200

July 1, 2006

20,000

6 months

20,000

6 8 = Rs. 800 12 100

Oct. 1, 2006 Total

20,000 80,000

3 months

3 8 20,000 8 12 12 100 = Rs. 400 9 12 100 = Rs. 4,000

Alternatively, the interest can be calculated on the total sum withdrawn during the accounting year, which is Rs. 80,000 in this case, for a period of 7 months (12 + 9 + 6 + 3)/4 = 7
1 15 = 2 2

1 1 Thus Interest on Drawings = Total sum withdrawn Rate 7 2 12

= Rs. 80,000

8 15 1 = Rs. 4,000. 100 2 12

(e) When fixed amount is withdrawn at the end of each quarter When the amounts are withdrawn at the end of each quarter the amount of interest is calculated on total drawings for a period of four and a half months.

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Partnership General In the previous illustration, if the money is withdrawn at the end of each quarter, the average period for calculation of interest will be taken as four and half months. The calculation of interest can be shown as follows:

Notes
Date

Statement of Calculation of Interest on Drawings

Amount (Rs.) Time Period Interest (Rs.)

March. 31

20,000

9 months

20,000

8 9/12 = Rs. 1,200 100

June 30

20,000

6 months

20,000

= Rs. 800

September 30 December 31 Total

20,000 20,000 80,000

3 months 0 months 18 months

20,000

3 8 12 100

= Rs. 400 Rs 0 = Rs. 2,400

6 8 12 Rs. 80,000 for a period 4 months 100 Alternatively, the interest on

(9 + 6 + 3 + 0)/4 = 4

1 9 = 2 2

Interest on Drawings = Rs. 80,000

8 9 1 = Rs. 2,400 100 2 12

Product Method When different amounts are withdrawn at different intervals. Under the product method, for each withdrawal, the money withdrawn is multiplied by the period for which it remained withdrawn during the financial year. The period is calculated from the date of the withdrawal to the last day of the accounting year. The products so calculated are totalled and interest for 1 month at the specified rate is found out on the total of the products. The calculation of interest can be explained with the help of the preceding illustration. 130

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Partnership General Statement showing calculation of interest on Drawings Date Jan. 1, 2006 April 1, 2006 July 1, 2006 Oct. 1, 2006 Total Amount (Rs.) 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 80,000 Time Period 12 months 9 months 6 months 3 months Product (Rs.) 2,40,000 1,80,000 1,20,000 60,000 6,00,000

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Notes

Interest on drawing = Total of Product x interest rate x1/12 = Rs.6,00,000 8/100 1/12 = Rs.4,000

INTEXT QUESTIONS 18.3 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/words : (i) Interest on capital is . in partners capital account. (ii) Interest on drawings is . in partners capital account. (iii) Interest is charged on the . of the partners capital account. (iv) When money is withdrawn in the beginning of the each month, the average period is . for charging interest. (v) When product method is used, interest is calculated for 2. Reema and Anish are partners with a capital of Rs 50,000 and Rs. 80,000 on April 2005, respectively. Reema introduced additional capital of Rs. 50,000 on 1st Jan 2006. Calculate interest on capital @10 p.a. on March 31, 2006. 3. Ashu withdrew Rs. 2000 p.m. from business for personal use at the end of every month during the year. Calculate interest on Drawing @10 p.a. 18.4 PROFIT AND LOSS APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT: MEANING AND PREPARATION Profit and Loss Appropriation Account is merely an extension of the Profit and Loss Account of the firm. The profit of the firm has to be distributed

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Partnership General amongst the partners in their respective profit sharing ratio. But before its distribution it needs to be adjusted. All Adjustments like partners salary, partners commission, interest on capital, interest on drawings etc. are made in this account. These adjustments will reduce the amount of profit for distribution. This adjusted profit will be distributed amongst the partners in their profit sharing ratio. To prepare it at first the balance of Profit and Loss Account is transferred to this account. The journal entries for the preparation of Profit and Loss Appropriation Account are given below: 1. For transfer of the balance of Profit and Loss Account to Profit and Loss Appropriation Account. (a) In case of Net Profit: Profit and Loss A/c To Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c (Net Profit transferred to Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c) (b) In case of Net Loss: Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c To Profit and Loss A/c (Net Loss transferred to Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c) 2. For Interest on Capital For transfer of Interest on Capital : Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c To Interest on Capital A/c (Interest on capital transferred to Profit & Loss Appropriation A/c) 3. For Charging Interest on Drawings: For transferring Interest on Drawings: Interest on Drawings A/c To Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c (Interest on drawing transferred to Profit & Loss Appropriation A/c) 4. For Partners Salary Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c To Salary A/c (Salary transferred to profit & Loss Appropriation A/c) Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr.

Notes

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Partnership General 5. Partners Commission For transferring commission Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c To Commission A/c (Commission transferred to Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c) 6. For Transfer of balance to General Reserve: Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c To General Reserve A/c (Transfer of balance to General Reserve) 7. For share of Profit or Loss on appropriation (a) If Profit: Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c To Partners Capital/Current A/c (Profit transferred to capital/current A/c) (b) If Loss: Partners Capital/ Current A/c To Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c (Loss transferred to capital/current A/c) The format of Profit and Loss Appropriation Account is given as follows. Profit and Loss Appropriation Account
Dr Particulars Profit and Loss A/c (if there is loss) Interest on Partners Capitals A/c Partners Salary A/c Partners Commission A/c Interest on Partners Loan A/c Partners Capital A/c (distribution of profit) Amount (Rs.) xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx Particulars Profit and Loss A/c (if there is profit) Interest on Drawings Partners capital A/c (distribution of loss) Cr. Amount (Rs.) xxx xxx xxx

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Dr. Notes

Dr.

Dr.

Dr.

xxx

xxx

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Partnership General Illustration 5 Monika and Krishan are partners with a capital of Rs.80,000 and Rs.1,00,000 respectively. They agree on the followings:

Notes

(a) To share profit equally. (b) Interest allowed on capital @ 9% p.a. (c) Interest charged on drawing @ 6% p.a. (d) Salary to be paid to krishan @ 600 per month. (e) Monika withdrew Rs.8,000 and Krishan Rs.6,000 during the year. Interest on drawing is charged for Profit for the year ending December 31, 2006 is Rs.56,000. You are required to prepare Profit and Loss Appropriation account. Solution Working notes: First you should calculate the interest on capital and the interest on drawings. Interest on Capital Monika = Rs. 80,000 9/100 = Rs.7,200 Krishan = Rs. 1,00,000 9/100 = Rs.9,000 Interest on Drawings Monika Drawings = Rs.8,000 Interest = Rs.8,000 6/100 = Rs.480 Krishan Drawings = Rs.6,000 Interest = Rs.6,000 6/100 = Rs.360

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Partnership General Profit and Loss Appropriation Account

Dr. Particulars Interest on Capitals A/c Monika Krishan Krishan Salary Profit transferred to Partners Capital A/c Monika Krishan 16,720 16,720 33,440 56,840 56,840 7,200 9,000 16,200 7,200 Amount (Rs.) Particulars Profit and Loss Interest on Drawings Monika Krishan 480 360 840 Cr. Amount (Rs.) 56,000

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Notes

INTEXT QUESTIONS 18.4 (i) List the items which usually appear on the debit side of Profit and loss appropriation account.

(ii) If, balance of profit and loss account is debit, what entry to be recorded for transferring the amount to Profit and Loss Appropriation account? (iii) When interest on drawings is to be transferred to Profit and Loss Appropriation account, What journal entry is to be recorded in the books?

WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT Characteristics of partnership are: (i) Agreement (iii) Business (v) Unlimited liability (vii) Mutual Agency (ii) Number of persons (iv) Sharing of Profits (vi) Management (viii) Transfer of interest

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Partnership General Partnership deed The written form of the agreement is a document in which the terms and conditions regarding the conduct of the business and the relationship between the partners are laid down. If there is no partnership deed or it is silent on certain issues, the Partnership Act becomes applicable. These issues are: (i) Distribution of Profit (iii) Interest on drawings (ii) Interest on capital .

Notes

(iv) Interest on partners loan

(v) Salary and commission to partners Capital account The contribution made by the partners in a business is called capital. This capital may be fixed or fluctuating. (a) Fixed Capital Account- Two separate accounts are kept for each partner i.e. capital account and current account. (b) Fluctuating Capital Account Only one account for each partner is kept i.e. capital account, Profit and Loss Appropriation Account All adjustments such as partners salary, partners commission, interest on capital, interest on drawings etc. are made through this account.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS 1. Explain the characteristics of a partnership. 2. In absence of any partnership deed, what is the partnership Act that are the provisions that become applicable? 3. Distinguish between fixed and fluctuating capital accounts. 4. Why the Profit and Loss Appropriation is prepared? 5. A and B are partners in a firm. On January 1, 2006 their capital is Rs.3,00,000 and Rs.2,00,000 respectively. Their drawings during the year were Rs.3,000 per month each. They allowed 6% interest on capital. The profit for the year Rs.4,00,000. Calculate interest on capital when capital are fixed. 7. X and Y are equal partners. They withdrew Rs.4,000 each per month. Calculate interest 4% p.a. on drawing in the following cases:

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Partnership General (i) if they withdrew in the beginning of each month: (ii) if they withdrew at the end of each month: (iii) if they withdrew in the middle of each month: 8. Naman and Asmeta started business with capital of 1,00,000 each on January 1,2006. their drawings during the year were Rs.1,000 and Rs.500 per month respectively. The interest on drawing was Rs.200 and Rs.100 respectively. They are allowed interest on capital at 8% p.a. Naman is allowed a salary of Rs.2,000 per month. They earned a profit of Rs.94,000 before interest and salary. They share profit is the ratio of 2.1. Prepare Profit and Loss Appropriation Account and Capital accounts of partners. 9. Rohan and Bhanu were partners in a firm and their balances on March 1, 2006 are as under: Rohan (Rs.) Capital accounts Current account Drawings 90,000 8,000 (Cr) 5,000 Bhanu (Rs.) 1,20,000 4,000 (Dr.) 6,000

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Partnership Accounts

Notes

Net profit before charging interest on capital and partners salary was Rs.25,600. They agree on the following: (i) Profit and losses to be shared equally. (ii) 6% interest is to be allowed on capital. (ii) Bhanu will be paid a monthly salary Rs. 9,00. Prepare Profit and Loss Appropriation Account and partners capital accounts. 10. The partnership agreement of M and R provides that: (i) Profit will be shared is the ratio of 3 : 2. (ii) M will be allowed a salary of Rs.500 p.m. (iii) 8% interest will be allowed on partners fixed capital accounts. (iv) 6 % interest to be charged on partners drawings. (v) The fixed capital of M and R is Rs.2,00,000 and Rs.1,50,000 respectively. Their drawings were Rs.10,000 and Rs.12,000 respectively. The net profit for the year ending December 2006 amounted to Rs.62,000. Prepare Profit and Loss Appropriation Account.

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MODULE - 4
Partnership Accounts

Partnership General

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS Intext Questions 18.1 Notes I. (i) Two (ii) agreement (iii) written, oral (v) unlimited (iii) No

(iv) partnership deed II. (i) No (iv) No (ii) Yes (v) No

Intext Questions 18.2 (i) Credit (iv) Credit (ii) Current (v) Debit (iii) fixed

Intext Questions 18.3 1. (i) credited (iv) 6 months (ii) Debited (v) month (iii) pening balance

2. Interest on capital Reema Rs 6250 and Anish Rs 8,000 3. Interest on Rs. 1100 drawing Intext Questions 18.4 (i) Partners salary, partners commission, interest on capital, interest on partners loan Dr.

(ii) Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c To Profit and Loss A/c (iii) Interest on Drawings A/c To Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c Answers to Practical Terminal Questions 5. 6.

Dr.

Interest on Capital to A Rs.18,000 and B Rs.12,000. (i) Rs.1,040, (ii) Rs.880, (iii) Rs.960.

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Partnership General 7. Profit distributed to Naman Rs.36,200 and Asmeta Rs.18,100 Balance in Capital A/c Naman Rs.1,56,00 and Asmeta Rs.1,20,000. 8. Profit distributed to Rohan Rs.1,100 and Bhanu Rs.1,100 Balance in current A/c Rohan Rs.9,500 and Asmeta Rs.9,100. 9. Profit distributed to M Rs.17,592 and R Rs.11,728 Activity : Make use of your communication skills to obtain Partnership Deed of five firms. Go through partnership deed of such firms. Identify the provisions which are not common. Also find out the important items that you would like to include in one of the partnership deeds.
Name of the firm 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Items that are exclusive to the firm Items to be included

MODULE - 4
Partnership Accounts

Notes

List of the item you suggest to included in the partnership deeds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................

Do you know?
Can a person get AIDS from a dentist? Again, there is some risk of getting HIV from a dentists instruments as these are frequently contaminated with blood. However, if you visit a good and reputable dentist who uses properly sterilized or disposable instruments, the risk is minimal. So always choose a dentist who follows high levels of hygiene and sterilization.

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