Basics of Java Programming

Unit-I
22PLC15C

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 Object Oriented Programming:
 Object oriented programming (OOP) is the core of Java programming.
 Java is a general purpose, object- oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems. It was invented by James Gosling and his
team and was initially called as Oak.
 The most important feature that made Java very popular was the
―Platform- Independent‖ approach.
 It was the first programming language that did not tie-up with any particular
operating system( or hardware) rather Java programs can be executed
anywhere and on any system.
 Java was designed for the development of the software for consumer
electronic devices like TVs, VCRs, etc.

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 Two Paradigms:
 Every program contains 2 components code
and data.
 Two approaches are there to solve the
problem and in program writing: Procedure
oriented and object oriented.

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 Two Approaches
• Procedure Oriented:
 Procedure oriented programs are written based on ―whats
happening‖ around, where the code acts on data. Ex: C etc
 Problems increases in procedure oriented as the program grows
larger and more complex.
• Object Oriented:
 Object oriented programs are written based on ―Who is being
affected‖ around, which manages the increasing complexity.
 It organizes program around data and well defined interfaces of that
data.
 Characterized as data controlling access to code. Ex: C++, JAVA,
Small Talk etc

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 The Three OOP:

• The three important features of OOP are:

 Encapsulation
 Inheritence
 Polymorphism

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 Encapsulation:

 Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data

it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interference and
misuse.
 In Java the basis of encapsulation is the class. A class defines the
state and behavior( data & code) that will be shared by set of
objects.
 Each object contains the structure and behavior defined by the
class. The data defined by the class are called instance
variables(member variables), the code that operates on that data
are called methods(member functions).

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Encapsulation

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 Inheritance:

 Inheritance is the process by which one object

acquires the properties of another object. This is
important as it supports the concept of hierarchical
classification.
 By the use of inheritance, a class has to define only
those qualities that make it unique. The general
qualities can be derived from the parent class or base
class.
 Ex: A child inheriting properties from parents.
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Inheritance

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 Polymorphism

 Polymorphism (meaning many forms) is a feature that

allows one interface to be used for a general class of
actions. The specific action determined by the exact
nature of the situation. This concept is often expressed as
―one interface, multiple methods‖.
 Ex: ―+‖ can be used for addition of 2 numbers and also
concatenation of 2 strings. System.out.println(2+4); //
outputs 6 as answer
• System.out.println(―Hello‖ + ―Gautham‖); // outputs Hello
Gautham as answer
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Polymorphism

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 A First Simple Program

class Example
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
System.out.println(“Welcome to
Programming in Java‖”);
}
}
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 Running with jdk
:Example.java
:javac Example.java
:java Example

Welcome to Programming in Java

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 A Second Short Program
/* This is a short example
Name of file : Example2.java */
class Example2{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n=3;
System.out.println( “The value of n is :”+ n );
n=n+5;
System.out.print(“the new value is:”);
System.out.println(n);
}
}
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 Two Control Statements
• if statement
The if- statement is the most basic of all the control
flow statements. It tells your program to execute a
certain section of code only if a particular test
evaluates to true.

Here is the general form of the if statement:

• if (condition) statement;
 Here the condition is Boolean expression.
 If the condition is true then the statement is executed,
if false then statement will be skipped.

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 If statement
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10;
if(a>0)
System.out.println(“a is positive
number‖”);
System.out.println(“ End of
program”);
}

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 The for loop
 The for loop is similar to that of C/C++
 Here is the general form of the traditional for statement:
for(initialization; condition; iteration)
{
//body
}
 Initialization sets the loop control variable to initial value.
 Condition is a Boolean expression which tests the loop
 Iteration expression tells hoe the control variable has to
change at each iteration. Generally the increment or
decrement operator is used to perform iteration.

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 For loop
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a;
for(a=0;a<5;a++)
System.out.println(a);
}
System.out.println(“End of program”);
}

Output:
0
1
2
3
4
End of Program
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In the below example, repeated a loop 5 times and then printed the “*”. This
is also known as the pyramid program. The loop will be repeated unless the
value of “i” and “j” becomes equal to 5.

*
**
***
****
*****

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public class PyramidExample {
public static void main(String args[])
{
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++) {
for(int j=0; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

}
}

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 Using blocks of code
 Java supports code blocks - which means that
two or more statements are grouped into
blocks of code.
 Opening and closing braces is used to achieve
this.
 Each block is treated as logical unit.
 Whenever two or more statements has to be
linked blocks can be used.

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 Example
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10;
if(a>0)
{ // begin of block
System.out.println(“a is positive number”);
System.out.println(“inside block”);
}// end of block
}
}

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 Lexical issues:
• Java programs are a collection of whitespace,
identifiers, literals, comments, operators,
separators, and keywords.
• Whitespace:
 Java is a free from language- means no need
to follow any indentation rules.
 Whitespace is a space, tab, or newline.

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• Java character set:
 The smallest unit of Java language are its character set used to write Java tokens. This
character are defined by unicode character set that tries to create character for a large number
of character worldwide.
 The Unicode is a 16-bit character coding system and currently supports 34,000 defined
characters derived from 24 languages of worldwide.

• Key Words:
– Smallest individual units of programs are known as tokens. Java language includes five
types of tokens. They are
(a) Reserved Keyword
(b)Identifiers
(c) Literals.
(d)Operators
(e) Separators.

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 Reserved keyword:
• Java language has 50 words as reserved keywords.
They implement specific feature of the language.

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 Identifiers:
• Identifiers are programmer-designed token used for naming
classes methods variable, objects, labels etc. The rules for
identifiers are
1.They can have alphabets, digits, dollar sign and underscores.
2.They must not begin with digit.
3.Uppercase and lower case letters are distinct.
4.They can be any lengths.
5.Name of all public method starts with lowercase.
6.In case of more than one word starts with uppercase in next
word.
7.All private and local variables use only lowercase and
underscore.
8.All classes and interfaces start with leading uppercases.
9.Constant identifier uses uppercase letters only.
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 Literals:

• Literals in Java are sequence of characters that

represents constant values to be stored in variables. Java
language specifies five major types of Literals. They are:
1.Integer Literals.
2.Floating-point Literals.
3.Character Literals.
4.String Literals.
5.Boolean Literals.

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 Operators:

• An operator is a symbol that takes one or more

arguments and operates on them to produce an
result.

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 Separators:
• Separators are the symbols that indicates where group of
code are divided and arranged. Some of the operators are:

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 Comments:
Java supports 3 styles of comments
Multiline comment: this type of comment begins with /*
and ends with */
• Ex: /* Welcome to
• Java Programming */
Single line comments: this type of comment begins
with // and ends at the end of current line
• Ex: // Welcome to java Programming
Documentation Comment: this type of comment is used
to produce an HTML file that documents your
program. The documentation comment begins with /**
and ends with */

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 Java Class libraries:
Java environment has several built in class libraries.
Java standard library includes hundreds of classes and methods grouped
into several functional packages. Most commonly used packages are:
(a)Language support Package.
(b)Utilities packages.
(c)Input/output packages
(d)Networking packages
(e)AWT packages.
(f)Applet packages

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 Import Example
import java.util.Scanner;
class ImportingExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner read = new Scanner(System.in);
int i = read.nextInt();
System.out.println("You have entered a number " +
i);
}
}
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 Data types, variables and arrays
• Java is a strongly typed language:
The strongly typed nature of Java gives it the robustness
and safety for it.
Every variable and expression has strictly defined type.
Assignments, parameter passing or explicit value
passing are checked for type compatibility.
Java compiler checks all expressions and parameters to
ensure type compatibility.

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 Data types
• The various data types supported in java is as
follows

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• Java defines eight primitive types of data: byte, short, int, long, char,
float, double, and boolean.
• As shown in above figure.
 The primitive types represent single values—not complex objects.
Although Java is otherwise completely object-oriented, the primitive
types are not.
 They are analogous to the simple types found in most other non–
object-oriented languages.
 The reason for this is efficiency. Making the primitive types into objects
would have degraded performance too much. The primitive types are
defined to have an explicit range and mathematical behavior.
 Because of Java‗s portability requirement, all data types have a strictly
defined range. For example, an int is always 32 bits, regardless of
the particular platform.

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 Integers
Java defines four integer types: byte, short, int, and long.
All of these are signed, positive and negative values. Java
does not support unsigned, positive-only integers.
Many other computer languages support both signed and
unsigned integers.
However, Java‗s designers felt that unsigned integers were
unnecessary. Specifically, they felt that the concept of
unsigned was used mostly to specify the behavior of the
high-order bit, which defines the sign of an integer value.

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 byte, short
The smallest integer type is byte.
This is a signed 8-bit type that has a range from –128 to127.
Variables of type byte are especially useful when you‗re
working with a stream of data from a network or file.
Byte variables are declared by use of the byte keyword.
For example, the following declares two byte variables called
b and c: byte b, c;
• Short
 short is a signed 16-bit type.
 It has a range from –32,768 to 32,767.
 It is probably the least-used Java type.
 Here are some examples of short variable declarations:
• short s; short t; K.S.Mathad
 byte example
public class AddtionByte {

public static void main(String[] args) {

byte a = 30;
byte b = 40;
byte c = (byte) (a + b);

System.out.println("The c variable Value after Addition is : " + c);

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 Floating-Point Types
 Floating-point numbers, also known as real numbers, are used when
evaluating expressions that require fractional precision.
 For example, calculations such as square root, or transcendental such as
sine and cosine, result in a value whose precision requires a floating-
point type.
 There are two kinds of floating-point types, float and double, which
represent single- and double-precision numbers, respectively.
• float
 The type float specifies a single-precision value that uses 32 bits of
storage.
• double
 Double precision, as denoted by the double keyword, uses 64 bits to store
a value.
 Double precision is actually faster than single precision on some modern
processors that have been optimized for high-speed mathematical
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 Float type example
public class DataTypeFloatExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
//Declare float type variables.
float f1 = 32.454f;
float f2 = 178.44f;

//Print variables value.

System.out.println("f1 Value: " + f1);
System.out.println("f2 Value: " + f2);

//Print Sum f1 and f2.

System.out.print("Sum: ");
System.out.println(f1 + f2);
}
}

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• Characters
 In Java, the data type used to store characters is char.
 However, C/C++ programmers beware: char in Java is not the same as
char in C or C++.
 In C/C++, char is 8 bits wide. This is not the case in Java. Instead, Java
uses Unicode to represent characters.
 Unicode defines a fully international character set that can represent
all of the characters found in all human languages.
 It is a unification of dozens of charactersets, such as Latin, Greek
Arabic, Cyrillic,Hebrew, Katakana, Hangul, and many more. For this
purpose, it requires 16 bits.
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 Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean False 1 bit

Char '\u0000' 2 byte

Byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

Int 0 4 byte

Long 0L 8 byte

Float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

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• Literals:
• A constant value in Java is created by using a literal representation of it. There are
5 types of literals.
 Integer Literals.
 Floating-point Literals.
 Character Literals.
 String Literals.
 Boolean Literals.
• Integer literals:
 Any whole number value is an integer literal.
 These are all decimal values describing a base 10 number.
 There are two other bases which can be used in integer literal, octal( base 8)
where 0 is prefixed with the value, hexadecimal (base 16) where 0X or 0x is
prefixed with the integer value.
• Example:
• int decimal = 100;
• int octal = 0144; int hexa = 0x64;

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 • Example:
• 0.0314 *10² (i.e 3.14).
• 6.5E+32 (or 6.5E32) Double-precision floating-
point literal 7D Double-precision floating-point
literal
• .01f Floating-point literal

• Character literals:
 char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character.
 We can specify a character literal as a single printable character
in a pair of single quote characters such as 'a', '#', and '3'.
 You must know about the ASCII character set. The ASCII
character set includes 128 characters including letters, numerals,
punctuation etc.
 Below table shows a set of these special characters.
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• Boolean Literals:
 The values true and false are treated as literals in Java programming.
 When we assign a value to a boolean variable, we can only use these two
values.
 Unlike C, we can't presume that the value of 1 is equivalent to true and 0 is
equivalent to false in Java.
 We have to use the values true and false to represent a Boolean value.
• Example
• boolean chosen = true;
• String Literal
 The set of characters in represented as String literals in Java.
 Always use "double quotes" for String literals.
 There are few methods provided in Java to combine strings, modify
strings and to know whether to strings have the same values.
• Example:
String str=“hello world”;
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• Variables:
•A variable is an identifier that denotes a storage location used to store a
data value. A variable may have different value in the different phase of the
program. To declare one
• identifier as a variable there are certain rules. They are:
1. They must not begin with a digit.
2. Uppercase and lowercase are distinct.
3. It should not be a keyword.
4. White space is not allowed.
• Declaring Variable: One variable should be declared before using.
• The syntax is
• type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ;
Example:
• int a,b,c;
• float quot, div;

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 Dynamic initialization:
 Java allows variables to be initialized dynamically, using
expression valid at the time variable is declared.
• Example:
class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
double a=10, b=2.6; double c=a/b;
System.out.println(“value of c is”+c);
}
}

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The Scope and Lifetime of Variables
Java allows variables to be declared within any block. A
block is begun with an opening curly brace and ended by
a closing curly brace. A block defines a scope.
A scope determines what objects are visible to other parts of
your program. It also determines the lifetime of those
objects.
Many other computer languages define two general
categories of scopes: global and local. However, these
traditional scopes do not fit well with Java strict,
object-oriented model.
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class Scope
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x; // known to all code within main
x = 10;
if(x == 10)
{
// known only to this block
int y = 20;
// x and y both known here.
System.out.println("x and y: " + x + " " + y);
x = y * 2;
}
// y = 100; // Error! y not known here
// x is still known here.
System.out.println("x is " + x);
}
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 Type Casting
Assigning a value of one type to a variable of
another type is known as Type Casting .Type
casting can be done in two ways.
1.Widening Casting(Implicit)
2.Narrowing Casting(Explicitly done)

• Automatic Type casting take place when,

the two types are compatible
• the target type is larger than the source type

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 Implicit
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 100;
long l = i;
float f = l;
System.out.println("Int value "+i);
System.out.println("Long value "+l);
System.out.println("Float value "+f);
}
} K.S.Mathad
 Explicit
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double d = 100.04;
long l = (long)d;
int i = (int)l;
System.out.println("Double value "+d);
System.out.println("Long value "+l);
System.out.println("Int value "+i);

}
}
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 Type promotion rules

• Java defines several type promotion rules that

apply to expressions. They are as follows:
 First, all byte, short, and char values are
promoted to int, as just described.
 Then, if one operand is a long, the whole
expression is promoted to long.
 If one operand is a float, the entire expression is
promoted to float.
 If any of the operands is double, the result is
double.
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 Arrays in Java
• Array which stores a fixed-size sequential
collection of elements of the same type. An array is
used to store a collection of data, but it is often
more useful to think of an array as a collection of
variables of the same type.
• Here is the syntax for declaring an array
variable:
dataType[] arrayRefVar = new
dataType[arraySize];
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• Following statement declares an array variable,
myList, creates an array of 10 elements of
double type and assigns its reference to
myList:
double[] myList = new double[10];

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 Processing Arrays
class TestArray
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int [] myList = new int[4];
for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
myList[i]=i+1;

// Print all the array elements for

(int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
{
System.out.println(myList[j] + " ");
}
}

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 Multidimensional Arrays
• you can declare and create an array of arrays
int coords[] [] = new int[12] [12];
coords[0] [0] = 1; coords[0] [1] = 2;

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 A few words about strings:
 Java supports string type which is an object. It is used to
declare string variables
 Array of strings can also be declared.
 A string variable can be assigned to another string variable.
 String variable can also be used as
argument.
 Example:
• String name1=“gautham”, name2;
name2=name1; // sets name2 withvalue gautham
• System.out.println(name2); // string variable passed as parameter.

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 For loop
class ForTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x;
for(x = 0; x<10; x = x+1)
System.out.println("This is x: " + x);
}
}

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 If statement
class IfSample {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x, y;
x = 10;
y = 20;
if(x < y) System.out.println("x is less than y");
x = x * 2;
if(x == y) System.out.println("x now equal to y");
x = x * 2;
if(x > y) System.out.println("x now greater than y");
// this won't display anything
if(x == y) System.out.println("you won't see this");
}
}
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 Compute distance light travels using long variables.

class Light {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int lightspeed;
long days;
long seconds;
long distance;
// approximate speed of light in miles per second
lightspeed = 186000;
days = 1000; // specify number of days here
seconds = days * 24 * 60 * 60; // convert to seconds
distance = lightspeed * seconds; // compute distance
System.out.print("In " + days);
System.out.print(" days light will travel about ");
System.out.println(distance + " miles.");
}
}
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 Area of Circle
class Area {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double pi, r, a;
r = 10.8; // radius of circle
pi = 3.1416; // pi, approximately
a = pi * r * r; // compute area
System.out.println("Area of circle is " + a);
}
}

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 // Demonstrate char data type.

class CharDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
char ch1, ch2;
ch1 = 88; // code for X
ch2 = 'Y';
System.out.print("ch1 and ch2: ");
System.out.println(ch1 + " " + ch2);
}
}

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 // char variables behave like integers.
class CharDemo2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
char ch1;
ch1 = 'X';
System.out.println("ch1 contains " + ch1);
ch1++; // increment ch1
System.out.println("ch1 is now " + ch1);
}
}
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 // Demonstrate boolean values.
class BoolTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean b;
b = false;
System.out.println("b is " + b);
b = true;
System.out.println("b is " + b);
// a boolean value can control the if statement
if(b) System.out.println("This is executed.");
b = false;
if(b) System.out.println("This is not executed.");
// outcome of a relational operator is a boolean value
System.out.println("10 > 9 is " + (10 > 9));
}
}
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// Demonstrate dynamic initialization.

class DynInit {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double a = 3.0, b = 4.0;
// c is dynamically initialized
double c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b);
System.out.println("Hypotenuse is " + c);
}
}

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 // Demonstrate lifetime of a variable.

class LifeTime {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x;
for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
int y = -1; // y is initialized each time block is entered
System.out.println("y is: " + y); // this always prints -1
y = 100;
System.out.println("y is now: " + y);
}
}
}

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 // Demonstrate casts.
class Conversion {
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte b;
int i = 257;
double d = 323.142;
System.out.println("\nConversion of int to byte.");
b = (byte) i;
System.out.println("i and b " + i + " " + b);
System.out.println("\nConversion of double to int.");
i = (int) d;
System.out.println("d and i " + d + " " + i);
System.out.println("\nConversion of double to byte.");
b = (byte) d;
System.out.println("d and b " + d + " " + b);
}
}
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 // Demonstrate a one-dimensional array.
class Array {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int month_days[];
month_days = new int[12];
month_days[0] = 31;
month_days[1] = 28;
month_days[2] = 31;
month_days[3] = 30;
month_days[4] = 31;
month_days[5] = 30;
month_days[6] = 31;
month_days[7] = 31;
month_days[8] = 30;
month_days[9] = 31;
month_days[10] = 30;
month_days[11] = 31;
System.out.println("April has " + month_days[3] + " days.");
}
}
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 // Demonstrate a two-dimensional array.
class TwoDArray {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int twoD[][]= new int[4][5];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++) {
twoD[i][j] = k;
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
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