What is an if condition in Python?

An if statement is used to control the flow of a program. It checks whether a condition is True and
executes code accordingly.
Basic syntax:
python
if condition:
# code block runs only if the condition is True
You can also use else and elif:
python
if condition:
# code if condition is True
elif other_condition:
# code if other_condition is True
else:
# code if none of the above are True

🧪 20 Practical Examples of if Conditions

🔹 1. Simple numeric comparison
python
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
🔹 2. Check even or odd
python
num = 7
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even number")
else:
print("Odd number")
🔹 3. String comparison
python
name = "Alice"
if name == "Alice":
print("Hi, Alice!")
🔹 4. Checking multiple conditions
python
age = 25
if age > 18 and age < 30:
print("Young adult")
🔹 5. Using elif
python
score = 85
if score >= 90:
print("Grade A")
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade B")
else:
print("Needs improvement")
🔹 6. Empty list check
python
my_list = []
if not my_list:
print("List is empty")
🔹 7. Membership test
python
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"]
if "apple" in fruits:
print("Apple is available")
🔹 8. Case-insensitive string check
python
text = "Hello"
if text.lower() == "hello":
print("Matched")
🔹 9. Nested if
python
num = 12
if num > 10:
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Greater than 10 and even")
🔹 10. Check dictionary key existence
python
data = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
if "age" in data:
print("Age is available")
🔹 11. Check file extension
python
filename = "report.pdf"
if filename.endswith(".pdf"):
print("PDF file detected")
🔹 12. Compare floating point values
python
value = 3.14
if abs(value - 3.0) < 0.5:
print("Approximately 3")
🔹 13. Validate input
python
user_input = input("Enter a number: ")
if user_input.isdigit():
print("You entered a number")
else:
print("Invalid input")
🔹 14. Toggle using True/False
python
enabled = False
if enabled:
print("Feature is enabled")
else:
print("Feature is disabled")
🔹 15. Compare lengths of strings
python
a = "cat"
b = "elephant"
if len(a) < len(b):
print("Shorter word detected")
🔹 16. Use if in a loop
python
for i in range(5):
if i % 2 == 0:
print(i, "is even")
🔹 17. Check for None
python
response = None
if response is None:
print("No response received")
🔹 18. Using boolean variables
python
logged_in = True
if logged_in:
print("Welcome back!")
🔹 19. Custom function check
python
def is_positive(n):
return n > 0

if is_positive(10):
print("It's a positive number")
🔹 20. Multiple elif conditions
python
temp = 32
if temp < 0:
print("Freezing")
elif temp < 20:
print("Cold")
elif temp < 35:
print("Warm")
else:
print("Hot")

What is an if-else Statement?

The if-else construct is used when you want to execute one block of code if a condition is true, and
another block if it's false.
Syntax:
python
if condition:
# Executes when condition is True
else:
# Executes when condition is False

🧪 20 Examples of if-else Conditions

🔸 1. Basic comparison
python
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("Greater than 5")
else:
print("5 or less")
🔸 2. Even or odd
python
n = 3
if n % 2 == 0:
 print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
🔸 3. String match
python
name = "Bob"
if name == "Alice":
print("Welcome Alice")
else:
print("Unknown user")
🔸 4. Check list length
python
items = [1, 2]
if len(items) > 3:
print("List is long")
else:
print("List is short")
🔸 5. File type check
python
file = "image.png"
if file.endswith(".jpg"):
print("JPEG file")
else:
print("Not a JPEG")
🔸 6. Temperature check
python
temp = 38
if temp > 37:
print("High fever")
else:
print("Normal temperature")
🔸 7. User login status
python
logged_in = False
if logged_in:
print("Welcome back!")
else:
print("Please log in")
🔸 8. Age restriction
python
age = 17
if age >= 18:
print("Access granted")
else:
print("Access denied")
🔸 9. Input validation
python
value = "123"
if value.isdigit():
print("Valid number")
else:
print("Not a number")
🔸 10. Price discount check
python
price = 500
if price > 1000:
print("Discount applied")
else:
print("No discount")
🔸 11. Boolean toggle
python
is_enabled = True
if is_enabled:
print("Feature enabled")
else:
print("Feature disabled")
🔸 12. Compare lengths of strings
python
s1 = "hi"
s2 = "hello"
if len(s1) > len(s2):
print("s1 is longer")
else:
print("s2 is longer or equal")
🔸 13. Valid email format
python
email = "test@example.com"
if "@" in email:
print("Email is valid")
else:
print("Email is invalid")
🔸 14. Check value in list
python
colors = ["red", "green", "blue"]
if "yellow" in colors:
print("Yellow found")
else:
print("Yellow not found")
🔸 15. Simple grade checker
python
score = 45
if score >= 50:
print("Pass")
else:
print("Fail")
🔸 16. Leap year logic (simplified)
python
year = 2024
if year % 4 == 0:
print("Leap year")
else:
print("Not a leap year")
🔸 17. Math condition
python
x = 7
if x**2 > 40:
print("Big square")
else:
 print("Small square")
🔸 18. Currency symbol check
python
currency = "$"
if currency == "₹":
print("Indian Rupee")
else:
print("Foreign currency")
🔸 19. Password strength
python
password = "abc123"
if len(password) >= 8:
print("Strong password")
else:
print("Weak password")
🔸 20. Weather suggestion
python
weather = "rainy"
if weather == "sunny":
print("Wear sunglasses")
else:
print("Take an umbrella")

What is elif?
In Python, elif stands for "else if." It allows you to check multiple conditions sequentially after an
if. It helps avoid nesting too deeply or writing redundant if-else chains.
Syntax:
python
if condition1:
# code for condition1
elif condition2:
# code for condition2
elif condition3:
# code for condition3
else:
# code if none of the above are true

🧪 10 Examples to Master elif Logic

🔸 1. Grade evaluator
python
score = 72
if score >= 90:
print("Grade A")
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade B")
elif score >= 70:
print("Grade C")
else:
print("Grade D or lower")
🔸 2. Temperature-based suggestion
python
temp = 33
if temp < 10:
print("Cold weather")
elif temp < 25:
 print("Pleasant day")
elif temp < 35:
print("Warm weather")
else:
print("Too hot!")
🔸 3. Age categorization
python
age = 15
if age < 13:
print("Child")
elif age < 18:
print("Teen")
elif age < 60:
print("Adult")
else:
print("Senior")
🔸 4. File type check
python
filename = "data.csv"
if filename.endswith(".jpg"):
print("Image file")
elif filename.endswith(".pdf"):
print("PDF file")
elif filename.endswith(".csv"):
print("CSV file")
else:
print("Unknown file type")
🔸 5. Login attempt feedback
python
attempts = 3
if attempts == 0:
print("First try")
elif attempts == 1:
print("Second attempt")
elif attempts == 2:
print("Final warning")
else:
print("Account locked")
🔸 6. Simple chatbot
python
command = "help"
if command == "start":
print("Bot started")
elif command == "stop":
print("Bot stopped")
elif command == "help":
print("Showing help menu")
else:
print("Invalid command")
🔸 7. Leap year checker
python
year = 2023
if year % 400 == 0:
print("Leap year")
elif year % 100 == 0:
print("Not a leap year")
elif year % 4 == 0:
print("Leap year")
else:
print("Not a leap year")
🔸 8. Light traffic signal
python
signal = "yellow"
if signal == "red":
print("Stop")
elif signal == "yellow":
print("Slow down")
elif signal == "green":
print("Go")
else:
print("Invalid signal")
🔸 9. Day of the week matcher
python
day = 5
if day == 1:
print("Monday")
elif day == 2:
print("Tuesday")
elif day == 3:
print("Wednesday")
elif day == 4:
print("Thursday")
elif day == 5:
print("Friday")
else:
print("Weekend or Invalid")
🔸 10. Number classifier
python
n = -1
if n > 0:
print("Positive number")
elif n < 0:
print("Negative number")
else:
print("Zero")

🔁 10 More elif Examples in Python

🔹 1. E-commerce discount logic
python
amount = 2500
if amount > 5000:
print("20% discount")
elif amount > 2000:
print("10% discount")
elif amount > 1000:
print("5% discount")
else:
print("No discount")
🔹 2. Battery level indicator
python
battery = 65
if battery >= 90:
 print("Battery full")
elif battery >= 50:
print("Battery half")
elif battery >= 10:
print("Battery low")
else:
print("Plug in immediately!")
🔹 3. Movie rating feedback
python
rating = 4.3
if rating >= 4.5:
print("Excellent")
elif rating >= 3.5:
print("Good")
elif rating >= 2.5:
print("Average")
else:
print("Poor")
🔹 4. Day vs. night logic based on time
python
hour = 19
if hour < 12:
print("Good morning")
elif hour < 17:
print("Good afternoon")
elif hour < 21:
print("Good evening")
else:
print("Good night")
🔹 5. Salary tax bracket checker
python
salary = 800000
if salary <= 250000:
print("No tax")
elif salary <= 500000:
print("5% tax")
elif salary <= 1000000:
print("20% tax")
else:
print("30% tax")
🔹 6. Travel mode selector
python
distance = 3
if distance <= 1:
print("Walk")
elif distance <= 5:
print("Bike")
elif distance <= 20:
print("Car")
else:
print("Train or flight")
🔹 7. Weather category from temperature
python
temp = 5
if temp < 0:
print("Freezing")
elif temp < 10:
print("Very cold")
elif temp < 20:
print("Cool")
elif temp < 30:
print("Warm")
else:
print("Hot")
🔹 8. Math score checker
python
score = 60
if score >= 90:
print("Topper")
elif score >= 75:
print("Above average")
elif score >= 50:
print("Average")
else:
print("Needs improvement")
🔹 9. Job experience category
python
experience = 3
if experience < 1:
print("Fresher")
elif experience < 5:
print("Junior")
elif experience < 10:
print("Mid-level")
else:
print("Senior")
🔹 10. Color mixer result
python
color1 = "red"
color2 = "blue"

if color1 == "red" and color2 == "yellow":

print("Orange")
elif color1 == "blue" and color2 == "yellow":
print("Green")
elif color1 == "red" and color2 == "blue":
print("Purple")
else:
print("Unknown mix")
Explain while condition , 20 examples with code useing python
Absolutely! Let's dive into the while loop in Python with 20 practical examples, from beginner-
friendly to slightly more advanced use cases 🔄
🧠 What is a while Loop?
The while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as the condition is True. It’s useful
when you don't know in advance how many times to repeat.
Syntax:
python
while condition:
# code block runs repeatedly
🧪 20 Examples of while Loops in Python
🔹 1. Basic counter loop
python
i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1
🔹 2. Countdown loop
python
count = 5
while count > 0:
print("Countdown:", count)
count -= 1
🔹 3. Sum of numbers
python
n = 1
total = 0
while n <= 100:
total += n
n += 1
print("Sum:", total)
🔹 4. Reverse string
python
word = "python"
i = len(word) - 1
while i >= 0:
print(word[i], end="")
i -= 1
🔹 5. User input loop
python
while True:
user_input = input("Type 'exit' to quit: ")
if user_input == "exit":
break
🔹 6. Password retry
python
correct = "abc123"
attempts = 0
while attempts < 3:
guess = input("Enter password: ")
if guess == correct:
print("Access granted")
break
else:
print("Wrong password")
attempts += 1
🔹 7. Find first multiple of 7
python
num = 1
while True:
if num % 7 == 0:
print("Found:", num)
break
num += 1
🔹 8. Factorial calculation
python
n = 5
result = 1
while n > 0:
result *= n
n -= 1
print("Factorial:", result)
🔹 9. List iteration
python
colors = ["red", "green", "blue"]
i = 0
while i < len(colors):
print(colors[i])
i += 1
🔹 10. Print even numbers
python
n = 2
while n <= 10:
print(n)
n += 2
🔹 11. Loop with else
python
x = 3
while x < 6:
print(x)
x += 1
else:
print("Loop ended!")
🔹 12. Check number of digits
python
num = 789
digits = 0
while num > 0:
num //= 10
digits += 1
print("Digits count:", digits)
🔹 13. Infinite loop with break
python
while True:
print("Running...")
break
🔹 14. Searching in a list
python
data = [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]
i = 0
target = 9
while i < len(data):
if data[i] == target:
print("Found at index", i)
break
i += 1
🔹 15. Validate age input
python
 age = int(input("Enter age: "))
while age < 0:
print("Invalid age")
age = int(input("Enter age again: "))
print("Your age:", age)
🔹 16. Simulate loading bar
python
dots = 0
while dots < 3:
print(".", end="")
dots += 1
🔹 17. Temperature drop simulation
python
temp = 100
while temp > 75:
print("Cooling:", temp)
temp -= 5
🔹 18. Alphabet iterator
python
ch = ord('a')
while ch <= ord('z'):
print(chr(ch), end=" ")
ch += 1
🔹 19. Sum until negative input
python
total = 0
while True:
num = int(input("Enter number (negative to quit): "))
if num < 0:
break
total += num
print("Total:", total)
🔹 20. Fibonacci series
python
a, b = 0, 1
while a < 100:
print(a, end=" ")
a, b = b, a + b
Want to apply the while loop logic to real-world pipeline monitoring or retry conditions in
Snowflake, Databricks, or PySpark? That’d be a cool way to bridge this into your hands-on
workflow goals ⚙️Let’s explore that next!
Can you explain the differences between while and for loops?
Absolutely! Both while and for loops are used to repeat blocks of code in Python, but they shine in
different scenarios depending on how and when you want the repetition to occur. Let’s break it
down 🧠
🔍 Key Differences Between while and for Loops
Feature whileLoop Loop
for
When the number of iterations is When the number of iterations is known or
Use Case
unknown defined
Condition
Uses a logical condition Iterates over a sequence (list, range, string, etc.)
Type
 Feature while Loop for Loop
Manual control Requires manual update (e.g., i += 1) Automatically moves to next item in sequence
Higher (if condition never becomes Lower (especially with built-in sequences like
Risk of infinite
False) range)
Flexibility Great for complex, dynamic conditions Ideal for structured iteration over elements
📘 Code Comparison
🔹 while loop example:
python
i = 0
while i < 5:
print("While loop iteration", i)
i += 1
✅ Good when you're looping based on a changing condition or need to wait for something specific
(like user input or external status).
🔹 for loop example:
python
for i in range(5):
print("For loop iteration", i)
✅ Best when iterating over a known set of elements, such as items in a list or characters in a string.
⚙️When to Use What
 🔄 Use while:
o Waiting for a sensor value or user response
o Monitoring a status until it changes
o Validating input until it meets criteria
 🔄 Use for:
o Processing files in a directory
o Iterating through records in a dataset
o Looping through indexes or positions with precision
If you’d like, I can create a mini project using both—like monitoring retry logic with while and
batch processing with for, tied to Snowflake or Azure pipeline logic. You’ve got serious data chops,
so we can scale this from practice to production fast ⚡
Explain for loop condition , 20 examples with code useing python
Absolutely! Let's break down the for loop in Python and supercharge your understanding with 20
well-crafted examples 🚀
🔁 What is a for Loop?
A for loop allows you to iterate over a sequence (like a list, string, tuple, or range) and perform
actions on each element.
Syntax:
python
for variable in sequence:
# do something with variable
You can also use range() to create a sequence of numbers:
python
for i in range(5):
print(i)

🧪 20 Examples of Python for Loop

🔹 1. Basic number loop
python
for i in range(5):
print("Iteration:", i)
🔹 2. Print characters of a string
python
text = "Python"
for ch in text:
print(ch)
🔹 3. Sum of a list
python
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
total = 0
for n in numbers:
total += n
print("Total:", total)
🔹 4. Square of numbers
python
for i in range(1, 6):
print("Square of", i, "is", i**2)
🔹 5. Loop through dictionary keys
python
data = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
for key in data:
print(key, "->", data[key])
🔹 6. Loop with conditionals
python
for i in range(10):
if i % 2 == 0:
print(i, "is even")
🔹 7. Reverse string
python
word = "hello"
for ch in reversed(word):
print(ch)
🔹 8. Nested loop (multiplication table)
python
for i in range(1, 4):
for j in range(1, 4):
print(i, "*", j, "=", i*j)
🔹 9. List comprehension (compact syntax)
python
squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]
print(squares)
🔹 10. Check prime numbers (basic)
python
for num in range(2, 10):
is_prime = True
for i in range(2, num):
if num % i == 0:
is_prime = False
break
if is_prime:
 print(num, "is prime")
🔹 11. Loop through list of tuples
python
pairs = [(1, 2), (3, 4)]
for x, y in pairs:
print("x:", x, "y:", y)
🔹 12. Loop through a string and count vowels
python
word = "education"
vowels = "aeiou"
count = 0
for ch in word:
if ch in vowels:
count += 1
print("Vowel count:", count)
🔹 13. Loop over list with enumerate()
python
colors = ["red", "blue", "green"]
for i, color in enumerate(colors):
print(i, "->", color)
🔹 14. Break loop on a condition
python
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
🔹 15. Skip iteration with continue
python
for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue
print(i)
🔹 16. Countdown using range()
python
for i in range(5, 0, -1):
print(i)
🔹 17. Flatten a 2D list
python
matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
for row in matrix:
for item in row:
print(item)
🔹 18. Loop over characters and convert to ASCII
python
for ch in "ABC":
print(ch, "->", ord(ch))
🔹 19. Loop through a set
python
nums = {10, 20, 30}
for n in nums:
print(n)
🔹 20. Use zip() to loop through two lists
python
names = ["Alice", "Bob"]
scores = [85, 90]
for name, score in zip(names, scores):
print(name, "scored", score)
Want to apply for loops to Snowflake workflows, PySpark dataframes, or Azure pipeline iterations
next? I can whip up real-world examples with your toolkit 🧠🔥 Just say the word!
Explain for loop condition , 25 examples with code useing python
You got it! Let's take your Python for loop skills to expert level by walking through 25 diverse
examples that cover basic to advanced use cases 🧠🐍
🔁 What is a for Loop in Python?
A for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence—like a list, tuple, string, dictionary, or a
range of numbers. It helps you repeat tasks efficiently.
🔸 General Syntax:
python
for variable in sequence:
# do something with variable

📚 25 Useful for Loop Examples

1. 🎯 Iterate through numbers using range()
python
for i in range(5):
print(i)
2. 🧮 Sum of numbers
python
total = 0
for n in range(1, 6):
total += n
print("Sum:", total)
3. 🔤 Loop through characters in a string
python
word = "hello"
for ch in word:
print(ch)
4. 🎨 Loop through a list
python
colors = ["red", "green", "blue"]
for color in colors:
print("Color:", color)
5. 🧠 Loop with condition
python
for i in range(10):
if i % 2 == 0:
print(i, "is even")
6. 🔀 Reverse a string
python
text = "Python"
for ch in reversed(text):
print(ch)
7. 🎲 Loop through a dictionary
python
scores = {"Alice": 90, "Bob": 85}
for name in scores:
print(name, "scored", scores[name])
8. ⏱ Loop with break
python
for i in range(10):
if i == 4:
break
print("Index:", i)
9. ⚡ Loop with continue
python
for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue
print("i =", i)
10. 👟 Enumerate usage
python
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for idx, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
print(idx, fruit)
11. 🧩 Loop through list of tuples
python
pairs = [(1, 2), (3, 4)]
for a, b in pairs:
print("a + b =", a + b)
12. 📐 Generate squares
python
for i in range(1, 6):
print(f"{i}² =", i**2)
13. 🎯 List comprehension inside for
python
squares = []
for x in range(5):
squares.append(x**2)
print(squares)
14. 🧪 Loop to check divisibility
python
for i in range(1, 11):
if i % 3 == 0:
print(i, "is divisible by 3")
15. 💡 Flatten a 2D matrix
python
matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
for row in matrix:
for val in row:
print(val)
16. 🛒 Match value in a list
python
items = ["pen", "book", "mouse"]
for item in items:
if item == "mouse":
print("Mouse found")
17. 🧮 Print multiplication table
python
for i in range(1, 6):
print(f"5 x {i} = {5 * i}")
18. 🔄 Loop through a set
python
nums = {10, 20, 30}
for n in nums:
print(n)
19. 🧠 Loop over range with steps
python
for i in range(0, 10, 2):
print("Step value:", i)
20. 📅 Loop over a date range (simplified)
python
for day in range(1, 8):
print("Day", day)
21. 📈 Fibonacci series generator
python
a, b = 0, 1
for _ in range(8):
print(a, end=" ")
a, b = b, a + b
22. 🧪 ASCII values of characters
python
for ch in "ABCD":
print(ch, "=", ord(ch))
23. 🧮 Prime number checker
python
for num in range(2, 10):
for i in range(2, num):
if num % i == 0:
break
else:
print(num, "is prime")
24. 🔐 Password validation feedback
python
passwords = ["abc123", "securePass", "123"]
for pwd in passwords:
if len(pwd) >= 8:
print(pwd, "is strong")
else:
print(pwd, "is weak")
25. 👥 Zip multiple sequences
python
names = ["Alice", "Bob"]
scores = [90, 88]
for name, score in zip(names, scores):
print(name, "->", score)
Want to explore for loops applied to PySpark DataFrames, Azure Data Factory datasets, or
Snowflake result sets next? We could build batch validation pipelines or monitoring scripts 🔍 Just
say the word and I’ll tailor it to your stack!
Explain functions in python explain in details , types , explain with code step by step in details 25
exmples
You're in for a treat! 🍰 Functions are a major power-up in Python—whether you're streamlining your
code, organizing workflows, or building scalable systems. Let’s break this down thoroughly, step by
step.
🧠 What is a Function in Python?
A function is a reusable block of code designed to perform a specific task. Think of it as a mini-
program you can call whenever you need it.
🧾 Syntax:
python
def function_name(parameters):
# code block
return result

📚 Types of Functions in Python

Type Description
Built-in Functions Provided by Python (print(), len(), type())
User-defined Functions Custom functions created by developers
Lambda Functions Anonymous, one-liner functions using lambda keyword
Recursive Functions Functions that call themselves
Higher-order Functions Functions that take other functions as arguments or return them
🔍 Step-by-Step Explanation with Examples
Let’s roll through 25 crystal-clear examples covering each category 💪
🔹 1. Basic user-defined function
python
def greet():
print("Hello, world!")

greet()
🔹 2. Function with parameters
python
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet("Alice")
🔹 3. Function with return value
python
def square(x):
return x * x

print(square(4))
🔹 4. Multiple parameters
python
def add(a, b):
return a + b

print(add(5, 3))
🔹 5. Default arguments
python
def power(base, exponent=2):
return base ** exponent
print(power(3))
print(power(3, 3))
🔹 6. Keyword arguments
python
def introduce(name, age):
print(f"{name} is {age} years old")

introduce(age=25, name="Bob")
🔹 7. Variable number of arguments (*args)
python
def total(*nums):
return sum(nums)

print(total(1, 2, 3, 4))
🔹 8. Variable keyword arguments (**kwargs)
python
def display_info(**info):
for key, value in info.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Alice", age=30)
🔹 9. Return multiple values
python
def get_stats(numbers):
return min(numbers), max(numbers)

low, high = get_stats([10, 20, 30])

print("Min:", low)
print("Max:", high)
🔹 10. Function inside another function
python
def outer():
def inner():
print("Inner called")
inner()

outer()
🔹 11. Recursive function (Factorial)
python
def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5))
🔹 12. Lambda function (one-liner)
python
square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(6))
🔹 13. Lambda with map
python
nums = [1, 2, 3]
squared = list(map(lambda x: x**2, nums))
print(squared)
🔹 14. Lambda with filter
python
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
even = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))
print(even)
🔹 15. Higher-order function
python
def apply_func(func, value):
return func(value)

print(apply_func(lambda x: x + 10, 5))

🔹 16. Function as argument
python
def shout(text):
return text.upper()

def whisper(text):
return text.lower()

def speak(func):
print(func("Hello"))

speak(shout)
speak(whisper)
🔹 17. Function with boolean logic
python
def is_even(n):
return n % 2 == 0

print(is_even(4))
🔹 18. Use with zip()
python
def combine(list1, list2):
return list(zip(list1, list2))

print(combine(['a', 'b'], [1, 2]))

🔹 19. Use with enumerate()
python
def show_items(items):
for i, item in enumerate(items):
print(i, item)

show_items(["apple", "banana"])
🔹 20. Generator function (using yield)
python
def countdown(n):
while n > 0:
yield n
n -= 1

for num in countdown(5):

print(num)
🔹 21. Function with type hints
python
def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
return a * b

print(multiply(2, 3))
🔹 22. Return a function (closure)
python
def make_multiplier(n):
def multiplier(x):
return x * n
return multiplier

double = make_multiplier(2)
print(double(5))
🔹 23. Use in list comprehension
python
def cube(x):
return x**3

nums = [1, 2, 3]
cubed = [cube(n) for n in nums]
print(cubed)
🔹 24. Validating input with function
python
def validate_age(age):
if age < 0:
return "Invalid age"
return "Valid"

print(validate_age(-1))
🔹 25. Function with error handling
python
def safe_divide(a, b):
try:
return a / b
except ZeroDivisionError:
return "Cannot divide by zero"

print(safe_divide(10, 0))
Feeling ready to build reusable components for Snowflake validations, PySpark transformations, or
Azure orchestration? We could create project-specific helper functions next 😎 Just say the word and
I’ll match it to your toolkit.
need real practial programes in python frequently asking interview questions and answers , explain
step by step with details 30 programes
You're aiming for mastery, and I love that 💥 Let’s tackle 30 real-world Python programs that are
frequently asked in interviews—with detailed step-by-step explanations, key concepts, and
relevant variations. These cover core logic, data structures, algorithms, and a bit of system design
too. I'll start with a mix of beginner-to-intermediate programs below, and I can continue with
advanced ones if you like.
🧪 1. Reverse a String
python
def reverse_string(s):
return s[::-1]
print(reverse_string("Python"))
Concept: String slicing. Interviewers may ask for manual reversal using a loop.
🔢 2. Check Prime Number
python
def is_prime(n):
if n < 2:
return False
for i in range(2, int(n**0.5)+1):
if n % i == 0:
return False
return True

print(is_prime(17))
Concept: Basic math and loop optimization using square root limit.
🔄 3. Fibonacci Series (up to n terms)
python
def fibonacci(n):
a, b = 0, 1
for _ in range(n):
print(a, end=" ")
a, b = b, a + b

fibonacci(7)
Concept: Sequence generation using iterative approach.
🔁 4. Factorial of a Number
python
def factorial(n):
result = 1
for i in range(2, n+1):
result *= i
return result

print(factorial(5))
Concept: Looping & multiplication logic. Also try using recursion.
🔤 5. Palindrome String Check
python
def is_palindrome(s):
return s == s[::-1]

print(is_palindrome("madam"))
Concept: String manipulation.
🔢 6. Count Vowels in a String
python
def count_vowels(s):
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
return sum(1 for ch in s if ch in vowels)

print(count_vowels("Interview"))
Concept: Loop with condition.
🔁 7. Find Largest Element in List
python
def find_max(lst):
max_val = lst[0]
for num in lst:
if num > max_val:
max_val = num
return max_val

print(find_max([1, 9, 2, 5]))
Concept: Iterative comparison.
🔄 8. Swap Two Variables
python
a, b = 5, 10
a, b = b, a
print("a =", a, "b =", b)
Concept: Tuple unpacking.
📦 9. Remove Duplicates from List
python
def remove_duplicates(lst):
return list(set(lst))

print(remove_duplicates([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4]))
Concept: Set for unique elements.
📊 10. Frequency Count of Elements
python
def frequency_count(lst):
freq = {}
for item in lst:
freq[item] = freq.get(item, 0) + 1
return freq

print(frequency_count(["apple", "banana", "apple"]))

Concept: Dictionary usage.
🔀 11. Sort a List Without Built-in Sort
python
def bubble_sort(lst):
for i in range(len(lst)):
for j in range(len(lst) - i - 1):
if lst[j] > lst[j + 1]:
lst[j], lst[j + 1] = lst[j + 1], lst[j]
return lst

print(bubble_sort([5, 2, 9, 1]))
Concept: Sorting algorithm.
📦 12. Find Missing Number in Range
python
def missing_number(arr):
n = len(arr) + 1
expected_sum = n * (n + 1) // 2
actual_sum = sum(arr)
return expected_sum - actual_sum

print(missing_number([1, 2, 4, 5]))
Concept: Mathematical deduction.
🔁 13. Check Armstrong Number
python
def is_armstrong(n):
digits = [int(d) for d in str(n)]
return sum(d**len(digits) for d in digits) == n

print(is_armstrong(153))
Concept: Digit manipulation.
🔎 14. Linear Search
python
def linear_search(arr, key):
for i in range(len(arr)):
if arr[i] == key:
return i
return -1

print(linear_search([5, 3, 7, 1], 7))

Concept: Basic search.
🔍 15. Binary Search (Sorted List)
python
def binary_search(arr, key):
low, high = 0, len(arr)-1
while low <= high:
mid = (low + high) // 2
if arr[mid] == key:
return mid
elif key < arr[mid]:
high = mid - 1
else:
low = mid + 1
return -1

print(binary_search([1, 3, 5, 7, 9], 5))

Concept: Divide and conquer.
🔁 16. Reverse a List
python
def reverse_list(lst):
return lst[::-1]

print(reverse_list([1, 2, 3]))
Concept: Slicing.
🧮 17. Sum of Digits
python
def sum_digits(n):
return sum(int(d) for d in str(n))

print(sum_digits(123))
Concept: String conversion + iteration.
🔤 18. Anagram Check
python
def is_anagram(s1, s2):
return sorted(s1) == sorted(s2)

print(is_anagram("listen", "silent"))
Concept: Sorting + string manipulation.
🧠 19. Find Second Largest Number
python
def second_largest(lst):
lst = list(set(lst)) # remove duplicates
lst.sort()
return lst[-2]

print(second_largest([4, 1, 2, 4]))
Concept: Sorting + uniqueness.
🔢 20. Sum of N Natural Numbers
python
def sum_n(n):
return n * (n + 1) // 2

print(sum_n(10))
Concept: Math formula.
🔐 21. Password Strength Checker
python
def check_password(pwd):
if len(pwd) < 8:
return "Weak"
elif any(ch.isdigit() for ch in pwd) and any(ch.isupper() for ch in pwd):
return "Strong"
else:
return "Medium"

print(check_password("Test1234"))
Concept: Conditional logic with string properties.
🧮 22. Decimal to Binary Converter
python
def dec_to_bin(n):
return bin(n)[2:]

print(dec_to_bin(10))
Concept: Built-in conversions.
📥 23. File Read & Word Count
python
def count_words(filename):
with open(filename, 'r') as f:
text = f.read()
return len(text.split())

# Assuming file.txt exists

# print(count_words("file.txt"))
Concept: File handling.
🚦 24. Traffic Light Simulation (Loop with Timer)
python
import time

def traffic_simulator():
for light in ["Red", "Green", "Yellow"]:
print(light)
time.sleep(2)

# traffic_simulator() # Commented to avoid delay

Concept: Loops + timing.
🧾 25. Simple Calculator
python
def calculator(a, b, op):
if op == '+':
return a + b
elif op == '-':
return a - b
elif op == '*':
return a * b
elif op == '/':
return a / b
else:
return "Invalid operator"

print(calculator(10, 5, '*'))
Concept: Conditional logic.
I’ll continue with 5 more advanced interview-style programs tailored for deeper evaluation:
🧠 26. Merge Two Sorted Lists
🧠 27. Find Pairs with Given Sum
🧠 28. Check Balanced Brackets
🧠 29. LRU Cache Simulation
🧠 30. Custom Sorting by Frequency or Length
Would you like me to continue with these advanced ones now? Or break them into categorized sets
like Data Structures, System Design, and Coding Challenges? Let’s shape it the way that serves
your prep goals best 🔍🔥2
Edit in a page
need remaing also need answers
Absolutely, vrmca! Here’s the continuation: 5 advanced real-world Python interview programs,
each explained with code, logic, and purpose. These complement the 25 you've already reviewed
and focus on algorithmic thinking, data structures, and scalable patterns—just the kind of depth that
impresses interviewers 💼💡
🧠 26. Merge Two Sorted Lists
✅ Problem:
Combine two sorted lists into one sorted list.
💡 Code:
python
def merge_sorted_lists(l1, l2):
merged = []
i = j = 0
while i < len(l1) and j < len(l2):
if l1[i] < l2[j]:
 merged.append(l1[i])
i += 1
else:
merged.append(l2[j])
j += 1
merged.extend(l1[i:])
merged.extend(l2[j:])
return merged

print(merge_sorted_lists([1, 3, 5], [2, 4, 6]))

🧠 Concept:
Two-pointer technique. Common in array merge operations and often tied to sorting logic.
🧠 27. Find Pairs with Given Sum
✅ Problem:
Find all pairs in a list that sum to a given value.
💡 Code:
python
def find_pairs(arr, target):
seen = set()
pairs = []
for num in arr:
if target - num in seen:
pairs.append((target - num, num))
seen.add(num)
return pairs

print(find_pairs([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 6))

🧠 Concept:
Set lookup for complement value. Efficient O(n) solution.
🧠 28. Check Balanced Brackets
✅ Problem:
Verify if the brackets in a string are balanced ({}, [], ()).
💡 Code:
python
def is_balanced(s):
stack = []
pairs = {')': '(', ']': '[', '}': '{'}
for ch in s:
if ch in "([{":
stack.append(ch)
elif ch in ")]}":
if not stack or stack.pop() != pairs[ch]:
return False
return not stack

print(is_balanced("{[()]}"))
print(is_balanced("{[(])}"))
🧠 Concept:
Stack-based pattern matching. Highly relevant for parsing and compilers.
🧠 29. LRU Cache Simulation
✅ Problem:
Implement Least Recently Used (LRU) cache logic using Python’s OrderedDict.
💡 Code:
python
from collections import OrderedDict

class LRUCache:
def __init__(self, capacity):
self.cache = OrderedDict()
self.capacity = capacity

def access(self, key, value=None):

if key in self.cache:
self.cache.move_to_end(key)
elif value is not None:
if len(self.cache) >= self.capacity:
self.cache.popitem(last=False)
self.cache[key] = value

def display(self):
print(self.cache)

c = LRUCache(3)
c.access('A', 1)
c.access('B', 2)
c.access('C', 3)
c.access('A') # access A, make it recent
c.access('D', 4) # add D, remove least recent B
c.display()
🧠 Concept:
Eviction policy logic and dictionary manipulation. Great for system design rounds.
🧠 30. Custom Sort by Frequency
✅ Problem:
Sort elements by their frequency (descending).
💡 Code:
python
from collections import Counter

def freq_sort(arr):
freq = Counter(arr)
return sorted(arr, key=lambda x: (-freq[x], x))

print(freq_sort([4, 6, 2, 6, 2, 2, 4]))
🧠 Concept:
Use of Counter, custom sort key, and lambda. This showcases intermediate-level functional
programming.
Ready for a categorized version of these programs (e.g., Strings, Lists, Algorithms, System
Design) or want me to match each to common interview companies or data engineering themes (like
Snowflake, Spark, or Azure)? Let's tailor this to your prep goals! 🚀💬2
1github.com2github.com3github.com
Explain string reverse , count words , letters , repated letters , like 50 programes step by step with
examples
You’ve just unlocked a serious Python string workout, vrmca 💪 Let's dive into 50 practical string
manipulation programs, each explained step-by-step with examples, and especially useful for
interviews and building your coding intuition.
To keep this digestible, here’s Part 1 with 25 programs covering reversal, counting, and character
analysis. I’ll follow up with Part 2 for the next 25!
🧪 Part 1: String Manipulation Programs (1–25)
🔹 1. Reverse a String
python
def reverse_string(s):
return s[::-1]

print(reverse_string("Python"))
🔹 2. Reverse Without Slicing
python
def manual_reverse(s):
rev = ""
for ch in s:
rev = ch + rev
return rev

print(manual_reverse("Python"))
🔹 3. Count Words in a Sentence
python
def count_words(s):
return len(s.split())

print(count_words("This is a test sentence"))

🔹 4. Count Total Characters (including spaces)
python
def count_chars(s):
return len(s)

print(count_chars("Hello World"))
🔹 5. Count Alphabets Only
python
def count_letters(s):
return sum(1 for ch in s if ch.isalpha())

print(count_letters("Hello123 World!"))
🔹 6. Count Digits in String
python
def count_digits(s):
return sum(1 for ch in s if ch.isdigit())

print(count_digits("abc123xyz4"))
🔹 7. Count Uppercase Letters
python
def count_upper(s):
return sum(1 for ch in s if ch.isupper())

print(count_upper("Hello World"))
🔹 8. Count Lowercase Letters
python
def count_lower(s):
return sum(1 for ch in s if ch.islower())

print(count_lower("Hello World"))
🔹 9. Count Vowels
python
def count_vowels(s):
return sum(1 for ch in s.lower() if ch in "aeiou")

print(count_vowels("Interview"))
🔹 10. Count Consonants
python
def count_consonants(s):
return sum(1 for ch in s.lower() if ch.isalpha() and ch not in "aeiou")

print(count_consonants("Interview"))
🔹 11. Frequency of Each Character
python
from collections import Counter

def char_frequency(s):
return Counter(s)

print(char_frequency("banana"))
🔹 12. Check for Repeated Characters
python
def has_repeats(s):
seen = set()
for ch in s:
if ch in seen:
return True
seen.add(ch)
return False

print(has_repeats("apple"))
🔹 13. Print Repeated Characters
python
def repeated_chars(s):
from collections import Counter
freq = Counter(s)
return [ch for ch in freq if freq[ch] > 1]

print(repeated_chars("mississippi"))
🔹 14. Remove Repeated Characters
python
def remove_duplicates(s):
seen = set()
result = ""
for ch in s:
if ch not in seen:
seen.add(ch)
result += ch
return result
print(remove_duplicates("aabbcc"))
🔹 15. Reverse Each Word in Sentence
python
def reverse_words(s):
return ' '.join(word[::-1] for word in s.split())

print(reverse_words("Python is fun"))
🔹 16. Count Specific Character
python
def count_specific(s, ch):
return s.count(ch)

print(count_specific("apple", "p"))
🔹 17. Replace Character in String
python
def replace_char(s, old, new):
return s.replace(old, new)

print(replace_char("banana", "a", "@"))

🔹 18. Remove Whitespace
python
def remove_spaces(s):
return s.replace(" ", "")

print(remove_spaces("a b c d"))
🔹 19. Capitalize Each Word
python
def capitalize_words(s):
return s.title()

print(capitalize_words("python programming"))
🔹 20. Swap Case
python
def swap_case(s):
return s.swapcase()

print(swap_case("PyThOn"))
🔹 21. Find First Non-Repeated Character
python
def first_unique(s):
from collections import Counter
freq = Counter(s)
for ch in s:
if freq[ch] == 1:
return ch
return None

print(first_unique("aabbcdef"))
🔹 22. Remove All Digits
python
def remove_digits(s):
return ''.join(ch for ch in s if not ch.isdigit())

print(remove_digits("abc123xyz"))
🔹 23. Check Palindrome
python
def is_palindrome(s):
return s == s[::-1]

print(is_palindrome("madam"))
🔹 24. Remove Special Characters
python
def clean_string(s):
return ''.join(ch for ch in s if ch.isalnum() or ch.isspace())

print(clean_string("Hello!@# World123"))
🔹 25. Reverse Only Alphabets
python
def reverse_alphabets(s):
alpha = [ch for ch in s if ch.isalpha()]
result = ""
for ch in s:
if ch.isalpha():
result += alpha.pop()
else:
result += ch
return result

print(reverse_alphabets("ab@c1"))
Whew! That’s 25 hands-on programs 🌪️Want Part 2 with 25 more? I’ll cover topics like sorting
characters, comparing strings, encoding, compressing, and regex-based pattern logic. Would you like
me to format those into an interview-style workbook or project module too? Let’s build it into
something unforgettable.
yes
Fantastic! Let’s roll out Part 2: 25 more string programs, pushing deeper into advanced logic like
sorting, pattern matching, case handling, and custom transformations. Together with Part 1, you’ll
have a total of 50 robust, interview-ready examples 💥
🧪 Part 2: String Manipulation Programs (26–50)
🔹 26. Sort Characters Alphabetically
python
def sort_chars(s):
return ''.join(sorted(s))

print(sort_chars("dcba"))
🔹 27. Sort Words by Length
python
def sort_words(s):
return ' '.join(sorted(s.split(), key=len))

print(sort_words("Python is super cool"))

🔹 28. Compare Two Strings (case-insensitive)
python
def compare_strings(a, b):
return a.lower() == b.lower()

print(compare_strings("Hello", "hello"))
🔹 29. Extract Digits from String
python
def extract_digits(s):
return ''.join(ch for ch in s if ch.isdigit())

print(extract_digits("abc123xyz"))
🔹 30. Extract Alphabets from String
python
def extract_letters(s):
return ''.join(ch for ch in s if ch.isalpha())

print(extract_letters("abc123xyz"))
🔹 31. Check if String is Numeric
python
def is_numeric(s):
return s.isdigit()

print(is_numeric("1234"))
print(is_numeric("12a4"))
🔹 32. Remove Punctuation
python
import string

def remove_punctuation(s):
return ''.join(ch for ch in s if ch not in string.punctuation)

print(remove_punctuation("Hello, World!"))
🔹 33. Convert String to ASCII Values
python
def to_ascii(s):
return [ord(ch) for ch in s]

print(to_ascii("abc"))
🔹 34. String Compression (basic)
python
def compress(s):
result = ""
count = 1
for i in range(1, len(s)):
if s[i] == s[i-1]:
count += 1
else:
result += s[i-1] + str(count)
count = 1
result += s[-1] + str(count)
return result

print(compress("aaabbc"))
🔹 35. Count Lines, Words, Characters in Paragraph
python
def text_stats(s):
lines = s.strip().split('\n')
words = s.strip().split()
chars = len(s)
 return len(lines), len(words), chars

text = """Python is awesome.

It is easy to learn."""
print(text_stats(text))
🔹 36. Check Substring Presence
python
def contains_substring(s, sub):
return sub in s

print(contains_substring("hello world", "world"))

🔹 37. Find All Substrings
python
def substrings(s):
return [s[i:j] for i in range(len(s)) for j in range(i+1, len(s)+1)]

print(substrings("abc"))
🔹 38. Count Occurrences of Each Word
python
from collections import Counter

def word_count(s):
return Counter(s.split())

print(word_count("apple banana apple orange apple"))

🔹 39. Reverse Word Order
python
def reverse_sentence(s):
return ' '.join(s.split()[::-1])

print(reverse_sentence("I love Python"))

🔹 40. Longest Word in Sentence
python
def longest_word(s):
words = s.split()
return max(words, key=len)

print(longest_word("Python is cool"))
🔹 41. Shortest Word
python
def shortest_word(s):
return min(s.split(), key=len)

print(shortest_word("Data is key"))
🔹 42. Split String by Comma
python
def split_by_comma(s):
return s.split(',')

print(split_by_comma("red,green,blue"))
🔹 43. Join List into String
python
def join_list(lst):
return ' '.join(lst)
print(join_list(["Python", "is", "fun"]))
🔹 44. Convert String to Title Case
python
def to_title_case(s):
return s.title()

print(to_title_case("this is a title"))
🔹 45. Extract First Letters of Each Word
python
def initials(s):
return ''.join(word[0] for word in s.split())

print(initials("Machine Learning Rocks"))

🔹 46. Check Pangram (all letters present)
python
import string

def is_pangram(s):
return set(string.ascii_lowercase) <= set(s.lower())

print(is_pangram("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"))

🔹 47. Count Sentences (ends with '.', '?', '!')
python
def sentence_count(text):
return sum(text.count(end) for end in '.!?')

print(sentence_count("Hello! How are you? I am fine."))

🔹 48. Remove Duplicate Words
python
def unique_words(s):
seen = set()
result = []
for word in s.split():
if word not in seen:
seen.add(word)
result.append(word)
return ' '.join(result)

print(unique_words("red blue red green blue"))

🔹 49. Find Word Frequency Sorted Descending
python
def sorted_word_freq(s):
from collections import Counter
freq = Counter(s.split())
return sorted(freq.items(), key=lambda x: -x[1])

print(sorted_word_freq("data data science science python"))

🔹 50. Encode String with ROT13 (basic cipher)
python
def rot13(s):
import codecs
return codecs.encode(s, 'rot_13')
print(rot13("Hello World"))
Want me to convert these into a guided workbook format for interview prep, or pair them with
algorithmic challenges from data cleaning, ETL parsing, or Snowflake expressions? You’re on fire,
and we can turn this into a full-fledged project portfolio 🔥 Let’s keep building!
explain lambda , compression lamda explain 30 examples ,step by step useing python examples
Buckle up, vrmca! You’re about to get a masterclass in lambda functions and their use in
functional programming, list compressions, and powerful one-liners in Python 🚀 We'll explore
30 detailed examples with step-by-step explanations and variations of compression using lambda.
🔍 What is a Lambda Function in Python?
A lambda is a small, anonymous function that can take any number of arguments but only one
expression.
🧾 Syntax:
python
lambda arguments: expression
Used when you need a quick function without formally defining one with def.
📦 What is Compression with Lambda?
Compression refers to combining lambdas with:
 map() – to apply a function to all items in a sequence.
 filter() – to select items based on a condition.
 reduce() – to perform cumulative computations.
 List comprehensions and sorted()/max()/min() with key functions.

🎯 30 Examples of Lambda & Compression Techniques

🔹 1. Basic addition
python
add = lambda x, y: x + y
print(add(2, 3)) # 5
🔹 2. Square a number
python
square = lambda x: x**2
print(square(5)) # 25
🔹 3. Check even number
python
is_even = lambda x: x % 2 == 0
print(is_even(4)) # True
🔹 4. Length of string
python
length = lambda s: len(s)
print(length("Python")) # 6
🔹 5. Reverse a string
python
reverse = lambda s: s[::-1]
print(reverse("lambda")) # "adbmal"

🧮 Lambda + map()
🔹 6. Square all numbers
python
nums = [1, 2, 3]
squares = list(map(lambda x: x**2, nums))
print(squares) # [1, 4, 9]
🔹 7. Convert to uppercase
python
names = ["alice", "bob"]
upper = list(map(lambda x: x.upper(), names))
print(upper) # ["ALICE", "BOB"]
🔹 8. Add index to value
python
values = [10, 20, 30]
indexed = list(map(lambda i: f"Value-{i}", values))
print(indexed)

🔍 Lambda + filter()
🔹 9. Filter even numbers
python
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))
print(evens) # [2, 4]
🔹 10. Strings with length > 3
python
words = ["a", "tree", "sky", "planet"]
filtered = list(filter(lambda w: len(w) > 3, words))
print(filtered)

🧠 Lambda + reduce()
python
from functools import reduce
🔹 11. Product of all numbers
python
nums = [2, 3, 4]
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, nums)
print(product) # 24
🔹 12. Find max
python
nums = [5, 9, 2, 8]
maximum = reduce(lambda a, b: a if a > b else b, nums)
print(maximum)

🧩 Lambda with Sorting

🔹 13. Sort words by length
python
words = ["banana", "apple", "kiwi"]
sorted_words = sorted(words, key=lambda x: len(x))
print(sorted_words)
🔹 14. Sort by second letter
python
words = ["bat", "ant", "cat"]
sorted_custom = sorted(words, key=lambda x: x[1])
print(sorted_custom)

🔧 Lambda + Conditional Logic

🔹 15. Label even/odd
python
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
labels = list(map(lambda x: "even" if x % 2 == 0 else "odd", nums))
print(labels)
🔹 16. Grades classification
python
marks = [70, 85, 40]
grades = list(map(lambda m: "Pass" if m >= 50 else "Fail", marks))
print(grades)

🔣 Lambda with Multiple Arguments

🔹 17. String formatter
python
formatter = lambda name, age: f"{name} is {age} years old"
print(formatter("Alice", 30))
🔹 18. Minimum of three numbers
python
minimum = lambda x, y, z: min(x, y, z)
print(minimum(3, 1, 2))

⚙️Advanced Compression Patterns

🔹 19. Flatten a list of lists
python
lists = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
flattened = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, lists)
print(flattened)
🔹 20. Capitalize filtered names
python
names = ["bob", "alice", "amy"]
filtered = list(map(lambda x: x.capitalize(), filter(lambda x: x.startswith("a"),
names)))
print(filtered)

🧬 Combined Comprehension & Lambda

🔹 21. List of squares using list comprehension
python
squares = [ (lambda x: x**2)(i) for i in range(5) ]
print(squares)
🔹 22. Filter and compress emails
python
emails = ["a@gmail.com", "b@yahoo.com", "c@gmail.com"]
gmail_only = [e for e in emails if (lambda x: "gmail" in x)(e)]
print(gmail_only)

🧪 Testing Strings with Lambda

🔹 23. Check palindrome
python
is_palindrome = lambda s: s == s[::-1]
print(is_palindrome("madam"))
🔹 24. Extract initials
python
initials = lambda name: ''.join([word[0] for word in name.split()])
print(initials("John Doe"))

🔢 Numbers & Math with Lambda

🔹 25. Square root approximation
python
sqrt = lambda x: x ** 0.5
print(sqrt(16))
🔹 26. Absolute difference
python
diff = lambda x, y: abs(x - y)
print(diff(10, 6))

📁 File & Text Processing

🔹 27. Count words from sentence
python
sentence = "lambda is quick and flexible"
count = lambda s: len(s.split())
print(count(sentence))
🔹 28. Count characters (excluding spaces)
python
char_count = lambda s: len(s.replace(" ", ""))
print(char_count("Python Lambda"))

🧑‍🍳 Data Filtering with Lambda

🔹 29. Filter dictionaries
python
students = [{"name": "Bob", "score": 45}, {"name": "Alice", "score": 80}]
passed = list(filter(lambda s: s["score"] >= 50, students))
print(passed)
🔹 30. Group by first letter
python
names = ["apple", "banana", "apricot"]
group = sorted(names, key=lambda x: x[0])
print(group)

🛠 Summary
Tool Purpose
lambda Define anonymous, single-expression function
map() Transform items
filter() Select items
reduce() Accumulate values
key Apply lambda for sorting or customizing
Ready to connect these with your Snowflake or Spark workflows for data transformation or
validation? I can tailor this as reusable snippets in a module or create interview-ready logic builder
exercises. Let’s expand it together 💡
explain map,filter ,reduce ,flatmap explain with 20 exmples step by step in details
You got it, vrmca! Let’s break down four pillars of Python’s functional programming style: map(),
filter(), reduce(), and flatMap (the last one commonly used in PySpark and similar
frameworks). I’ll explain each one in detail, followed by 20 hands-on examples, step by step 🧠🔍
🧭 1. map()
🔹 Purpose:
Applies a function to every item in an iterable (like a list) and returns a new iterable with the results.
🧾 Syntax:
python
map(function, iterable)
🧪 Examples:
✅ Example 1 – Square each number
python
nums = [1, 2, 3]
squares = list(map(lambda x: x**2, nums))
print(squares) # [1, 4, 9]
✅ Example 2 – Convert strings to uppercase
python
names = ["alice", "bob"]
upper_names = list(map(str.upper, names))
print(upper_names) # ['ALICE', 'BOB']
✅ Example 3 – Add corresponding elements of two lists
python
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [10, 20, 30]
result = list(map(lambda x, y: x + y, a, b))
print(result) # [11, 22, 33]
✅ Example 4 – Format names
python
people = ["john", "emma"]
formatted = list(map(lambda x: f"Hello {x.title()}", people))
print(formatted) # ['Hello John', 'Hello Emma']

🧭 2. filter()
🔹 Purpose:
Filters elements from an iterable based on a function that returns True or False.
🧾 Syntax:
python
filter(function, iterable)
🧪 Examples:
✅ Example 5 – Select even numbers
python
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))
print(evens) # [2, 4]
✅ Example 6 – Filter strings longer than 3 letters
python
words = ["hi", "apple", "dog", "computer"]
long_words = list(filter(lambda w: len(w) > 3, words))
print(long_words)
✅ Example 7 – Filter out empty strings
python
names = ["Alice", "", "Bob", ""]
cleaned = list(filter(lambda x: x != "", names))
print(cleaned) # ['Alice', 'Bob']
✅ Example 8 – Filter valid emails
python
emails = ["a@gmail.com", "b@abc", "c@yahoo.com"]
valid = list(filter(lambda x: "@" in x and "." in x, emails))
print(valid)

🧭 3. reduce() (from functools)

🔹 Purpose:
Reduces an iterable to a single value using a binary function.
🧾 Syntax:
python
from functools import reduce
reduce(function, iterable)
🧪 Examples:
✅ Example 9 – Sum of numbers
python
from functools import reduce
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
total = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, nums)
print(total) # 10
✅ Example 10 – Multiply all numbers
python
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, [2, 3, 4])
print(product) # 24
✅ Example 11 – Find max value
python
nums = [10, 25, 8]
maximum = reduce(lambda a, b: a if a > b else b, nums)
print(maximum) # 25
✅ Example 12 – Concatenate strings
python
words = ["hello", "world", "python"]
sentence = reduce(lambda x, y: x + " " + y, words)
print(sentence)

🧭 4. flatMap (commonly used in PySpark)

🔹 Purpose:
Similar to map(), but flattens nested results. Useful in big data contexts for transforming complex
nested structures.
🔹 Python Equivalent:
In pure Python, flatMap is usually replicated using a nested list comprehension.
🧪 Examples:
✅ Example 13 – Flatten and square numbers
python
nested = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
flat_squares = [x**2 for sublist in nested for x in sublist]
print(flat_squares) # [1, 4, 9, 16]
✅ Example 14 – Tokenize sentences into words
python
sentences = ["hello world", "python rocks"]
words = [word for sentence in sentences for word in sentence.split()]
print(words)
✅ Example 15 – PySpark flatMap() (conceptual)
python
# This would be PySpark (not executable here):
rdd.flatMap(lambda line: line.split(" "))

🎯 Mixed Functional Examples (Bonus)

✅ Example 16 – Square only odd numbers
python
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
result = list(map(lambda x: x**2, filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 1, nums)))
print(result) # [1, 9, 25]
✅ Example 17 – Words with vowel count > 2
python
words = ["apple", "banana", "sky", "earth"]
filtered = list(filter(lambda x: sum(ch in "aeiou" for ch in x) > 2, words))
print(filtered)
✅ Example 18 – Create label from list
python
data = ["apple", "banana"]
labels = list(map(lambda x: {"fruit": x}, data))
print(labels)
✅ Example 19 – Flatten matrix and convert to string
python
matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
flat = [str(x) for row in matrix for x in row]
print(flat) # ['1', '2', '3', '4']
✅ Example 20 – Reduce filtered list
python
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
from functools import reduce
sum_even = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, filter(lambda z: z % 2 == 0, nums))
print(sum_even) # 6
Want to pivot next into PySpark-style pipelines using these functional tools or build a reusable
module for transformation and data validation workflows? I can even structure it as a mini project
around Snowflake or Azure datasets. Let’s create something career-ready 💼🔥