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Cheatsheets / Learn Java
Variables
boolean Data Type
In Java, the boolean primitive data type is used to boolean result = true;
store a value, which can be either true or false . boolean isMarried = false;
Strings
A String in Java is a Object that holds multiple // Creating a String variable
characters. It is not a primitive datatype.
String name = "Bob";
A String can be created by placing characters between
a pair of double quotes ( " ).
To compare Strings, the equals() method must be // The following will print "false"
used instead of the primitive equality comparator == . because strings are case-sensitive
System.out.println(name.equals("bob"));
int Data Type
In Java, the int datatype is used to store integer int num1 = 10; // positive value
values. This means that it can store all positive and
int num2 = -5; // negative value
negative whole numbers and zero.
int num3 = 0; // zero value
int num4 = 12.5; // not allowed
char Data Type
In Java, char is used to store a single character. The char answer = 'y';
character must be enclosed in single quotes.
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Primitive Data Types
Java’s most basic data types are known as primitive int age = 28;
data types and are in the system by default.
The available types are as follows:
• int char grade = 'A';
• char
• boolean boolean late = true;
• byte
• long
byte b = 20;
• short
• double
• float long num1 = 1234567;
null is another, but it can only ever store the value
null .
short no = 10;
float k = (float)12.5;
double pi = 3.14;
Static Typing
In Java, the type of a variable is checked at compile int i = 10; // type is int
time. This is known as static typing. It has the advantage
char ch = 'a'; // type is char
of catching the errors at compile time rather than at
execution time.
Variables must be declared with the appropriate data j = 20; // won't compile, no
type or the program will not compile.
type is given
char name = "Lil"; // won't compile,
wrong data type
�nal Keyword
The value of a variable cannot be changed if the // Value cannot be changed:
variable was declared using the final keyword.
final double PI = 3.14;
Note that the variable must be given a value when it is
declared as final . final variables cannot be
changed; any attempts at doing so will result in an error
message.
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double Data Type
The double primitive type is used to hold decimal double PI = 3.14;
values.
double price = 5.75;
Math Operations
Basic math operations can be applied to int , int a = 20;
double and float data types: int b = 10;
• + addition
• - subtraction
• * multiplication
int result;
• / division
• % modulo (yields the remainder) result = a + b; // 30
These operations are not supported for other data
types.
result = a - b; // 10
result = a * b; // 200
result = a / b; // 2
result = a % b; // 0
Comparison Operators
Comparison operators can be used to compare two int a = 5;
values:
int b = 3;
• > greater than
• < less than
• >= greater than or equal to boolean result = a > b;
• <= less than or equal to // result now holds the boolean value
• == equal to true
• != not equal to
They are supported for primitive data types and the
result of a comparison is a boolean value true or
false .
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Compound Assignment Operators
Compound assignment operators can be used to int number = 5;
change and reassign the value of a variable using one
line of code. Compound assignment operators include
+= , -= , *= , /= , and %= . number += 3; // Value is now 8
number -= 4; // Value is now 4
number *= 6; // Value is now 24
number /= 2; // Value is now 12
number %= 7; // Value is now 5
Increment and Decrement Operators
The increment operator, ( ++ ), can increase the value int numApples = 5;
of a number-based variable by 1 while the decrement numApples++; // Value is now 6
operator, ( -- ), can decrease the value of a variable by
1.
int numOranges = 5;
numOranges--; // Value is now 4
Order of Operations
The order in which an expression with multiple
operators is evaluated is determined by the order of
operations: parentheses → multiplication → division →
modulo → addition → subtraction.
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Cheatsheets / Learn Java
String Methods
length() String Method in Java
In Java, the length() string method returns the total String str = "Codecademy";
number of characters – the length – of a String .
System.out.println(str.length());
// prints 10
indexOf() String Method in Java
In Java, the indexOf() string method returns the String str = "Hello World!";
�rst occurence of a character or a substring in a
String . The character/substring that you want to �nd
System.out.println(str.indexOf("l"));
the index of goes inside of the () .
If indexOf() cannot �nd the character or substring, // prints 2
it will return -1.
System.out.println(str.indexOf("Wor"));
// prints 6
System.out.println(str.indexOf("z"));
// prints -1
concat() String Method in Java
In Java, the concat() string method is used to String s1 = "Hello";
append one String to the end of another String . String s2 = " World!";
This method returns a String representing the text of
the combined strings.
String s3 = s1.concat(s2);
// concatenates strings s1 and s2
System.out.println(s3);
// prints "Hello World!"
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String Method equals() in Java
In Java, the equals() string method tests for equality String s1 = "Hello";
between two String s. String s2 = "World";
equals() compares the contents of each String . If
all of the characters between the two match, the
method returns true . If any of the characters do not System.out.println(s1.equals("Hello"));
match, it returns false . // prints true
Additionally, if you want to compare two strings without
considering upper/lower cases, you can use
System.out.println(s2.equals("Hello"));
.equalsIgnoreCase() .
// prints false
System.out.println(s2.equalsIgnoreCase("w
orld"));
// prints true
charAt() String Method in Java
In Java, the charAt() string method returns the String str = "This is a string";
character of a String at a speci�ed index. The index
value is passed inside of the () , and should lie
System.out.println(str.charAt(0));
between 0 and length()-1 .
// prints 'T'
System.out.println(str.charAt(15));
// prints 'g'
toUpperCase() and toLowerCase() String Methods
In Java, we can easily convert a String to upper and String str = "Hello World!";
lower case with the help of a few string methods:
• toUpperCase() returns the string value
converted to uppercase.
String uppercase = str.toUpperCase();
• toLowerCase() returns the string value // uppercase = "HELLO WORLD!"
converted to lowercase.
String lowercase = str.toLowerCase();
// lowercase = "hello world!"
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