CSPC404 ADVANCED PROGRAMMING IN JAVA
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO OOP AND JAVA: Overview of OOP – Object oriented programming paradigms, Features
of Object Oriented Programming, Java Buzzwords- Overview of Java - Data Types, Variables and Arrays,
Operators, Control Statements, Programming Structures in Java, Defining classes in Java, Constructors-
Methods -Access specifiers
1.1 Overview of OOP
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP):
Object-Oriented Programming System (OOPs) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of ―objects
that contain data and methods, instead of just functions and procedures.
The primary purpose of object-oriented programming is to increase the flexibility and maintainability of
programs.
Object oriented programming brings together data and its behavior (methods) in to a single entity
(object) which makes it easier to understand how a program works.
Advantages of Object Oriented Programming:-
1. It emphasis in own data rather than procedure.
2. It is based on the principles of inheritance, polymorphism,
encapsulation and data abstraction.
3. Programs are divided into objects.
4. Data and the functions are wrapped into a single unit called class so
that data is hidden and is safe from accidental alternation.
5. Objects communicate with each other through functions.
6. New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
7. Employs bottom-up approach in program design.
PROCEDURE-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING [POP]:
Procedure-Oriented Programming is a conventional programming which consists of writing a list of
instructions for the computer to follow and organizing these instructions into groups known as Functions (or)
Procedures (or) subroutines (or) Modules.
Example: A program may involve the following
operations:
Collecting data from user (Reading)
Calculations on collected data (Calculation)
Displaying the result to the user (Printing)
Characteristics of Procedural oriented
programming:-
1. It focuses on process rather than data.
2. It takes a problem as a sequence of things to be done such as reading, calculating and printing. Hence, a
number of functions are written to solve a problem.
3. A program is divided into a number of functions and each function has clearly defined purpose.
4. Most of the functions share global data.
5. Data moves openly around the system from function to function.
6. Employs top-down approach in program design.
Drawback of POP
Procedural languages are difficult to relate with the real world objects.
Procedural codes are very difficult to maintain, if the code grows larger.
Procedural languages do not have automatic memory management as like in Java. Hence, it makes the
programmer to concern more about the memory management of the program.
The data, which is used in procedural languages, are exposed to the whole
program. So, there is no security for the data.
Examples of Procedural languages :
BASIC
C
Pascal
FORTRAN
Difference between POP and OOP:
Procedure Oriented Object Oriented
Programming Programming
Divided Into In POP, program is divided In OOP, program is divided
into small parts called into parts called objects.
functions.
Importance In POP, Importance is not In OOP, Importance is given to
given to data but to functions the data rather than
as well as sequence of actions procedures or functions
to be done. because it works as a real
world.
Approach POP follows Top Down OOP follows Bottom Up
approach. approach.
Access Specifiers POP does not have any OOP has access specifiers
access specifier. named Public, Private,
Protected, etc.
Data Moving In POP, Data can move freely In OOP, objects can move and
from function to function in communicate with each other
the system. through member functions.
Expansion To add new data and function OOP provides an easy way to
in POP is not so easy. add new data and function.
Data Access In POP, Most function uses In OOP, data cannot move
Global data for sharing that easily from function to
can be accessed freely from function, it can be kept public
function to function in the or private so we can control
system. the access of data.
Data Hiding POP does not have any proper OOP provides Data Hiding so
way for hiding data so it is less provides more security.
secure.
Overloading In POP, Overloading is not In OOP, overloading is
possible. possible in the form of
Function Overloading and
Operator Overloading.
Examples Examples of POP are: Examples of OOP are:
C,VB, FORTRAN, and Pascal. C++, JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET.
1.2 FEATURES / CHARACHTERISTICS OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
CONCEPTS
OOPs simplify the software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:
OOPs simplify the software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:
1. Class - Blue print of Object
2. Object - Instance of class
3. Encapsulation - Protecting our data
4. Polymorphism - Different behaviors at different instances
5. Abstraction - Hiding irrelevant data
6. Inheritance - An object acquiring the property of another object
1.Class:
A class is a collection of similar objects and it contains data and methods that operate on that data. In other
words ― Class is a blueprint or template for a set of objects that share a common structure and a common
behavior. It is a logical entity.
A class in Java can contain:
fields
methods
constructors
blocks
nested class and interface
Syntax to declare a class:
Example:
class <class_name>
{
field;
method;
}
2.Object:
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. Object is an instance of a class.
For example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.
The object of a class can be created by using the new keyword in Java Programming language
class_name object_name = new class_name;
(or)
class_name object_name;
object_name = new class_name();
Syntax to create Object in Java:
An object has three characteristics:
State: represents data (value) of an object.
Behavior: represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such as deposit, withdraw etc.
Identity: Object identity is an unique ID used internally by the JVM to identify each object uniquely.
For Example: Pen is an object. Its name is Reynolds, color is white etc. known as its state. It is used to
write, so writing is its behavior.
S.No. Object Class
1) Object is an instance of a class. Class is a blueprint or template from which
objects are created.
Object is a real world entity such as
2) pen, laptop, mobile, bed, keyboard, Class is a group of similar objects.
mouse, chair etc.
3) Object is a physical entity. Class is a logical entity.
Object is created through new keyword Class is declared using class
4) mainly e.g. Student s1=new Student(); keyword
e.g. class Student{}
5) Object is created many times as per Class is declared once.
requirement.
6) Object allocates memory when it is Class doesn't allocated memory when it is
created. created.
7) There are many ways to create object in There is only one way to define class in java
java such as new keyword, using class keyword.
newInstance() method, clone() method,
factory method and deserialization.
3.Encapsulation:
Wrapping of data and method together into a single unit is known as Encapsulation.
For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines
In OOP, data and methods operating on that data are
combined together to form a single unit, this is referred to as a Class.
Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates and keeps both safe
from outside interference and misuse.
The insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called ―data hiding. Since the data stored
in an object cannot be accessed directly, the data is safe i.e., the data is unknown to other methods and
objects.
4. Polymorphism:
Polymorphism is a concept by which we can perform a single action by different ways. It is the ability
of an object to take more than one form.
The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. So polymorphism means many forms.
An operation may exhibit different behaviors in different instances. The behavior depends on the data
types used in the operation.
For Example:- Suppose if you are in a classroom that time you behave like a student, when you are in
the market at that time you behave like a customer, when you at your home at that time you behave
like a son or daughter, Here one person present in different-different behaviors.
Two types of polymorphism:
1. Compile time polymorphism / Method Overloading: - In this method, object is bound to the function call at
the compile time itself.
2. Runtime polymorphism / Method Overriding: - In this method, object is bound to the function call only at
the run time.
In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.
Example:
1. draw(int x, int y, int z)
2. draw(int l, int b)
3. draw(int r)
5. Abstraction:
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background
details or explanations. i.e., Abstraction means hiding lower-level details and exposing only the
essential and relevant details to the users.
For Example: - Consider an ATM Machine; All are performing operations on the ATM machine like cash
withdrawal, money transfer, retrieve mini-statement…etc. but we can't know internal details about
ATM.
Abstraction provides advantage of code reuse.
Abstraction enables program open for extension.
In java, abstract classes and interfaces are used to achieve Abstraction.
6. Inheritance:
Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of
another object.
The idea behind inheritance in java is that we can create new classes that are built upon existing
classes. When we inherit from an existing class, we can reuse methods and fields of parent class, and
we can add new methods and fields also.
Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-child relationship.
For example:- In a child and parent relationship, all the properties of a father are inherited by his son.
Syntax of Java Inheritance
class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
{
//methods and fields
}
7. Message Passing:
Message Communication:
Objects interact and communicate with each other by sending messages to each other. This information is
passed along with the message as parameters.
A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will invoke a method
(procedure) in the receiving object that generates the desired result.
Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the method (message) and
the information to be sent.
Example:
Employee.getName(name);
Where,
Employee – object name
getName – method name (message)
name - information
