JavaScript Tutorial

JavaScript Tutorial
This is an introductory tutorial to JavaScript.
There's a lot you can do with JavaScript: Images can swap when you move a mouse over them, form
elements can influence each other on the fly, and calculations can be made without having to resort to a CGI
script.

JavaScript IS NOT Java!!

CONTENTS
Versions of JavaScript ................................................................................................................................. 2
1. Embedding JavaScript ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. JavaScript Grammar .......................................................................................................................... 2
3. Variables and Data Types .................................................................................................................. 3
4. Operators........................................................................................................................................... 4
5. Statements ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Conditionals ............................................................................................................................................ 6
if...else ............................................................................................................................................... 6
switch (Netscape & MSIE 4) ............................................................................................................... 7
Loops ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
for ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
do...while (Netscape & MSIE 4) .......................................................................................................... 7
while .................................................................................................................................................. 7
break and continue............................................................................................................................. 8
Object manipulation ................................................................................................................................ 8
for...in ................................................................................................................................................ 8
with .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Comments .............................................................................................................................................. 8
6. Functions ........................................................................................................................................... 9
defining functions ............................................................................................................................... 9
calling functions ................................................................................................................................. 9
7. Objects .............................................................................................................................................. 9
Document Object Model ....................................................................................................................10
Properties .........................................................................................................................................10
Methods ............................................................................................................................................11
Creating Objects ...............................................................................................................................11
8. Event Handlers .................................................................................................................................12
9. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................13
Further Reading ................................................................................................................................13
Introduction to Window Manipulation ...........................................................................................................14
Window Manipulation in JavaScript ........................................................................................................14
Window Features: .............................................................................................................................14

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Versions of JavaScript
There are several versions of JavaScript supported by certain browsers and browser versions.
Unfortunately, this can often lead to confusion and incompatibilities. Since Netscape originally
introduced JavaScript, JavaScript 1.0 was the language specification supported in Netscape Navigator
2.0. Subsequently, Navigator 3.0 supported new enhancements which comprised JavaScript 1.1. At
present, Navigator 4.0 supports JavaScript 1.2.
In parallel, Microsoft attempted to support JavaScript 1.0 in their Internet Explorer 3.0 browser. Known
as "Jscript," Microsoft's initial JavaScript support was unreliable and buggy. A push to standardize the
language resulted in an "official" version of JavaScript sanctioned by the ECMA. Internet Explorer 4.0
includes robust support for the ECMA standardized JavaScript, which, although it shares much in
common with Netscape's JavaScript 1.2, is not exactly equivalent.
While programming for any single version of JavaScript is relatively simple, writing code which
functions across disparate versions, most notably Navigator 4 and MSIE 4, is one of the major
challenges and topics of discussion in JavaScript programming at this time.

1. Embedding JavaScript
JavaScript code is typically embedded into an HTML document using the SCRIPT tag. You are free to
embed as many scripts into a single document as you like, using multiple SCRIPT tags. A script
embedded in HTML with the SCRIPT tag uses the format:
<script language="JavaScript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!");
//-->
</script>

The LANGUAGE attribute is optional, but recommended. You may specify that a section of code only
be executed by browsers which support a particular version of JavaScript; for instance:
<script language="JavaScript1.2">

Another attribute of the SCRIPT tag, SRC, can be used to include an external file containing
JavaScript code rather than code embedded into the HTML:
<script language="JavaScript" src="corefunctions.js">
</script>

The external file is simply a text file containing JavaScript code, and whose filename ends with the
extension ".js". Note that although some version 3 browsers support the SRC attribute, it only
functions reliably across platforms in the version 4 browsers.
Scripts can be placed inside comment fields to ensure that your JavaScript code is not displayed by
old browsers that do not recognize JavaScript. The markup to begin a comment field is <!-- while you
close a comment field using //-->. This practice is certainly optional, but considered good form when
your page is likely to be visited by older browsers. Certainly, as older browsers fade away, this
practice will likely become unnecessary.

2. JavaScript Grammar
JavaScript code, much like other programming languages, is made up of statements which serve to
make assignments, compare values, and execute other sections of code. By and large, programmers
will already be familiar with JavaScript's usage of variables, operators, and statements. Below is a
chart summarizing the main elements of JavaScript grammar. Following, we will look at each element
in detail.
Variables Labels which refer to a changeable value.
Example: total may be possess a value of 100.

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Operators Actors which can be used to calculate or compare values.

Example: Two values may be summed using the addition operator (+); total+tax
Example: Two values may be compared using the greater-than operator (>);
total>200
Expressions Any combination of variables, operators, and statements which evaluate to some
result. In English parlance this might be termed a "sentence" or even a "phrase", in
that grammatical elements are combined into a cogent meaning.
Example: total=100;
Example: if (total>100)
Statements As in English, a statement pulls all grammatical elements together into a full
thought. JavaScript statements may take the form of conditionals, loops, or object
manipulations. It is good form to separate statements by semicolons, although this
is only mandatory if multiple statements reside on the same line.
Example: if (total>100) {statements;} else {statements;}
Example: while (clicks<10) {statements;}
Objects Containing constructs which possess a set of values, each value reflected into an
individual property of that object. Objects are a critical concept and feature of
JavaScript. A single object may contain many properties, each property which acts
like a variable reflecting a certain value. JavaScript can reference a large number
of "built-in" objects which refer to characteristics of a Web document. For instance,
the document object contains properties which reflect the background color of the
current document, its title, and many more. For a fuller explanation of the built-in
objects of JavaScript, see the section on "Document Object Model".
Functions and A JavaScript function is quite similar to a "procedure" or "subroutine" in other
Methods programming languages. A function is a discrete set of statements which perform
some action. It may accept incoming values (parameters), and it may return an
outgoing value. A function is "called" from a JavaScript statement to perform its
duty. A method is simply a function which is contained in an object. For instance, a
function which closes the current window, named close(), is part of the window
object; thus, window.close() is known as a method.

3. Variables and Data Types

Variables store and retrieve data, also known as "values". A variable can refer to a value which
changes or is changed. Variables are referred to by name, although the name you give them must
conform to certain rules. A JavaScript identifier, or name, must start with a letter or underscore ("_");
subsequent characters can also be digits (0-9). Because JavaScript is case sensitive, letters include
the characters "A" through "Z" (uppercase) and the characters "a" through "z" (lowercase). Typically,
variable names are chosen to be meaningful regarding the value they hold. For example, a good
variable name for containing the total price of goods orders would be total.

scope
When you assign a new variable to an initial value, you must consider the issue of scope. A variable
may be scoped as either global or local. A global variable may be accessed from any JavaScript on
the page. A local variable may only be accessed from within the function in which it was assigned.
Commonly, you create a new global variable by simply assigning it a value:
newVariable=5;

However, if you are coding within a function and you want to create a local variable which only scopes
within that function you must declare the new variable using the var statement:
function newFunction()
{ var loop=1;
total=0;
...additional statements...
}

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In the example above, the variable loop will be local to newFunction(), while total will be global to the
entire page.

type
A value, the data assigned to a variable, may consist of any sort of data. However, JavaScript
considers data to fall into several possible types. Depending on the type of data, certain operations
may or may not be able to be performed on the values. For example, you cannot arithmetically multiply
two string values. Variables can be these types:
Numbers 3 or 7.987, Integer and floating-point numbers.
• Integers can be positive, 0, or negative; Integers can be expressed in decimal
(base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), and octal (base 8). A decimal integer
literal consists of a sequence of digits without a leading 0 (zero). A leading 0
(zero) on an integer literal indicates it is in octal; a leading 0x (or 0X)
indicates hexadecimal. Hexadecimal integers can include digits (0-9) and
the letters a-f and A-F. Octal integers can include only the digits 0-7.

• A floating-point number can contain either a decimal point, an "e" (uppercase

or lowercase), which is used to represent "ten to the power of" in scientific
notation, or both. The exponent part is an "e" or "E" followed by an integer,
which can be signed (preceded by "+" or "-"). A floating-point literal must
have at least one digit and either a decimal point or "e" (or "E").

Booleans True or False. The possible Boolean values are true and false. These are special
values, and are not usable as 1 and 0. In a comparison, any expression that
evaluates to 0 is taken to be false, and any statement that evaluates to a number
other than 0 is taken to be true.
Strings "Hello World !" Strings are delineated by single or double quotation marks. (Use
single quotes to type strings that contain quotation marks.)
Objects myObj = new Object();
Null Not the same as zero - no value at all. A null value is one that has no value and
means nothing.
Undefined A value that is undefined is a value held by a variable after it has been created, but
before a value has been assigned to it.

That said, JavaScript is a loosely typed language -- you do not have to specify the data type of a
variable when you declare it, and data types are converted automatically as needed during script
execution. By and large, you may simply assign any type of data to any variable. The only time data
typing matters is when you need to perform operations on the data. Certain operators behave
differently depending on the type of data being deal with. For example, consider the + operator:
"5" + "10" yields "510" (string concatenation)
5 + 10 yields 15 (arithmetic sum)

4. Operators
Operators take one or more variables or values (operands) and return a new value; e.g. the '+'
operator can add two numbers to produce a third. You use operators in expressions to relate values,
whether to perform arithmetic or compare quantities. Operators are divided into several classes
depending on the relation they perform:

arithmetic or computational
Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a
single numerical value. The standard arithmetic operators are:
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
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/ Division
Modulus: the remainder after division;
%
e.g. 10 % 3 yields 1.
Unary increment: this operator only takes one operand. The operand's value is increased by 1.
The value returned depends on whether the ++ operator is placed before or after the operand;
++
e.g. ++x will return the value of x following the increment whereas x++ will return the value of x
prior to the increment.
Unary decrement: this operator only takes one operand. The operand's value is decreased by
1. The value returned depends on whether the -- operator is placed before or after the
--
operand; e.g. --x will return the value of x following the decrement whereas x-- will return the
value of x prior to the decrement.
- Unary negation: returns the negation of operand.

comparison
A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a logical value based on whether the
comparison is true or not. The operands can be numerical or string values. When used on string
values, the comparisons are based on the standard lexicographical (alphabetic) ordering.
== "Equal to" returns true if operands are equal.
!= "Not equal to" returns true if operands are not equal.
> "Greater than" returns true if left operand is greater than right operand.
>= "Greater than or equal to" returns true if left operand is greater than or equal to right operand.
< "Less than" returns true if left operand is less than right operand.
<= "Less than or equal to" returns true if left operand is less than or equal to right operand.

boolean
Boolean operators are typically used to combine multiple comparisons into a conditional expression.
For example, you might want to test whether (total>100) AND (stateTax=true). A boolean operator
takes two operands, each of which is a true or false value, and returns a true or false result.
&& "And" returns true if both operands are true.
|| "Or" returns true if either operand is true.
! "Not" returns true if the negation of the operand is true (e.g. the operand is false).

string
Strings can be compared using the comparison operators. Additionally, you can concatenate strings
using the + operator.
"dog" + "bert" yields "dogbert"

assignment
The assignment operator (=) lets you assign a value to a variable. You can assign any value to a
variable, including another variable (whose value will be assigned). Several shorthand assignment
operators allow you to perform an operation and assign its result to a variable in one step.
= Assigns the value of the righthand operand to the variable on the left.
Example: total=100;
Example: total=(price+tax+shipping)
+= Adds the value of the righthand operand to the lefthand variable and stores the result in
(also -=, *=, /=) the lefthand variable.
Example: total+=shipping (adds value of shipping to total and assigned result to total)

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&=
Assigns result of (lefthand operand && righthand operand) to lefthand operand.
(also |=)

special
Several JavaScript operators, rarely used, fall into no particular category. These operators are
summarized below.
Conditional operator Assigns a specified value to a variable if a condition is true,
(condition) ? trueVal : falseVal otherwise assigns an alternate value if condition is false.
Example:
preferredPet = (cats > dogs) ? "felines" : "canines"
If (cats>dogs), preferredPet will be assigned the string value
"felines," otherwise it will be assigned "canines".
typeof operand Returns the data type of operand.
Example -- test a variable to determine if it contains a number:
if (typeof total=="number") ...

regular expressions (Netscape & MSIE 4)

New to JavaScript 1.2 is support for regular expressions, which are defined patterns used to match
character combinations appearing in string values. Regular expressions are very powerful, potentially
allowing you to search for any conceivable character pattern. However, they can also be quite
complex to construct. Because regular expressions are widely supported in all high-level development
environments, it is advised that you consider learning about regular expressions as a subject unto
itself.

5. Statements
Statements define the flow of a script, known as "program flow." A statement, like a fully grammatical
English sentence, is made up of smaller expressions which, altogether, evaluate into a cogent
meaning. In JavaScript, statements are organized as either conditionals, loops, object manipulations,
and comments.
Good practice suggests that each JavaScript statements should be terminated with a semicolon (;).
This is often not strictly necessary, as a new line also serves to separate statements, but when
multiple statements reside on the same line the semicolon delimiter is mandatory.
A set of statements that is surrounded by braces is called a block. Blocks of statements are used, for
example, in functions and conditionals.
Normally statements are executed sequentially: x = 1; y = 2; z = x + y; but this can be altered by some
statements which test a condition and branch or loop according to the result.

Conditionals
Conditional statements direct program flow in specified directions depending upon the outcomes of
specified conditions. These tests are a major influence on the order of execution in a program.

if...else
As seen in many programming languages, if the condition evaluates to true then the block of
statements1 is executed. Optionally, an else clause specifies a block of statements2 which are
executed otherwise. You may omit the else clause if there are no statements which need to be
executed if the condition is false.
if (condition)
{ statements1; }
else
{ statements2; }

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switch (Netscape & MSIE 4)

Commonly known as a "case statement," switch matches an expression with a specified case, and
executes the statements defined for that case. In essence, the switch statement is a sort of shorthand
for combining many implied if statements together.
switch (expression){
case label :
statement;
break;
case label :
statement;
break;
...
default : statement;
}
For example, imagine that you wanted to execute different sets of statements depending on whether
favoritePet was "dog," "cat," or "iguana." Note that the break; statement prevents any cases below the
match from being executed. The default case is matched if none of the cases match the expression.
switch (favoritePet){
case "dog" :
statements;
break;
case "cat" :
statements;
break;
case "iguana" :
statements;
break;
default : statements;
}

Loops

for
The venerable for loop repeatedly cycles through a block of statements until a test condition is false.
Typically, the number of times a loop is repeated depends on a counter. The JavaScript for syntax
incorporates the counter and its increments:
for (initial-statement; test; increment)
{ statements; }

The initial-statement is executed first, and once only. Commonly, this statement is used to initialize a
counter variable. Then the test is applied and if it succeeds then the statements are executed. The
increment is applied to the counter variable and then the loop starts again. For instance, consider a
loop which executes 10 times:
for (j=0; j<10; j++)
{ statements; }

do...while (Netscape & MSIE 4)

Another loop, a do...while statement executes a block of statements repeatedly until a condition
becomes false. Due to its structure, this loop necessarily executes the statement at least once.
do
{ statements;}
while (condition);

while
In similar fashion as the do...while statement, the while statement executes its statement block as long
as the condition is true. The main difference between while and do...while, aside from the fact that only
while is supported in all JavaScript versions, is that a while loop may not execute the statements even
once if the condition is initially false.
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while (condition)
{ statements; }

break and continue

Both of these statements may be used to "jump the tracks" of an iterating loop. When used within the
statement block of a loop, each statement behaves slightly differently:
break Aborts execution of the loop, drops out of loop to the next statement following the loop.
continue Aborts this single iteration of the loop, returns execution to the loop control, meaning the
condition specified by the loop statement. Loop may execute again if condition is still true.

Object manipulation

for...in
The sometimes confusing for...in statement is used to cycle through each property of an object or each
element of an array. The idea is that you may want to execute a statement block which operates on
every property or element.
for (variable in object)
{ statements; }
Imagine, for example, that an object named wine1 has five properties: vineyard, year, varietal, alcohol,
and color. You want to output the value of each property, as if producing a record from a database.
var record = "Wine 1<br><br>"
for (var prop in wine1)
{record += prop + " = " + wine1[prop] +
"<BR>"}
record += "<br>"
document.write(record)

with
The with statement serves as a sort of shorthand, allowing you to execute a series of statement who
all assume a specified object as the reference. In other words, the object specified in the with
statement is used as the default object whenever a property is encountered with no object specified.
with (object)
{ statements; }

Comments
Despite the fact that comments are purely optional, they can easily be a crucial part of your program.
Comments can explain the action, like a color commentary, which can be a great help in
understanding the code. Whether as a teaching tool or to simply remind yourself what the code does,
comments are best sprinkled liberally throughout a program. Remember, comments are for humans,
so write them that way!
Comments can also be used for debugging -- you can comment "out" sections of code to prevent them
from being executed. In doing so you may learn more about why a certain problem is occurring in your
program.
Because JavaScript must ignore comments, there is an appropriate syntax for demarcating text as a
comment. For single line comments, simply precede the line with two backslashes. For multi-line
comment blocks, begin the comment with /* and close with */.
//A lonely ol' single line comment
/* A dense thicket of commentary, spanning many captivating lines
of explanation and intrigue. */

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6. Functions
A function groups together a set of statements under a named subroutine. This allows you to
conveniently "call" the function whenever its action is required. Functions are a fundamental building
block of most JavaScript programs, so you'll become quite familiar with their use. Before you can call
on a function, of course, you must first create it. We can break down the use of functions, then, into
two logical categories: defining functions and calling functions.

defining functions
The function definition is a statement which describes the function: its name, any values (known as
"arguments") which it accepts incoming, and the statements of which the function is comprised.
function funcName(argument1,argument2,etc)
{ statements; }
A function doesn't necessarily require arguments, in which case you need only write out the
parenthesis; e.g. funcName(). If you do specify arguments, those arguments will be variables within
the function body (the statements which make up the function). The initial values of those variables will
be any values passed on by the function call.
Generally it's best to define the functions for a page in the HEAD portion of a document. Since the
HEAD is loaded first, this guarantees that functions are loaded before the user has a chance to do
anything that might call a function. Alternately, some programmers place all of their functions into a
separate file, and include them in a page using the SRC attribute of the SCRIPT tag. Either way, the
key is to load the function definitions before any code is executed.
Consider, for example, a simple function which outputs an argument to the Web page, as a bold and
blinking message:
function boldblink(message)
{
document.write("<blink><strong>" + message + "</strong></blink>");
}
Some functions may return a value to the calling expression. The following function accepts two
arguments, x and y, and returns the result of x raised to the y power:
function raiseP(x,y)
{ total=1;
for (j=0; j<y; j++)
{ total*=x; }
return total; //result of x raised to y power
}

calling functions
A function waits in the wings until it is called onto the stage. You call a function simply by specifying its
name followed by a parenthetical list of arguments, if any:
clearPage();
boldblink("Call me gaudy!");
Functions which return a result should be called from within an expression:
total=raiseP(2,8);
if (raiseP(tax,2)<100) ...
Quite commonly, JavaScript functions are called from within event handlers, which we'll take a look at
later in this article.

7. Objects
An object is a "package" of data; a collection of properties (variables) and methods (functions) all
classed under a single name. For example, imagine that there was an object named car. We could say
that the car object possesses several properties: make, model, year, and color, for example. We might
even say that car possesses some methods: go(), stop(), and reverse(). Although car is obviously
fictional, you can see that its properties and methods all relate to a common theme.

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In JavaScript you may create your own objects for storing data. More commonly, though, you will use
the many "built-in" objects which allow you to work with, manipulate, and access the Web page and
Web browser. This set of pre-existing objects is known as the "Document Object Model".

Document Object Model

Often referred to as the DOM, this object model is a hierarchy of all objects "built in" to JavaScript.
Most of these objects are directly related to characteristics of the Web page or browser. The reason
we qualify the term "built in" is because the DOM is technically separate from JavaScript itself. That is,
the JavaScript language specification, standardized by the ECMA, does not actually specify the nature
or specifics of the DOM. Consequently, Netscape and Microsoft have developed their own individual
DOM's which are not entirely compatible. Additionally, the DOM stands apart from JavaScript because
it could theoretically be accessed by other scripting languages as well.
In summary, then, what we refer to as "JavaScript" is actually made up of both JavaScript, the
language, and the DOM, or object model which JavaScript can access. In a future WDVL article we
will take a closer look at the DOM and its current and future role.
Below is a graphical chart illustrating a high-level view of Netscape's DOM. Microsoft's DOM is actually
a superset of Netscape's, and so the chart below actually represents a subset of Microsoft's own
DOM.

Reprinted from Netscape's JavaScript Guide

Properties
Access the properties of an object with a simple notation: objectName.propertyName. Both the object
name and property name are case sensitive, so watch your typing. Because a property is essentially a
variable, you can create new properties by simply assigning it a value. Assuming, for instance, that
carObj already exists (we'll learn to create a new object shortly), you can give it properties named
make, model, and year as follows:
carObj.make="Toyota";
carObj.model="Camry";
carObj.year=1990;
document.write(carObj.year);

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A JavaScript object, basically, is an array. If you're familiar with other languages you probably
recognize an array as a collection of values residing within a single named data structure. You can
access an object's properties either using the objectName.propertyName syntax illustrated above, or
by using an array syntax:
carObj["make"]="Toyota";
carObj["model"]="Camry";
document.write(carObj["year"]);

Methods
Unlike a basic data array, an object can also contain functions, which are known as methods when
part of an object. You call a method using the basic syntax: objectName.methodName(). Any
arguments required for the method are passed between the parentheses, just like a normal function
call.
For example, the window object possesses a method named close(), which simply closes the specified
browser window:
window.close();

Creating Objects
Most of the time you will be referencing objects which are built-in to the DOM. However, you may want
to create your own objects for storing data within a JavaScript program. There are several ways to
create a new object, but we'll look at two: creating a direct instance of an object and creating an object
prototype.

direct instance of an object

Despite the awkward sound name, a "direct instance of an object" simply means creating a new single
object, such as myPetDog:
myPetDog=new Object();
myPetDog.name="Barney";
myPetDog.breed="beagle";
myPetDog.year=1981;

Assigning a method to your new object is also simple. Assume that you already have coded a function
named woof(), which causes a barking sound to play:
myPetDog.woof=woof;

prototype of an object
Sometimes, you'll want to create a "template" or prototype of an object. This does not create an actual
instance of the object, but defines the structure of the object. In the future, then, you can quickly stamp
out a particular instance of the object. Suppose that instead of myPetDog, you created a prototype
object named petDog. This object could then be a template for a particular pet dog object. First, create
a function which defines the petDog structure:
function petDog(name, breed, year)
{ this.name = name;
this.breed = breed;
this.year = year;
}

Now that the petDog prototype has been set, you can quickly create single instances of a new object
based on the petDog structure:
myPetDog=new petDog("barney","beagle",1981);
yourPetDog=new petDog("max","terrier",1990);

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8. Event Handlers
JavaScript programs are typically event-driven. Events are actions that occur on the Web page,
usually as a result of something the user does, although not always. For example, a button click is an
event, as is giving focus to a form element; resizing the page is an event, as is submitting a form. It is
these events which cause JavaScript programs to spring into action. For example, if you move your
mouse over this phrase, a message will pop-up, courtesy of JavaScript.
An event, then, is the action which triggers an event handler. The event handler specifies which
JavaScript code to execute. Often, event handlers are placed within the HTML tag which creates the
object on which the event acts:
<tag attribute1 attribute2 onEventName="javascript code;">

For example, a hyperlink is subject to a MouseOver event, meaning that its event handler will be
triggered when the mouse passes over the link. Therefore, you place the event handler for a
hyperlink's MouseOver inside the A tag:
<a href="" onMouseOver="popupFunc();">

The JavaScript which is called by the event handler may be any valid JavaScript code: a single
statement or a series of statements, although most often it is a function call.
The set of all events which may occur, and the particular page elements on which they can occur, is
part of the Document Object Model (DOM), and not JavaScript itself (see the earlier section
"Document Object Model"). As a result, Netscape and Microsoft do not share the exact same set of
events, nor are all page elements subject to the same events between browsers. For example,
Internet Explorer 4 supports a MouseOver event for an image while Navigator 4 does not.
The table below illustrates some of the most commonly used events supported in both DOM's.
Because the DOM's differ in their event support, the following documents are recommended as an
overview of each browser's event support:

• Navigator 4: Event Handlers Summary

• MSIE 4: DHTML Event Summary

Common Events
Event Occurs when... Event Handler
click User clicks on form element or link onClick
change User changes value of text, textarea, or select element onChange
focus User gives form element input focus onFocus
blur User removes input focus from form element onBlur
mouseover User moves mouse pointer over a link or anchor onMouseOver
mouseout User moves mouse pointer off of link or anchor onMouseOut
select User selects form element's input field onSelect
submit User submits a form onSubmit
resize User resizes the browser window onResize
load User loads the page in the Navigator onLoad
unload User exits the page onUnload

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9. Conclusion
Like an essay in English, a JavaScript program is a series of statements which work together towards
a particular goal, and are made up of component grammatical elements, such as expressions and
operators. Because JavaScript is a programming language invented "for the Web," it is oriented
towards the specific needs of Web developers. The set of pre-built objects largely reflect
characteristics of the Web page, allowing your JavaScript program to manipulate, modify, and react to
the Web page.
Interactivity is the driving force behind JavaScript, and so most JavaScript programs are launched by
actions which occur on the Web page, often by the user. In doing so, JavaScript's purpose is to nudge
Web pages away from static displays of data towards applications which can process and react.

Further Reading
There's no shortage of printed materials on the subject of JavaScript. On-line, as well, tutorials,
guides, and help sites abound. None of these will be difficult to find -- the bookstore and/or Yahoo will
take you down the right paths in minutes.
The best place to start, though, or to supplement any additional reading of JavaScript is the developer
documentation itself. Both Netscape and Microsoft have published on-line, easily navigable,
moderately accessible reference guides to their own implementations of JavaScript and the related
DOM. You should always read with these guides by your side.
• Netscape's JavaScript Guide
• Netscape's JavaScript Documentation Library
• Microsoft JScript Documentation
• Microsoft Scripting TechnologiesM
• Microsoft DHTML References
• Microsoft DHTML Object Model

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Introduction to Window Manipulation

Before learning how to open a window in JavaScript, you should know how to open one using HTML. In most
recent browsers, you can open a new window using an href statement. For example, clicking on this link will
open another window.
The HTML used to do this is:
clicking on <a href="new_window.html" target="window01">this link</a> will
open another window.
The important thing to know about windows opened by targeted links is that the window above now has the
name "window01" associated with it. If you have another href that uses "window01" as the target, and you
haven't closed the window yet, whatever URL you put in that link will open in the original window. If you want
to see what I mean, click here and then open another HTML page in the same window.
For the purposes of this lesson, I'm going to call the target name, in this case window01, the name of the
window.

Window Manipulation in JavaScript

While opening windows in HTML is very handy, it's also limiting; the Web browser controls how the window
looks. You have no control over the size of the window or what the window looks like. Happily, JavaScript
gives you this control.
Here's how:
window.open("URL","name","features");
This statement opens a window with the URL that you list as the first parameter in the method call. Above it's
called "URL," but in an actual call you'd write "http://www.hotwired.com/webmonkey/" or something similar.
The second parameter of the method call is the window's name. This is just like the name we saw in the last
page. If you open a window and there's already a window open with the same name, the URL in your open
statement will be sent to that open window.
The third parameter, features, is a list of the different components a window can have. It's an optional
parameter, so let's do some examples with the first two parameters before checking out features.

Window Features:

menubar This is the row of functions that appears on most software applications. Normally it includes
File, Edit, and a few other items.
status This is the message bar at the bottom of your window. When you move your mouse over an
HTML link, the URL appears in the status bar. You may have seen pages that use JavaScript
to turn this status bar into a scrolling marquee. I'm not going to show you how to do this. If you
want to know, you have to figure it out yourself. "Down with marquees," the monkey cried!
scrollbars This allows scrollbars to appear when necessary.
resizable If resizable is listed, the window can be resized. Be careful of the spelling. I always get it wrong
width The width of the window in pixels.
height The height of the window in pixels.
toolbar The browser toolbar, which contains the Back and Forward buttons, the Stop button, and the
Home button, among others.
location The text area of a browser into which you can type URLs.
directories The directories that Netscape browsers have called "What's new," "What's cool," and so on.

Examples of Opening Windows and Changing Window Attributes with JavaScript:

<a href="#" onClick="window.open('javascript_window_1.html','javascript_1');">

Here's a window named javascript_1</a>.
<a href="#" onClick="window.open('javascript_window_2.html','javascript_2');">
Here's a window named javascript_2</a>.

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JavaScript Tutorial

<a href="#" onClick="window.open('javascript_window_3.html','javascript_1');">

Here's another HTML page going into javascript_1</a>.

window.open("some_url","window_name","location,height=100,width=100");
window.open("some_url","window_name","location=no,status=no");

<!—Changing the status bar of the window: -->

<a href="#" onMouseOver="window.status='Monkeys!';">Who do we love?</a>

Inside HTML tags:

<a href="#" onClick="alert('Ooo, do it again!');return false;">Click on me!</a>

<a href="#" onClick="alert('Ooo, do it again!');">Click on me!</a><br>
<a href="#" onMouseOver="alert('Hee hee!');">Mouse over me!</a><br>

<img src="image01.gif" name="image01">

<a href="#" onMouseOver="document.image01.src='image02.gif';">change</a>

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JavaScript Examples:
<script language="JavaScript">
<!— hide the script from old browsers

// put up an alert box, to show how they work

alert("Soon, I will rebuild my browser!");

// here's how to use JavaScript to write out HTML

secs_per_year = 3600 * 24 * 365;
document.writeln("<b>The monkey dances ");
document.writeln(secs_per_year);
document.writeln(" seconds per year.</b><p>");

// Strings; output string.

var nice_monkey = "The monkey smiles at you and recites Shakespeare.";
document.writeln(nice_monkey);

// Read strings (values) using a window:

var name = prompt("Give me a name: ","");
var verb = prompt("Give me a past-tense verb: ","");
var adjective= prompt("Give me an adjective: ","");
// Concatenate strings
var sentence = name + " " + verb +
" the toilet, and the monkey was " + adjective + ".<p>";

// Read value and display alert window:

var monkey_love = prompt("Do you love the monkey?","Type yes or no");
if (monkey_love == "yes")
{
alert("Welcome! I'm so glad you came! Please, read on!");
}

// To swap image
window.document.the_image.src="image02.gif";

//
var color = prompt("What color do you prefer, red or blue? ","");
var adjective;

// If and else if construct:

if (color == "red")
{
adjective = "lurid.";
}
else if (color == "blue")
{
adjective = "cool.";
}
else
{
adjective = "confused."
}

var sentence = "You like " + color + "? The monkey thinks you're " +
adjective + "<p>";

// end of hide -->

</script>

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