Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to
change the world. Nelson Mandela
Education is the movement from darkness to light. Allan Bloom
Prepared by:
Md. Mehedi Hasan
Senior Lecturer in Mathematics
Department of General Educational Development (GED)
Faculty of Science & Information Technology (FSIT)
Daffodil International University, Dhaka
Mail: mehedi.ged@diu.edu.bd
Cell Number: 01737757274 or 01517037691
Room: 1’st Floor of Exam Building
Numerical Methods
CSE 234
Chapter wise Lecture delivering contents
Chapter 01 Error Analysis
Theory/Definition:
Definition: Errors, absolute errors, relative errors, and percentage errors, round-off error, significant
digits.
Mathematical Problem:
1. The approximate value is 3.1428571 and the true value is 3.1415926. Find the absolute,
relative and percentage errors.
Type- 1:
1
2. Three approximations of the number are given as 0.32, 0.33 and 0.34. Find the best
3
approximation among the three.
1. Find the absolute, relative and percentage errors of the number 8.26 if both of its digits are correct.
Type-
2. If the number 5.623548 rounded to 3 decimal places then find the absolute, relative and percentage
2:
error.
1. Evaluate the sum S 2 3 5 to 4 significant digits and find its absolute, relative and
Type- 3:
percentage errors.
2. Evaluate the sum S 22 105 727 to 5 significant digits and find its EA , ER & EP .
3. Find the difference 2.01 2 to three correct digits.
Chapter 02: The Solution of Algebraic & Transcendental Equations
Theory/Definition:
1. Definition of Algebraic & Transcendental equation, roots of an equation.
2. Derivation of Bisection Method, Newton Rapson Method & Fixed point iteration Method.
3. Algorithm of Bisection Method, Newton Rapson Method & Fixed point iteration Method.
Mathematical Problem:
1. Find the solution of the equation x2 4 x 3 0 by using the Bisection Method.
2. Find the root of the equation x3 x 1 0 by using the Bisection method correct up to two decimal
places.
Type- 1:
3. Find the root of the equation xe x 1 by using the Bisection method correct up to three decimal
places on the interval (0, 1).
4. Find the root of the equation e x 4sin x 0 by using the Bisection method correct up to four
decimal places.
1. Find the real root of the equation x3 x 2 1 0 on the interval [0, 1] with the accuracy of 10 4
using the fixed-point iteration method.
2. Find the real root of the equation sin x 5x 2 0 that lies on [0, 1] using the fixed-point iteration
Type- 2:
method.
3. Find the real root of the equation e x tan x 1 using the fixed-point iteration method.
4. Find the root of the equation e x 4sin x 0 by using the fixed-point iteration method correct up
to four decimal places.
1. Find the root of the equation x sin x cos x 0 using the Newton-Rapson method.
2. Using the Newton-Raphson method, find the root of the equation x 4 x 10 0 which is nearer to
correct to x 2 three decimals places.
Type- 3:
3. Using the Newton-Raphson method, find the root of the equation cos x ln x 0 which is
correct to six decimals places.
4. Find the root of the equation e x 4sin x 0 by using the Newton-Rapshom method correct up to
ten decimal places.
Chapter 03: The solution of the system of linear equations
Theory/Definition:
Definition: System of linear equations, n-tuple solution, strictly diagonally dominant, Gauss seidel methods,
LU Factorization method.
Mathematical Problem:
Solve the following system of linear equations with the help of the Gauss-Seidel iteration method
3x1 2 x2 x3 6 2 x y 3z 8 2x 3y z 9
Type- 1:
(1) 4 x1 3x2 2 x3 9 (2) x 2 y z 4 (3) x 2 y 3z 6
7 x1 5 x2 x3 11 3x y 4 z 0 3x y 2 z 8
Solve the following system of linear equations with the help of the Factorization Method.
2x 3y z 9 3x 5 y 7 z 13 2 x 2 y 4 z 14
Type- 2:
(1) x 2 y 3z 6 (2) 4 x y 12 z 6 (3) 3x y 2 z 2
3x y 2 z 8 2 x 9 y 3z 20 5x 2 y 2 z 2
Chapter 04: Curve Fitting
Theory/Definition:
Short Note: Lest square methods, Linear curve fitting, Nonlinear curve fitting
Mathematical Problem:
1. Use the method of least squares to fit a straight line to the following data:
x 0 5 10 15 20
y 7 11 16 20 26
Also, estimate the value of y when 𝑥 = 25.
2. Find the least square line y ax b for the data points 1,10 , 0,9 , 1, 7 , 2,5 ,
1,10 , 3, 4 , 4,3 , 5, 0 and 6, 1 .
Type- 1:
3. Find the least square line y ax b for the data :
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 1 2 3 3 4
Estimate the value of y when 𝑥 = 5.
4. The table below gives the temperature T (in 00C) and length l (in mm) of a heated rod. If
l a0 a1T find the values of a0 and a1 using linear least squares
T 40 50 60 70 80
l 600.5 600.6 600.8 600.9 601
1. Fit a second-degree parabola to the following data:
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 5 10 22 38
2. Fit a curve of the form y ax2 bx c to the data:
Type- 2:
x 87.5 84 77.8 63.7 46.7
y 292 283 270 235 197
3. Fit a curve of the form y ax2 bx c to the data:
x 87.5 84 77.8 63.7 46.7
y 292 283 270 235 197
Chapter 05: Interpolation
Theory/Definition:
Definition: Forward difference, Backward difference, interpolation, Newton’s interpolation for equal and
unequal intervals, divided difference & Lagrange’s formula.
Mathematical Problem:
1. From the following table of yearly premiums for policies maturing at quinquennial ages, estimate
the premiums foe policies maturing at the age of 46 years.
Age (x) 45 50 55 60 65
Premium (y) 2.871 2.404 2.083 1.862 1.712
2. The population of a village in the last six censuses was recorded as follows. Estimate the
Type- 1:
population for the year 1945.
Year (x) 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
Population (y) 2500 2800 3200 3700 4350 5225
3. The values of sin x are given below for different values of x, find the value of sin180.
x 15 20 25 30 35 40
y sin x 0.2588190 0.3420201 0.4226183 0.5 0.5735764 0.6427876
1. The values of sin x are given below for different values of x, find the value of sin 380.
x 15 20 25 30 35 40
y sin x 0.2588190 0.3420201 0.4226183 0.5 0.5735764 0.6427876
2. The population of a town in the last six censuses was as given below. Estimate the population for
the year 1946.
Year (x) 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961
Type- 2:
Population in thousands (y) 12 15 20 27 39 52
3. Construct a different table to find the polynomial of the data 1,1 , 2,8 , 3, 27 , 4, 64 ,
5,125 , (6, 216), 7,343 , (8,512) , considering the appropriate method. Also find r , where (9, r )
is given.
4. Estimate the production of cotton in the year 1935 from the data given below.
Year (x) 1931 1932 1934 1936 1938
Production in millions of bales (y) 17.1 13.0 14.0 9.6 12.4
1. Using Lagrange’s formula estimate f ( x) from the following table.
x 0 1 2 5
f(x) 2 3 12 14
2. Using Lagrange’s formula estimate f (10) from the following table.
x 5 6 9 11
f ( x) 12 13 14 16
3. Using Lagrange’s formula estimate 3 55 from the following table.
Type- 3:
x 50 52 54 56
f ( x) 3 x 3.684 3.732 3.779 3.825
4. Using Lagrange’s formula estimate sin 390 from the following table.
x 0 10 20 30 40
f ( x) sin x 0 1.1736 0.3420 0.5000 0.6428
5. Using Lagrange’s formula estimate 151 from the following table.
x 150 152 154 156
f ( x) x 12.247 12.329 12.410 12.490
1. Using Newton’s divided difference estimate f (8) & f (15) from the following table.
x 4 5 7 10 11 13
f ( x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028
2. Using Newton’s divided difference formula estimate f (6) from the following table.
Type- 4
x 5 7 11 13 21
f ( x) 150 392 1452 2366 9702
3. Using Newton’s divided difference formula estimate f ( x) in powers of ( x 5) from the
following table.
x 0 2 3 4 7 9
f ( x) 4 26 58 112 466 922
Chapter 06: Numerical Differentiation
Theory/Definition:
Short Note: Numerical derivative for Newton’s Forward difference and Backward difference formulas,
Range-Katta method of order four.
Mathematical Problem:
dy d2y
1. From the following table of values of x and y, obtain and for x 1.2
dx dx 2
x 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
y 2.7183 3.3201 4.0552 4.9530 6.0496 7.3891 9.0250
Type- 1:
2. From the following table of values of x and y, obtain first and second-order derivatives at x 2.2
x 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
y 2.7183 3.3201 4.0552 4.9530 6.0496 7.3891 9.0250
1. Find the maximum and minimum values of y from the following table
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 0.25 0 2.25 16 56.25
Type- 2:
2. From the following table find x correct to two decimal places for which y is maximum and find
this value of y.
x 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
y 0.9320 0.9636 0.9855 0.9975 0.9996
1. Find y(0.1) by Runge-Kutta method of fourth-order for the differential equation
dy 1
, y (0) 1.
Type- 3:
dx x y
dy
2. If xy y 2 with y(0) 1 , then find y(0.2) & y(0.3) by using Runge-Kutta fourth-order
dx
method.
Chapter 06: Numerical Integration
Theory/Definition:
1. Define Numerical Integration.
2. Derive the General formula for numerical integration.
3. Derivation of Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s one- third rule, Simpson’s three- eight rule from the
general formula.
Mathematical Problem:
1.4
sin x ln x e dx
x
1. Compute the definite integral by using various rules using 6 equidistant
0.2
subintervals correct up to three decimal places.
5 .2
2. Determine ln x dx by Simpson’s 3/8 rule and Weddle’s rule considering the number of intervals
4
six. Find true value and then compare and comment on it.
1
x dx
3. Calculate the value of the integral I by taking seven equidistant ordinates, using
0
1 x2
Simpson’s 1/3 rule and trapezoidal rule. Find the exact value of I and then compare and comment
Type- 1:
on it.
2
x dx by Simpson’s one-third rule and compare it with the exact value.
2
4. Compute
1
sin x e dx
1.4
5. Using Simpson’s three-eight rule evaluate the integrals 2x
and hence find the
0.2
errors.
ln(1 x 2 ) dx
1
6. Using Simpson’s 3/8 the rule finds the value of I . Also, find the percentage errors
0
1 x2
and compare them to the exact solution.
