What is Java?

Java is a programming language and a platform.

Platform Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, known as a

platform. Since Java has its own Runtime Environment (JRE) and API, it is called
platform.

Where it is used?

With a large variety of applications and use cases, Java is still one of the most popular
programming languages in the world in 2022. You can use Java primarily in the
following areas:

Standalone Application

It is also known as desktop application or window-based application. An application

that we need to install on every machine such as media player, antivirus etc. AWT and
Swing are used in java for creating standalone applications.

1. Web Application Development: Java is widely used in the development of web

applications, including e-commerce sites, social media platforms, and
 enterprise-level systems. Java frameworks such as Spring, Struts, and
Hibernate are popular choices for building web applications.
2. Mobile Application Development: Java is the language of choice for building
Android applications, which are used by billions of people worldwide. Java is
also used in the development of cross-platform mobile applications using tools
such as Xamarin and PhoneGap.
3. Enterprise Application Development: Java is commonly used in the
development of large-scale enterprise applications, such as banking and finance
systems, healthcare systems, and supply chain management systems. Java
frameworks such as JavaServer Faces (JSF), Java Persistence API (JPA), and
Java Message Service (JMS) are popular choices for enterprise application
development.
4. Internet of Things (IoT): Java is increasingly being used in the development of
IoT applications, which require lightweight and scalable software solutions.
Java frameworks such as Eclipse IoT, Kura, and ThingWorx are popular
choices for developing IoT applications.
5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): Java is being used in
the development of AI and ML applications, particularly in the development of
data analysis and processing tools. Java frameworks such as Apache Spark,
Deeplearning4j, and H2O.ai are popular choices for developing AI and ML
applications.
6. Game Development: Java is used in the development of desktop and mobile
games, with popular game engines such as LibGDX and jMonkeyEngine using
Java as their primary programming language.

Java history is interesting to know. Java team members (also known as Green
Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop a language for digital devices such as
set-top boxes, televisions etc.

For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was suited
for internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by Netscape.

James Gosling

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business

solutions etc. There are given the major points that describes the history of java.
1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java
language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-
top boxes.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension was .gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.

Why Oak name for java language?

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and choosen as a national tree of many
countries like U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania etc.

6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak
Technologies.

Why Java name for java language?

7) Why they choosed java name for java language? The team gathered to choose a
new name. The suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt",
"DNA" etc. They wanted something that reflected the essence of the technology:
revolutionary, dynamic, lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell and fun to say.

According to James Gosling "Java was one of the top choices along with Silk". Since
java was so unique, most of the team members preferred java.

8) Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called java coffee).

9) Notice that Java is just a name not an acronym.

10) Originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a

subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995.

11) In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best Products of 1995.

12) JDK 1.0 released in(January 23, 1996).

Java Version History

There are many java versions that has been released.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)
 3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)
4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)
5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)
6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)
7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)
8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)

There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords.

1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Platform independent
4. Secured
5. Robust
6. Architecture neutral
7. Portable
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. High Performance
11. Multithreaded
12. Distributed

Simple
According to Sun, Java language is simple because:
syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++).
removed many confusing and/or rarely-used features e.g., explicit pointers,
operator overloading etc.
No need to remove unreferenced objects because there is Automatic Garbage
Collection in java.

Object-oriented
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of
objects that incorporates both data and behaviour.
Object-oriented programming(OOPs) is a methodology that simplify software
development and maintenance by providing some rules.
Basic concepts of OOPs are:
1. Object
2. Class
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Abstraction
6. Encapsulation

Platform Independent
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. There
are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides
software-based platform. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the
sense that it's a software-based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based
platforms.It has two components:
1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)
Java code can be run on multiple platforms e.g.Windows,Linux,Sun Solaris,Mac/OS
etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into bytecode.This bytecode
is a platform independent code because it can be run on multiple platforms i.e. Write
Once and Run Anywhere(WORA).
________________________________________
Secured
Java is secured because:
• No explicit pointer
• Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox.

• Classloader- adds security by separating the package for the classes of the local
file system from those that are imported from network sources.
• Bytecode Verifier- checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate
access right to objects.
• Security Manager- determines what resources a class can access such as
reading and writing to the local disk.
These security are provided by java language. Some security can also be provided by
application developer through SSL,JAAS,cryptography etc.
________________________________________
Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory management. There are lack of
pointers that avoids security problem. There is automatic garbage collection in java.
There is exception handling and type checking mechanism in java. All these points
makes java robust.
________________________________________
Architecture-neutral
There is no implementation dependent features e.g. size of primitive types is set.
________________________________________
Portable
We may carry the java bytecode to any platform.
________________________________________
High-performance
Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is "close" to native code
still somewhat slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++)
________________________________________
Distributed
We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are used for creating
distributed applications. We may access files by calling the methods from any
machine on the internet.
________________________________________
Multi-threaded
A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java
programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main
advantage of multi-threading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are important
for multi-media, Web applications etc.
Simple Program of Java

To create a simple java program, you need to create a class that contains main method.
Let's understand the requirement first.
Requirement for Hello Java Example
For executing any java program, you need to
• install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the JDK and install it.
• set path of the jdk/bin directory.
• create the java program
• compile and run the java program
________________________________________

Creating hello java example

Let's create the hello java
program:
class Simple
{
int a;
String str;
Simple()
{ a=10
Str=”abc”;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(“Hello”);
}

public static void main(String args[]){

Simple s=new Simple();
s.display();
System.out.println(“a”+a);
System.out.println(“string”+str);
}
}
save this file as Simple.java

To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple
Output:Hello Java

Understanding first java program

Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[],
System.out.println().

 class keyword is used to declare a class in java.

 public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is
visible to all.
 static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static
method. The core advantage of static method is that there is no need to create
object to invoke the static method. The main method is executed by the JVM,
so it doesn't require to create object to invoke the main method. So it saves
memory.
 void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return any value.
 main represents startup of the program.
 String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it later.
 System.out.println() is used print statement. We will learn about the internal
working of System.out.println statement later.

Internal Details of Hello Java Program

In the previous page, we have learned about the first program, how to compile and
how to run the first java program. Here, we are going to learn, what happens while
compiling and running the java program. Moreover, we will see some question based
on the first program.

What happens at compile time?

At compile time, java file is compiled by Java Compiler (It does not interact with OS)
and converts the java code into bytecode.
What happens at runtime?
At runtime, following steps are performed:
Classloader: is the subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

Bytecode Verifier: checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access
right to objects.

Interpreter: read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

Q)Can you save a java source file by other name than the class name?
Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:
To compile: javac Hard.java

To execute: java Simple

Q)Can you have multiple classes in a java source file?

Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:

Difference between JDK, JRE and JVM

Understanding the difference between JDK, JRE and JVM is important in Java. We
are having brief overview of JVM here.
If you want to get the detailed knowledge of Java Virtural Machine, move to the next
page. Firstly, let's see the basic differences between the JDK, JRE and JVM.

JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides
runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE and JDK
are platform dependent because configuration of each OS differs. But, Java is platform
independent.

The JVM performs following main tasks:

 Loads code
 Verifies code
 Executes code
 Provides runtime environment

JRE
JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment.It is used to provide runtime
environment.It is the implementation of JVM.It physically exists.It contains set of
libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.

Implementation of JVMs are also actively released by other companies besides Sun
Micro Systems.
JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit.It physically exists.It contains JRE +
development tools.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides

runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e.JVM is plateform
dependent).

What is JVM?

It is:

1. A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But

implementation provider is independent to choose the algorithm. Its
implementation has been provided by Sun and other companies.
2. An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime
Environment).
3. Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command
prompt to run the java class, and instance of JVM is created.
What it does?

The JVM performs following operation:

 Loads code
 Verifies code
 Executes code
 Provides runtime environment

JVM provides definitions for the:

 Memory area
 Class file format
 Register set
 Garbage-collected heap
 Fatal error reporting etc.

Internal Architecture of JVM

Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains classloader, memory
area, execution engine etc.
1) Classloader:

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

2) Class(Method) Area:

Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field
and method data, the code for methods.

3) Heap:

It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack:
Java Stack stores frames.It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in
method invocation and return.
Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread.

A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its
method invocation completes.

5) Program Counter Register:

PC (program counter) register. It contains the address of the Java virtual machine
instruction currently being executed.

6) Native Method Stack:

It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) Execution Engine:
It contains:

1) A virtual processor

2) Interpreter:Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

Java OOPs Concepts

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented
Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and
objects. It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing some
concepts:

 Object
 Class
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen,
table, keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Object and Class in Java

In this page, we will learn about java objects and classes. In object-oriented
programming technique, we design a program using objects and classes.

Object is the physical as well as logical entity whereas class is the logical entity only.
Object in Java

An entity that has state and behavior is known as an object e.g. chair, bike, marker,
pen, table, car etc. It can be physical or logical (tengible and intengible). The example
of integible object is banking system.

An object has three characteristics:

 state: represents data (value) of an object.

 behavior: represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such as deposit,
withdraw etc.
 identity: Object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID. The value
of the ID is not visible to the external user. But,it is used internally by the JVM
to identify each object uniquely.

For Example: Pen is an object. Its name is Reynolds, color is white etc. known as its
state. It is used to write, so writing is its behavior.

Object is an instance of a class. Class is a template or blueprint from which objects

are created. So object is the instance(result) of a class.

Class in Java
A class is a group of objects that has common properties. It is a template or blueprint
from which objects are created.

A class in java can contain:

  data member
 method
 constructor
 block
 class and interface

Syntax to declare a class:

1. class <class_name>{
2. data member;
3. method;
4. }

Simple Example of Object and Class

In this example, we have created a Student class that have two data members id and
name. We are creating the object of the Student class by new keyword and printing the
objects value.

1. class Student{
2. int id;//data member (also instance variable)
3. String name;//data member(also instance variable)
4.
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Student s1=new Student();//creating an object of Student
7. System.out.println(s1.id+" "+s1.name);
8.
9. }
10. }

Output:0 null

Instance variable in Java

A variable that is created inside the class but outside the method, is known as instance
variable.Instance variable doesn't get memory at compile time.It gets memory at
runtime when object(instance) is created.That is why, it is known as instance variable.

Method in Java
In java, a method is like function i.e. used to expose behaviour of an object.

Advantage of Method

 Code Reusability
  Code Optimization

new keyword
The new keyword is used to allocate memory at runtime.

Example of Object and class that maintains the records of students

In this example, we are creating the two objects of Student class and initializing the
value to these objects by invoking the insertRecord method on it. Here, we are
displaying the state (data) of the objects by invoking the displayInformation method.

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4.
5. void insertRecord(int r, String n){ //method
6. rollno=r;
7. name=n;
8. }
9.
10. void displayInformation(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name);}//method
11.
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. Student s1=new Student();
14. Student s2=new Student();
15.
16. s1.insertRecord(111,"Karan");
17. s2.insertRecord(222,"Aryan");
18.
19. s1.displayInformation();
20. s2.displayInformation();
21.
22. }
23. }

Output:111 Karan
222 Aryan
As you see in the above figure, object gets the memory in Heap area and reference
variable refers to the object allocated in the Heap memory area. Here, s1 and s2 both
are reference variables that refer to the objects allocated in memory.

Another Example of Object and Class

There is given another example that maintains the records of Rectangle class. Its
exaplanation is same as in the above Student class example.

class Rectangle{

int length;

int width;

void insert(int l,int w){

length=l;

width=w;

}
 void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();

Rectangle r2=new Rectangle();

r1.insert(11,5);

r2.insert(3,15);

r1.calculateArea();

r2.calculateArea();

Output:55
45

What are the different ways to create an object in Java?

There are many ways to create an object in java. They are:

 By new keyword
 By newInstance() method
 By clone() method
 By factory method etc.

Annonymous object
Annonymous simply means nameless.An object that have no reference is known as
annonymous object.

If you have to use an object only once, annonymous object is a good approach.

class Calculation{

void fact(int n){

int fact=1;

for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){

fact=fact*i;

System.out.println("factorial is "+fact);

public static void main(String args[]){

new Calculation().fact(5);//calling method with annonymous object

Output:Factorial is 120

Creating multiple objects by one type only

We can create multiple objects by one type only as we do in case of primitives.

1. Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(),r2=new Rectangle();//creating two objects

Let's see the example:

1. class Rectangle{
2. int length;
3. int width;
4.
5. void insert(int l,int w){
6. length=l;
7. width=w;
 8. }
9.
10. void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}
11.
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(),r2=new Rectangle();//creating two objects
14.
15. r1.insert(11,5);
16. r2.insert(3,15);
17.
18. r1.calculateArea();
19. r2.calculateArea();
20. }
21. }

Output:55
45

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e.
known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime
polymorphism.

Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For
example: to convense the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or
rectangle etc.

In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof
etc.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For

example: phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as
encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class
because all the data members are private here.

Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

1)OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-oriented
programming language it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size grows.

2)OOPs provides data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented programming language a

global data can be accessed from anywhere.

3)OOPs provides ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can
provide the solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented
Programming language.
What is difference between object-oriented programming language and object-
based programming language?
Object based programming language follows all the features of OOPs except
Inheritance. JavaScript and VBScript are examples of object based programming
languages.

Java Naming conventions

A naming convention is a rule to follow as you decide what to name your identifiers
e.g. class, package, variable, constant, method etc.

But, it is not forced to follow. So, it is known as convention not rule.

Advantage of naming conventions in java

By using standard Java naming conventions, you make your code easier to read for
yourself and for other programmers. Readability of Java program is very important. It
indicates that less time is spent to figure out what the code does.

Name Convention

should start with uppercase letter and be a noun e.g. String, Color,
class name
Button, System, Thread etc.

interface should start with uppercase letter and be an adjective e.g. Runnable,
name Remote, ActionListener etc.

should start with lowercase letter and be a verb e.g. actionPerformed(),

method name
main(), print(), println() etc.

variable
should start with lowercase letter e.g. firstName, orderNumber etc.
name

package
should be in lowercase letter e.g. java, lang, sql, util etc.
name

constants should be in uppercase letter. e.g. RED, YELLOW, MAX_PRIORITY

name etc.
Java Tools – jdb, javap, javadoc

Jdb:
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/tools/windows/jdb.html

Javap :

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/tools/windows/javap.html

javadoc :

https://download.java.net/java/early_access/panama/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/
Math.html

Comments :

Java programs can have two kinds of comments: implementation comments and
documentation comments. Implementation comments are those found in C++, which
are delimited by /*...*/, and //. Documentation comments (known as "doc comments")
are Java-only, and are delimited by /**...*/. Doc comments can be extracted to HTML
files using the javadoc tool.

Implementation Comment Formats

Programs can have four styles of implementation comments: block, single-line,
trailing, and end-of-line.
5.1.1 Block Comments
Block comments are used to provide descriptions of files, methods, data structures and
algorithms. Block comments may be used at the beginning of each file and before
each method. They can also be used in other places, such as within methods. Block
comments inside a function or method should be indented to the same level as the
code they describe.
A block comment should be preceded by a blank line to set it apart from the rest of the
code.
/*
 * Here is a block comment.
*/
/*- indent

/*-* Here is a block comment with some very special

* formatting that I want indent(1) to ignore.
*
* one
* two
* three
*/
Note: indent /*- indent

5.1.2 Single-Line Comments

Short comments can appear on a single line indented to the level of the code that
follows. If a comment can't be written in a single line, it should follow the block
comment format . A single-line comment should be preceded by a blank line. Here's
an example of a single-line comment in Java code

if (condition) {/* Handle the condition. */

...
}
5.1.3 Trailing Comments
Very short comments can appear on the same line as the code they describe, but
should be shifted far enough to separate them from the statements. If more than one
short comment appears in a chunk of code, they should all be indented to the same tab
setting.
Here's an example of a trailing comment in Java code:

if (a == 2) {return TRUE; /* special case */

} else {
return isPrime(a); /* works only for odd a */
}
5.1.4 End-Of-Line Comments
The // comment delimiter can comment out a complete line or only a partial line. It
shouldn't be used on consecutive multiple lines for text comments; however, it can be
used in consecutive multiple lines for commenting out sections of code. Examples of
all three styles follow:

if (foo > 1) {// Do a double-flip.

...
}
else {
return false; // Explain why here.
}
//if (bar > 1) {
//
// // Do a triple-flip.
// ...
//}
//else {
// return false;
//}
5.2 Documentation Comments
For further details, see "How to Write Doc Comments for Javadoc" which includes
information on the doc comment tags (@return, @param, @see):

Doc comments describe Java classes, interfaces, constructors, methods, and fields.
Each doc comment is set inside the comment delimiters /**...*/, with one comment
per class, interface, or member. This comment should appear just before the
declaration:
/**

* The Example class provides ...

*/
public class Example { ...

Variable and Datatype in Java

Variable
Variable is name of reserved area allocated in memory.
int data=50;//Here data is variable

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java

 local variable
 instance variable
 static variable
 final variables

Local Variable

A variable that is declared inside the method is called local variable.

Instance Variable

A variable that is declared inside the class but outside the method is called instance
variable . It is not declared as static.

Static variable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

Java final keyword

In Java, the final keyword is used to denote constants. It can be used with variables,

methods, and classes.

 Once any entity (variable, method or class) is declared final, it can be assigned only

once. That is,

 the final variable cannot be reinitialized with another value

 the final method cannot be overridden

 the final class cannot be extended

1. Java final Variable

In Java, we cannot change the value of a final variable. For example,

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// create a final variable

final int AGE = 32;

// try to change the final variable

AGE = 45;
System.out.println("Age: " + AGE);
}
}
In the above program, we have created a final variable named age. And we have tried

to change the value of the final variable.

When we run the program, we will get a compilation error with the following

message.

cannot assign a value to final variable AGE

AGE = 45;
^

Note: It is recommended to use uppercase to declare final variables in Java.

2. Java final Method

Before you learn about final methods and final classes, make sure you know about

the Java Inheritance.

In Java, the final method cannot be overridden by the child class. For example,
class FinalDemo {
// create a final method
public final void display() {
System.out.println("This is a final method.");
}
}

class Main extends FinalDemo {

// try to override final method
public final void display() {
 System.out.println("The final method is overridden.");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Main obj = new Main();
obj.display();
}
}

In the above example, we have created a final method named display() inside

the FinalDemo class. Here, the Main class inherits the FinalDemo class.

We have tried to override the final method in the Main class. When we run the

program, we will get a compilation error with the following message.

display() in Main cannot override display() in FinalDemo

public final void display() {
^
overridden method is final

3. Java final Class

In Java, the final class cannot be inherited by another class. For example,

// create a final class

final class FinalClass {
public void display() {
System.out.println("This is a final method.");
}
}
// try to extend the final class
class Main extends FinalClass {
public void display() {
System.out.println("The final method is overridden.");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Main obj = new Main();
obj.display();
}
}

In the above example, we have created a final class named FinalClass. Here, we have

tried to inherit the final class by the Main class.

When we run the program, we will get a compilation error with the following

message.

cannot inherit from final FinalClass

class Main extends FinalClass {
^

class A{

int data=50;//instance variable

static int m=100;//static variable

void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}

}//end of class

Data Types in Java

In java, there are two types of data types
  primitive data types
 non-primitive data types

Data Type Default Value Default size

Boolean false 1 bit

Char '\u0000' 2 byte

Byte 0 1 byte

Short 0 2 byte

Int 0 4 byte

Long 0L 8 byte

Float 0.0f 4 byte

Double 0.0d 8 byte

Operators in java

Operator is a special symbol that is used to perform operations. There are many types
of operators in java such as unary operator, arithmetic operator, relational operator,
shift operator, bitwise operator, ternary operator and assignment operator.

Precedence of Operators

Operators Precedence

Postfix expr++ expr--

Unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !

multiplicative */%

Additive +-

Shift << >> >>>

relational < > <= >= instanceof

Equality == !=

bitwise AND &

bitwise exclusive OR ^

bitwise inclusive OR |

logical AND &&

logical OR ||

Ternary ?:

assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

Useful Programs:
There is given some useful programs such as factorial number, prime number,
fibonacci series etc.

1) Program of factorial number.

class Operation{

static int fact(int number){

int f=1;
for(int i=1;i<=number;i++){
f=f*i;
}
return f;
}

public static void main(String args[]){

int result=fact(5);
System.out.println("Factorial of 5="+result);
}
}

2) Program of fibonacci series.

class Fabnoci{

public static void main(String...args)

{
int n=10,i,f0=1,f1=1,f2=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
f2=f0+f1;
f0=f1;
f1=f2;
f2=f0;
System.out.println(f2);
}

}
}

3) Program of armstrong number.

class ArmStrong{
public static void main(String...args)
{
int n=153,c=0,a,d;
 d=n;
while(n>0)
{
a=n%10;
n=n/10;
c=c+(a*a*a);
}
if(d==c)
System.out.println("armstrong number");
else
System.out.println("it is not an armstrong number");

}
}

4) Program of checking palindrome number.

class Palindrome
{
public static void main( String...args)
{
int a=242;
int n=a,b=a,rev=0;
while(n>0)
{
a=n%10;
rev=rev*10+a;
n=n/10;
}
if(rev==b)
System.out.println("it is Palindrome");
else
System.out.println("it is not palinedrome");

}
}

5) Program of swapping two numbers without using third variable.

class SwapTwoNumbers{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=40,b=5;
a=a*b;
b=a/b;
a=a/b;

System.out.println("a= "+a);
System.out.println("b= "+b);

}
}

6) Program of factorial number by recursion

class FactRecursion{

static int fact(int n){

if(n==1)
return 1;

return n*=fact(n-1);
}

public static void main(String args[]){

int f=fact(5);
System.out.println(f);
}
}

Declaring 1D, 2D Array :

• Declaring 1D, 2D Array :

• An array is a collection of elements of one specific type in a horizontal fashion.

• one dimension means it has only one value per location or index.

class OneDimensionalArray

public static void main(String args[])

{

int[] a=new int[3];//declaration

a[0]=10;//initialization

a[1]=20;

a[2]=30;

//printing array

System.out.println("One dimensional array elements are");

System.out.println(a[0]);

System.out.println(a[1]);

System.out.println(a[2]);

import java.util.*;

class OnedimensionalScanner

public static void main(String args[])

int len;

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter Array length : ");

len=sc.nextInt();

int a[]=new int[len];//declaration

System.out.print("Enter " + len + " Element to Store in Array :\n");

for(int i=0; i<len; i++)

{
 a[i] = sc.nextInt();

System.out.print("Elements in Array are :\n");

for(int i=0; i<len; i++)

System.out.print(a[i] + " ");

public class AddMatrices {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int rows = 2, columns = 3;

int[][] firstMatrix = { {2, 3, 4}, {5, 2, 3} };

int[][] secondMatrix = { {-4, 5, 3}, {5, 6, 3} };

// Adding Two matrices

int[][] sum = new int[rows][columns];

for(int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < columns; j++) {

sum[i][j] = firstMatrix[i][j] + secondMatrix[i][j];

// Displaying the result

System.out.println("Sum of two matrices is: ");

 for(int[] row : sum) {

for (int column : row) {

System.out.print(column + " ");

System.out.println();

Output

Sum of two matrices is:

-2 8 7

10 8 6

Java Keywords List

Java contains a list of keywords or reserved words which are also highlighted with
different colors be it an IDE or editor in order to segregate the differences between
flexible words and reserved words. As of Java 21, there are 53 keywords defined in
Java. They are listed below in the table with the primary action associated with them.

Keywords Usage

Specifies that a class or method will be implemented

Abstract
later, in a subclass

Assert Assert describes a predicate placed in a Java program to

Keywords Usage

indicate that the developer thinks that the predicate is

always true at that place.

Boolean A data type that can hold True and False values only

Break A control statement for breaking out of loops.

Byte A data type that can hold 8-bit data values

Case Used in switch statements to mark blocks of text

Catch Catches exceptions generated by try statements

A data type that can hold unsigned 16-bit Unicode

Char
characters

Class Declares a new class

Const Reserved but not used

Continue Sends control back outside a loop

Default Specifies the default block of code in a switch statement

Do Starts a do-while loop

Double A data type that can hold 64-bit floating-point numbers

Keywords Usage

Else Indicates alternative branches in an if statement

A Java keyword is used to declare an enumerated type.

Enum
Enumerations extend the base class.

Indicates that a class is derived from another class or

Extends
interface

Indicates that a variable holds a constant value or that a

Final
method will not be overridden

Indicates a block of code in a try-catch structure that will

Finally
always be executed

Float A data type that holds a 32-bit floating-point number

For Used to start a for loop

Goto Reserved but not used

If Tests a true/false expression and branches accordingly

Implements Specifies that a class implements an interface

Import References other classes

Keywords Usage

Indicates whether an object is an instance of a specific

Instanceof
class or implements an interface

Int A data type that can hold a 32-bit signed integer

Interface Declares an interface

Long A data type that holds a 64-bit integer

Specifies that a method is implemented with native

Native
(platform-specific) code

New Creates new objects

Null This indicates that a reference does not refer to anything

Package Declares a Java package

An access specifier indicating that a method or variable

Private
may be accessed only in the class it's declared in

An access specifier indicating that a method or variable

may only be accessed in the class it's declared in (or a
Protected
subclass of the class it's declared in or other classes in
the same package)

Public An access specifier used for classes, interfaces, methods,

and variables indicating that an item is accessible
Keywords Usage

throughout the application (or where the class that

defines it is accessible)

Sends control and possibly a return value back from a

Return
called method

Short A data type that can hold a 16-bit integer

Indicates that a variable or method is a class method

Static
(rather than being limited to one particular object)

A Java keyword is used to restrict the precision and

Strictfp rounding of floating-point calculations to ensure
portability.

Refers to a class's base class (used in a method or class

Super
constructor)

Switch A statement that executes code based on a test value

Specifies critical sections or methods in multithreaded

Synchronized
code

This Refers to the current object in a method or constructor

Throw Creates an exception

Throws Indicates what exceptions may be thrown by a method

Keywords Usage

Specifies that a variable is not part of an object's

Transient
persistent state

Try Starts a block of code that will be tested for exceptions

Void Specifies that a method does not have a return value

This indicates that a variable may change

Volatile
asynchronously

While Starts a while loop

The sealed keyword is used to declare a class as

Sealed
"sealed," meaning it restricts which classes can extend it.

The permits keyword is used within a sealed class

Permits declaration to specify the subclasses that are permitted to
extend it.

Accepting Input :

(Command Line Arguments, BufferedReader, Scanner)

 •

• BufferedReader

• It is a simple class that is used to read a sequence of characters. It has a simple

function that reads a character another read which reads, an array of characters,
and a readLine() function which reads a line.

• InputStreamReader() is a function that converts the input stream of bytes into a

stream of characters so that it can be read as BufferedReader expects a stream
of characters.

• BufferedReader can throw checked Exceptions

class InputDemo

// Main Method

public static void main(String [] args) throws IOException

// Creating BufferedReader Object

// InputStreamReader converts bytes to

// stream of character

BufferedReader bfn = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

// Asking for input from user

System.out.println("Enter String : ");

System.out.println("Enter Integer : ");

// String reading internally

 String str = bfn.readLine();

// Integer reading internally

int it = Integer.parseInt(bfn.readLine());

// Printing String

System.out.println("Entered String : "+ str);

// Printing Integer

System.out.println("Entered Integer : "+ it);

• Scanner

• It is an advanced version of BufferedReader which was added in later versions

of Java. The scanner can read formatted input. It has different functions for
different types of data types.

• The scanner is much easier to read as we don’t have to write throws as there is
no exception thrown by it.

• It was added in later versions of Java

• It contains predefined functions to read an Integer, Character, and other data

types as well.
import java.util.*;

class ScannerDemo{

public static void main(String[] args)

// Scanner definition

Scanner scn = new Scanner(System.in);

// input is a string ( one word )

// read by next() function

String str1 = scn.next();

// print String

System.out.println("Entered String str1 : " + str1);

// input is a String ( complete Sentence )

// read by nextLine()function

String str2 = scn.nextLine();

// print string

System.out.println("Entered String str2 : " + str2);

// input is an Integer

// read by nextInt() function

 int x = scn.nextInt();

// print integer

System.out.println("Entered Integer : " + x);

// input is a floatingValue

// read by nextFloat() function

float f = scn.nextFloat();

// print floating value

System.out.println("Entered FloatValue : " + f);

• Java command-line argument is an argument i.e. passed at the time of

running the Java program. In the command line, the arguments passed from the
console can be received in the java program and they can be used as input. The
users can pass the arguments during the execution bypassing the command-line
arguments inside the main() method.

• We need to pass the arguments as space-separated values. We can pass both

strings and primitive data types(int, double, float, char, etc) as command-line
arguments. These arguments convert into a string array and are provided to the
main() function as a string array argument.

• When command-line arguments are supplied to JVM, JVM wraps these and
supplies them to args[]. It can be confirmed that they are wrapped up in an args
array by checking the length of args using args.length.

• Internally, JVM wraps up these command-line arguments into the args[ ] array
that we pass into the main() function. We can check these arguments using
args.length method. JVM stores the first command-line argument at args[0], the
second at args[1], the third at args[2], and so on.
• Illustration:

• class CmdDemo {

• // Main driver method

• public static void main(String[] args)

• {

• // Printing the first argument

• System.out.println(args[0]);

• }

• }