Introduction

Python for Data Science & Artificial Intelligence

Instructor: Dr. Sneha Singh, SCEE

Term : June 2025
 Books
- Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner, Third Edition (Chapters 1-7),
by Michael Dawson

- Think Like a Programmer - An Intro. to Creative Problem Solving - V. Spraul

(No Starch, 2012)
- Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic processes by Papoulis and Pillai,
4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Edition.

Source: Image by Pexels from Pixabay

Marks Distributions
➔ Two Subjective Exams - 70% (20+50)

➔ One/Two Quiz/s (MCQ) - 20%

➔ Self Practice/Lab Assignment - 10%

3
 Course Content?

Python Basics:

➔ Variables and Data Types:

Strings, Integers, Float

➔ Array: Lists, Numpy

➔ Operations, Operator Overloading
➔ Tuples and Dictionaries
➔ Functions: Inbuilt and User-defined
➔ Conditional Statements and Loops
➔ Errors: Syntax and Logical

Images by Gerd Altmann and 1315674 from Pixabay

Course Content?

Python Basics

➔ Reading and Writing Files

➔ Object Oriented Programming
➔ Command Line Arguments
➔ Handling Exceptions

Complexity Analysis

Stacks and Queues

Slide 23
 Course Content?

Plots: Visualizing Data

Statistics

Probability

Regression, interpolation

Machine learning

Clustering

Image by Colin Behrens from Pixabay

Labs

Days: Tuesday/Thursday

Time: Will be updated soon

Note:
- You can exchange ideas within the group, but not to other groups.
- 1-2 times “any kind of cheating” -> 0 marks in lab/exam
- 3 times “any kind of cheating” in lab -> F grade
History and Background
 Computing

Process of using computer technology to complete a given goal-oriented task.

- design and development of software and hardware systems

- structuring, processing and managing information

- pursuit of scientific studies
- making intelligent systems
- creating and using different media for entertainment and communication

Source: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/6597/computing
Image by fancycrave1 from Pixabay
 Computing
- Cloud Computing (Services through Internet)

- Google Vision API

- High Performance Computing (High Speed)
- https://iitmandi.ac.in/new/high-performance-cluster

- Edge Computing (Compute at Edges: Latency)

Image by Mudassar Iqbal and Elias from Pixabay

Questions

- Can creating music through computers be considered as computing

task?
- What is difference between cloud computing and edge computing?
- Data science is a field of study that combines how many subjects?
- What are the 3 subjects that data science combines?
- What is the purpose of combining the 3 subjects?
Data Science

Field of study that combines:

- Mathematics, Computer
Maths
- Domain Expertise, Science
- and Programming
To extract meaningful insights from data. Domain
Expertise

Source: https://www.datarobot.com/wiki/data-science/
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/introduction-to-data-science-28deb32878e7
Some Real Life Applications

Tree Counting: https://tinyurl.com/nd4msyf2

GUI to annotate object boxes: https://github.com/heartexlabs/labelImg

- The above GUI can be modified to annotate Leaf Tips

Motorcycle Violations: https://tinyurl.com/3x5hhtb3

Character Control in Games: https://github.com/sreyafrancis/PFNN

- Video: https://tinyurl.com/2d5a5k92

OpenOCRCorrect: https://tinyurl.com/47kabh28
 Analog and Digital Systems

Images by https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-data-acquisition
 Computers: Basic Structures

Computer System Categories:

● Software: Enables hardware to perform set of tasks.

● Programming
● Algorithms
● Instructions

……………..
● Hardware: Physical Components.
 Computers: Softwares
System Software: Operation Coordination

Operating System

Utility Programs

Compiler, Interpreter

Images by barek2marcin, Memed_Nurrohmad and 1315674 from Pixabay

 Computers: Softwares
System Software: Performing Specific Task/Tasks

Text Processing

Data Operations
DBMS
Images by LukasHansdak, Christian Dorn, and Irvin John Mabli from Pixabay
 Computers: Functional Diagram

Registers, Hold :

- Data
- Instructions
- Storage Address

Control Unit:

- Read instructions
- Send signals to other
parts

Combinational Logic:

- Performs Arithmetic +/-

- Logical: AND/OR/XOR

By Lambtron - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37716438

 Computers (History): Hardwares

Abacus (2700–2300 BC)

Principle: Counting (beads)
Operations:
- Addition
- Subtraction
- Multiplication
- Division
- Square Root
- Cubic Root

Image by Michelle Scott from Pixabay

 Computers (History): Hardwares

Slide Rule (1814)

Principle: Log scales
- Operations:
- Multiplication
- Division
- Square
- Square Root

Image by Olaf from Pixabay

 Computers (History): Hardwares

Mechanical Calculators (1820)

Principle: Counting (gears)
Operations:
- Addition
- Subtraction
- Multiplication
- Division

Images by Michael Kauer and MasterTux from Pixabay

 Functional Units: Input Devices

Function: Read data/coded information from

Images by Thorsten Frenzel, kalhh and stokpic from Pixabay

 Functional Units: Output

Function: Send/write processed data to display on

Images by PublicDomainPictures, PublicDomainPictures and Maria from Pixabay

 Functional Units: Memory
Function: Store, transfer, and extract, program and data

Fix, reliable, and easy to find/fetch data

Floppy Disk: 1.44MB Compact Disk (CD) 700MB Hard Disk (HDD): 16GB-20TB
Super Disk: 120/200/240 MB Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) 4.7GB Solid State (SSD): 128GB-100TB
Zip disk: 250 MB

Images by Erwin, PublicDomainPictures, Clker-Free-Vector-Images and manseok Kim from Pixabay

 Functional Units: Processor
Function: Process data/instructions

Image from https://students.iitmandi.ac.in/moodle/pluginfile.php/64385/mod_resource/content/1/lec3_computersProgramming.pdf

 Functional Units: Registers

Assembler
Compiler
Interpreter

Image by Wikipedia
Questions

- What is the principle used in slide rule?

- What are the 4 important units of Computer?
- Which of the unit in CPU is connected to all other CPU units?
- Why do we need registers if we have main memory?
- What do registers hold in CPU?
Information System: Decimal V/S Binary
Numbers
0 0
1 1
2 10
3 11
. 100
. .
. .
9 .
10
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
 Binary Numbers

In Decimal Number System (dec ->10, i.e. base is 10):

- We have single digit numbers: 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
- We have units place, tens place, hundreds place etc.
- 123 means 3X1 + 2X10 + 1X100
Similarly in Binary Number System (binary ->2, i.e. base is 2):
- We have single digit numbers: 0, 1
- You can say: We have units place, twos place, fours place etc.
- So 101 means 1X1 + 0X2 + 1X4 (= 5 in decimal number system)
Just like 9+1 = 10 in decimal number system, we have 1+1 = 10 in binary number
system! (since 1 is the largest one digit in binary number system like 9 in decimal
number system). Similarly: 1+0 = 1 = 0+1, 10 + 01 = 11, 011 + 010 = 101.

Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

The Computing Machine

Memory:
0
- Series of locations
1
- Store Information 2
.
.
.
.

PROCESSOR

1 GIGABYTE
The Computing Machine

Memory:

- Series of locations
- Store Information
Program

PROCESSOR

Data
Questions

- What is the difference between 10 in binary number system and 10 in decimal

number system?
- Convert the binary number 20 to binary.
- Convert the binary number 10101 to decimal.
- When will a binary number be odd?
- How will you multiply a binary number by 2?
Machine Code

How a computer adds two one bit binary numbers?

Add

Output 1
Subtract
1 0 1 1 1 0
Input 1
Output 2

Input 2
Machine Code

How a computer adds two one bit binary numbers?

Add

Subtract Output

?
XOR 1
1 0 1 1 1 0
Input 1 Output
AND 2
Input 2
Programming Language

How about just saying this to your computer:-

Output = Input1 + Input2

 Programming Language

Computer Speak its language: When you write a program

in Python, Java etc. It does not run directly on the OS.

Interpreter or virtual machine takes it and runs it for you

translating your commands into the language of the OS

● High-level: Python, C++, Java

● Low-level: Machine language, computers can only
execute these
● High-level languages have to be processed into
low-level before the computer can run them

But high-level languages can run on different kinds of

computers and are easier for humans to write and read,
so most programs are written in high-level
Image by Wikipedia
Programming Language: Python

● Python is one of many programming languages and Free, open sourced.

● Easy to use and developed by Guido van Rossum in 1991.

● It is Object-oriented programming but is optional.

● We will use Python 3, there are 2 widely used versions.

● Running Python on the command line:

$ python3

or

$ python3 –i filename.py
 Python: Interaction and Setting Up

There are two ways to interact with a Python interpreter:

1. Tell it to execute a program that is saved in a file with a .py extension

2. Interact with it in a program called a shell

Image by python.org
 Python: IDLE
● Python comes with integrated
development environment, IDLE.

● It is a set of tools that make writing

easier.

● There are two modes for working

on IDLE:

1. Interactive
2. Script

Image by python.org
 Python: Command Line Interface

Be aware of the difference between “talking to the shell” and “talking to Python”
Python: Generating Error

Errors in Python have a very specific form,

called a traceback.

Reading error messages: Identify the following pieces of information about it:

1. How many levels does the traceback have?

2. What is the file name where the error occurred?
3. What is the function name where the error occurred?
4. On which line number in this function did the error occur?
5. What is the type of error?
6. What is the error message?
Python: Syntax Highlighting
Text Editors:
Sublim
VS Code
Notepad
Atom
IDLE, etc

● Read/Identifies the file

● Interpreter will quickly understands the words
● Based on different word and interpretations,
in-built functions, strings, numbers, library etc
different color will be displayed for different
editor settings.
Applications: Machine Learning
Regression
Clustering
 Questions

● What is the difference regression and clustering?

● What is the difference between regression and interpolation?

● Given the points in 2D, how will you fit a line for interpolation?

● Given the points in 2D, how will you fit a line for regression?

● How will you make computers understand to cluster the negative numbers [-2, -1,
1, 2] into groups of -ve and positive numbers?