PYTHON PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

Common to CIVIL and MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3 i) Write a program to calculate compound interest when principal, rate and number of periods

are given.

# Compound Interest Calculation

P = float(input("Enter Principal Amount: "))

R = float(input("Enter Rate of Interest (%): "))

T = int(input("Enter Time Period (years): "))

A = P * (1 + R / 100) ** T

CI = A - P

print(f"Compound Interest: {CI:.2f}")

NOTE:
f-string (formatted string literal)in Python, introduced in Python 3.6.

f"" → Marks the string as an f-string, allowing inline variable substitution.

{CI:.2f} → Inserts the value of CI into the string and formats it:

:.2f → Formats CI as a floating-point number with 2 decimal places.

3 ii) Given coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y2) find the distance between two points

Method 1:

# Python Program to Calculate Distance

# Reading co-ordinates

x1 = float(input('Enter x1: '))

y1 = float(input('Enter y1: '))

x2 = float(input('Enter x2: '))

y2 = float(input('Enter y2: '))

# Calculating distance

d = ( (x2-x1)**2 + (y2-y1)**2 ) ** 0.5

# Displaying result

print('Distance = %f' %(d))

NOTE:

Formatted print statement:

'Distance = %f' → A string containing a format specifier (%f).

% Operator → Used for string formatting, replacing %f with the value of d.

(d) → The variable d, whose value replaces %f.

Method 2:

import math

# Read coordinates

x1, y1 = map(float, input("Enter coordinates of first point (x1 y1): ").split())

x2, y2 = map(float, input("Enter coordinates of second point (x2 y2): ").split())

# Calculate distance

distance = math.sqrt((x2 - x1) ** 2 + (y2 - y1)* * 2)

print(f"Distance between points: {distance:.2f}")

4. Read name, address, email and phone number of a person through keyboard and print the
details.

# Read person details

name = input("Enter name: ")

address = input("Enter address: ")

email = input("Enter email: ")

phone = input("Enter phone number: ")

# Print details

print("\n--- Person Details ---")

print("Name:", name)

print("Address:", address)

print("Email:", email)

print("Phone:", phone)

Week - 2:

1. Print the below triangle using for loop.

44

333

2222

11111

# Loop from 5 to 1

for i in range(5, 0, -1):

# Print 'i' i times

print((str(i) + " ") * (6 - i))

2. Write a program to check whether the given input is digit or lowercase character or uppercase

character or a special character (use 'if-else-if' ladder)

# Take input from the user

char = input("Enter a single character: ")

# Check if the input is a digit

if char.isdigit():

print(f"'{char}' is a Digit.")

# Check if the input is a lowercase letter

elifchar.islower():

print(f"'{char}' is a Lowercase Character.")

# Check if the input is an uppercase letter

elifchar.isupper():

print(f"'{char}' is an Uppercase Character.")

# If none of the above conditions match, it's a special character

else:

print(f"'{char}' is a Special Character.")

3. Python Program to Print the Fibonacci sequence using while loop

# Take user input for the number of terms

n = int(input("Enter the number of terms: "))

# Initialize the first two Fibonacci numbers

a, b = 0, 1

count = 0 # Counter to track the number of terms printed

# Check if the user entered a valid number

if n <= 0:

print("Please enter a positive integer.")

else:

print("Fibonacci Sequence:")

while count < n:

print(a, end=" ") # Print the current term

a, b = b, a + b # Update values (next Fibonacci number)

count += 1 # Increment the counter

4. Python program to print all prime numbers in a given interval (use break)

# Get user input for range

start = int(input("Enter the start of the interval: "))

end = int(input("Enter the end of the interval: "))

print(f"Prime numbers between {start} and {end} are:")

# Loop through numbers in the given range

for num in range(start, end + 1):

if num > 1: # Prime numbers are greater than 1

for i in range(2, int(num ** 0.5) + 1): # Check divisibility up to sqrt(num)

 if num % i == 0: # If divisible, it's not prime

break # Exit loop early

else:

print(num, end=" ") # Print prime number

Week - 3:

1. i) Write a program to convert a list and tuple into arrays.

ii) Write a program to find common values between two arrays.

i) Write a program to convert a list and tuple into arrays.

import numpy as np

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_tuple = (60, 70, 80, 90, 100)

# Convert list to array

list_array = np.array(my_list)
print("List converted to array:", list_array)

# Convert tuple to array

tuple_array = np.array(my_tuple)
print("Tuple converted to array:", tuple_array)

OUTPUT:

ii) Write a program to find common values between two arrays.

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

arr2 = np.array([3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
common_values = np.intersect1d(arr1, arr2)
print("Common values between arrays:", common_values)

OUTPUT:
2. Write a function called gcd that takes parameters a and b and returns their greatest common
divisor.

def gcd(a, b):

while b:
a, b = b, a % b
return a

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print(f"GCD of {num1} and {num2} is:", gcd(num1, num2))

OUTPUT:

3. Write a function called palindrome that takes a string argument and returns True if it is a
palindrome and False otherwise. Remember that you can use the built-in function len to check
the length of a string.

# Program to check if a string is a palindrome

def palindrome(s):
return s == s[::-1]

string = input("Enter a string: ")

if palindrome(string):
print("The string is a palindrome.")
else:
print("The string is not a palindrome.")
Week - 4:

1. Write a function called is_sorted that takes a list as a parameter and returns True if the list
is sorted in ascending order and False otherwise.

def is_sorted(lst):

return lst == sorted(lst)

# Taking input from the user

user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by spaces: ")

num_list = list(map(int, user_input.split())) # Convert input string to a list of integers

# Check if the list is sorted

if is_sorted(num_list):

print("The list is sorted in ascending order.")

else:

print("The list is not sorted.")

2. Write a function called has_duplicates that takes a list and returns True if there is any
element

that appears more than once. It should not modify the original list.

Method 1:

def has_duplicates(lst):

seen = set() # Create an empty set to store seen elements

for item in lst:

 if item in seen: # If item is already in set, there's a duplicate

return True

seen.add(item) # Add item to the set

return False # No duplicates found

# Example usage:

print(has_duplicates([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])) # False

print(has_duplicates([1, 2, 3, 4, 1])) # True

print(has_duplicates(['a', 'b', 'c', 'a'])) # True

print(has_duplicates([])) # False

i) Write a function called remove_duplicates that takes a list and returns a new list with
only the unique elements from the original. Hint: they don‟t have to be in the same
order.
def remove_duplicates(lst):
seen = set()
unique_list = []
for item in lst:
if item not in seen:
unique_list.append(item)
seen.add(item)
return unique_list

# Example usage:
print(remove_duplicates([1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5])) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
ii) The wordlist I provided, words.txt, doesn‟t contain single letter words. So you might
want to add “I”, “a”, and the empty string.
iii) Write a python code to read dictionary values from the user. Construct a function to
invert its content. i.e., keys should be values and values should be keys.

def invert_dict(d):
inverted = {}
for key, value in d.items():
if value in inverted:
inverted[value].append(key) # If value already exists, append key (handles
duplicates)
else:
inverted[value] = [key] # Store keys as a list to handle duplicate values
return inverted

# Taking dictionary input from the user

try:
user_input = input("Enter a dictionary (e.g., {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 1}): ")

import ast
user_dict = ast.literal_eval(user_input) # Safe parsing of input

if isinstance(user_dict, dict): # Ensure input is a dictionary

inverted_dict = invert_dict(user_dict)
print("Inverted dictionary:", inverted_dict)
else:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a valid dictionary.")
except:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a valid dictionary format.")
Week - 5
1. i) Write a python program that defines a matrix and prints
ii) Write a python program to perform addition of two square matrices
iii) Write a python program to perform multiplication of two square matrices

2. How do you make a module? Give an example of construction of a module using different
geometrical shapes and operations on them as its functions.

3. Use the structure of exception handling all general purpose exceptions.

1. i) Write a python program that defines a matrix and prints

program 1:
# Define a matrix (2D list)
matrix = [
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
]

# Print the matrix

print("The matrix is:")
for row in matrix:
print(row)

program 2 using numpy

import numpy as np

# Define a matrix using NumPy

matrix = np.array([
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
])

# Print the matrix

print("The matrix is:")
print(matrix)

ii) Write a python program to perform addition of two square matrices

 program

import numpy as np

# Define two square matrices

matrix1 = np.array([
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
])

matrix2 = np.array([
[9, 8, 7],
[6, 5, 4],
[3, 2, 1]
])

# Perform matrix addition

result = matrix1 + matrix2

# Print the matrices and the result

print("Matrix 1:")
print(matrix1)

print("\nMatrix 2:")
print(matrix2)

print("\nSum of Matrix 1 and Matrix 2:")

print(result)

iii) Write a python program to perform multiplication of two square matrices

import numpy as np

# Define two square matrices

matrix1 = np.array([
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
])
 matrix2 = np.array([
[9, 8, 7],
[6, 5, 4],
[3, 2, 1]
])

# Perform matrix multiplication

result = np.dot(matrix1, matrix2) # You can also use matrix1 @ matrix2

# Print the matrices and the result

print("Matrix 1:")
print(matrix1)

print("\nMatrix 2:")
print(matrix2)

print("\nProduct of Matrix 1 and Matrix 2:")

print(result)

2. How do you make a module? Give an example of construction of a module using

different geometrical shapes and operations on them as its functions.
# geometry.py

import math

# Circle area and perimeter

def circle_area(radius):
return math.pi * radius ** 2

def circle_perimeter(radius):
return 2 * math.pi * radius

# Rectangle area and perimeter

def rectangle_area(length, width):
return length * width

def rectangle_perimeter(length, width):

return 2 * (length + width)
 # Triangle area using Heron's formula
def triangle_area(a, b, c):
s = (a + b + c) / 2
return math.sqrt(s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))

def triangle_perimeter(a, b, c):

return a + b + c

# main.py

import geometry # Importing our custom module

# Circle
r=5
print("Circle Area:", geometry.circle_area(r))
print("Circle Perimeter:", geometry.circle_perimeter(r))

# Rectangle
l, w = 10, 4
print("\nRectangle Area:", geometry.rectangle_area(l, w))
print("Rectangle Perimeter:", geometry.rectangle_perimeter(l, w))

# Triangle
a, b, c = 3, 4, 5
print("\nTriangle Area:", geometry.triangle_area(a, b, c))
print("Triangle Perimeter:", geometry.triangle_perimeter(a, b, c))

3. Use the structure of exception handling all general purpose exceptions.

import math

def safe_circle_area(radius):
try:
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
return area
except TypeError:
print("Error: Radius must be a number.")
except Exception as e:
print("Unexpected error:", e)

def safe_division(a, b):

try:
 return a / b
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
except TypeError:
print("Error: Inputs must be numbers.")
except Exception as e:
print("Unexpected error occurred:", e)
else:
print("Division successful.")
finally:
print("Exiting division function.")

def safe_triangle_area(a, b, c):

try:
s = (a + b + c) / 2
area = math.sqrt(s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
if area <= 0:
raise ValueError("Invalid triangle dimensions.")
return area
except ValueError as ve:
print("Value Error:", ve)
except TypeError:
print("Error: All sides must be numbers.")
except Exception as e:
print("Unexpected error:", e)

# Test all
print("Circle Area:", safe_circle_area(5))
print("Division:", safe_division(10, 0)) # Will raise division error
print("Triangle Area:", safe_triangle_area(1, 2, 10)) # Invalid triangle

WEEK – 6
1. a. Write a function called draw_rectangle that takes a Canvas and a Rectangle as
arguments and draws a representation of the Rectangle on the Canvas.
b. Add an attribute named color to your Rectangle objects and modify draw_rectangle
so that it uses the color attribute as the fill color.
c. Write a function called draw_point that takes a Canvas and a Point as arguments
and draws a representation of the Point on the Canvas.
d. Define a new class called Circle with appropriate attributes and instantiate a few
Circle
objects. Write a function called draw_circle that draws circles on the canvas.

Method – 1 for google colabs

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import matplotlib.patches as patches

# Create figure and axis

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlim(0, 400)
ax.set_ylim(0, 400)
ax.set_aspect('equal')
ax.set_facecolor("white")

# Function to draw a rectangle

def draw_rectangle(x, y, width, height, color):
rect = patches.Rectangle((x, y), width, height, linewidth=1, edgecolor='black',
facecolor=color)
ax.add_patch(rect)

# Function to draw a point

def draw_point(x, y, size=4, color='black'):
circle = patches.Circle((x, y), radius=size, color=color)
ax.add_patch(circle)

# Function to draw a circle

def draw_circle(x, y, radius, color):
circle = patches.Circle((x, y), radius=radius, edgecolor='black', facecolor=color)
 ax.add_patch(circle)

# Sample drawings
draw_rectangle(50, 50, 100, 80, "lightgreen")
draw_rectangle(200, 50, 120, 100, "skyblue")

draw_point(150, 200)
draw_point(300, 300)

draw_circle(100, 300, 40, "pink")

draw_circle(250, 150, 60, "orange")

plt.gca().invert_yaxis() # To match tkinter's top-left origin

plt.axis('off') # Hide axis
plt.show()

OUTPUT:

Method – 2 – for vs code and pycharm

import tkinter as tk

# Define a Point class

class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y

# Define a Rectangle class

class Rectangle:
def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, color="blue"):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.color = color

# Define a Circle class

class Circle:
def __init__(self, x, y, radius, color="red"):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.radius = radius
self.color = color

# Function to draw a rectangle on canvas

def draw_rectangle(canvas, rect):
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y
x2 = rect.x + rect.width
y2 = rect.y + rect.height
canvas.create_rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, fill=rect.color, outline="black")

# Function to draw a point on canvas

def draw_point(canvas, point, size=4):
x, y = point.x, point.y
canvas.create_oval(x-size, y-size, x+size, y+size, fill="black")

# Function to draw a circle on canvas

def draw_circle(canvas, circle):
x1 = circle.x - circle.radius
y1 = circle.y - circle.radius
x2 = circle.x + circle.radius
y2 = circle.y + circle.radius
 canvas.create_oval(x1, y1, x2, y2, fill=circle.color, outline="black")

# Create Tkinter window and canvas

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Canvas Drawing")
canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=400, height=400, bg="white")
canvas.pack()

# Sample shapes
rect1 = Rectangle(50, 50, 100, 80, color="lightgreen")
rect2 = Rectangle(200, 50, 120, 100, color="skyblue")
draw_rectangle(canvas, rect1)
draw_rectangle(canvas, rect2)

point1 = Point(150, 200)

point2 = Point(300, 300)
draw_point(canvas, point1)
draw_point(canvas, point2)

circle1 = Circle(100, 300, 40, color="pink")

circle2 = Circle(250, 150, 60, color="orange")
draw_circle(canvas, circle1)
draw_circle(canvas, circle2)

# Launch the GUI window

root.mainloop()

2. Write a Python program to demonstrate the usage of Method Resolution Order

(MRO) in multiple levels of Inheritances.

class A:
def greet(self):
print("Hello from A")

class B(A):
def greet(self):
print("Namaste from B")
super().greet() # Calls greet() from A

class C(A):
 def greet(self):
print("Marhaba from C")
super().greet() # Calls greet() from A

class D(B, C): # D inherits from B and C

def greet(self):
print("Olà from D")
super().greet() # This will follow MRO

# Create object of D and call greet

d = D()
d.greet()

# Print the MRO

print("\nMethod Resolution Order (MRO):")
print(D.__mro__)

OUTPUT:

Olà from D
Namaste from B
Marhaba from C
Hello from A

Method Resolution Order (MRO):

(<class '__main__.D'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class
'__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>)

3. Write a python code to read a phone number and email-id from the user and validate
it for correctness.

import re

def validate_phone(phone):
 # Indian phone number: 10 digits, starts with 6-9
pattern = r'^[6-9]\d{9}$'
return re.match(pattern, phone)

def validate_email(email):
# Basic email pattern
pattern = r'^[\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+\.\w+$'
return re.match(pattern, email)

# Read input from user

phone = input("Enter your phone number: ")
email = input("Enter your email ID: ")

# Validate phone number

if validate_phone(phone):
print("Phone number is valid.")
else:
print("Invalid phone number. It must be 10 digits starting with 6-9.")

# Validate email
if validate_email(email):
print("Email ID is valid.")
else:
print("Invalid email ID. Please check the format (e.g., name@example.com).")

OUTPUT:

Enter your phone number: 7894567895

Enter your email ID: nazima@gmail.com
Phone number is valid.
Email ID is valid.

Enter your phone number: 7894565

Enter your email ID: naz&gmail.com
Invalid phone number. It must be 10 digits starting with 6-9.
Invalid email ID. Please check the format (e.g., name@example.com).

NOTES:

What is RE?
 RE stands for Regular Expression (sometimes called regex or regexp).
A regular expression is a special sequence of characters that defines a search pattern.
It is mainly used for string matching, searching, and validation.
For example, you can use regex to check if a phone number, email, or password
meets a certain format.

1. ^[6-9]\d{9}$
This regex is often used to validate Indian mobile phone numbers (starting with digits
6 to 9 and having a total of 10 digits).

 ^
Anchors the match at the start of the string.
 [6-9]
Matches exactly one digit between 6 and 9 (inclusive). This means the first digit of the
phone number must be 6, 7, 8, or 9.
 \d{9}
\d matches any digit (0-9). {9} means exactly 9 digits following the first digit.
 $
Anchors the match at the end of the string.

Therefore, the string must start with a digit 6-9, followed by exactly 9 digits, and nothing
else before or after. So the whole string must be exactly 10 digits, valid Indian phone
number format.

2. ^[\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+\.\w+$

This regex is used to validate email addresses in a simplified form.

 ^
Start of the string.
 [\w\.-]+
Matches one or more (+) characters that are either:
o \w = word characters (letters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, and underscore _)
o . = literal dot (.)
o - = literal hyphen (-)
This part matches the username or local part before the @.
 @
Matches the literal "@" symbol.
 [\w\.-]+
Matches one or more word characters, dots, or hyphens again, this is the domain name
part.
  \.
Matches a literal dot (.) separating domain and top-level domain (TLD).
 \w+
Matches one or more word characters, this is the top-level domain (like com, org, net).
 $
End of the string.

Regex Purpose Explanation

Validate Indian phone Starts with 6-9, followed by

^[6-9]\d{9}$
numbers 9 digits, total 10 digits

Username with
letters/digits/dots/hyphens,
Validate email addresses
^[\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+\.\w+$ then '@', then domain with
(simple)
letters/digits/dots/hyphens,
dot, and TLD

WEEK – 7

1. Write a Python code to merge two given file contents into a third file.
2. Write a Python code to open a given file and construct a function to check for
given words
present in it and display on found.
3. Write a Python code to Read text from a text file, find the word with most number
of occurrences
4. Write a function that reads a file file1 and displays the number of words, number of
vowels,
blank spaces, lower case letters and uppercase letters.

1. Write a Python code to merge two given file contents into a third file.

from google.colab import files

file = open("file1.txt", "w")

# Write content to the file

file.write("Hello! This is a text file created using Python.\n")

file.write("You can add more lines like this.\n")

# Always close the file after writing

file.close()

file = open("file2.txt", "w")

# Write content to the file

file.write("python is an easy programming language\n")

file.write("the best part of its is vast libraries .\n")

# Always close the file after writing

file.close()

print("File 'example.txt' created successfully!")

file1 = 'file1.txt'

file2 = 'file2.txt'

merged_file = 'merged.txt'

with open(file1, 'r') as f1, open(file2, 'r') as f2, open(merged_file, 'w') as mf:
 mf.write(f1.read())

mf.write('\n') # Optional newline between files

mf.write(f2.read())

print("Files merged into merged.txt")

files.download("file1.txt")

files.download("file2.txt")

files.download("merged.txt")

2. Write a Python code to open a given file and construct a function to check for
given words present in it and display on found.

USING FUNCTIONS:
def search_words_in_file(filename, words):
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
for word in words:
if word in content:
print(f"'{word}' found in file.")
else:
print(f"'{word}' not found in file.")

# Example usage:
search_words_in_file(‘merged.txt', ['python', 'code', 'banana'])

WITHOUT USING FUNCTIONS:

filename = 'merged.txt'
words = ['python', 'code', 'India']

with open(filename, 'r') as file:

content = file.read()

for word in words:

if word in content:
 print(f"'{word}' found in file.")
else:
print(f"'{word}' not found in file.")

3. Write a Python code to Read text from a text file, find the word with most number of
occurrences

from collections import Counter

import string

filename = 'file1.txt'

with open(filename, 'r') as file:

text = file.read()

# Normalize text: lowercase and remove punctuation

text = text.lower()
text = text.translate(str.maketrans('', '', string.punctuation))

# Split into words and count

words = text.split()
word_count = Counter(words)
most_common = word_count.most_common(1)

if most_common:
print(f"The most frequent word is '{most_common[0][0]}' with {most_common[0]
[1]} occurrences.")
else:
print("No words found.")

4. Write a function that reads a file file1 and displays the number of words, number of
vowels, blank spaces, lower case letters and uppercase letters.

USING FUNCTIONS:
def analyze_file(filename):
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
 word_count = len(content.split())
vowel_count = sum(1 for char in content if char in vowels)
space_count = content.count(' ')
lowercase_count = sum(1 for char in content if char.islower())
uppercase_count = sum(1 for char in content if char.isupper())

print(f"Words: {word_count}")
print(f"Vowels: {vowel_count}")
print(f"Spaces: {space_count}")
print(f"Lowercase letters: {lowercase_count}")
print(f"Uppercase letters: {uppercase_count}")

# Example usage:
analyze_file('file1.txt')