Hibernate
Hibernate is an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) framework for Java that maps Java objects to
database tables. It reduces boilerplate JDBC code and handles transactions, caching, and query
generation. Key Features: HQL, Criteria API, Caching, Lazy Loading, Annotations for mapping.
Common Interview Q&A;
Q: What is Hibernate?
A: An ORM framework for mapping Java objects to relational database tables.
Q: Difference between Hibernate and JDBC?
A: Hibernate automates mapping and query generation; JDBC requires manual SQL.
Q: What is HQL?
A: Hibernate Query Language, object-oriented query language similar to SQL.
Q: Explain caching in Hibernate.
A: First-level cache (Session), Second-level cache (SessionFactory).
Java
Java is a high-level, object-oriented, platform-independent programming language. Core Concepts:
OOP principles, JVM architecture, collections, exceptions, multithreading.
Common Interview Q&A;
Q: What is JVM?
A: Java Virtual Machine executes Java bytecode.
Q: Difference between JDK, JRE, JVM?
A: JDK includes JRE + development tools, JRE runs Java programs, JVM executes bytecode.
Q: Explain OOP concepts.
A: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.
JPA (Java Persistence API)
JPA is a specification for accessing, persisting, and managing data in Java objects to relational
databases. Hibernate is one implementation of JPA.
Common Interview Q&A;
Q: What is JPA?
A: A Java specification for object-relational mapping.
Q: Difference between JPA and Hibernate?
A: JPA is the specification; Hibernate is an implementation.
Q: What are JPA annotations?
A: @Entity, @Id, @GeneratedValue, @OneToMany, @ManyToOne.
JSP (JavaServer Pages)
JSP is a technology to create dynamic web pages using Java in HTML. It allows embedding Java
code into HTML pages and runs on the server.
Common Interview Q&A;
Q: What is JSP?
A: A server-side technology to create dynamic content.
Q: Difference between JSP and Servlet?
A: Servlets are Java classes; JSPs are HTML with embedded Java code.
Q: What are JSP directives?
A: page, include, taglib.
EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans)
EJB is a server-side software component that encapsulates business logic in enterprise
applications. Types: Session Beans, Message-Driven Beans, Entity Beans (deprecated).
Common Interview Q&A;
Q: What is EJB?
A: A component-based architecture for modular enterprise applications.
Q: Types of Session Beans?
A: Stateless, Stateful, Singleton.
Q: Difference between EJB and Spring?
A: EJB is Java EE spec; Spring is a lightweight framework.
Apache Struts
Apache Struts is an MVC framework for creating Java web applications. It uses Action classes,
XML configuration, and JSP for the view layer.
Common Interview Q&A;
Q: What is Struts?
A: An open-source MVC framework for Java web apps.
Q: Difference between Struts 1 and Struts 2?
A: Struts 2 has improved architecture, uses interceptors, and POJO-based actions.
Q: How does Struts implement MVC?
A: Model: business logic, View: JSP, Controller: ActionServlet.
SQL (Structured Query Language)
SQL is a standard language for managing and manipulating relational databases. Includes DDL,
DML, DCL, and TCL commands.
Common Interview Q&A;
Q: What is SQL?
A: A language to store, retrieve, and manipulate data in databases.
Q: Difference between SQL and MySQL?
A: SQL is a language; MySQL is a database system implementing SQL.
Q: What is a JOIN?
A: A way to combine rows from two or more tables.
Q: Types of JOIN?
A: INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN.
