Basic Ecology Principle and Concept
Basic Ecology Principle and Concept
Basic Ecology Principle and Concept
CONCEPTS
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The earth is the only known planet that has life on it because it has water and air making it ideal for living things
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http://www.nd.edu/~csweet1/solar1.gif
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http://athene.as.arizona.edu/~lclose/teaching/a202/lect4.html
CRUST
It varies thickness from 248 miles (40 km) beneath the parts of the continents to only 3.1 miles (5 km) under parts of the ocean floor. It is made up of lighter rocks than the other layers. The temperature of the rocks increases by by 86oF (30oC) for every km under the surface. Two kind: ocean crust (between the seas) and the continental crust (beneath the land)
MANTLE
It is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) thick. At the top is made up of solid rock. Deeper down it is so hot that the rock melts and becomes molten. It is composed of mainly iron and magnesium.
CORE
OUTER CORE it is about 12,000 miles (2000 km). It is a mixture of a very hot liquid iron and nickel. INNER CORE it is thought to be solid ball of iron and nickel that measures about 1,500 miles (2,400 km)
ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS formed when hot molten material called magma bubbles up from beneath the crust and hardens.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS made from pieces of older rocks which collect in layers usually beneath the sea. Often sedimentary rocks form from layers of dead animals and plants.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS rocks that have been changed and hardened by heat and pressure.
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FOSSIL FUELS
These are our main sources of heat and power that comes from beneath the Earths surface. They are legacies of producers that lived hundreds of millions of years ago These include:
Oil made from bodies of tiny sea creatures that lived million of years ago. The bodies gathered on the seabed and were gradually squeezed down under rocks that formed above them. Eventually, they turned into oil. Coal layers of dead plants were squeezed down until they turned into carbon Natural Gas it is made from decomposed animals and plants usually found in same place as oil.
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BIOSPHERE
The layer around the planet where all living things exist. It is designated as the SKIN OF LIFE It contains all various ecosystems and all the water, minerals, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients that living things need in order to survive.
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ECOSYSTEM
A biological environment and its physical environment. It is a community of organism functioning together and interacting with the physical environment through (1) flow of energy, and (2) cycling of materials. The interaction of the community and non-living environment. Life support system. A community and its physical and chemical environment.
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COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
BIOTIC COMPONENT living organism ABIOTIC COMPONENT physical environment or the non-living component.
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NUTRIENT CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY CYCLE
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NUTRIENT
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CYCLES
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
A summary of the different chemical repositories where a particular elements resides, coupled with the pathways that convert and transport the element from one repository or form to another.
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movement of water in the earths atmosphere, on the surface, and below the surface a process powered by suns energy.
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
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CARBON CYCLE
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http://www.nps.gov/olym/hand/process/ccycle.htm
CARBON CYCLE
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NITROGEN CYCLE
Nitrogen Fixation: converts gaseous nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Certain bacterial species, both aerobic and anaerobic, carry out this conversion. Nitrification: only certain bacteria, the nitrifying bacteria, can use NH3 as an energy source. The reaction occurs in two steps:
Nitrosomonas bacteria convert ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2-) Nitrobacter bacteria convert nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-)
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NITROGEN CYCLE
Denitrification: bacteria that can respire anaerobically will convert nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). Note that nitrate is now serving as an electron acceptor. Some anaerobic respirers can also use nitrite (NO2-), converting it further into nitrous oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (N2O), and ultimately nitrogen gas (N2). Assimilation: ammonia can be directly assimilated into organic compounds inside cells, producing amino groups (-NH2).
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NITROGEN CYCLE
Excretion: during excretion, fermentation, and other catabolic processes, excess amino groups (NH2) are released, ultimately producing ammonia (NH3). Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction: since nitrate (NO3-) is far more common than ammonia, many organisms can only acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate. They must reduce nitrate to form the amino groups needed for metabolism. This process, which superficially resembles nitrate reduction by anaerobic respiration, is entirely different.
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SEDIMENTARY CYCLES
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IMPORTANCE OF PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus is the key to energy in living organisms, for it is phosphorus that moves energy from ATP to another molecule, driving an enzymatic reaction, or cellular transport. Phosphorus is also the glue that holds DNA together, binding deoxyribose sugars together, forming the backbone of the DNA molecule. Phosphorus does the same job in RNA.
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PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Plants absorb phosphorous from water and soil into their tissues, tying them to organic molecules. Once taken up by plants, phosphorus is available for animals when they consume the plants.
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http://www.starsandseas.com/SAS_Images/SAS_ecol_images/SAS_ecol_physical/Cycle_Phosphorus_2.jpg
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
When plants and animals die, bacteria decomposes their bodies, releasing some of the phosphorus back into the soil. Once in the soil, phosphorous can be moved 100s to 1,000s of miles from were they were released by riding through streams and rivers.
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http://www.starsandseas.com/SAS_Images/SAS_ecol_images/SAS_ecol_physical/Cycle_Phosphorus_2.jpg
SULFUR CYCLE
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www.scienceclarified.com/.../uesc_07_img0425.jpg
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www2.visalia.k12.ca.us/.../Sulfurcycle.jpg
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Carbon containing compounds Compounds derived from organisms Chemicals of life
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CHEMICALS OF LIFE
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
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CARBOHYDRATES
Carbos = Sugars: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio (roughly CH2O) Types
Monosaccharides building block of carbohydrates (simplest sugar) Disaccharides (Polysaccharides) Oligosaccharides (Polysaccharides)
They are eaten by many animals and contribute to the production of fats and proteins All energy utilized by living matter comes from carbohydrates.
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PROTEINS
They are organic molecules consisting of many amino acids bonded together.
AMINO ACIDS building blocks of proteins. PEPTIDE BOND bond between two or more amino acids. DENATURATION - protein shape altered with changes in pH, temperature. Change in shape alters activity of enzyme. ENZYMES biological catalysts (substances that speed up chemical reactions).
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LIPIDS
Organic molecules insoluble in water due to numerous non-polar C-H bonds. Fats, oils, & waxes Types of Lipids
Triglycerides (fats) 1. Saturated fats solid at room temperature 2. Unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature Phospholipids Steroids Terpenes Prostaglandins
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FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
1. Energy storage- Fats store glucose energy for long time periods. 2. Chemical messengers- Steroid hormones (testosterone & estrogen) 3. Lipid bilayers of cell membranes
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
Hereditary materials Types:
Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, master molecule, stores hereditary information Ribonucleic acid: RNA, template copy
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CLIMATE REGIME
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CLIMATE VS WEATHER
Weather
Climate
Daily conditions, including temperature and rainfall Can change very rapidly from day to day, and from year to year. Changes involve shifts in temperatures, precipitation, winds, and clouds.
Average weather over a long period Influenced by slow changes in the ocean, the land, the orbit of the Earth about the sun, and the energy output of the sun Fundamentally controlled by the balance of energy of the Earth and its atmosphere
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CLIMATE
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The earths daily rotation and its annual path around the sun
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The atmosphere is a thin layer of mixed gases which makes up the air we breathe.
The
oxygen and ozone (O3) at the atmosphere absorb nearly the ultraviolet wavelengths which is dangerous to most living things. This also helps the earth from becoming too hot or too cold.
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Weather systems, develop here in the atmosphere brought about by the heat from the sun, the rotation of the Earth, and variations in the Earths surface. Air currents the warm equatorial air rises and spread northward and southward. In the arctic regions, the aircools, sinks downward, then flows back towards the equator. The prevailing air currents help dictate the distribution of the different types of ecosystem.
http://www.inkart.com/images/lineart/weather_2.gif
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http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/images/OceanCurrents.gif
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Land covers 27% of the Earths surface and land topography influences weather patterns.
http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geogres/maps/nagif/naelevpc.gif
Ice is the worlds largest supply of freshwater and covers the remaining 3% of the Earths surface. Because of its insulating properties, ice plays an important role in regulating climate.
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The biosphere is the place where living things live and large amounts of carbon dioxide are exchanged between the biosphere and the atmosphere.
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PRODUCERS (AUTOTROPHS)
Able to produce or build its own complex organic molecule from simple organic substance in the environment. PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTHOTROPHS organisms able to build all the organic molecules it requires using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and sunlight as the energy source. CHEMOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS organisms able to build all the organic molecules it requires carbon dioxide as the carbon source and certain inorganic substances as the energy source.
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CONSUMERS (HETEROTROPHS)
Organisms that is not self-feeding and that ingest other living organs in whole or in part to obtain organic nutrients. HERBIVORES plant-eating animal. CARNIVORES animal that eats other animal. OMNIVORES organism able to obtain energy from more than one source rather than being limited to one trophic level. DECOMPOSERS obtain organic nutrients by breaking down the main or products of other organisms. DETRIVORE feeds on partial decomposition of plants and plants and animals tissues.
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FOOD CHAIN
The series of the stages that energy goes through in the form of food. The general sequence of who eats whom.
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FOOD CHAIN
TYPES OF FOOD CHAINS GRAZING FOOD CHAIN one which goes from green plants to grazing herbivores and finally to carnivore.
DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN one which goes from dead organic matter to microorganisms and then to detritus feeding organisms.
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FOOD WEB
Network of many interlinked food chains, encompassing primary consumers, decomposers and detrivores.
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TROPHIC LEVEL
Describes its distance, in steps, from the prime source, the sun.
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Abiotic Environment
Decomposers Producers
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Consumers
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BIOCONCENTRATION
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BIOENERGETICS
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ENERGY
A capacity for interaction between particles A capacity to make things happen A capacity to do work
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ENERGY FLOW
Energy flows into ecosystem from outside sources as sun. Energy flows through the ecosystem based on the consumption of living tissues of photosynthesis growing food webs and the use of organic wastes products (detrital food webs) and remains as a result of metabolic activities of each organism.
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ENERGY SOURCES
Fuel Resources
Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Peat Water Product Wood
Non-Fuel Resources
Hydropower Geothermal Tidal Wind Solar Energy
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PETROLEUM
Essentially a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amount of atmospheric substances; recovered from onshore and from tar offshore fields, tar sand and oil shale; also found in deep sea.
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PETROLEUM
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGE
Abundant and accessible Deposits are widespread in sedimentary areas. Highly versatile high-grade fuel Petroleum and its products are used for transportation, heating lighting, cooling, lubricating, medical products, animal, protein, fertilizers, etc.
Non-renewable, requires considerable capital investment. Cause pollution through cost production sand and oil shale is higher than from conventional sources.
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NATURAL GAS
A combustible gaseous mixture that in gas fields (non-associated gas) contains largely methane and wet state with petroleum (associated gas) contains other hydrocarbons. Found in natural gas field; in coal mines in geopressure zones; obtained as by-product of coke making.
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NATURAL GAS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Relatively cheap and abundant, clean and virtually sulfur-free. Versatile; use as few material for petrochemicals.
Non-renewable except when produced from organic waste or algae. Expensive to transport when liquified. Risky to handle because of vapor clouds and danger of fire.
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COAL
A combustible mineral substance containing expensive and essentially carbon with small amount of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and other constituents; classified as anthracite, bituminous and lignite.
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COAL
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Very abundant. Deposits are widespread in sedimentary areas. High-coal contains 70-80% of the energy per unit weight of oil. Some kind of low in sulfur. Lignite can be used to produce a high-grade smokeless fuel through the qriquetting process.
Non-renewable. Deep mining can be dangerous and hazardous to health. Surface stripping damages the land and creates problem of soil erosion and unproductive land unless remedial work is undertaken, which may be expensive.
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PEAT
Compressed and carbonized elements such as uranium and thorium results in the release of enormous quantities of energy. Plutonium is produced in nuclear reactors. Uranium is found in rocks and seawater; also as by product of minerals, such as gold, phosphate, oil shale.
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PEAT
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Moderate widespread in many parts of the world. Can be used locally for domestic purposes and for electricity generation. Low cost if no transportation involved
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WATER PRODUCT
Agricultural and municipal waste provides steam when burned; animal waste can be dried and used directly as a fuel and converted to methane and fermentation and to oil or gas by methods of decomposition.
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WATER PRODUCT
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Easily obtained and renewable. Can be processed to produce cattle feed. Solves problems of wastes disposal of related environmental pollution.
Organic municipal waste produces lowgrade fuel. Large scale of agricultural organic waste could be costly. Technical problems are still to be solved. Can only be a complement of energy.
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WOOD
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Provides heat for domestic purposes. Methanol can be produced from wood, renewable. Less pollution than other fuels.
Provides less heat per unit weight than other fuels, such as coal and oil. Inefficient conversion causes smoke pollution. Other industrial uses, such as construction and paper production may yield a higher return than its use for energy. Forests are far from industrial centers.
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HYDROPOWER
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HYDROPOWER
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Many involved high initial construction cost. Growing shortage of natural sites. Damming the water may cause changes in the environment, backwater sedimentation are rapid silting.
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GEOTHERMAL
(ENERGY SUPPLIED FROM THE HEAT OF THE EARTHS INTERIOR) ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Abundant Can generate electricity and provides heat for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. Can be used to desalinate water. Can generate electricity economically in relatively small units. Not subject to seasonal variation.
Found principally in areas of tectonic activity. Environmental pollution possible; release of sulfur components; highly mineralized hot water containing materials may have to be reinjected into the field; thermal pollution may be created when used to generate electricity; hot water and stream must be used from geopressure zones and hot rocks not yet developed.
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TIDAL
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Possible only in areas where different tide level is high enough to generate electricity. Output is complicated and costly.
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WIND
WINDMILL
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WIND
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Traditionally used in many rural areas. Non polluting Small wind generators can support energy is isolated regions.
Variation in energy output according to duration and force of wind. Storage of electricity when wind velocity changes is expensive. For large scale production suitable sites with adequate wind power are hard to find. Can only be complementary to other sources of energy.
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SOLAR ENERGY
Sunlight affects rains, winds and ocean currents; provides energy for plant and animal life through photosynthesis.
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BIODIVERSITY
The
variety among living organisms and the ecological communities they inhabit, gives ecosystems stability.
www.mass.gov
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EVOLUTION
The natural process of change in response to the physical changes of an aging planet.
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