B.Eng.

(Electrical Engineering) CSE-342

Telecommunication Network

Lecture 5 Telecommunication Switching

Muniba Q. Zaman

EVOLUTION

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Switching
If we could have point to point lines between all

senders and all receivers, then we would not need switching

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Switching
Imagine point to point lines between all pairs of people:# of people 2 3 10 100 1000 # of lines 1 3 45 4950 0.5 million

In general, for n people ? Advantage ? Disadvantage ?

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Switching
A switch provides temporary path between end users

in a communication network Umair Arsalan

Shehryar Usama

Umar Rohan

Moez

Traffic engineering is science of designing switching

network so that circuits are optimally used & are highly available, most important consideration is cost
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Introduction
Definition Switching the process of directing a signal from its source to its destination the establishing, on demand, of an individual connection from a desired inlet to a desired outlet within a set of inlets and outlets for as long as is required for the transfer of information

Directing Data From Source to Destination involves:

Dedicated line a telephone line leased by a firm and used exclusively by that firm Switch a special purpose computer that directs incoming messages along a path Private branch exchange (PBX) a special-purpose computer that distributes calls within a customers site Switch a special purpose computer that directs incoming messages along a path

Switching example PSTN, PDN, PSPDN

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Exchange Structure
Elements of an exchange include following :1. Concentrator

Concentrates calls from terminations to links 2. Expander Expands terminating calls to terminations & trunks 3. Distributor or group switch For interconnecting switches, # of links decided on statistical basis Types of calls could be :

Own exchange calls Outgoing junction calls Incoming junction calls Transit calls

Signaling System

To pass call connection / disconnection information between termination & exchange and between exchanges Channel associated or common channel signaling Control System To interpret signaling information and take appropriate measures 7 CSE-342

Switching Types
Point-to-Point Network Switching Circuit Switching, Message Switching, Packet Switching, Cell Switching Connection-Oriented versus Connectionless Virtual Circuit versus Datagram Networks Internal/External Abstractions Point-to-Point Switching Circuit Switching Store-and -Forward Networks Message Switching Packet Switching connection-oriented vs connectionless virtual circuit vs datagram Cell Switching

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Switch System Classification

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Message Switching
Message is first stored in buffer and then sent

forward as and when resources become available or sufficient messages have been collected Also called store and forward It is example of queuing system Example is telegraph message Advantage

Better utilization of bandwidth

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Disadvantage

Delay

Circuit Switching
A path is established between caller and

destination for that call If all the ccts are busy then call is lost therefore it is an example of lost call system Advantage

No delay , real time communication Low bandwidth efficiency, ccts used for fraction of time speech contains pauses and silent interval

Disadvantage

Example is PSTN
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Circuit Switching
Circuit Switching (Telephone network)

One physical link is established for each connection Seeking out and establishing a physical copper path end-to-end [historic definition] . Circuit switching implies the need to first set up a dedicated, end-toend path for the connection before the information transfer takes place. Once the connection is made the only delay is propagation time. Advantage No delay , real time communication Disadvantage Low bandwidth efficiency, ccts used for fraction of time speech contains pauses and silent interval

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Packet Switching
Message is broken down into packets and then

each packet is sent separately (possibly by different routes) If outgoing routes are busy then they are kept in queue therefore packet switch is an example of queuing system Switches should be intelligent to choose best routing path Example is internet Advantage

Better bandwidth efficiency

Disadvantage

Packet switching introduces latency CSE-342

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Packet Switching

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Comparison
Characteristics Circuit Packet

Origin

Voice tel

Data NW
Both High De-centralized High High

Connection Connectionless or oriented Oriented Delay Low NW intelligence BW efficiency Information Loss centralized Low Low
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Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching

CIRCUIT SWITCHING:

The method used in telephone networks Sets up a temporary circuit between the source and the destination Resources are reserved for the duration of the session (call)
Appropriate when data are transmitted infrequently from a large number of nodes Used on the Internet The message is divided into packets containing control information No circuit is established Provides better sharing of resources Multiple users share the same resources A store-and-forward network where the block of transfer is a complete packet. A packet is a variable length block of data with a tight upper bound.

PACKET SWITCHING:

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Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

(a) Circuit switching. (b) Packet switching. CSE-342

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Event Timing

Circuit switching

Message switching CSE-342

Packet switching
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Event Timing

DCC 6th Ed., W. packet switching Circuit switching Virtual circuit Stallings, Figure 10.3 Packet switching Datagram
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Connection-Oriented
A setup stage is used to determine the end-to-end path before a

connection is established. Data flow streams are identified by some type of connection indicator (e.g. OSI, X.25, SNA).

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Connectionless Oriented
No set up is needed Each packet contains information which allows the packet to be

individually routed hop-by-hop through the network.

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Datagram vs Virtual Circuit

Datagram

Each datagram packet may be individually routed.

Virtual circuit set up is required. All packets in a virtual circuit follow the same path.

Virtual Circuit

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External Virtual Circuit/Datagram

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Internal
Virtual Circuit And Datagram Operation

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Connection Strategies
Circuit switching. A permanent physical link is established for the

duration of the communication (i.e., telephone system). Message switching. A temporary link is established for the duration of one message transfer (i.e., post-office mailing system). Packet switching. Messages of variable length are divided into fixedlength packets which are sent to the destination. Each packet may take a different path through the network. The packets must be reassembled into messages as they arrive. Circuit switching requires setup time, but incurs less overhead for shipping each message, and may waste network bandwidth. Message and packet switching require less setup time, but incur more overhead per message.

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Circuit switched and packet-switched networks

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B.Eng. (Electrical Engineering) CSE-342

Telecommunication Network

Switching Technology

Categorizing switching

SPC: Stored program control

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Switch System Classification

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Manual Switching
1876 A. G. Bell telephone patent 1878 The first exchange constructed

in La Porte, the US

connect any two of the 21 subscribers using manual switching

switchboard

A ringing signal sounded at the

operator's switchboard when any of the subscribers turned the crank of his telephone Upon answering the signal, the operator was asked to connect the call End-to-end physical path or connection Sequencing preserved: ABCDE in implies ABCDE out Nothing is lost or inserted CSE-342

Plugcord

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Manual Switching
A simple manual switchboard has subscribers

terminations connected to jacks (sockets) The links consist of a pair of plugs on flexible cords (wires) which can be used to interconnect any pair of jacks Signaling consists of calling indicators (e.g. relays and lamps) and clearing indicators Call routing instructions are passed verbally

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Manual Switching

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Manual Switching
Manual exchange demonstrate following features:

Central-battery operation Loop/disconnect signaling The multiple Busy testing Concentration Metering and ticketing Classes of service Common control Scanning Stored-program control Common-channel signaling
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Manual Switching
Advantages

Human control Services such as advice of duration and charge, transfer of calls when absent, wake up calls etc., which are so complex to provide automatically, pose no problem on manual exchanges

Disadvantage

The weakness of the manual exchange, which has resulted in its almost complete disappearance, was essentially its slowness Long distance calling involved chain of operators

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Functions of a Switching System

1. Attending

2. Information receiving (address signal)

3. Information processing 4. Busy testing

5. Interconnection
6. Alerting 7. Supervision 8. Information sending

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Switch System Classification

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Strowger
In 1891, first automatic telephony system was

introduced by Strowger Strowgers business was being taken away by his competitors wife who was working as telephone operator Stepping relay was used to allow a subscriber dialing a telephone to select one of ten lines When the subscriber dials the telephone a series of electrical pulses are generated on the line (at a maximum rate of ten per second) Each pulse causes the uni-selector (which starts at the 'home' position) to be advanced by one step CSE-342

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Strowger (Two motion Selector)

Two motion selectors typically have 10 rows

with 10 contacts each It can move vertically and horizontally It can therefore accept two dialed digits from a subscriber and route the call to any of 100 numbers The first digit moves the selector vertically up to the corresponding level The second digit moves the wipers around the contacts of that level
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Strowgers Step By Step Switch

Rotating shaft

Sliding arm

10 X 10 Array of contacts
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Two motion Selector

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Two motion Selector

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Strowger
In an 100 line exchange each user has to be

provided with his own 100 outlet 2 motion selector This can be avoided by using stage of uni selectors at the beginning If we want to increase the size of exchange then we can use more banks of 2 motion selectors Director is used to translate the digits dialed by user into actual routing digits for calls outside CSE-342 exchange

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Strowger Switch

Strowger switch

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Uniselector & Group selector

Uniselector one which has a single rotary switch with a bank of contacts Depending upon the number of switching contacts, uniselectors are identified as 10 outlet or 24 outlet uniselectors Several uniselectors can be graded together so that multiple incoming circuits can be connected to multiple outgoing circuits cheaper act as a concentrator to enable a large number of lines to share a smaller number of two-motion selectors. Operation: self-drive mode of operation performed by a drive mechanism of a rotary switch. This mechanism contains an armature, electromagnet, Pawl, and Ratchet wheel. The wiper is attached to the ratchet wheel. When the line relay detects a calling signal, the magnet is energized and operates the ratchet wheel, pawl and its associated wiper. When the electromagnet is de-energised the armature is released and returns to its rest position.

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Uni-Selector

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Strowger Switch
Uniselector

Group Selector

1st

2nd

3rd

Final

0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Step by Step Switching

In general, the Strowger switching system consists

of:

subscribers line circuit, line finder & alloter circuit Group selector and final selector

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 Subscriber line circuit (SLC)

Every subscriber is connected to his local exchange by one pair of wires This single pair carries the voice in both directions and the ring current to ring the bell when a call is received At the exchange, every subscriber line terminates into its own SLC This consists of a pair of relays dedicated to that subscriber Remaining switching circuits are shared by all the subscribers. When the subscriber lifts his handset, current starts to flow on the line. This is detected by the SLC.
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 Line Finder & Alloter

Mechanism to find a free selector and to connect the calling subscriber to that free selector
used in the exchange that has more than one rank of twomotion selector. The selector each step vertically in response to a dialed digit. However, during the inter-digit pause they operate in a self-drive mode like a uniselector. Thus, the wiper hunt for a free outlet on the selected level, which leads to a selector in the next switching stage. The selector in the last stage respond to two dialed digits and is called final selectors.

Group selector

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Routing of a Local call in Strowger System

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 Why step by step? Disadvantages:

regular maintenance by the skilled technicians are necessary It is not feasible to select an alternate route for interoffice calls, if all the trunks are busy limited to dial pulses If calling rate is high, heavy operation is performed by the system and the life time of the system is less Congestion could arise when the switching system is heavily loaded capacity of switching system reduces because of fire service, police ambulance, fault reports, directory enquiry, operator assistance etc can accept only 7 to 9 pulses in 1 second hence not suitable for fast dialing Large in size Noise

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Circuit . . .

link

SxS

link

SxS

link

Could be 10 or more links

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Example
Construct a switch with 50 outlets of 3 wires each

from a 25-way uniselector with 6 wipers

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Linked Numbering Scheme (LNS)

For junction calls, dialed digits are used to route a call

through each exchange on the route This requires different dialing codes to reach the same destination from different originating exchanges Example: call from exchange A to A, B to A, C to A, D to A via C This is Disadvantageous Hence use Linked Numbering scheme numbering scheme of an area and the trunking of its exchange are arranged so that a customer can be reached by dialing the same digits from any exchange in the area Example: 10,000-line main exchange and several 1000line satellite exchange can use 5 digit linked numbering scheme. This require an extra rank of selectors
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Register-translator-senders
Although LNS used widely but larger cities require a more

general solution Ideally, route for call should be completely separate from the digits dialed to establish the connection Solution: Register-translator-sender equipment Number dialed by the customer is stored (registered) in the register Stored digits are then analyzed to determine the routing If necessary, part of the number is translated into a different number which is sent out to establish the connection By using different translations all customer can dial same digits to reach a terminating exchange
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Register-translator-senders
Register used only at the beginning of call Time taken to complete the whole process is only fraction of a minute Therefore, registers are provided as common controls, connected to a trunk by an auxiliary switch In electromechanical systems, register function is performed by relays or switches Modern systems use more rapid signaling methods in order to reduce the post-dialing delay Translator function consists of looking up a table of data Dialed digits stored in the register are used to access an address in a store and the number read out from that address is the translation Since charge for a call depends on its destination, translation may also contain the charging rate for the call

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 Registers were added to step-by-step exchange for

use in large cities Uniform 7-digit numbering scheme is used throughout the area The first three digits (ABC) are an exchange code (which is translated) and the last four digits are the customers number on that exchange (which is not translated) These registers are called Directors

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Switch System Classification

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Crossbar
Strowger switches require regular maintenance; banks

need cleaning, mechanisms need lubrication and adjustment, and wipers & cords wear out Replace manually operated switch by a matrix of telephone relays, with their contacts multiplied together horizontally and vertically. This means a switch with N inlets and N outlets will require N2 relays for its crosspoint Uneconomic solution More economic solution was provided by G. A. Betulander in 1917 by the invention of crossbar switch Crossbar switch retains a set of contacts at each point but these are operated through horizontal (select magnets) and vertical (hold or bridge) magnets at the sides of the switch
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Crossbar
A crossbar switch connects multiple inputs to multiple

outputs in a matrix manner If the switch has M inputs and N outputs, then a crossbar has a matrix with M x N cross-points At each cross-point some form of switch contact is needed to complete the connection between horizontal and vertical lines Any of the M inlets can be connected to any of the N outlets by closing the appropriate switch contacts Maximum number of simultaneous connections that can be carried by a matrix switch is given by which ever of the number of inlets or outlets is smaller

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 Inlet 1 to outlet 2 by closing contact ?

Inlet 4 to outlet 3 by closing contact ?

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Crossbar

Crossbar switch

Source: M. P. Clark, Networks and Telecommunications Design and Operation 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 96, 1997.

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Crossbar Switches
Crossbar exchanges are example of common/register

controlled systems i.e. control circuit is shared Basic building blocks are :

Link frame (consist of number of crossbar) Marker (Controls connection between inlets and outlets) Register (decodes dialed number)

Crossbar has no intelligence A Marker must decide which magnets to operate a single marker can control many switches and serve

many registers Thus even a large exchange needs few markers This is called centralized control
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Crossbar Switches
Customer line circuit detects calling condition

Signals relevant marker to establish

connection through concentration stage to free transmission bridge Transmission bridge uses another marker to select free register Register will receive and analyze number and then seize Marker to set appropriate switches in group selector or concentration stage
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Crossbar Switches
Once connection has been established then

marker and register are released Less numbers of markers and registers are needed as they are being used during setting up of connection and dialing only Supervision of call is then provided by transmission bridge Dialed number and number allocated to particular line need not to have any relation due to use of register for translation Number of switching stages need not to be dependent on exchange numbering scheme
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Crossbar

Crosspoint detail

horizontals

verticals
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Crossbar

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MULTISTAGE SWITCHING

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Multistage switching
Three possible situation for crossbar could be :

m=n (non blocking), m>n (concentrating), m<n (expanding)

As N increases the number of required cross

points can be excessively high but fewer than 25% of the cross points are used at a given time. In order to save cross points, crossbar can be arranged in stages

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Two-stage switching
Example of a two stage network Two cross points are to be

operated to make a connection A 10x10 square matrix used as the basic building block One matrix can connect any of the 10 inlets to 10 outlets If each of these 10 outlets are connected to 10 different matrices, each with 10 outlets, the original inlet has access to 100 outlets It can suffer internal blocking since there is only one link b/w a particular first-stage switch and each of the second stage switches CSE-342

Internal Blocking: probability that a free inlet fails to be connected to a free outlet because of the absence of a path.

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 For a N x N two stage network each of the second

stage switches has nine inlets unused These other inlets can be used to receive links from nine other first stage switches
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Multistage switching
How does it work?
1 4x4 2 4x4 3 4x4 4 4x4 1 4x4 2 4x4 3 4x4 4 4x4

Divide the 16 inlets into groups of 4. 1st outlet of each Stage 1 block is connected to an inlet of the 1st Stage 2 block. 2nd outlet of each Stage 1 block is connected to an inlet of the 2nd Stage 2 block. 3rd outlet of each Stage 1 block is connected to an inlet of the 3rd Stage 2 block ith outlet of each Stage 1 block is connected to an inlet of the ith Stage 2 block. 75 CSE-342

Disadvantages???
It may not always be possible to make a connection even

when the required outgoing trunk is free??? Blocking there are free outgoing trunks and free links available but they cannot be used together Traffic capacity is therefore affected by internal blocking as well as congestion of the external trunks When marker is instructed to set up a connection, this also defines the link to be used and the select and bridge magnets to be operated The connection is not made until the marker has checked the busy/free condition of the outgoing trunk and the relevant link The connection is made only if both are found to be free This is called conditional selection
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 In order to make a larger network a further stage

must be added First ten 100 x 100 sub-networks are provided and the 100 outlets from these sub-networks are connected to 100 separate third-stage switches These then provide a total of 1000 outlets Continuing this arrangement for K stages, each stage consisting of n x n matrices, gives a network with N inlets and N outlets, where N = nK

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Three-stage network

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Four-stage Network
In this general

arrangement each stage of switches is called a distribution stage Since outlets are distributed over an increased number of stages And each stage increases the number of reachable outlets by a factor n Note that each stage consists of same number of matrices, N/n
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Calculations for number of Crosspoints

Let N = number of inlets and outlets Let n = size of each inlet-outlet group Let k = number of center-stage groups There are N/n groups in the first and last stages There are (N/n) (nk) cross points in the first and last stages There are k middle groups with (N/n)2 cross points in each middle array There are Nx = 2Nk+k(N/n)2 cross points total which is much smaller than the number of cross points in a single-stage switch (N2)
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Calculations for number of Crosspoints

Example: For N = 100, The square matrix will require 100 x 100 = 10,000 cross points Assuming n = k = 10; # of cross points are: = 10(100/10)2 + 2 x 100 x 10 = 2200 Saving = 78%. The saving will increase as N increases Advantage: The number of cross points Disadvantage: blocking

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Non-blocking networks
Possible to build a multi-stage network with

no internal blocking and fewer crosspoints then a square array Solution proposed by C. Clos in 1954 Clos asked, How many intermediate switches required to make switch nonblocking? Clos criterion: condition of non blocking

n = (N/2)1/2 k > 2n 1 Cross points 4N [(2N)1/2 1]

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Non-blocking networks

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Clos Non-Blocking Condition: k=2n-1

Request connection from last input in input switch j to last output in output switch m Worst Case: All other inputs have seized top n-1 middle switches AND all other outputs have seized next n-1 middle switches If k=2n-1, there is another path left to connect desired input to desired output

nxk
1

N/n x N/n
1

kxn
1

Desired input

nxk
j

n-1 busy

N/n x N/n n-1 N/n x N/n n+1 N/n x N/n 2n-2 n-1 busy

kxn
m

Desired output
# internal links = 2x # external links

nxk
N/n

x N/n Free path N/n2n-1

Free path

kxn
N/n

Clos Non-Blocking Condition: k=2n-1

In general, solution of a three stage non-blocking network has:

n n (2n 1) matrices in the A and C stage 2n 1 n n matrices in the B stage

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Example:

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Minimum Complexity Clos Switch

C(n) = number of crosspoints in Clos switch = 2Nk + k( N )2 = 2N(2n 1)+(2n 1)( N )2 n n Differentiate with respect to n:
dC = 4N 2N2 + 2N2 4N 2N2 0= n3 dn n2 n2

==> n

N 2

The minimized number of crosspoints is then:

N2 )(2( N )1/2 1) 4N 2N = 4 2N1.5 C* = (2N + N/2 2 This is lower than N2 for large N

Concentrator & Expander

It can be constructed by multiplying together the

horizontals of a number of primary switches Example: 500 incoming trunks and 100 outgoing trunks using switches of size 10x10 An expander has a number of secondary switches multiplied together

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Four Stage Switching Network

In order to provide larger

network, four stages can be used Implemented as a two stage network in which each switch is itself a two stage network Example: four stage network, constructed from 400 switches of size 10x10, to serve 1000 incoming and outgoing trunks
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A General Trunking
Generally, 3 types of switching networks are involved in

trunking

Concentrators Expanders A central route switch

Customer's call is connected to a supervisory trunk by a

concentrator For a local call, the route switch connects the supervisory trunk to the particular expander on which is terminated the line of the called customer For a junction call, it connects the supervisory trunk to an outgoing junction on the route to the required destination It also connects incoming junction calls to the expanders of called customers
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A General Trunking
A register, connected to

the supervisory trunk, receives address information and process it to determine the destination Central processor interrogates all trunks to determine the free trunks After selection of a suitable set of trunks, it marks them to make the connection
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Representation of different systems by the elements shown in trunking diagram

Manual system

Concentrators == groups of answering jacks and plugs Supervisory trunk == cord circuits Register & Central control == operator Expanders == jacks in the multiple

What about Strowger and crossbar systems????

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