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    LMC Simulation

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    Ibrahim Hejab
    The document describes how a CPU works by comparing it to a simplified "Little Man Computer" model. It explains that in a CPU, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs calculations similarly to the calculator in the LMC model. The control unit interprets and executes instructions in a fetch-execute cycle, analogous to the Little Man following instructions. Memory stores programs and data, as mailboxes stored information for the Little Man. The CPU uses registers to temporarily hold values for manipulation, in contrast to the LMC's calculator and mailboxes.

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    LMC Simulation

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Hejab
    153 views29 pages
    The document describes how a CPU works by comparing it to a simplified "Little Man Computer" model. It explains that in a CPU, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs calculations similarly to the calculator in the LMC model. The control unit interprets and executes instructions in a fetch-execute cycle, analogous to the Little Man following instructions. Memory stores programs and data, as mailboxes stored information for the Little Man. The CPU uses registers to temporarily hold values for manipulation, in contrast to the LMC's calculator and mailboxes.

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    The document describes how a CPU works by comparing it to a simplified "Little Man Computer" model. It explains that in a CPU, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs calculations similarly to the calculator in the LMC model. The control unit interprets and executes instructions in a fetch-execute cycle, analogous to the Little Man following instructions. Memory stores programs and data, as mailboxes stored information for the Little Man. The CPU uses registers to temporarily hold values for manipulation, in contrast to the LMC's calculator and mailboxes.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    153 views29 pages

    LMC Simulation

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Hejab
    The document describes how a CPU works by comparing it to a simplified "Little Man Computer" model. It explains that in a CPU, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs calculations similarly to the calculator in the LMC model. The control unit interprets and executes instructions in a fetch-execute cycle, analogous to the Little Man following instructions. Memory stores programs and data, as mailboxes stored information for the Little Man. The CPU uses registers to temporarily hold values for manipulation, in contrast to the LMC's calculator and mailboxes.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 29
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that a CPU has major components like the ALU, Control Unit and Memory. The ALU performs calculations and logic operations while the Control Unit interprets and executes instructions.

    The three major components of a CPU are the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), the Control Unit, and Memory.

    The ALU is where data is held temporarily and where calculations occur. It knows how to perform operations like addition, subtraction, loading, storing, and shifting. It also knows the machine language instructions of the CPU.

    How the CPU Works

    The Little Man Computer Version

    Download the tutorial


    You can download your own copy of the Little Man Computer simulation from the University of Hertfordshire

    Start the download now Save it to your hard drive We will use it shortly

    The link: http://www.herts.ac.uk/lis/ltdu_temp/ltdu/projects /mm5/# You can access this link directly from my website
    2

    The Little Man Computer

    LMC Instruction Codes


    LOAD instruction op code 1

    The Little Man goes to the mailbox specified Reads the three-digit number in the mailbox Puts that into the Calculator

    Note:

    The number in the mailbox is unchanged The number in the calculator is replaced by the new number
    4

    LMC Instruction Codes


    STORE instruction op code 2

    The Little Man goes to the Calculator and reads the number there He writes the number down on a slip of paper and puts it into the mailbox specified in the instructions

    Note:

    The number in the Calculator does not change The number in the Mailbox is replaced with the new value
    5

    LMC Instruction Codes


    ADD instruction op code 3

    The Little Man walks over to the mailbox address specified in the instructions He reads the number and adds this number to the number already in the calculator.

    Note:

    The number in the mailbox is unchanged


    6

    LMC Instruction Codes


    SUBTRACTION op code 4

    Same as the ADD instruction, except the number is subtracted


    For this model we will assume that the Little Man handles negative numbers correctly, though we will not deal with it here.

    Note:

    The number in the mailbox is left unchanged


    7

    LMC Instruction Codes


    INPUT (or READ) op code 5, address 00 (the 00 is ignored for this special instruction code)

    The Little Man gets a slip of paper in from the in-basket He types this number into the calculator Each INPUT instruction handles only 1 slip of paper The Little Man will ignore the address portion of this code
    8

    LMC Instruction Codes


    OUTPUT (or PRINT) op code 6, address 00 (the 00 is ignored for this special instruction code)

    The Little Man walks to the calculator and writes down the number on a slip of paper This slip is put in to the out basket Each OUTPUT instruction places 1 piece of paper in the out basket The Little Man will ignore the address portion of this code
    9

    LMC Instruction Codes


    COFFEE BREAK (or HALT) op code 7

    The Little Man takes a break. He will ignore the address portion of the instruction

    10

    A Simple Program
    A few items

    We need to store the instructions somewhere We need a method to tell the Little Man where to find the particular instructions that he is supposed to perform at any given time

    11

    A Simple Program
    Assumed Solutions

    Assume that the instructions are stored in the mailbox starting at mailbox number 00 The Little Man will perform instructions by looking at the value in the instruction location counter and execute the instruction found in the mailbox whose address has that value

    12

    A Simple Program
    Assumed Solutions

    Each time the LM completes and instruction, he will increment the Instruction Location Counter and do the instruction specified by the counter

    13

    A Simple Program
    Look at a program where the USER uses the Little Man Computer to add two numbers. The User will place two numbers in the in basket The sum of the two will appear as a result in the out basket

    14

    A Simple Program
    INPUT 500

    The first step is to give the LM access to the data This instruction has the LM read the first number from the in basket in to the calculator

    15

    A Simple Program
    STORE 99

    299

    It is not possible for the LM to simply read another number into the calculator. It would destroy the first number We must save the first number somewhere Mailbox 99 is chosen so that we dont have any conflicts with other data or programs
    Discuss this

    16

    A Simple Program
    INPUT

    500

    The LM reads the second number into the calculator

    ADD

    399

    We do not need to save the 2nd number in the example, but we could have. The 1st number from mailbox 99 is added to the 2nd number in the calculator
    17

    A Simple Program
    OUTPUT

    600

    The LM puts the result in to the out basket

    COFFEE BREAK

    700

    The program terminates

    Note:

    These instructions are stored sequentially starting from mailbox 00. This is so we could run the program again
    18

    A Simple Program
    Code Summary
    Step Mailbox code Instruction description

    00 01 02 03 04 05 99

    500 299 500 399 600 700

    INPUT STORE DATA INPUT 2ND # ADD 1ST # TO it OUTPUT RESULT STOP DATA
    19

    Run the CPU Simulator


    Now you try it. Do the sample program included with the simulation Write your own program (and show me that they work)

    Write a program to add 3 numbers Write a program that correctly calculates x + y + z a b (Ex. 1 + 2 + 3 4 5 = -3) Write the last program only using 2 mailboxes!
    21

    For the bold and intelligent ones:

    How the CPU Works


    A More Complex View

    22

    Overview
    We saw in the Little Man Computer a simplified version of how a CPU works.

    Memory, the Control Unit, the Accumulator (calculator) were all located in the same area Decimal system used for communication of instructions Memory was limited to 100 mailboxes

    23

    CPU Components
    3 Major Parts

    Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit (CU) Memory

    The ALU & CU are known as the Central Processing Unit

    24

    Block Diagram of System


    CPU

    ALU

    Control Unit Program Counter

    Memory

    I/O

    25

    Direct Comparison of LMC & CPU


    ALU

    Control Unit

    I/O Interface
    Memory Program Counter
    26

    CPU
    ALU
    Control Unit Program Counter I/O

    Memory

    Arithmetic/ Logic Unit (ALU)

    The component where data is held temporarily Calculations occur here It knows how to perform operations such as ADD, SUB, LOAD, STORE, SHIFT. It knows the commands that make up the machine language of the CPU It is the calculator
    27

    CPU
    ALU
    Control Unit Program Counter I/O

    Memory

    Control Unit

    Interprets and controls the execution of instructions This control corresponds to the fetchexecute cycle

    The fetch cycle gets the instructions The execute cycle does the work specified in the instruction
    Note

    28

    CPU
    ALU
    Control Unit Program Counter I/O

    Memory

    Registers

    A Register is a single, permanent storage location within the CPU used for a PARTICULAR, defined purpose. A register is used to hold a binary value temporarily for storage, for manipulation, and/or for simple calculations. Registers have special addresses
    29

    The End

    30

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