TOLERANCES

ENDG105 Class 7.1

RAT 7.1
Individually respond to the following questions. You will have a few minutes to respond. You do not need to copy the question (but you may). Make sure your paper has the following information on it: NAME, RAT 7.1, DATE, ENDG 105-### (section number).

RAT 7.1
1. What type of tolerance form is shown below? A. Limits B. Bilateral C. Unilateral

RAT 7.1
2. What type of tolerance form is shown on the .188 diameter hole below? A. Limits B. Bilateral C. Unilateral

Introduction
Features without any error are impossible to manufacture.
If a hole has a design diameter of one inch, how close to one inch would it have to be to be considered acceptable? Tolerances contribute to the expense of a part. The greater the accuracy (smaller tolerance) the higher the cost of manufacturing.

General Idea of Tolerance

The dictionary defines tolerance as:
tolerance: n. 2.a. Leeway for variation from a standard. b. The permissible deviation from a specified value of a structural dimension, often expressed as a percent. Paraphrased to: Tolerance is how accepting of errors you are.

Tolerances in Design
The term tolerance refers to the permissible level of error that a machinist is allowed on a specific dimension. It can be understood as a range of acceptable values for a particular dimension. This class is not trying to teach the design aspect of tolerance. We will be interested in applying a given tolerance to a part, not in determining the best tolerance. Various industries (aerospace, electronics, automotive, etc.) set their own tolerances.

Types of Tolerances
General
General Tolerances apply to all dimensions on a drawing.

Linear

Linear Tolerances refer to specific features that require more accuracy than general tolerances provide.

Geometric

Geometric Tolerances are concerned with a features shape or profile, not its size or dimensions.

General Tolerance
Apply to all dimensions on a drawing. Often found in the title block of all drawings intended for manufacturing or as a general note.

General

Normally given in bilateral form, defining a symmetric limit above and below a dimension.

Linear Tolerance
It is an overriding tolerance used when a specific feature requires greater accuracy than the one expressed by the general tolerance.

Linear

Limit Form

Unilateral Form

Bilateral Form

Linear Fit Relationships

Linear

When developing designs with mating parts, such as a shaft mating with a hole or a block sliding along a slot, tolerances become critical. Not only are the individual tolerances of each part important, but also the relationship between the two parts (how tightly or loosely they are going to fit) needs to be considered. From a design point of view, there are four parameters of interest: Tolerance of the first mating part Tolerance of the second mating part Allowance Maximum Clearance

Design Considerations
The assembly shown will be used as an example to illustrate these concepts but the terms can be applied to any two mating parts. In this design, the two components fit together with the stud (shaft) from the top piece mating with the hole in the bottom piece.

Linear

Tolerances of Parts
Hole Tolerance (Bottom Part)

Linear

The difference between the diameters of the largest and smallest possible holes Determines the cost of manufacturing the hole Does not consider the Shaft at all

Shaft Tolerance (Top Part)

The difference between the diameters of the largest and smallest possible shafts Determines the cost of the shaft Does not consider the Hole at all

Relationship between Parts

Allowance

Linear

The tightest fit between two mating parts Determines how the two parts will interact with one another Smallest dia. hole minus largest dia. shaft Does not affect the cost of the parts

Maximum Clearance
The loosest fit between mating parts Determines how the two parts will interact with one another Largest dia. hole minus smallest dia. shaft Does not affect the cost of the parts

Formulas for Calculation

Hole Tolerance = LPH SPH Shaft Tolerance = LPS SPS Allowance = SPH LPS Maximum Clearance = LPH - SPS

Linear

LPH=Largest Possible Hole, SPH=Smallest Possible Hole LPS-Largest Possible Shaft, SPS=Smallest Possible Shaft

Example

Linear

Hole Tol = 2.0018 2.0000 = 0.0018 Shaft Tol = 2.0000 1.9988 = 0.0012

Al = 2.0000 2.0000 = 0
Max Cl = 2.0018 1.9988 = 0.0030

Bottom Part

Top Part

Types of Fits
A type of fit represents the degree of tightness between two mating parts. Linear tolerances can be classified in 4 major categories, based on the interaction between the parts.

Linear

Clearance Fit Line Fit Transition Fit Interference Fit

Types of Fits

Clearance Fit

Linear

The internal mating part (shaft) is always smaller than the external mating part (hole). Therefore, the parts will always fit together with room to spare. Some designs require parts that do not interfere with each other, such as pistons inside cylinders in an internal combustion engine.

Types of Fits

Line Fit

Linear

The internal mating part (shaft) could possibly be smaller or equal to the external mating part (hole).

Line fits are used in assemblies with stationary parts, but which can be easily assembled and disassembled.

Types of Fits

Transition Fit

Linear

The internal mating part (shaft) could be larger or smaller than the external mating part (hole). In this case, the two parts may either clear or interfere with each other. Transition fits are normally used for location of centers of holes, since it is the cheapest way to manufacture a part.

Types of Fits Interference Fit

Also called Force Fit. The internal mating part (shaft) will always be larger than the external mating part (hole). In order to assemble two parts with an interference fit, it is necessary to apply force to them.

Linear

Standard Fits and Tolerance Tables

Linear

In order to make parts interchangeable, tolerance values have been standardized and recorded in tables for both English and metric systems. This way, a designer does not need to make decisions about specific tolerance values.

Tolerance tables are used to obtain specific values based on the type of fit and a basic size.
The four general types of fits are further developed in both the English and metric tolerance tables. There are five types of fits (with different grades or classes) in the English system and ten types in the metric system, depending on its tightness.

English Fits
ANSI standards list five type of fits. The higher the class number, the greater the tolerance

Linear

Metric Fits

Linear

Tolerance Tables
Pages 272-278 list the parameters for American tolerance fits. Please note that the values listed are in thousandths of an inch!

Linear

Pages 279-280 give the metric tolerance values for the hole basis fits

English Example
Using a basic hole/shaft assembly and given the following information:
Type of Fit: RC3 (ANSI Running and Sliding Fit) Nominal Diameter for both shaft and hole: 2.00 inches

Linear

The hole and shaft tolerances can be calculated using the corresponding tolerance table.
The nominal size range 1.97 3.15 is selected because 2.00 inches falls in between these values. From the tolerance table, the hole limits are determined to be +1.2 and 0 and the shaft limits are -1.2 and -1.9.

English Example
Note that these values are in thousandths of an inch, so in reality, the hole limits are 0.0012 and 0, and the shaft limits are -0.0012 and -0.0019. These values will be added or subtracted from the target diameter (depending upon the sign) to obtain the proper acceptable range.

English Example
Hole limits +1.2, 0 +0.0012, 0 Shaft limits -1.2, -1.9 -0.0012, -0.0019
Therefore:
o o o o Hole Tol = 2.0012 2.0000 = 0.0012 Shaft Tol = 1.9988 1.9981 = 0.0007 Allowance = 2.0000 1.9988 = 0.0012 Max Clearance = 2.0012 1.9981 = 0.0031

Linear

Metric Example
Using a basic hole/shaft assembly and given the following information:
Type of Fit: U7/h6 fit (ANSI Interference Fit) Diameter for both shaft and hole: 8 mm

Linear

The hole and shaft diameters are given directly in the corresponding tolerance table. Unlike English tolerances, metric tolerances give the exact diameter, not the range.

Metric Example

Linear

Hole Limits: 7.978 mm and 7.963 mm. Shaft Limits: 8.000 mm and 7.991 mm.

Therefore:
o o o o Hole Tol = 7.978 7.963 = 0.015 Shaft Tol = 8.000 7.991 = 0.009 Allowance = 7.963 8.000 = -0.037 Max Clearance = 7.978 7.991 = -0.013

Note that both the allowance and max clearance are negative, which is expected for a force fit.

Linear Tolerances in AutoCAD

DRAW object full scale DIMENSION normally without worrying about the tolerances TOLERANCE
Given: Basic dimension & class of fit Using TABLES, determine the upper & lower deviations for each dimension.

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Adding Linear Tolerances

Use MODIFY PROPERTIES to add tolerances to the dimension Under TOLERANCE option, set tolerance type to Limits, and enter deviations into appropriate boxes, change precision if necessary, and suppress leading zeroes if necessary

Using the properties command to change the tolerances

Type in properties, or use the properties icon. Select the Dimension you need to modify. You can also pull up this box by selecting the dimension and then right-click, and then selecting properties from the pop-up menu. The properties box should look similar to this

Changing the tolerance properties

Click on the Tolerance tab to scroll out the available properties. Under tolerance display, change to limits For the limit lower, put in your lower limit (amount from table) For the upper limit, put in your upper limit (amount from table) Finally, change the tolerance precision to the needed decimal places Suppress leading zeroes if needed Hit enter and then the escape button to unselect the dimension. Close the properties box

Geometric Tolerances

Geometric

Geometric tolerancing is a system that controls the allowed level of error related to the geometry of features, not the size. They are used to define the shape of features: How parallel must two sides be? How concentric must a hole be with a semicircular arc?

Geometric Tolerances
Geometric tolerances are indicated using symbols called feature control frames (or call out boxes). They consist of a standard geometric tolerance symbol, tolerance zone, and possible datum identifier (if needed).

Datum

Feature Control Frame

Categories

Geometric

Tolerance Zone

Geometric

Explanation

Explanation

QLeader - Geometric Tolerance option AutoCAD

Type in Qleader at the command prompt, and then return to go to the settings. On the Annotation Tab, select tolerance, and then ok. Now select leader line start location, then points to create a leader line with an elbow. Then fill out Control Frame Box next slide.

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Leader Geometric Tolerance option

Fill out boxes with appropriate information Symbols, tolerance amounts, and datum/s as needed

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Create Datums in AutoCAD

Type in Qleader at command prompt, then return to go to settings. On Annotation tab select tolerance, then on Leader Line & Arrow tab select Arrowhead drop down menu and select Datum Triangle Filled.qleader, make maximum number of points -2, then ok and select leader line points. This works great for horizontal datum identifiers, for vertical you may have to do some clean-up. I suggest you use same method, but AutoCAD throws the leader line off to one side. I would then delete the box with letter in it, this straightens the leader line, but now have to add another box with letter. Use geometric tolerance command or copy an existing box and edit the text.

Fill in letter for Datum identifier

Team in-class Assignment 7.1

Complete pages 129, 131, and 133. Use tables in the back of textbook for 129 and 131. Use limit form when applying tolerances to the holes and shafts. Use information in chapter 8 of the textbook to complete 133.

Individual Homework Assignment 7.1

Using AutoCAD and the TOLERANCE.dwt (105 Library - Raborn folder Tolerances folder) add the necessary tolerances based on the information given on the drawing. Once you make the changes you can erase the information about the tolerances. Note this is a 11 X 17 drawing (use generic 11 x 17 in the plot dialog box) Due next class period. Plot limits at a scale of 1=1