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    Bonding

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    1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. It also discusses Lewis structures, the octet rule, and molecular geometries based on VSEPR theory. 2. Key concepts covered include drawing Lewis structures, formal charge, the octet rule, electronegativity and bond polarity, molecular shapes based on electron pairs around a central atom, and exceptions to the octet rule. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate Lewis structures, VSEPR shapes for different electron pair geometries, and the effect of lone pairs on bond angles.

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    Bonding

    Uploaded by

    chiyikomoshi
    401 views51 pages
    1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. It also discusses Lewis structures, the octet rule, and molecular geometries based on VSEPR theory. 2. Key concepts covered include drawing Lewis structures, formal charge, the octet rule, electronegativity and bond polarity, molecular shapes based on electron pairs around a central atom, and exceptions to the octet rule. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate Lewis structures, VSEPR shapes for different electron pair geometries, and the effect of lone pairs on bond angles.

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    1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. It also discusses Lewis structures, the octet rule, and molecular geometries based on VSEPR theory. 2. Key concepts covered include drawing Lewis structures, formal charge, the octet rule, electronegativity and bond polarity, molecular shapes based on electron pairs around a central atom, and exceptions to the octet rule. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate Lewis structures, VSEPR shapes for different electron pair geometries, and the effect of lone pairs on bond angles.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    401 views51 pages

    Bonding

    Uploaded by

    chiyikomoshi
    1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. It also discusses Lewis structures, the octet rule, and molecular geometries based on VSEPR theory. 2. Key concepts covered include drawing Lewis structures, formal charge, the octet rule, electronegativity and bond polarity, molecular shapes based on electron pairs around a central atom, and exceptions to the octet rule. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate Lewis structures, VSEPR shapes for different electron pair geometries, and the effect of lone pairs on bond angles.

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    Chemical Bonding

    Types of Bonds

    Ionic Bonding

    Lewis Structures

    Covalent Bonding

    Resonance Structures

    Octet Rule

    Polar Molecules

    Molecular Geometries VSEPR Basic Shapes 3-D Notation Hybridization (Lab)

    Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule


    Chemical bond: attractive force holding two or more atoms together. Covalent bond results from sharing electrons between the atoms. Usually found between nonmetals. Ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal. Metallic bond: attractive force holding pure metals together.

    Figure 8.3: Ionic Bonding

    Figure 8.5: Covalent Bonding

    Chemical Bonds
    Bond Type
    # of es Notation

    Single
    2

    Double
    4 =

    Triple
    6

    Bond order
    Bond strength Bond length

    Increases from Single to Triple Decreases from Single to Triple

    Strengths of Covalent Bonds

    Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule

    Lewis Symbols

    Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule

    The Octet Rule All noble gases except He has an s2p6 configuration. Octet rule: atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by 8 valence electrons (4 electron pairs). Caution: there are many exceptions to the octet rule.

    Bond Polarity and Electronegativity


    Electronegativity Electronegativity: The ability of one atoms in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Pauling set electronegativities on a scale from 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F). Electronegativity increases
    across a period and down a group.

    Figure 8.6: Electronegativities of Elements


    Electronegativity

    Bond Polarity and Electronegativity


    Figure 8.7: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity There is no sharp distinction between bonding types. The positive end (or pole) in a polar bond is represented + and the negative pole -.

    HyperChem

    Drawing Lewis Structures


    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Follow Step by Step Method (See Ng Web-site) Total all valence electrons. [Consider Charge] Write symbols for the atoms and guess skeleton structure [ define a central atom ]. Place a pair of electrons in each bond. Complete octets of surrounding atoms. [ H = 2 only ] Place leftover electrons in pairs on the central atom. If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom an octet, look for multiple bonds by transferring electrons until each atom has eight electrons around it.
    HyperChem

    CyberChem (Lewis) video

    Lewis Structures Examples - I

    Lewis Structures Examples - II

    Lewis Structures Examples - III

    Lewis Structures Examples - IV

    Exceptions to the Octet Rule



    Central Atoms Having Less than an Octet Relatively rare. Molecules with less than an octet are typical for compounds of Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A. Most typical example is BF3. Formal charges indicate that the Lewis structure with an incomplete octet is more important than the ones with double bonds.

    Exceptions Central Atoms - Less than an Octet

    Exceptions to the Octet Rule


    Central Atoms Having More than an Octet This is the largest class of exceptions. Atoms from the 3rd period onwards can accommodate more than an octet. Beyond the third period, the d-orbitals are low enough in energy to participate in bonding and accept the extra electron density.

    HyperChem

    Exceptions Central Atoms - Greater than an Octet

    Molecular Shapes: VSEPR

    There are five fundamental geometries for molecular shape:

    Molecular Shapes 3D Notations

    VSEPR (Ballons)-Movie Clip

    Figure 9.3

    HyperChem

    Summary of VSEPR Molecular Shapes


    e-pairs
    2 3 4

    Notation
    AX2 AX3

    Name of VSEPR shape Examples


    Linear Trigonal planar HgCl2 , ZnI2 , CS2 , CO2 BF3 , GaI3

    AX2E
    AX4 AX3E AX2E2

    Non-linear (Bent)
    Tetrahedral (Trigonal) Pyramidal Non-Linear (Bent)

    SO2 , SnCl2
    CCl4 , CH4 , BF4NH3 , OH3H2O , SeCl2

    AX5
    AX4E AX3E2 AX2E3

    Trigonal bipyramidal
    Distorted tetrahedral (see-sawed) T-Shaped Linear Octahedral Square Pyramidal Square Planar

    PCl5 , PF5
    TeCl4 , SF4 ClF3 , BrF3 I3- , ICl2SF6 , PF6IF5 , BrF5 ICl4- , BrF4-

    AX6 AX5E AX4E2

    HyperChem

    CyberChm Gems

    See Ng Web-site

    Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - I

    Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes I F08

    Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - II

    Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes II F08

    Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - III

    Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes III F08

    HyperChem

    Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - IV

    Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - IV

    VSEPR Model
    The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons

    By experiment, the H-X-H bond angle decreases on moving from C to N to O:


    H H C H H 109.5O H N H H 107O H H 104.5O O

    Since electrons in a bond are attracted by two nuclei, they do not repel as much as lone pairs. Therefore, the bond angle decreases as the number of lone pairs increases HyperChem

    VSEPR Model
    HyperChem

    Figure 9.10: Shapes of Larger Molecules In acetic acid, CH3COOH, there are three central atoms.

    Lewis-VSEPR HW for 10/30/09. Due 11/2/09.


    HyperChem
    Shapes of Larger Molecules
    In glycine (simplest amino acid), NH2CH2CO2H, there are four possible central atoms. Draw the Lewis Structure and the 3D VSEPR Molecular Geometry for glycine. Indicate the name of the shape for all possible central atoms, including estimation of bond angles. Hint 1: Designate the 2nd carbon in the formula as the central atom in skeleton structure. Hint 2: The acid portion of glycine is the same as that of acetic acid.

    Figure 8.10: Drawing Lewis Structures

    Resonance Structures

    HyperChem

    Figure 9.12

    Figure 9.11: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity

    HyperChem

    Figure 9.13: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity

    HyperChem

    Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap


    Gems - Movie Clip

    Lewis structures and VSEPR do not explain why a bond forms. How do we account for shape in terms of quantum mechanics? What are the orbitals that are involved in bonding? We use Valence Bond Theory:
    Bonds form when orbitals on atoms overlap. There are two electrons of opposite spin in the orbital overlap.

    Figure 9.14: Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap

    VSEPR Model (Figure 9.6)

    To determine the electron pair geometry:


    draw the Lewis structure, count the total number of electron pairs around the central atom, arrange the electron pairs in one of the above geometries to minimize e--e- repulsion, and count multiple bonds as one bonding pair.

    VSEPR Model

    Drawing Lewis Structures


    Formal Charge

    Consider:
    For C:

    C N

    There are 4 valence electrons (from periodic table). In the Lewis structure there are 2 nonbonding electrons and 3 from the triple bond. There are 5 electrons from the Lewis structure. Formal charge: 4 - 5 = -1.

    Drawing Lewis Structures


    Formal Charge

    Consider:
    For N:

    C N

    There are 5 valence electrons. In the Lewis structure there are 2 nonbonding electrons and 3 from the triple bond. There are 5 electrons from the Lewis structure. Formal charge = 5 - 5 = 0.

    We write:

    C N
    CyberChm Gems

    Chemical Bonding
    Types of Bonds

    Ionic Bonding

    Lewis Structures

    Covalent Bonding

    Resonance Structures

    Octet Rule

    Polar Molecules

    Lewis

    Molecular Geometries VSEPR Basic Shapes 3-D Notation Hybridization (Lab)

    VSEPR shapes

    AXE notation

    Polarity

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