Anatomy 1 Introduction

Bridging Course in Anatomy I Introduction
Arthur C. Benignos II, MD
Introduction to Gross Anatomy

Anatomy- science of structure and function of the body Clinical anatomy- study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences Basic anatomy- study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function
Anatomy Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy
Large structures Easily observable
Anatomy Levels of Study

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Descriptive Anatomic Terms

The accurate use of anatomic terms enables ease in communication with colleagues both nationally and internationally Without anatomic terms, one cannot accurately discuss or record the abnormal functions of joints, the actions of muscles, the alteration of position of organs, or the exact location of swellings or tumors

Terms Related to Position: All descriptions of the human body are based on the assumption that the person is: -standing erect -upper limbs by the sides -face and palms of hands directed forward The Anatomic Position
The Body Planes

Median Sagittal Plane: vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
Paramedian- plane to the side of MSP Medial, Lateral
Coronal Plane: vertical planes at right angles to the median plane, dividing into anterior and posterior halves

Horizontal, or Transverse Planes: These planes are at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes
CT Scan Head: What Plane?
CT Scan of Body: What Plane?

Descriptive Terms of the Hand Surfaces: Palmar- instead of anterior Dorsal- instead of posterior Descriptive Terms of the Foot Surfaces: Plantar- instead of lower Dorsal- instead of upper

Description of relative distances from the roots of the limbs:
Proximal: near the root; for example, the arm is proximal to the forearm Distal: far from the root; for example, the hand is distal to the forearm

Terms relating to distances of structures from the surface of the body:
Superficial Deep
Terms relating to upper and lower ends of the body:

Superior: denotes relatively high level Inferior: denote relatively low level
Superior and Inferior

The terms used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity:
Internal: for example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the cranial cavity External: for example, the external carotid artery is found outside the cranial cavity
Internal and External

Terms relating to sides of the body:
Ipsilateral: same sides; for example, the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral Contralateral: opposite sides; for example, the left ear and the right thumb
Terms descriptive of body position:

Supine: lying on the back Prone: lying face downward
Terms Related to Movement

A site where two or more bones come together is known as a joint
Some joints have no movement (sutures of the skull) Some have only slight movement (superior tibio-fibular joint) Some are freely movable (shoulder joint)

Flexion and Extension Abduction and Adduction Rotation: Medial and Lateral Pronation and Supination Circumduction Inversion and Eversion

Flexion- a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane; example, flexion of elbow joint brings the anterior surface of the forearm to the anterior surface of the arm Extension- straightening the joint and usually takes place in a posterior direction
Flexion and Extension
Flexion is usually an anterior movement, but it is occasionally posterior, as in the case of the knee joint
Flexion and Extension

Lateral flexionmovement of the trunk in the coronal plane
Flexion and Extension of Thumb

Abduction: movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane
Adduction: movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane.

In the fingers and toes: Abduction is applied to the spreading of these structures Adduction is applied to the drawing together of these structures
Abduction and Adduction of Thumb

Rotation: term applied to the movement of a part of the body around its long axis Medial rotation: movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially
Lateral rotation: results in anterior surface facing laterally
Related to Movement of Forearm

Pronation: a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly
Supination: a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly

Circumduction is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Description of movements of the foot:
Inversion: the sole faces in a medial direction Eversion: the sole faces in a lateral direction
Organ System
Skin or Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory or Pulmonary Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Organ System Overview

Skin or Integumentary
Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Regulates body temperature
Figure 1.2a

Skeletal
Protects and supports vital organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b

Muscular
Facilitates locomotion Maintains posture Produces body heat
Figure 1.2c

Nervous
Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands (both endocrine and exocrine)
Figure 1.2d

Endocrine
Slow-acting control system Secretes regulatory hormones
Growth Reproduction Metabolism
Figure 1.2e

Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
Figure 1.2f

Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g

Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h

Digestive
Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i

Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid base balance Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j

Reproductive
Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
Regional Study of Anatomy

Thorax I bones and muscles (wall) Thorax II cavities and organs Abdomen I bones and muscles (wall) Abdomen II cavity and organs Pelvis I bones and muscles (wall) Pelvis II cavity and organs
Regional Study of Anatomy

Perineum Upper Limb Lower Limb Head and Neck The Back

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Bridging Course in Anatomy I Introduction

Arthur C. Benignos II, MD

Introduction to Gross Anatomy

Anatomy Levels of Study

Anatomy Levels of Study

Levels of Structural Organization

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

The Body Planes

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

CT Scan Head: What Plane?

CT Scan of Body: What Plane?

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Terms relating to upper and lower ends of the body:

Superior and Inferior

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Internal and External

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Terms descriptive of body position:

Terms Related to Movement

Terms Related to Movement

Terms Related to Movement

Flexion and Extension

Flexion and Extension

Flexion and Extension of Thumb

Terms Related to Movement

Terms Related to Movement

Abduction and Adduction of Thumb

Terms Related to Movement

Lateral rotation: results in anterior surface facing laterally

Related to Movement of Forearm

Terms Related to Movement

Terms Related to Movement

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview

Regional Study of Anatomy

Regional Study of Anatomy

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