Reference Writing Styles

Mrs. Monika Sharma Lecturer , DMCH ,CON ,Ludhiana. Punjab..

Academic culture fosters respect for the intellectual contributions of experts through referencing.

IMPORTANT TERMS

REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY CITATION PALAGRISM QUOTATIONS PARAPHRASING SUMMARISING SECONDARY REFERENCES

What are references?

A standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information or ideas employed in writing. A method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search.

Why should I reference?

To enhance good academic practice . To enhance the presentation of your work. To acknowledge the work of others . To ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in the development of your work. To Protect yourself against accusations of plagiarism To Demonstrate that you have read widely To support your arguments with published research To allows your tutor to differentiate between your own work and the work of others and to locate the sources you have used

What requires referencing?

1.Somebody else's words or ideas from: Magazine Book Newspaper Radio/Internet broadcasts/ TV program Web page DVDs, videos, films, CD-ROMs & audio tape recordings Conference papers Pamphlets

What requires referencing?

2.Information gained through interviewing another person. 3.Exact words or a "unique phrase" from electronic books; and electronic journal articles. 4.Diagrams, illustrations, charts, and pictures.

Sources of References
1.

Periodicals Sources:- Sources that are published on a regular basis such as magazines, newspapers, or journals.
Non-periodicals Sources:- Sources that are published separately such as books, conference papers, reports.

2.

Where do you need to Reference?

Two complementary aspects : Referencing within the text (in-text citations) Referencing at the end of the text in the Reference list.

No need to Reference:

When writing our own experiences; observations; insights; thoughts; conclusions about a subject. When you are using "common knowledge" & accepted facts.

How do you Reference?

Gather all the information. Use pocket guide . Give each source a code.

What Is Bibliography?

A bibliography page is all the books, articles, journals etc which you have read & consulted in writing your paper, thesis etc. may or may not used in the text, appearing at the end of the text.

REFERENCES Works quoted, paraphrased, summarised or "referred to" directly within the context of the paper. Referencing has various styles & should be enlisted accordingly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Works consulted in writing a paper may or may not used in the text Bibliography items should be listed in alphabetical order by author

Bibliography:

Lists all the material you have read, whether cited in your assignment or not.

Bibliographies and Reference Lists

Reference List:

Lists only the material you have cited directly in your assignment.

Where both are requested:

Reference list gives all items directly cited. Bibliography contains any other reading.

What is Citation?

When, in your work, you have used an idea from a book, journal article, etc. you must acknowledge this in your text( in-text citations). This is referred to as 'citing.

Whats an in-text citation?

According to Clegg (1985, p.543) the inter-war period was. . As Evans, Jamal and Foxall (2006, p.76,80,96) point out. It has been suggested by Reed (2008, pp.30-31).... Barter (2003, p.258) and Stuart (2001, p.85) note A number of authors including Smith (2008, pp.21-24) and Adams (2001, pp.165-166) have argued that **p. - page number / pp. - page numbers**

What is Plagiarism?

Its academic theft! Taking of another person's ideas, words or inventions and presenting them as your own. Re-wording / paraphrasing another person's work without citing the source A serious Academic offence and should not be taken lightly. It harms the academic honesty . Its a disrespect to experts.

To avoid Plagiarism
All material, whether directly quoted, summarised or paraphrased, MUST be acknowledged correctly.

Ways of incorporating other's work into your writing

Quotation Paraphrase Summary

What is Quotation ?
A quotation is the words of another writer reproduced exactly in terms of wording, spelling, punctuation, capitalisation and paragraphing. Information exactly as it appears in a source and is indicated by using quotation marks.

Example: Market segmentation is where the larger market is heterogeneous and can be broken down into smaller units that are similar in character (Easy and Sorensen, 2009, p.133).

What Is Paraphrase?

A paraphrase is your version of essential ideas and information expressed by someone else.

Example:

Original: MPs were not paid a salary until 1912. In medieval times constituents sometimes paid their members and met some of the expenses of sending an MP to Westminster, but the practice died out by the end of the 17th century and thereafter MPs needed personal wealth or a personal patron in order to sustain a political career (Rush, 2005, p. 114.) Paraphrase: Until the 20th century, when MPs received a salary, personal wealth or the support of a patron was essential for a long-term career in politics. Financial support for MPs had on occasion come from their constituents in the medieval period but this system had ended by the 17th century (Rush, 2005, p. 114.) Sentence 2 has been re-written but the meaning is the same as the original

What is Summary?

A summary is less detailed than a paraphrase, and significantly shorter than the original, rephrasing just the main points.

Example:

Original: The proportion of manual workers in the ranks of the parliamentary Labour Party declined from 1945 to 1979, from approximately 1 in 4 to 1 in 10.. Of the 412 Labour MPs elected in 2001, 12% were drawn from manual backgrounds (Criddle cited in Norton, 2005, p.23). Summary: Since 1945 the proportion of manual workers in the parliamentary Labour Party has fallen from 25% (approx.) to 12% in 2001. (Criddle cited in Norton, 2005, p.23). Sentence 1 has been shortened and rewritten but the key point is maintained

Should I Cite?

What is Secondary Referencing

This occurs when the author of the source you are reading refers to the work of another author. and you want to use the work of the other author For example: Clarkes book refers to a book written by Taylor If you cant locate the original work (i.e. by Taylor) and you believe that Clarkes interpretation of Taylors work is reliable.

How to Cite and write Secondary Referencing

To cite: According to Taylor, cited in Clarke (2008, p.17) Clarke (2008, p.17) citing Taylor notes that. ..........................(Taylor cited in Clarke, 2008, p.17)
Reference list Clarke would appear in your reference list not Taylor (unless you have read Taylor!)

Referencing Styles:Vancouver Style(Number in text for each source) Harvard style (author/ date) American Psychological Association Citation Style (author/ date) Modern Language Association Citation Style ( Author and page number in text) Modern Humanities Research Association Citation Style (author/ date) Chicago(footnoting)-Style (Author-date and/or note system) and Many more acc. to various fields.

Commonly used in Medicine, Humanities and Natural Sciences.

Vancouver (Number in text for each source) Harvard style (author/ date)

What is the Vancouver Referencing Technique?

A uniform set of requirements for referencing.

A "numbered" style OR 'author-number' system.

Follows rules established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors .

Vancouver system
cont.,

Important notes:
1- In the Vancouver Style, a number is assigned to

each reference as it is used. 2- The original number assigned to the reference is used each time in the text.

3- The first reference you cite will be numbered 1 in the text, and the second reference you cite will be numbered 2, and so on. If you cite reference number 1 again later in the text, you will cite it using the number 1.

Cont
4- References are listed in numerical order at the end of the essay.
5- The number can be placed outside the text punctuation to avoid disruption to the flow of the text, or be placed inside the text punctuation.

Important Issues
Numbering: List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each reference is listed once only, since the same number is used throughout the paper.

Cont
Authors: List each author's last name and initials; full first names are not included. List all authors, but if the number exceeds six, give the first six followed by "et al."

Vancouver system
cont.,

References numbered in the text:

Parentheses (1). Square brackets [1]. Superscript1. or a combination [1] .

Citing More Than One Reference at a Time:

List each reference number separately with a comma or dash between each reference: Superscript format
1,3,5

1-5
2-5,9,13

Bracket format (1,3,5) (1-5) (2-5,9,13)

Vancouver system cont.,

E.g. In-text citations The World Health Organization 2005, reported that women, in both developed and developing economies, lose more years of their life due to poor health than men do (1). Despite the positive effects of womens employment on their health, many jobs, especially those available to women in low-income countries or to poor, less-educated women in high-income countries, expose women to harmful working environments and biological agents in jobs. Women are exposed more often to some psychosocial risk factors when they perform monotonous work. Because of their low status, women exert less control over their work environment; a condition associated with cardiovascular, mental and musculoskeletal ill health (2).

Vancouver system cont.,

Creation of reference list at the END.

References 1- Leutar Z, Leutar I. The position of women between the worlds of labor and family .SouthEast Europe Review 2005:S23-40 2- Emmett EA, Frank AL, Gochfeld M, Hessl SM . Year Book of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1st edition. US: Mosby; 1997:51-57.

Vancouver system
cont.,

Format of Citations for different Documents

Vancouver system
cont.,

Types of document
I- Printed Document 1- Books 2- Journal Articles 3- Newspaper article 4- Dictionary and similar references 5- Conference (complete conference proceedings) 6- Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization) 7- Government publication 8- Scientific / Technical report 9- Thesis or dissertation 10- Pamphlet 11- Map

Types of document
cont.,

II- Electronic Documents: 1- Internet Documents 1. World Wide Web page 2. Webs based /ONLINE DATABASES 3. E-Books 4. Article in an electronic reference book 5. E-Journals 6. Journal article abstract accessed from online database 7. Newspaper article from online database 2- CD-ROM 1. Books on CD-ROM 2. Journal on CD-ROM 3- Other soft wear 1. Computer program 2. Video recording

Essential Elements for referencing books

Author Title Edition Volume Place of Publication Publisher Date (year) Page numbers

Types of document
cont.,

Printed Document 1- Books Standard format

Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition(if not the first). Vol.(if a multivolume work). Place of publication: Publisher; Year. p. page number(s) (if appropriate).

Printed Document, books

cont.,

1- Name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or

the institution responsible.

Note:1- When there are 6 or less authors, you must list all the authors. 2- If there is 7 or more authors you only list the first 6 authors and add "et al" (et al means "and others"). Format: surname (1 space) initial/s (no spaces or punctuation between initials) (full-stop OR if further names comma, 1 space. Macleod J. Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens JW, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes clinical hematology. 9th ed. Vol 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993.

Printed Document, Books,

cont.,

2. Title of publication and subtitle

Notes: Only the first word of the title of a book should be capitalized, except for proper nouns or acronyms Format: Title (full-stop, 1 space)
Macleod J. Davidsons principle and practice of medicine: diseases of the respiratory system.

Printed Document, Books,

cont.,

3- Edition Notes: *If other than first edition. *Abbreviate the word edition to:- ed. (Do not confuse with editor). Format:edition statement (full stop, 1 space) Macleod J. Davidsons principle and practice of medicine: diseases of the respiratory system. 14th ed.

Printed Document, Books,

cont.,

4. Multiple volumes Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens JW, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes clinical hematology. 9th ed. Vol 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993.

Printed Document, Books,

cont.,

5. Place of publication Notes:1- If the publishers are located in more than one city, cite the name of the city that is printed first. 2- Write the place name in full. 3- If the place name is not well known, add a comma, 1 space and the state or the country for clarification. Format: place of publication {colon(:) 1 space} Macleod J. Davidsons principle and practice of medicine: diseases of the respiratory system. 14th ed. Edinburgh, London:

Printed Document, Books,

cont.,

6. Publisher Note: The publishers name should be spelt out in full. Format: publisher {semi-colon(;), 1 space}
Macleod J. Davidsons principle and practice of medicine: diseases of the respiratory system. 14th ed. Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone;

Printed Document, Books,

cont.,

7. Year of publication. Format: year (full-stop, add 1 space if page numbers follow)

Macleod J. Davidsons principle and practice of medicine: diseases of the respiratory system. 14th ed. Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone; 1984.

Printed Document, Books,

cont.,

8. Page numbers (if applicable). Notes: 1- Abbreviate the word page to p.. 2- do not repeat digits unnecessarily . Format: p (full-stop, 1 space) page numbers (fullstop). Macleod J. Davidsons principle and practice of medicine: diseases of the respiratory system. 14th ed. Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone; 1984. p. 202-77.

Essential Elements for referencing journals

Author Title of Article Journal Title Date Volume number Issue number Page numbers

Printed Docuent cont.,

2- Journal Articles
Standard format

Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title of article. Title of Journal year; vol(issue):page number(s).

Printed Document Journal Articles

cont.,

1. Name/s of author/s of the article. As the "Citing a book" for full details.

2. Title of article. As the "Citing a book" for full details.

Printed Document Journal Articles

cont.,

3. Title of journal . Notes: 1- Only the first word of a journal title are capitalized except for proper nouns or acronyms Format: journal title (1 space) Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radio labelled big ET-1 in human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem pharmacol

Printed Document Journal Articles

cont.,

4. Year (and month/day if necessary/available) of publication. Notes: Abbreviate the month to the first 3 letters. Format: year (1 space) month (1space) day (semicolon, no space) OR year (semi-colon, no space) Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem pharmacol 1998 Mar1;

Printed Document Journal Articles

cont.,

5. Volume number (and issue/part -).

Notes: There should be no spaces between the date, volume no., issue number and page numbers Format: volume number (no space) issue number in brackets (colon, no space) OR volume number (colon, no space) Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):

Journal Articles
cont.,

6. Page numbers Notes: do not repeat digits unnecessarily Format: page numbers (full-stop) Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.

Electronic Documents

Notes: 1- This includes software and Internet sources such as web sites, electronic journals and databases. 2- These sources are proliferating and subject to change.

Electronic Documents
cont.,

1-World Wide Web page

Format: Author. Title. [online] Year [date the information

was accessed]. Available from: URL address.
Beckleheimer J. How do you cite URL's in a bibliography? [online] 1994 [cited 2000 Dec 13]. Available from: URL: http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html

Electronic Documents, Internet Documents

cont.,

2- Webs based /Online databases Format: Author/editor. (full stop, 1 space) Title (full stop, 1 space).Edition [Online] (full stop, 1 space) year. Available from: (1 space) Title and publishing details of the database if available. [cited date] (full stop) Kirkpatrick GL. Viral infections of the respiratory tract in: Family Medicine. 5th ed. [Online]. 1998. Available from: Stat!Ref. Jackson (WY): Teton Data Systems; 2001. [cited 2001 Aug].

Electronic Documents, Internet Documents

cont.,

3- E-Books Format: Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format].Edition. Place: Publisher; Date of original publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available from : Source. URL. Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS. Biostatistics: a methodology for the health sciences [e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley InterScience; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: Wiley InterScience electronic collection.

What is Harvard Referencing Technique

Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation" published by the Harvard Law Review Association. The Harvard style and its many variations are used in law, natural sciences, social and behavioural sciences, and medicine. A generic author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications

Elements:
Citations

in the body of your text Corresponding references

Harvard style requires:

An in-text citation, that provides the following information:

The

name of the author(s)/ editor(s) of the source Date of publication Wherever possible, the page numbers you have used material from

A reference list that provides full details of the sources you have cited in your text

Harvard System
cont.,

In-text citations
It usually requires: 1- The name of the author(s) 2- The year of publication. 3- A page number is included if you have a direct quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the reader to a specific page.

E.g. In-text citations

Acquiring good education is widely regarded as a key to economic and social development. Education broadens the options available to women in their lives. It also enhances their sense of self worth, security and belonging (Statistics New Zealand, 2005). Many studies have revealed that educated women delay marriage, use contraceptives, reduce fertility and produce many other beneficial reproductive and child health outcomes (Masika RJ, 2005). In 1996 it ranged from 13% in Sudan to 79% in Kuwait. In Iraq it was 66% ( Ouakrim and Badr, 1996).

Harvard System

cont.,

Reference list at the end.

1- A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. 2- If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and listed alphabetically. 3- If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication. 4- Each reference appears on a new line. 6- There is no numbering of the references.

Example of reference list in end

Hazzaa HM. Prevalence of physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia: a brief review. East Mediter Health J 2004;10(4/5):663-670. Khafajei A. A Workbook for Independent Study in Clinical Epidemiology. Iraq: Mosul University; 1998:95-98. Nemo MH. Prevalence of high risk pregnancy in Mosul. Diploma A Dissertation in Community Medicine. Mosul University. Mosul Medical College, Community Medicine Department. Iraq; 1992:30.

Citing in your text

.

Addy (2006) explains that children with developmental coordination disorder often struggle within mainstream education (p.25)

Addy (2006, p.25) explains that children with developmental coordination disorder often struggle within mainstream education

Children with developmental coordination disorder often struggle within mainstream education (Addy, 2006, p.25)

Essential Elements for referencing Journal

Essential Elements for referencing Books

articles
Name(s) of author(s) Title of the article Title of the journal Date The page number(s) Volume and issue Page numbers used Author(s)/ editor(s) name(s) Book title Publication date Edition (if not the first) Place of publication Publisher Page numbers

How to reference a
BOOK
Author(s) Surname.Initial(s), Use & between two authors. Date Year of publication

Naidoo, J. & Willis, J. (2001) Health studies: an introduction. Basingstoke, Palgrave.

Title In sentence case and italicised. Place of publication, publisher.

How to reference a
e-BOOK
Author(s) Surname.Initial(s), Use & between two authors.

Date Year of publication

Title In sentence case and italicised.

Seedhouse, D. (2009) Ethics: the heart of health care (3rd ed). Chichester, Wiley [Online]. Available at http://www.dawsonera.com. Accessed on 24th January 2010, 10:15am.

Publisher Publisher followed by [Online].

Access information Give homepage of website, and date and time you accessed the resource.
(As e-books often require a login, only the homepage needs to be given.)

How to reference a
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Author(s) Surname.Initial(s), Use & between two authors.

Date Year of publication

Article Title In sentence case

Kelly, C. & Lynes, D. (2008) Psychological effects of chronic lung disease. Nursing Times, 104(47), pp.82-85.

Journal Title In Title Case and italicised

Journal information Give volume and issue as x(x), followed by page numbers pp. For multiple pages p. For a single page item

How to reference a
e-JOURNAL ARTICLE
Date Author(s) Year of publication Surname.Initial(s), Use & between two authors.

Article Title In sentence case

Journal Title In Title Case and italicised

Pollard, K. (2009) Student engagement in interprofessional working in practice placement settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(20), pp.2846-56 [Online]. Available at www.swetswise.com. Accessed on 15th May 2010, 10:10am. Access information Give homepage of website, and date and time you accessed the resource. (As e-journals often require a login, only the homepage needs to be given.)

Journal information Give volume and issue as x(x), followed by page numbers pp. For multiple pages p. For a single page item Follow with [Online].

How to reference a
WEB PAGE
Author(s)
Surname.Initial(s) if a person is the author. Otherwise use corporate author or organisation.

Date Year site last updated (often shown at the bottom of the page).

Department for Children, Schools and Families. (2009) Background to every child matters. Every Child Matters [Online]. Available at http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/background/background/ . Accessed on 18th February 2010, 11:10pm.

Page Title In sentence case

Website Title In Title Case and italicised. Followed by [Online].

Access information Give full address of webpage, and date and time you accessed the resource.

Important Notes

Ensure that your reference is clear and unambiguous, and that you give sufficient information to enable your reader to find the source.

CONCLUSION

To do correct referencing in academic work is very important. Not giving proper acknowledgement to the sources of information cited in our work is wrong, unethical and may cause shame and disgrace to our academic career. So always include proper citations in your work and be a wise and graceful academician.

The END !

GOOD DAY !
and THANK YOU FOR LISTENING !