Cell structure

Cytoplasm - Substance btw cell membrane and the membrane surrounding the nucleus. It contains: Cytosol - intracellular fluid containing dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble, and insoluble proteins, and waste products. Organelles specialized structures that perform specific functions related cell structure, growth, maintenance, and metabolism (except the nucleus) Cytoskeleton network of filaments and fibers. Inclusions (storage substances for example, fat droplets or glycogen)

Organelles
Small specialized structures for particular functions. They are divided into: Organelles of general importance are organelles that are obligatory contents of all cells. Organelles of special importance are organelles that are present in some cells (for example, microvilli on the apical surface of cells that are responsible for absorption, cilia on the apical surface of columnar ciliated cells in the respiratory system, flagellum of spermatozoon.

Organelles

Nonmembranous organelles are not enclosed by a membrane and always in touch with the cytosol

Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, flagella

Membranous organelles are surrounded by endomembranes

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

Cell Cytoplasm

Cytosol Organelles Cytoskeleton Inclusions

Classification of the cytoplasmic organelles

According to the modern world view the cytoplasmic organelles are divided into: system of synthesis: rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER), smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (sER), ribosomes, Golgi apparatus. System of energy: mitocondria. System of intracellular digestion: lysosomes, peroxisomes. System of the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrioles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum-set of interconnected membranes. Forms cisternae. 2 types:

Rough ER - studded with ribosomes that are attached to cytosolic side of rER

Smooth ER- no ribosomes

*Ribosomes formed in nucleolus*

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - system of

tubes and sacs formed by membranes
Smooth = functions in lipid synthesis (including steroids), carbohydrate synthesis and metabolism, drug detoxification, and calcium storage in muscle cells Rough = modifies proteins produced on the ribosomes. Synthesis of proteins for export from the cell, integral proteins of cell membrane, enzymes of lysosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

0.5 micrometers smooth endoplasmic reticulum

0.5 micrometers vesicles

Rough & Smooth ER

Ribosomes Smooth ER

Rough ER

TEM micrographs

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis Composed of a large and small ribosomal subunits Contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins Types Free - move through the cytoplasm Fixed (bound) attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Free ribosomes produce proteins within the cytoplasm (for the proper needs of the cell).

Ribosome

Ribosomes

Ribosomes = site of protein synthesis; function in the cytoplasm, but are assembled in the a. Free = nucleolus

unbound in the cytoplasm; produce proteins for use inside the cell

b. Bound = attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; produce proteins for export and for the plasma membrane

The Golgi Complex

Structure

series of sacs with internal spaces like RER two faces: convex outer cis-Golgi, forming face; concave inner trans-Golgi, maturing face) Site of protein processing

Function

modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids for shipment to appropriate location (for secretion from the cell, enzymes for lysosomes, for the cell membrane) transport vesicles from rER fuse with Golgi complex

Golgi Apparatus

Forms secretory vesicles

Discharged by exocytosis

Forms new membrane components Packages lysosomes

Figure 3.9 The Golgi Apparatus

Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondrion/a

Powerhouse of the cell Extracting energy from food and converting into a useful molecular form of energy for the cell (ATP) Has outer and inner membranes, cristae, matrix Has its own DNA, RNA, ribosomes, enzymes for lipid and protein synthesis and Krebs cycle enzymes (about 200 types of enzymes) Requires oxygen

Mitochondrion

Mitochondria

Provide energy for cell Major site of ATP synthesis Membranes Cristae: Infoldings of inner membrane Matrix: Substance located in space formed by inner membrane

Mitochondria

Lysosomes
Membrane bound vesicles that pinch off from Golgi apparatus Contain digestive enzymes Perform clean up and duties

Lysosomes
Vesicles

containing hydrolytic enzymes

Digest
Digest

material engulfed by cell

and recycle damaged organelles (autophagy) storage (residual body)

Waste

Lysosomes
Primary:
Contain

only digestive enzymes.

Secondary:
Fused

with food vacuole or organelle.

Residual
Contain

body (tertiary):

undigested wastes. It is normal feature of cell aging (for example in nerve cells age pigment lipofuscin)

Lysosomes

Lysosome

From Krogh, Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 2nd edition

Peroxisomes
Vesicles

containing the oxidase enzymes. Carry enzymes that neutralize toxins + molecule + enzymes -> H202 then catalase converts H202 -> H20 + 02.

02

In

liver and kidney cells to deal with toxic molecules.

The Cytoskeleton: Internal Scaffolding

Functions Cell shape, cell movement, organelle movement, cell division, cell to cell link. Function as a cells skeleton Microtubules

Structural role Major elements for moving vesicles within cell Movement of chromosomes during cell division Smallest cytoskeletal fibers Composed of actin

Microfilaments

works with myosin for muscle contraction in muscle cells

Support structure; changes in cell shape Aids in cell movement, prey capture (pseudopodia)

Intermediate

filaments (skeleton)

Most permanent of cytoskeletal filaments Stabilize nucleus and organelles within the cell

Cytoskeleton
actin

microtubules

intermediate filaments

Adapted from ECB Fig 1-20

Extensive network of long, thin protein filaments Thinnest filaments - actin contractile machinery Thickest filaments - microtubules (minute hollow tubes) - important for dividing cells - chromosomes Intermediate filaments - mechanical strengthening

Cytoskeleton
Major components: 1. Microtubules (composed of tubulin subunits) 2. Microfilaments (mostly actin and myosin) 3. Intermediate filaments Functions: support & movement of cellular structures & materials

Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Primary component of the cytoskeleton

Allow for change in shape Allow for movement of vesicles or organelles within the cell Assist in cell division Form centrioles and cillia, tail of spermatozoon

Microfilaments protein strands known as actin

Anchor cytoskeleton to protein of the cell membrane. Interact with other proteins to determine consistency Interact with the protein myosin to produce active movement.

Intermediate filaments
Make the specificity of cells Stabilize the position of organelles Stabilize position of the cell with respect to surrounding cell

Types of intermediate filaments

Filament type Cytokeratins Cell type Epithelial cell Examples Stratified keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelium

Vimentin

Mesenchymal cells

Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, endothelial cells Striated and smooth muscle

Different neurons Astrocytes types of

Desmin
Neurofilaments Glial filaments

Muscle
Neurons Glial cells

Centrioles
Direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division Organize the cytoskeleton Cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles is the centrosome

Centrioles

In specialized zone near nucleus: Centrosome Each unit consists of microtubules Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and become spindle fibers

2 centrioles
direct formation of mitotic spindle In 9+0 array

Cilia

Cell surface projections Capable of movement Moves materials over the cell surface Sensory capabilities

Cilia
Is anchored by a basal body Beats rhythmically to move fluids across cell surface Their movement provide the movement of the oocyte through the oviduct, clean the inhaled air.

Centrioles and Cilia

Flagella

Similar to cilia but longer Usually only one exists per cell Move the cell itself in wavelike fashion Example: Sperm cell

Two kinds of cellular extensions

Contain microtubules Cilia Profusion of hair-like growths Move a cell or move material around a cell Found in respiratory tract, oviduct Flagella Few (sometimes there is only one) Cell movement Sperm is the only flagellated animal cell

Microvilli

Extension of plasma membrane Increase the cell surface Normally many on each cell Form a brush border on the apical surface of the cell Do not move

Inclusions
Are products of the vital activity of the cell. They can be spent if there is necessary and be accumulated. They are divided into:
Nutritious

(lipid droplets, glycogen) Pigmental (pigmental granules) Secretory (secretory granules) Excretory