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    Ceramics and Polymers

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    Sabir Ali
    Ceramics and polymers are two classes of materials. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made through ionic or covalent bonding between metallic and nonmetallic elements. They have high melting points, are electrically insulating, and hard but brittle. Common ceramics include glasses, clay products, refractories, and abrasives. Polymers are long chains of hydrocarbons and can be natural like wood or synthetic like nylon. They have low strength, hardness, and conductivity but high ductility. Thermoplastics soften when heated while thermosets char.

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    Ceramics and Polymers

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    Sabir Ali
    56 views23 pages
    Ceramics and polymers are two classes of materials. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made through ionic or covalent bonding between metallic and nonmetallic elements. They have high melting points, are electrically insulating, and hard but brittle. Common ceramics include glasses, clay products, refractories, and abrasives. Polymers are long chains of hydrocarbons and can be natural like wood or synthetic like nylon. They have low strength, hardness, and conductivity but high ductility. Thermoplastics soften when heated while thermosets char.

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    Ceramics and polymers are two classes of materials. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made through ionic or covalent bonding between metallic and nonmetallic elements. They have high melting points, are electrically insulating, and hard but brittle. Common ceramics include glasses, clay products, refractories, and abrasives. Polymers are long chains of hydrocarbons and can be natural like wood or synthetic like nylon. They have low strength, hardness, and conductivity but high ductility. Thermoplastics soften when heated while thermosets char.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    56 views23 pages

    Ceramics and Polymers

    Uploaded by

    Sabir Ali
    Ceramics and polymers are two classes of materials. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made through ionic or covalent bonding between metallic and nonmetallic elements. They have high melting points, are electrically insulating, and hard but brittle. Common ceramics include glasses, clay products, refractories, and abrasives. Polymers are long chains of hydrocarbons and can be natural like wood or synthetic like nylon. They have low strength, hardness, and conductivity but high ductility. Thermoplastics soften when heated while thermosets char.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Ceramics and Polymers

    Contents
    Structure Types Properties Applications

    Ceramics

    Structure
    Ceramics are inorganic and nonmetallic materials. Most ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements for which the inter-atomic bonds are either totally ionic, or predominantly ionic but having some covalent character. In close-packed arrangements of large atoms (negative anions) , the HOLES or interstitial sites filled with smaller atoms (Cations) of a different sort, which is exactly how ceramics and compounds are created! Ceramics can have both crystalline and non crystalline structures.

    Bonding in Ceramics

    Bonding: --Mostly ionic, some covalent. --% ionic character increases with difference in electronegativity. Large vs small ionic bond character:

    Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University. 5

    General Properties
    Solid at room temperature. High melting and boiling points Transparent to visible light. Electrical insulators Hard and brittle

    Types of Ceramics
    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Glasses- Glasses and Glass ceramics Clay Products Refractories Abrasives Cements

    Glasses
    These are non crystalline silicates (SiO2 chains) containing other oxides such as CaO, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3. Important applications are: Containers, lenses, Fiberglass. Important property: Optical transparency and ease of fabrication.

    Silicates
    These are compounds of Si and O.

    Glass Ceramics
    Most inorganic glasses can be transformed from a non crystalline state to crystalline state by proper high temp. heat treatment. This process is called crystallization and the fine grained polycrystalline material obtained is called glass ceramic. Properties: glass ceramics have relatively high mechanical strength, low coefficients of thermal expansion. Applications: ovenware, tableware, oven windows

    Clay Products
    One of the most widely used ceramic raw material. Inexpensive Mostly used for constructional purposes Applications: Building bricks, tiles, sewer pipes, Porcelain, tableware, china dish, sanitaryware

    Refractories
    Properties capacity to withstand high temperatures without melting or decomposing . to remain unreactive and inert when exposed to severe environments. Ability to provide thermal insulation. Applications: Refractory bricks, furnace linings for metal refining

    Abrasives
    Applications: Abrasive ceramics are used to wear grind or cut away other material i.e machining purposes Properties: High hardness Good wear resistance High toughness High hot hardness or refractory properties Examples: Diamond, WC, Al2O3 etc.

    Cements
    Applications: used for constructional purposes Property When mixed with water they form a paste that subsequently sets and hardens. Acts as a bonding phase that chemically binds particulate aggregates into a single cohesive structure Example: cement, plaster of paris, lime etc.

    Fracture mechanism
    At room temperature both crystalline and non crystalline ceramics almost always fractures in brittle manner. At elevated temperatures they fractures in ductile manner to some degree.

    Polymers

    Polymers
    Polymers are long chains of Hydrocarbons (C, H and other non metallic elements) so they have very large moleculer structures. These include familiar plastic and rubber materials. Can be classified as Natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Natural polymers: wood, rubber, cotton, wool, leather and silk, Proteins, enzymes, starches and cellulose Synthetic polymers: Polythene, polypropylene, nylon, PVC, Polycarbonates, polystyrene, teflon etc. It is also classified as Thermoplastic and Thermosetting polymers

    Types
    1. Thermoplastic polymers: soften when heated and harden when cooled. Process is reversible and may be repeated many no. of times. 2. Thermoplastic: get burnt on heating but cant be given new shape On the basis of structure 1. Linear 2. Branched 3. Crosslinked 4. Network

    General properties
    Low strength, hardness, densities and electrical conductivity High ductility Relatively chemically inert and unreactive to different environmental conditions. Major disadvantage is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperature. Non magnetic

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