IDENTIFICATION I

Topics : 1. Definition. 2. Medico - legal importance. 3. Determination of race. 4. Determination of sex. 5. Determination of age.

IDENTIFICATION

Identification means determination of individuality of a person. COMPLETE or TOTAL identification means exact specification of the individual. INCOMPLETE or PARTIAL identification means recording of certain information or data which will ultimately help complete or total identification.

Medico legal importance of identification

To inform relative or guardian of deceased. To discharge legal claims. To aid legal investigation by police or court into criminal cases like assault , rape , homicide kidnapping For burial or cremation purposes. In civil cases like for marriage , insurance claim , disputed sex, missing person.

The important data for identification of persons

1. Race, religion and nationality. 2. Sex. 3. Age. 4. Stature, general development and body built. 5. Complexion. 6. Features of hair. 7. Features of eyes. 8. Congenital and acquired peculiarities like malformations, birth marks, moles, scar marks, tattoo marks, occupational marks, deformities, disease and wounds etc.,

9. Features present in the teeth, 10. Photography. 11. Anthropometric measurements including height and weight. 12.Finger print (single confirmatory criterion), sole print, lip print and palate print. 13.Dress, ornaments and other belongings including pocket or purse articles like diary, passport and letter. 14. Superimposition technique (in case of dead subjects), 15.Reconstruction of facial structure 16.Handwriting, voice, gait, habits, tricks, manners, educational status, memory and intelligence (only in living),

IDENTIFICATION BY RACE

PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT RACES.....

The features, skin colour all are different.

Different races

Caucasoids

Mongoloids

Negroids

CAUCASOIDS
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

Thin fair skin Blue or grey iris Thin straight hair ,light brown hair Raised forehead Narrow nasal aperture Mostly roundish, mesati - cephalic skull.

MONGOLOIDS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.
7.

8.

Yellowish or pale skin Black iris Black and straight hair Inclined forehead Higher, roundish orbit Large, flattened face Small upper and lower extremities Square, short brachy cephalic head.

NEGROES
1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

Black, tough skin Black iris Black, curly or wooly hair Small and compressed forehead Lower and wider orbit Broad and wider nasal apertures Oblique teeth Longer forearm Narrow dolico - cephalic skull.

RACE
Race can be determined by:1. COMPLEXION It is of limited value. The skin is brown in Indians, fair in Europeans and black in Negroes. Skin colour is changed by decomposition, burning etc 2. EYES Indians have dark eyes, a few have brown eyes, Europeans have blue or grey eyes. 3. HAIR Indians have black, thin hair. Europeans have fair, light brown hair. Negroes have wooly hair. 4. CLOTHES It may be helpful in some specific conditions. 5. SKELETON Cephalic Index .

Identification of race by hair

Negroes have wooly thick hair As shown in the picture the hair is :~ thick ~ wooly ~ black

Europeans have hair which are :~ thin ~ fair / light brown ~ straight / curly

Race indices
Cephalic index = Brachial index = Crural index =
100 max breadth of skull max antero posterior length of skull length of radius length of humerus length of tibia length of femur X 100 X 100

X 100 X

Inter- membral =(length of humerus + length of radius) index

(length of femur + length of tibia) X 100

Intra- membral = length of humerus index length of femur

Cephalic index
Type of skull
Dolico cephalic (long headed) Mesati cephalic (medium headed) Brachy cephalic (short headed)

Cephalic index

Race

70 to 75

Negroes

75 to 80

Europeans

80 to 85

Mongolian

Racial indices
INDEX Brachial Index Crural Index Inter Membral Index Intra Membral Index ASIANS EUROPEANS NEGROES

76.49

75.5

78.5

86.49

83.3

86.2
70.3

67.27

70.4

71.11

69.0

72.4

SEX DETERMINATION

Sex determination
Sex of an individual can be determined on the basis of: External feature Sex chromatin skeleton. Medico legal importance of determination of sex: (1) Marriage (2) Divorce (3) Impotence (4) Rape (5) Legitimacy

External features: cloths , beard , mustache, breast etc Most definite evidence is the presence of ovaries in female & the presence of testis in male. Sex from chromatin can be determined by: (a) Barr body (c) Davidson smith body (b) Feulgen reaction (d) Quinacrine reaction.

Barr body

1. 2.

3.

4.

It was first demonstrated by Barr & Bertum. It is a compact Plano convex mass situated near to nuclear membrane inside the nucleus. These are detected in the squmous cell of mucus membrane of mouth or vagina or hair follicles It can be made visible by staining with Feulgen or HE stain. The percentage of bar bodies ranges from 40-80% in females & 0-4% in male.

Davidson- smith body

Davidson body is compact spheres about 1.5 m is in diameter, extend from one of the lobe of nucleus of polymorph giving drumstick appearance. They are present in neutrophils in the females (3%-6%) and absent in male They can be made visible by staining with H E stain.

Feulgen reaction & Quinacrine reaction

Acriflavin schiff reagent in used to stain X chromosome , which appears as bright yellow spot. Quinacrine dihydrochloride is used to stain Y chromosome, which appears bright florescent body

Intersex
It is intermingling of the character of both sexes in one person including physical form, reproductive organs and sexual behaviors Classification of Intersex: 1. Hermaphrodite
True hermaphrodite Pseudohemaphrodite (a) Male pseudo hermaphrodite (b) Female pseudo hermaphrodite

2. Gonadal Ageneses 3. Gonadal Dysgenisis

True hermaphrodite

In this, the individual will have one testis and one ovary or two ovo testis with external gentilia secondary sex character, physical development of both sexes. Nuclear sexing is either XX i.e. female type or XY male type.

Male pseudo hermaphrodite

In this, the gonadal tissue of male sex (i.e. testis) is present internally with varying degree of feminization. Nuclear sexing is XY type while anatomical sex is female type because of testicular feminization.

Female pseudo hermaphrodite

The gonadal tissue of female sex (i.e. ovary) is present internally with varying degree of masculinisation. Nuclear sexing is XX type while anatomical sex is male type because of adrenal hyperplasia.

Klinefielteirs syndrome
The testis is non- functioning with varying degree of hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules and hyperplasia of leyding cells. Nuclear sexing is XXY type There is delay in onset of puberty with absence or scanty growth of beard, pubic hair and axillary hairs Features of azospermia, sterility & gyanaecomastia, mental retardation, low levels of testosterone.

Concealed Sex

Criminals may conceal their sex to avoid detection by changing dress or by other method

Turners syndrome
A female type of gonadal dysgenisis with varying degree of aplasia of ovary and contains no primordial follicle. Number of chromosome is 45 and pattern is XO type. The features of turners syndrome are: Primary amenorrhea, sterility, lack of development of primary & secondary sexual character. Short fourth metacarpal , edema of dorsum of the hands & short stature .

Sex determination
Sex determination from skeleton

ADULT SEX CAN BE DETERMINED FROM SKELETON.

ACCORDING TO KROGMAN ACCURACY IN SEXING ADULT SKELETAL REMAINS IS100% 98% 95% 90% 80%

ENTIRE SKELETON PEVIS + SKULL PELVIS ALONE SKULL ALONE LONG BONES ALONE

General differences
Trade
Size

Male
Longer, massive

Female
Smaller, Slender

Ridges,depressions &processes Long bones

More prominent.
Less Long bones about 8% longer. Rougher Larger Prominent
Smoother Shorter

Shaft Articular Surface

Male General Capacity Glabella

skull

Female skull Smaller, rounder 1350-1400ml Less prominent

Larger, longer 1500-1550ml More prominent

Orbits
Supraorbital

Square
More prominent More prominent Less prominent Larger,blunt Larger

Rounded
Less prominent Less prominent More prominent Smaller,pointed Smaller

Ridges
Zygomatic arch Frontal&parital Eminences Mastoid process Foramina

Palate

U shaped

Parabola

Mandible

Male General Chin Body height at Symphysis Ascending ramus Angle of body & Ramus Condyles Mental Tubercle Greater breadth Less obtuse, More prominent Larger Large &prominent Larger, thicker Square Larger

Female Smaller, thinner Round Smaller

Smaller More obtuse, Less prominant Smaller Insignificant

MALE pelvis General appearnce Shape Ilium Massive, rougher Deep funnel Less vertical

FEMALE pelvis Less massive, Smoother Flat bowl More vertical

Preauricular
Sulcus Acetabulum Obturator Foramen Greater sciatic Notch Ischial tuberosity Subpubic angle

Narrow,
Shallow 52mm IN DIAMETER Oval with base Upwards Smaller, deeper, Narrower, Inverted V shaped 70-75

Broad ,deep
46mm IN DIAMETER Triangular with Apex forwards Larger, wider, Shallower Everted U shaped 90-100

MALE pelvis Pelvic brim Heart shaped

FEMALE pelvis Circular or Elliptical

Pelvic cavity Pelvic outlet Sacrum

Funnel shaped Smaller Longer, narrower, promontory well marked. Body of first sacral vertebra larger

Broad and round Larger Shorter, wider, curved forward in lower half. Promontory less marked. Body of first sacral vertbra smaller.

Coccyx Ischiopubic index Sciatic notch index

Less movable 73 to 94 4 to 5

More movable 91 to 115 5 to 6

MALE thorax General Longer & narrower

FEMALE thorax Shorter & wider

Sternum

Body longer and more than Shorter and less than twice twice the lenth of the manubrium. Upper manubrium. Upper margin is in the level with margin is in level with lower part of third thoracic lower part of body of vertebra. second thoracic vertebra. 46.2 54.3

Sternal index

Ribs

Thicker less curve and less Thinner greater curve and oblique more oblique

Clavicle

Longer,broader, heavier, less curved

Small,narrow, lighter more curved.

MALE femur
Head

FEMALE femur

Larger & forms about Smaller & forms less 2/3 of sphere. than 2/3 of sphere. Vertical diameter Vertical diameter more than 47 mm. less than 45 mm Obtuse angle with shaft about 125 74 to 89 mm Less obtuse angle

Neck

Bicondylar width

67 to 76 mm

Angulation of shaft with condyles

80

76

Age determination

Age of person years can be determined by

1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

Ossification of bones Secondary sexual characters General development Teeth Age related changes like graying of hairs , arcus senalis , catract etc

Ossification of bones

Centre of ossification for different bones appears & fuses at different ages , therefore radiological examination of bones is helpful in age determination.

Characteristics of ossification

Ossification occurs 2-3 yrs earlier in Indians , as compared to Europeans. Ossification occurs 1-2 yrs earlier in females , except for obliteration of sutures , which occurs 1-2 yrs later in females. Ossification of bones is also influenced by geography , heredity & diet.

Ossification centres

Earliest centre of ossification appears at the end of 2nd month of pregnancy.(clavicle ) At 11th IU week , there are 806 ossification centre. At birth 450. In general most of bones ossify from many ossification centres , however carpal , tarsal bones are ossified from a single centre.

Age

Appearance of centre of ossification

Union of bone and epiphysis

5th year

Head of radius, trapezoid, scaphoid Lower end of ulna and trapezium Medial epicondyle of humerus Olecranon Trochlea of humerus Pisiform Lateral epicondyle of humerus Separate centres in triradiate cartilage of acetabulum Lesser trochanter of femur

Greater tubercle fuses with the head of humerus Rami of pubis and ischium unite

6th year 6-7th year 9th year 9-11th year 10-11th year 11th year 13th year

12-14th years

14th year

Crest of ilium, head & tubercles of ribs acromion Ischial tuberosity

Medial epicondyle of humerus, patella complete, coracoid with scapula, triradiate cartilage of acetabulum Lower end of humerus, olecranon to ulna, upper end of radius, matacarpals, proximal phalanges Head of femur, lesser and greater trochanter of femur, lower end of ulna Lower end of femur, upper end of tibia & fibula, head of humerus, lower end of radius Iliac crest Inner end of clavicle, ischial tuberosity, head of the ribs

15th year 16th year

17-18th year 18-19th year 18-20th year 21st year Inner end of clavicle

X-ray Shoulder (example)

Head and greater tuberosity not united: age <18 years.

Age changes of pubic symphysis

best single criteria for determining age from 3rd to 5th decades. - <20yrs bone is hard & compact - 20-30 yrs-irregular , wavy , transverse ridges appear. - 30-40 yrs ridges become faint. - 40-50 yrs - ridges disappear. - >50 yrs surface becomes granular & eroded

Sternum
14-25 yrs four pieces of body fuses with one another from below upwards. About 40yrs xiphoid fuses with body. At about 60 yrs manubrium fuses with body.

X-ray Sternum (example 1)

Lateral view of sternum is taken. Middle four pieces of sternum unite from below upwards, between 15-25 years of age. In this case, the upper two pieces have not united. Age 15-20 yrs.

X-ray Sternum (example 2)

Showing sternum and its pieces in a 16 year old male. The third and fourth piece have almost united. Age- around 15 years.

Sternum ossification centres

Hip bone ossification centres

Hyoid bone: between 40 & 60 yrs greater cornu unites with the body. sacrum: it becomes a single bone between 21-25 yrs. gap between S1 & S2 unites at 32 yrs.

Skull
Anterior fontanelle closes at the age of 2 yrs Lateral & occipital fontanelles closes within 2 months Coronal suture upper half -50-60 yrs lower half -40-50 yrs Sagittal suture posterior 1/3rd 30-40 yrs Anterior 1/3rd 40-50 yrs Lambdoid suture fusion completes at 45 yrs Metopic suture closes about the third year. Estimation of age from skull suture is not reliable . it can be given only in a range in decades.

Physical Development of a Female

Years

Development Stages
Hormones begin to release, sometimes causing change in mood and skin sensitivity. Hips start rounding out. Breast nipples begin to grow, Breast tissues around and under nipple begin to appear, Growth spurt may be seen, Downy hair near labia.

8-9

9-10 10-11

Physical development of a Female

Years

Development Stages

12-13 Axially hair, Menstruation age (between 9 and14 years), Pregnancy is possible.

13-14 with
14-15 15-16 16-17

Underpants are wet with clear mucous, more ovulation and sexual arousal.
Earliest normal pregnancy, Major growth spurt complete. Acne, Deepening voice. Full height achieved.

Tanner stage of Pubic hair

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 pubis, 14 years) Stage 4 thighs Stage 5

Prepubertal no pubic hair, fine brown villous hair (< 12 years) Sparse not extending on to mons pubis, light pigmented (12-13 years) Darker, coarse extending on to mons pigmented, start curling and spread (13-

Covering most parts but not going upto (14-15 years) Dense hair extending to the inner thighs, Mature pubic hair (> 15 years)

Tanner stage of Breast Development

Stage 1 Stage 2

Prepubertal elevated papilla, small fat areola

(after 9-10 years)

Papilla forms a palpable nodule (Breast bud) (10-11 years)

Stage 3
Stage 4

Breast development beyond the areola, contour of breast not defined (by 13 years)
Contour well defined, further development with elevation of the areola as a double mound

(by 13-14 years)

Stage 5

yrs)

Mature breast -more breast development with loss of double mound, papilla project as nipple (by 15-16

Physical Development of a Male

Years

Development Stages

8-9 Hormones begins to release, sometimes causing moodiness and skin sensitivity. 10-11 Testes become larger, scrotal skin redder in colour and coarse in texture.

11-12
12-13 begin,

Prostate gland begins to function, penis begins to lengthen.

Pubic hair growth, Growth spurt may

Spontaneous erections.

Physical Development of a Male

Years

Development Stages Rapid growth of penis, Scrotal skin colour deepens, Pseudo breast. Axillary hair, Voice changes. Average age when sperm matures, can cause pregnancy, majority of growth spurt complete.

13-14

14-15 15-16

16-17
21

Chest and shoulder will fill out, Acne, Body hair.

Full height achieved.

Tanner stage of Pubic hair

Stage 1 Stage 2 penis,

Prepubertal no pubic hair, fine brown villous hair (< 12 years) Sparse not extending on to base of light pigmented (12-13 years) Darker, coarse extending on to base of pigmented, start curling and spread (13-

Stage 3 penis,
14

Stage 4 medial

years) Covering most parts but not going up to aspect of thighs (14-15 years)