Threads and Thread Cutting

Session 11

Threads
Thread
Helical ridge of uniform section formed on inside or outside of cylinder or cone

Used for several purposes:

Fasten devices such as screws, bolts, studs, and nuts Provide accurate measurement, as in micrometer Transmit motion Increase force
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Thread Terminology

Thread Terminology
Screw thread
Helical ridge of uniform section formed on inside or outside of cylinder or cone

External thread
Cut on external surface or cone

Internal thread
Produced on inside of cylinder or cone
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Thread Terminology
Major Diameter
Commonly known as the outside diameter . On a screw thread, the major diameter is the largest diameter of the thread on the screw or nut.

Thread Terminology
Minor Diameter
Called the root diameter, the minor diameter is the smallest diameter of the thread on the screw or nut.

Thread Terminology
Pitch diameter
Diameter of imaginary cylinder that passes through thread at point where groove and thread widths are equal Equal to major diameter minus single depth of thread Tolerance and allowances given at pitch diameter line

Thread Terminology
Number of Threads
The number of threads per inch.

Thread Terminology
Pitch
The distance from a given point on one thread to a corresponding point on the very next thread

Thread Terminology
Lead
The distance a screw thread advances in one revolution.
The lead and the pitch of a single lead thread are the same. On double lead threads, the lead is twice the pitch.
A double lead thread has two start points.

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Thread Terminology

Single Lead

Double Lead
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Thread Terminology
Root
Bottom surface joining sides of two adjacent threads External thread on minor diameter Internal thread on major diameter

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Thread Terminology
Crest
Top surface joining two sides of thread External thread on major diameter Internal thread on minor diameter

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Thread Terminology
Flank
Thread surface that connects crest with root

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Thread Terminology
Depth of thread
Distance between crest and root measured perpendicular to axis

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Thread Terminology
Angle of thread
Included angle between sides of thread measured in axial plane

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Thread Terminology
Helix angle
Angle that thread makes with plane perpendicular to thread axis

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Thread Terminology
Right-hand thread
Helical ridge of uniform cross section onto which nut is threaded in clockwise direction When cut on lathe, toolbit advanced from right to left

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Thread Terminology
Left-hand thread
Helical ridge of uniform cross section onto which nut is threaded in counterclockwise direction When cut on lathe, toolbit advanced from left to right

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Thread Forms
ISO Metric American National Standard Thread British Standard Whitworth (BSW) Thread Unified Thread American National Acme Thread Square Thread Brown & Sharpe Worm Thread International Metric thread
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ISO Metric Thread

60 included angle D (Internal) = 0.6143 x pitch Crest = .125 x pitch Root = .250 x pitch

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ISO Metric Thread

D (external) 0.54127 x P FC .125 x P FR .250 x P

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ISO metric pitch and diameter combinations

Nominal Diameter (mm)
1.6

Thread Pitch (mm)

0.35

Nominal Diameter (mm)

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Thread Pitch (mm)

2.5

2
2.5 3

0.4
0.45 0.5

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30 36

3
3.5 4

3.5
4 5

0.6

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4.5
5 5.5
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0.7 48 taken Portion of table 0.8 from textbook 56

American National Standard Thread

Divided into four main series, all having same shape and proportions
National Coarse (NC) National Fine (NF) National Special (NS) National Pipe (NPT)

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Common Thread Forms

Coarse Thread Series UNC
The one most commonly used in the mass production of bolts, screws, nuts and other general fastening applications. Less of a tendency for cross-threading than fine threads. It is also used on quick assembly or disassembly, or if corrosion or slight damage is possible.
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Common Thread Forms

Fine Thread Series UNF
When used on external threads have greater tensile stress area than coarse threads of the same size. Resists stripping out better than coarse threads in areas where the external and mating internal threads are subjected to loads equal to or greater than the capacity of the screw or bolt. Used were the length of engagement is limited
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Common Thread Forms

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Common Thread Forms

Taper Pipe Series NPT
The taper of the external thread forms a joint with the taper of the internal thread.

When used with a sealer (such as pipe dope or teflon tape) will produce a pressure tight joint.

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American National Standard Thread

.6134 D .6134 x P or N .125 F .125 x P or N

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British Standard Whitworth (BSW) Thread

.6403 Application is same D .6403 x P or N as for American .1373 National form R .1373 x P or thread N

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Unified Thread
Developed by U.S., Britain, and Canada for standardized thread system Combination of British Standard Whitworth and American National Standard Thread

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Unified Thread
.6134 D (external thread) .6134 x P or N .5413 D (internal thread) .5413 x P or N .125 F (external thread) .125 x P or N .250 F (internal thread) .250 x P or N
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Acme Screw Thread

Replacing square thread in many cases Used for feed screws, jacks, and vises
D = minimum .500P F = .3707P

= maximum .500P + 0.010 C = .3707P - .0052 (for maximum depth)

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Brown & Sharpe Worm Thread

Used to mesh worm gears and transmit motion between two shafts at right angles to each other but not in same plane
D = .6866P
F = .335P C = .310P

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Square Thread
Being replaced by Acme thread because of difficulty in cutting it D = .500P Often found on vises F = .500P and jack screws C = .500P + .002

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International Metric thread

Standardized thread used in Europe
D = 0.7035P (maximum) F = 0.125P = 0.6855P (minimum) R = 0.0633P (maximum) = 0.054P (minimum)

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Thread Fits and Classifications

Fit
Relationship between two mating parts Determined by amount of clearance or interference when they are assembled

Nominal size
Designation used to identify size of part

Actual size
Measured size of thread or part Basic size: size from which tolerances are set
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Allowance
Permissible difference between largest external thread and smallest internal thread Difference produces tightest fit acceptable for any given classification
The allowance for a 1- 8 UNC Class 2A and 2B

Minimum pitch diameter of the internal thread (2B) = .9188 in. Maximum pitch diameter of the external thread (2A) = .9168 in. Allowance = .002 in.

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Tolerance
Variation permitted in part size Total tolerance is sum of plus and minus tolerances In Unified and National systems, tolerance is plus on external threads and minus on internal threads
The tolerance for a 1 in.8 UNC Class 2A thread is: Maximum pitch diameter of the external thread (2A) = .9168 in. Minimum pitch diameter of the external thread (2A) = .9100 in. Tolerance = .0068 in.
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Limits
Maximum and minimum dimensions of part
The limits for a 1 in.8 UNC Class 2A thread are: Maximum pitch diameter of the external thread (2A) = .9168 in.. Minimum pitch diameter of the external thread (2A) = .9100 in.

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ISO Metric Tolerances and Allowances

ISO metric screw thread tolerance system provides for allowances and tolerances defined by tolerance grades, tolerance positions, and tolerance classes Tolerance grades specified numerically
Medium tolerance indicated by number 6, number below 6 indicates finer tolerance and number above 6 indicates greater tolerance

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Tolerance Example:
An external metric thread may be designated as follows:
Nominal Metric Size M 6 X

Pitch 0.75

Pitch Diameter Tolerance 5g

Outside Diameter Tolerance 6g

The thread fit between mating parts is indicated by internal thread designation followed by the external thread tolerance:

M 20 X 2 - 6H/5g 6g
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Allowance Symbols
For external threads:
e indicates a large allowance g indicates a small allowance h indicates no allowance

For internal threads:

G indicates a small allowance H indicates no allowance

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Classes of Unified Thread Fits

External threads classified as 1A, 2A, and 3A and internal threads as 1B, 2B, 3B
Classes 1A and 1B
Threads for work that must be assembled Loosest fit

Classes 2A and 2B
Used for most commercial fasteners Medium or free fit

Classes 3A and 3B
Used where more accurate fit and lead required No allowance provided
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Classes Of Thread Fits

-20 UNC 2A
In this particular case the class of fit would be a 2. The symbol A indicates an external thread.

-28 UNF 3B
In this particular case the class of fit would be a 3. The symbol B indicates an internal thread.
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Thread Calculations
Calculate pitch, depth, minor diameter, and width of flat for a -10 UNC thread.
D = single depth of thread P = pitch
Minor dia Major dia - ( D D ) .75 - (.061 .061) 1 1 .628 in. P .100 in. tpi 10 P 1 1 Width of flat x D .61343 x P 8 8 10 .61343 x .100 .061 in. .0125 in.
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Thread Calculations
What is the depth, minor diameter, crest and root for an M 6.3 X 1 thread?
P = pitch = 1 mm D = 0.54127 x 1 = 0.54 mm

Minor dia Major dia - ( D D) 6.3 - (.54 .54) 5.22 mm

Width of root 0.25 x P Width of crest 0.125 x P 0.25 x 1 0.125 x 1 0.25 mm 0.125 mm
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Thread-Chasing dial
Lathe spindle and lead screw must be in same relative position for each cut
Thread-chasing dial attached to carriage for this purpose

Dial has eight divisions

Even threads use any division Odd threads either numbered or unnumbered: not both

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Measuring Threads
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Three-wire method Thread ring gage Thread plug gage Thread snap gage Screw thread micrometer Optical comparator

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Three-Wire Measuring
Three wires of equal diameter placed in thread, two on one side and one on other side Standard micrometer used to measure distance over wires (M) Different sizes and pitches of threads require different sizes of wires

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The Three-Wire Method of Measuring 60 Threads

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Measurement with Wires

1.5155 M D 3G N
where M = measurement over the wires D = major diameter of the thread G = diameter of the wire size used N = number of tpi

Any of the following formulas can be used to calculate G:

1.010 or 1.010 P N .57735 Best - size wire or .57735 P N .505 Smallest wire or .505 P N 52 Largest wire

Multiple Threads
May be double, triple or quadruple, depending on number of starts around periphery of work Pitch: distance from point on one thread to corresponding point on next thread Lead: distance nut advances lengthwise in one complete revolution
Single-start: pitch and lead equal Double-start: lead twice the pitch Triple-start: lead three times pitch
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Double

Single Triple

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Internal Threads

Cutting threads in a hole

Operation performed on work held in chuck or collet or mounted on faceplate Threading tool similar to boring toolbit except shape ground to form of thread to be cut

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Internal Threads

The compound rest is set at 29 to the left for cutting right-hand internal threads.
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