Circulatory System

CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
PREPARED BY :
ADNAN ALI
CCP STUDENT
Presentation Outline :
 Position of the heart
 Motion of the blood through the heart
 How are the Heart & Lungs connected?
 Layers of the heart
 Valves of the heart
 Pulmonary vs systemic circulation
 Coronary circulation
 Pump action of the heart
 Conduction system
POSITION OF THE
HEART :
The heart is in the thoracic cavity in
the mediastinum between the lungs.It
lies obliquely, a little more towards the
left, and present a base above, and
apex below.The apex is about 9cm to
the left of the midline at the level of
the 5th intercostal space, i.e. a little
below the midline and sligthly nearer
the midline.The base extends to the
level of the 2nd rib.
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF
THE HEART
The heart is a hollow organ divided

into four chambers:
 Right atrium
 Right ventricle
 Left atrium
 Left ventricle
MOTION OF THE BLOOD
THROUGH THE HEART :
 It is a simple squeeze pump that force
blood forward by squeezing in exactly the
way that abulb syringe forces out fluid
when it is compressed. The blood moves
from right heart to left by the way of the
lungs.
 In other words, the right heart pulls the
blood out of the veins and pumps into the
lungs. While the left heart pulls the blood
out of the lungs and pumps it into the
body`s circulation.
HOW ARE THE HEART AND
LUNGS CONNECTED ?
 Superior & inferior vena cava empties into
the right atrium. It further opens into the
right ventrictle. Then through the
pulmonary artery, the blood is carried to
the lungs.
 After oxygenation it flows back into the left
atrium through two pairs pulmonary veins.
It further flows down in the left ventricle.
Then through the aorta into the entire
body.
LAYERS OF THE HEART
 The heart is surrounded by a loose
protective sac called pericardium. This sac
is loose enough to permit the heart to beat
easily.
 After the pericardium, a thin, shiny,
reddish-coloured membrane from the
outer surface of the heart is seen called
the epicardium.
 Under the epicardium is a thick layer of
muscle called the myocardium. The
myocardium is thickest in the left
ventricle; it is thinnest in the atria.
 Inside walls of the heart are lined with
another smooth shiny membrane called
VALVES OF THE HEART
 Every opening between the chambers and
into the vessels is supplied with a valve that
protects backward flow of blood;
 The tricuspid valve consists of three cusps is
located between the right atrium and right
ventricle.
 The mitral valve or bicuspid valve consists of
two cusps is located between the left atrium
and left ventricle.
 The semilunar valves are located between
the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
called pulmonary valve, and between the left
ventricle and the aorta called the aortic
valve.
PULMONARY VS SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION
PULMONARY SYSTEMIC
Deals with the right side of Deals with the left side of the
the heart. heart.
Deoxygenated blood enters Oxygenated blood enters the
the right side of the heart via left side of the heart via the
the superior & inferior vena four pulmonary veins into the
cava to the right atrium, left atrium, passing through the
passing through the tricuspid mitral valve & into the left
valve & into the right ventricle; blood exits through
ventricle; blood exits through the aortic valve into the aorta &
the pulmonary artery & to the entire body.
subsequently the lungs.
Thin wall structure within Thick wall structure within the
the right ventricle due to left ventricle due to projection
projection of blood against of blood against high
SVC & IVC RA
ENTIRE BODY RV
AORTA
A COMPLETE BLOODPA
CIRCULATION
LV LUNGS
LA PV
CORONARY CIRCULATION
 The coronary arteries branch off the
base of the aorta and travel a
considerable distance on the
epicardial surface of the heart. They
lie embedded in the fat that
surrounds them and covers the
heart. The two main arteries are the
right and left coronary arteries. They
supply both the heart`s electrical and
mechanical structures.
Right Coronary Artery :
 Afterleaving the aorta, the right
coronary artery passes diagonally
toward the right side of the heart and
descends in the groove between the
right atrium and the right ventricle.
Before passing around to posterior
surface of the heart, it gives of its
acute marginal branch, which
descends along the lateral side of the
heart to the apex.
Left Coronary Artery :
 After leaving the aorta, the left
coronary artery passes behind the
pulmonary artery and provides small
branches to supply the left atrium. As
it leaves the area of the pulmonary
artery it branches off into two major
divisions:
 Left Anterior Descending.
 Left Circumflex.
SUPPLY TO THE HEART
 The right coronary artery supplies:
o 55% SA node
o 90% AV node
o A portion of the bundle of his
o Posterior-inferior division of the left
bundle branch
o Posterior 1/3rd of the septum
o Right atrial and ventricular musculature
o Inferior-posterior wall of the ventricle
 Left anterior descending artery supplies :
 Anterior 2/3rdof the septum
 The right bundle branch
 Anterosuperior division of the left bundle
branch
 Anterior wall of the ventricle
 Left circumflex :
 45% of the SA node
 Inferoposterior division of the left bundle
branch
 Lateral wall of the left ventricle
PUMPING ACTION OF THE
HEART
 Blood is pumped through the
chambers of the heart and out
through the great vessels by a
simple squeezing action of the heart
chambers. This contraction of the
heart is called systole.
 After the contraction, the heart
relaxes and allows blood to filled
within the chambers. This relaxation
phase of the heart is called diastole.
STAGES OF A HEART BEAT
The whole cycle of a heartbeat goes through
these stages :
II. Atrial systole : The atria contract, forcing
the blood down into the ventricle.
III. Ventricular systole : The ventricles
contract, forcing the blood out of the
pulmonary artery & aorta.
IV. Atrial diastole : This starts during
ventricular systole as the atria begin
refilling with blood from the great veins.
V. Ventricular diastole : This takes place
during atrial systole as a blood from the
atria fills the ventricles.
THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THAT
DRIVES THE HEART
 Electric impulses initiated within the heart are
transmitted along a network of specialized cells
called the conduction system.
 When the impulses reaches and stimulates the
ventricular muscle, myocardial contraction occurs.
Each normal heartbeat is the result of an electrical
impulse that originates in a specialized area in the
wall of the right atrium called the SA node.
 This bundle of tissues acts as the battery for the
heart and is the designated pacemaker. Other
areas of the heart also have the ability to initiate
impulses,but they assume this role only under
abnormal circumstances.
SINOATRIAL OR SA NODE :
A specialized piece of tissues that
can initiate its own impulse which
has the property of automaticity. It is
located in the posterior portion of the
right atrium near the superior vena
cava. It acts as the pacemaker of the
heart. It initiates impulses at the rate
of 60-100 per minute.
ATRIAL-VENTRICULAR OR AV
NODE :
 The AV node is located in the right atrium
close to the septal leaflet of the tricuspid
valve. The AV node is not usually the
pacemaker, but it is capable of initiating
impulses at the rate of 40-60 per minute if
the SA node fails. The primary function of
the AV node is to relay the electrical
impulses from the atria into the ventricles
in an orderly and timely way. The impulses
travel relatively slowly through the AV
node to reach the bundle of HIS. This
allows the atria to contract and empty and
ventricles to fill before the ventricles
contract.
BUNDLE OF HIS :
This bundle lies in the upper part of the
interventricular septum, connecting the AV node
with the two bundle branches.
RIGHT & LEFT BUNDLE
BRANCHES AND PURKINJEE
NETWORK :
The right and left bundle branches arise from
the bundle of HIS, straddle the intervascular
septum, and travel down either side of the
septum. They`re divided into smaller and
smaller branches and connect with the purkinje
network. This network also has the ability to
initiate impulses at a rate of 15-40 per minute.

Circulatory System

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CIRCULATORY

 Motion of the blood through the heart

 How are the Heart & Lungs connected?

 Layers of the heart

 Valves of the heart

 Pulmonary vs systemic circulation

 Pump action of the heart

The heart is a hollow organ divided

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