7th Lecture The Third Week of Development

Third week of development
Dr. eman khammas alsadi University of mysan Embryology lecturer
The third week of development trilaminar germ disc

The most characteristic event occur in the third week is 1-Gastrulation 2- Invagination. 3-Notochord formation. 4-Establishment of the body axes. 5-fate map established during gastrulation
1-gastrulation :
which is the process that establish all the 3 layers in the embryo (ectoderm ,mesoderm ,endoderm) starts with the formation of 1. primitive streak on the epiblast surface. 2. primitive node is a slight elevation ,at the cephalic region of the streak 3. the primitive pit ;there is a small pit inside the node
The primitive streak:

Is a narrow groove with a slight bulging on either sides. This streak becomes visible at 15-16 day of development
2- invagination:
the process by which the epiblast cells will give rise to 2 layers as in the followings
1-invaginated cells from the epiblast at the region of the streak &the node will form the mesoderm which then give rise to endoderm 2-the remaining of epiblast cell form ectoderm
So the epiblast gives rise to3 layers in the embryo
The mesoderm continue to migrate between the epiblast & the endoderm until it establish a contact with the extra embryonic mesoderm
In the cephalic region cells of the mesoderm from each side will form the cardiogenic plate
3-Development of the notochord

prenotochordial cells :
i.e invaginated Epiblast cells near the prechordial plate which become intercalated with the hypoblastic cells& form the notochordial plate
with further development the plate detaches from the endoderm & from the solid cord known as
definitive notochord. The notochord form s a midline axis which will serve as the base of the axial skeleton.
4-Establishment of the body axes:1-anteroposterior 2- dorsoventral 3- left-right takes place (before and during) the period of gastrulation. The anteroposterior axis is signaled by cells at the anterior (cranial) margin of the embryonic disc. expresses genes essential for head formation establish the cranial end of the embryo before gastrulation. The primitive streak itself is initiated first then the dorsal and ventral mesoderm and head and tail structures.
fate map established during gastrulation

Regions of the migrating epiblast have been mapped, and their ultimate fates have been determined ,For example,
1-(origin):cells that ingress through the cranial region of the node become (fate ): prechordal plate and notochord;
2-(origin)lateral edges of the node and from the cranial end of the streak (fate): paraxial mesoderm;
3- (origin)cells migrating through the midstreak region become (fate) intermediate mesoderm; 4-(origin) migrating through the more caudal part of the streak form (fate) lateral plate mesoderm; 5-(origin) cells migrating through the caudalmost part of the streak contribute to(fate) extraembryonic mesoderm (the other source of this tissue is the primitive yolk sac [hypoblast]).
Clinical correlate
The beginning of the third week of development, when gastrulation is initiated, is a highly sensitive
stage for teratogenic insult.

For example, high doses of alcohol at this stage kill cells in the anterior midline of the germ disc, producing a deficiency of the midline in craniofacial structures and resulting in holoprosencephaly . In such a child, the forebrain is small, the two lateral ventricles often merge into a single ventricle, and the eyes are close together (hypotelorism)
Gastrulation itself may be disrupted by 1- genetic abnormalities and 2- toxic insults. A- In caudal dysgenesis (sirenomelia), insufficient mesoderm is formed in the caudalmost region of the embryo. Because this mesoderm contributes to formation of A. the lower limbs, B. urogenital system (intermediate mesoderm), C. and lumbosacral vertebrae, They exhibit a variable range of defects, including 1. hypoplasia and fusion of the lower limbs, 2. vertebral abnormalities, 3. renal agenesis, 4. imperforate anus, 5. and anomalies of the genital organs . is associated with maternal diabetes B- Situs inversus is a condition in which transposition of the viscera in the thorax and abdomen occurs.
1-left-right patterning abnormal cilia syndrom (Kartagener syndrome). situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and
bronchiectasis cilia are normally present on the ventral surface of the primitive node and may be involved in left-right patterning during gastrulation
laterality sequences.
Patients with these conditions do not have complete situs inversus but appear to be predominantly bilaterally left-sided or right-sided. The spleen reflects the differences; 1. those with left-sided bilaterality have polysplenia, 2. and those with right-sided bilaterality have asplenia or hypoplastic spleen. 3. Patients with laterality sequences are also likely to have other malformations, especially heart defects.
Tumors Associated With Gastrulation sacrococcygeal teratomas:

1-This is the most common tumor in newborns. 2-frequency of one in 37,000. 3-contain tissues derived from all three germ layers 4-Sometimes, remnants of the primitive streak persist in the sacrococcygeal region. These clusters of cells proliferate and form the tumor or may also arise from primordial germ cells that fail to migrate to the gonadal ridge
further development of the trophoblast

1-By the beginning of the 3rdweek, the trophoblast is characterized by primary villi that consist of a cytotrophoblastic core covered by a syncytial layer
2-During further development, mesodermal cells penetrate the core of primary villi and grow toward the decidua. The newly formed structure is known as a secondary villus 3-By the end of the third week, mesodermal cells in the core of the villus begin to differentiate into blood cells and small blood vessels, forming villous capillary system ,The villus is now known as a tertiary villus or definitive placental villus.
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4- Capillaries in tertiary villi make contact with capillaries developing in the mesoderm of the chorionic plate and in the connecting stalk ,These vessels establish contact with the intraembryonic circulatory system, connecting the placenta and the embryo. when the heart begins to beat in the 4th week of development, the villous system is ready to supply the embryo proper with essential nutrients and oxygen
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anchoring villi The villi contact with
neighboring villous stems, attaches the chorionic sac firmly to the maternal endometrial tissue).
(terminal) villi: Villi that extend from the chorionic plate to the decidua basalis Other branches from the sides of stem villi are free , through which exchange of nutrients and other factors will occur.
The chorionic cavity, meanwhile,
becomes larger, and( by the 19th or 20th day), the embryo is attached to its trophoblastic shell by a narrow connecting stalk , The connecting stalk later develops into the umbilical cord,
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7th Lecture The Third Week of Development

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7th Lecture The Third Week of Development

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Third week of development

Dr. eman khammas alsadi University of mysan Embryology lecturer

The third week of development trilaminar germ disc

The primitive streak:

So the epiblast gives rise to3 layers in the embryo

3-Development of the notochord

fate map established during gastrulation

stage for teratogenic insult.

Tumors Associated With Gastrulation sacrococcygeal teratomas:

further development of the trophoblast

anchoring villi The villi contact with

The chorionic cavity, meanwhile,

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