Atomic Physics

A Seminar on
DIFFERENT ATOMIC MODELS

Presented by:
SHANTI SHARMA
4
TH
SEMESTER

Thomsons Atomic Model
Drawbacks of Thomsons Atomic Model
Bohr atom model
Drawbacks of Bohr atom model
Sommerfelds atom model
Sommerfelds relativistic atomic model
Drawbacks of Sommerfelds atom model
The vector atom model
Conclusion
References

CONTENTS
Thomsons Atomic Model
J. J. Thomson
1. Electron enter into the constitution of all atoms
2. Since the atom as a whole is electrically neutral the
quantity of positive and negative charge in it must be the
same.
Drawbacks

He explained that hydrogen can give rise only to a
single spectral lines.
He couldn't explain the fine spectra
BOHR ATOM MODEL
Niels Bohr
He proposed the following postulates-

(1)An electron cannot revolve round the
nucleus in all possible orbit. It can revolve
round the nucleus in those allowed orbits
for which the angular momentum of the
electron is an integral multiple of .
H 2
h
Bohrs atomic
model
(2)An atom radiates energy only
when electron jumps from a
stationary orbit of higher energy to
one of lower energy. If electron
jumps from an initial orbit of
energy to the final orbit of
energy ,a photon of

frequency is emitted.
i
E
) (
f i f
E E E >
h
E E
f i
=
The Bohr formulae
r
-e
Radius of the nth permissible orbit for
hydrogen
m e
h n
r
n
2
0
2 2
H
=
c
The total energy of the electron in the nth orbit
2 2 2
0
2 4
8 h n
Z me
E
n
c
=
+Ze
Different spectral series of hydrogen atom according to Bohr.
Lyman
Balmer
Paschen
Brackett
Pfund
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6 n=7
The energy level diagram
The equation Can be diagrammatically

represented. Then it is called The energy level
diagram.
----------------------------------------------------

2 2 2
0
2 4
8 h n
Z me
E
n
c
=
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
= n
Lyman
Balmer
Paschen
Brackett
Pfund
-13-6
-3.4
-1.5
-085
) (eV E
n
o
H
|
H

H
Drawbacks
Spectrograph of high resolving showed that lines
are not single. Each spectral lines actually
consisted of several very close line packed
together. This is called fine structure of spectral
lines. Bohr theory could not explain this fine
structure.
Sommerfelds atom model
Sommerfeld introduced two main modification in
Bohrs model:
(1)The path of an electron around the nucleus, in
general ,is an ellipse with the nucleus at one of the
foci.
(2)The velocity of the electron moving in an
elliptical orbit varies considerably at different parts
of the orbit.
N
electron
|
r
Elliptical orbit for hydrogen atom
The condition that determines the allowed elliptical orbit is
When and the orbit become circular

has n different values
0 , , = = = c
|
a b n n
n
n
a
b
|
=
0 =
|
n
n n s
|
|
n
1 , 1 = =
|
n n
2 , 2 = =
|
n n
1 , 2 = =
|
n n
3 , 3 = =
|
n n
2 , 3 = =
|
n n
1 , 3 = =
|
n n
2 2 2
0
2 4
8 h n
Z me
E
n
c
=
TOTAL ENERGY
Sommerfelds relativistic atomic model
The velocity of electron in the elliptic orbits is C
137
1
~
So Sommerfeld taking into account the variation of mass
with velocity.
He showed that the relativistic equation describing the
path of the electron is
) 1 (
cos 1 1
2
c
| c
+
=
a r
2 2 2
0
2
4 2
2
16
1
c p
e z
c t
=
(1)
4 2 2
0
2 4 4
2 2 2
0
2 4
1
)
4
3
(
8 8 n n
n
h
Z me
h n
Z me
E
n
=
|
c
o
c
is called the fine structure constant
The path of the electron given by equation(1) is an
ellipse whose major axis precesses slowly in the plane
of the ellipse about an axis through the nucleus.
The total energy in the relativistic theory
o
137
1
2
0
2
~ =
ch
e
c
o
Line is due to the transition from n=3
state to n=2 state of hydrogen atom.
Fine structure of the lines
o
H
o
H
1
2
2
2
1
3
2
3
3
3
Drawbacks
Sommerfelds theory was able to give an
explanation of the fine structure of the spectral
line of hydrogen atom. But he could not predict
the correct of spectral lines.
The vector atom model
The two distinct features of vector atom
model are:
The conception of spatial
quantization
The spinning electron hypothesis
Quantum no. associated with the
Vector Atom Model
A total quantum number n, it can take only
integral values 1,2,3..etc
An orbital quantum number l, which may take any
integral value between 0 and (n-1) inclusively.
A spin quantum number s, the magnitude of
which is always .
A total angular quantum number j, the resultant
angular momentum of the electron due to both
orbital and spin motions i.e vector sum of l and s.

Vector atom Model for Orbital
Angular Momentum
The orbital angular momentum
for an atomic electron can be
visualized in terms of a vector
model where the angular
momentum vector is seen as
precessing about a direction in
space.
The diagram shows that the possible
values for the "magnetic quantum
number" m
l
for l=2 can take the values
ml =-2,-1,0,1,2
or, in general,
ml=-l,-l+1,..,l-1,l

Vector atom Model for Total Angular
Momentum
When orbital angular momentum L and electron spin angular momentum S
are combined to produce the total angular momentum of an atomic
electron, the combination process can be visualized in terms of a vector
model.
Conclusion
Vector atom model can explain Zeeman
effect, Stark effect.
It can also explain the complex spectra of
alkali metal like sodium.
And also can explain how the orbital
electrons in an atom are distributed
around the nucleus.

ATOMIC PHYSICS
- J.B. RAJAM

INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC SPECTRA
-HARVEY ELLIOTT WHITE

http://www.tutornext.com/lesson/vector-atom-
model/1243900
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/preuss/1_5_V
ectorModel.pdf

References

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A Seminar on

DIFFERENT ATOMIC MODELS

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