CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Standard of Competence and Basic Competence

Standar Kompetensi: Menjelaskan struktur dan fungsi organ hewan / manusia, dan menganalisis sistem organ pada organisme tertentu (manusia), menjelaskan kelainan/penyakit yang mungkin terjadi serta implikasinya pada sains, lingkungan, teknologi dan masyarakat Kompetensi Dasar: Mengaitkan struktur, fungsi, proses dan kelainan/penyakit yang dapat terjadi pada sistem peredaran darah manusia dan hewan tertentu

Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Circulatory system

Definition of circulatory system Definition of double circulatory system Heart structure, muscular wall, septum, chamber, valves, and associated blood vessels Heart function Effect of physical activity on pulse rate Coronary heart disease The name of main blood vessels Structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries Identify RBC and WBC Blood components Function of RBC, WBC, platelet, and plasma

Heart

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

Blood

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulatory system is a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

Double Circulatory System

Double Circulatory System consist of

low

pressure circulation to the lungs and a high pressure circulation to the body tissues

Blood travels through the heart twice on one complete journey around the body relate these differences to the different functions of the two circuits

The mammalian cardiovascular system

7

Anterior vena cava

Capillaries of head and forelimbs

Pulmonary artery Capillaries of right lung

Aorta
9 6

Pulmonary artery

2 3 4 11 3

Capillaries of left lung

Pulmonary vein Right atrium

1 10

Left atrium

Pulmonary vein

Left ventricle Right ventricle Aorta

Posterior vena cava

8

Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs

Figure 42.5

The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look

A closer look at the mammalian heart

Provides

a better understanding of how double circulation works

Pulmonary artery Aorta Pulmonary artery Left atrium Pulmonary veins Anterior vena cava Right atrium

Pulmonary veins

Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve

Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve

Posterior vena cava

Figure 42.6

Right ventricle Left ventricle

To body to head vena cava superior vena cava inferior aorta left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve mitral (left atrioventricular) valve septum pulmonary vein, from right lung pulmonary vein, from left lung pulmonary artery pulmonary artery aortic (left semilunar) valve pulmonary

THE STRUCTURE OF HEART

The wall of heart composed by cardiac muscle that contracts and relaxes regularly, throughout life. Heart of birds and mammals are divided into 4 chambers. Two upper chambers are called atria and two lower chambers are called ventricle. Valves prevents the back flow of the blood. The chambers of on the left-hand side are completely separated from the ones on the right-hand side by a septum.

THE STRUCTURE OF HEART

The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins, which come from the lungs. The right atrium receives blood from the rest of the body arriving through the venae cavae. From the atria, the blood flow into the ventricles. The ventricles then pump it out of the heart. The blood in the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta, which takes the blood around the body. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, which takes it to the lungs.

Atria vs Ventricles

Atria simply receives blood, either from the lungs or the body and supply it to the ventricles. Ventricles pump blood out of the heart, either to the lungs or all round the body. To help hem them to do this the ventricles have much thicker, more muscular walls than the atria.

Coronary arteries supply heart muscle

Shows that there are blood vessels on the outside of the heart. They are called the coronary arteries. These vessels supply blood to the heart muscles. If the coronary artery gets blocked, for example by a blood clot, the cardiac muscles run short of oxygen. They cannot contract, so the heart stops beating. This is called a heart attack or cardiac arrest.

Coronary heart disease is the blockage of coronary arteries

There are possible causes

diet,
stress Smoking

Preventive measures

The heart beats regularly

The heart beats as the cardiac muscles in its walls contract and relax. When they contract, the heart becomes smaller, squeezing blood out. This is called systole. When they relax, the heart becomes larger, allowing blood to flow into the atria and ventricles. This is called diastole. The rate at which the heart beats is controlled by a patch of muscle in the right atrium called the pacemaker. The pacemaker sends electrical signals through the walls of the heart at regular intervals, which make the muscle contract.

Blood flows one way through heart valves

There is a valve between the atrium and the ventricle. These are called atrio-ventricular valve. The valve on the left-hand side of the heart is made of two parts and called bicuspid valve or mitral valve. The valve on the right-hand side has three parts, and is called the tricuspid valve. The function is to stop blood flowing from the ventricles back to the atria. As the ventricles contract, the pressure of the blood pushes the valves upwards. The tendons attached to them

The cardiac cycle

Semilunar valves closed
2

Atrial systole; ventricular diastole

0.1 sec

0.3 sec 0.4 sec

Semilunar valves open

AV valves open

AV valves closed
1

Atrial and ventricular diastole

Ventricular systole; atrial diastole

The heart rate, also called the pulse

Is

the number of beats per minute

The cardiac output

Is

the volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute

Maintaining the Hearts Rhythmic Beat

Some cardiac muscle cells are selfexcitable

Meaning

they contract without any signal from the nervous system

A region of the heart called the sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker

Sets

the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract to the atrioventricular (AV) node

Impulses from the SA node

Travel

At the AV node, the impulses are delayed

And

then travel to the Purkinje fibers that make the ventricles contract

The impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle

Can

be recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

The control of heart rhythm

1

Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract.

Signals are delayed at AV node.

Signals pass to heart apex.

Signals spread Throughout ventricles.

SA node (pacemaker)

AV node

Bundle branches Heart apex Purkinje fibers

ECG

Figure 42.8

The pacemaker is influenced by

Nerves,

hormones, body temperature, and exercise

HEART

investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse rate

ARTERIES, VEINS, AND CAPILLARIES

name the main blood vessels to and from the

heart,
lungs, liver

and kidney

All blood vessels

Are

built of similar tissues Have three similar layers

Endothelium Smooth muscle

Artery

Vein

Basement membrane
Endothelium
100 m

Valve Endothelium Smooth muscle Capillary Connective tissue Vein

Connective tissue Artery

Venule

Figure 42.9

Arteriole

Structural differences in arteries, veins, and capillaries

Correlate

with their different functions

Arteries have thicker walls

To

accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart

In the thinner-walled veins

Blood

flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action

Direction of blood flow in vein (toward heart)

Valve (open)

Skeletal muscle

Valve (closed)

Blood Flow Velocity

Physical laws governing the movement of fluids through pipes

Influence

blood flow and blood pressure

Precapillary sphincters control the flow of blood between arterioles and venules

Precapillary sphinctersThoroughfare

channel

(a) Sphincters relaxed

Arteriole

Capillaries

Venule

(b) Sphincters contracted

Arteriole Venule

(c) Capillaries and larger vessels (SEM)

20 m

The critical exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid
Takes

place across the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries

The difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure drives fluids out of capillaries at the arteriole end and into capillaries at the venule end

Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system

Returns

fluid to the body from the capillary beds Aids in body defense

Fluid reenters the circulation

Directly

at the venous end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the lymphatic system

Blood components

Blood is a connective tissue with cells suspended in plasma Blood in the circulatory systems of vertebrates
Is

a specialized connective tissue

Blood components

identify red and white blood cells as seen under the light microscope on prepared slides, and in diagrams and photomicrographs

The composition of mammalian plasma

Plasma 55% Constituent Water Major functions Solvent for carrying other substances Osmotic balance pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability

Icons (blood electrolytes Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Plasma proteins Albumin Fibringen Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Separated blood elements

Osmotic balance, pH buffering Clotting

Defense

Substances transported by blood Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones

The cellular elements of mammalian blood

Cellular elements 45%
Cell type per Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Number L (mm3) of blood 56 million Functions

Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide

Separated blood elements

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

5,00010,000

Defense and immunity

Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Platelets

250,000 400,000

Blood clotting

The functions of blood

red blood cells haemoglobin and oxygen transport white blood cells phagocytosis and antibody formation platelets causing clotting (no details) plasma transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea and plasma proteins

describe the process of blood clotting (fibrinogen to fibrin only)

Anti-A Anti-B Antigen A

Gol. Darah

Gol. Darah

Antigen B

Lymphatic System

Function
Vessels

transport extracellular fluid and fat to circulatory system (circulation of body fluids) lymph nodes and lymphatic organs provide defenses to microbial infection and cancer production of lymphocytes

Organs
Lymphatic

vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils,

spleen

Lymphatic vessels carry excess interstitial fluid back to the vascular system. This fluid, called lymph, travels through lymph nodes and lymphatic organs where it encounters the immune cells called lymphocytes that are produced in these organs.