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    "Fuse" "Earthing" "Short-Circuits"

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    Shalini Yadav
    Fuses, earthing, and short circuits were discussed. Fuses contain a metal wire that melts when too much current flows, interrupting the circuit. Earthing defines the electrical potential of conductors relative to earth and connects exposed surfaces to earth potential for safety. Short circuits allow unintended current to flow along low impedance paths, potentially overheating and causing fires if not protected by fuses or circuit breakers.

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    "Fuse" "Earthing" "Short-Circuits"

    Uploaded by

    Shalini Yadav
    53 views22 pages
    Fuses, earthing, and short circuits were discussed. Fuses contain a metal wire that melts when too much current flows, interrupting the circuit. Earthing defines the electrical potential of conductors relative to earth and connects exposed surfaces to earth potential for safety. Short circuits allow unintended current to flow along low impedance paths, potentially overheating and causing fires if not protected by fuses or circuit breakers.

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    Fuse

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    Fuses, earthing, and short circuits were discussed. Fuses contain a metal wire that melts when too much current flows, interrupting the circuit. Earthing defines the electrical potential of conductors relative to earth and connects exposed surfaces to earth potential for safety. Short circuits allow unintended current to flow along low impedance paths, potentially overheating and causing fires if not protected by fuses or circuit breakers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    53 views22 pages

    "Fuse" "Earthing" "Short-Circuits"

    Uploaded by

    Shalini Yadav
    Fuses, earthing, and short circuits were discussed. Fuses contain a metal wire that melts when too much current flows, interrupting the circuit. Earthing defines the electrical potential of conductors relative to earth and connects exposed surfaces to earth potential for safety. Short circuits allow unintended current to flow along low impedance paths, potentially overheating and causing fires if not protected by fuses or circuit breakers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Fuse Earthing Short- circuits

    Put forward by :

    Jatin Mandhyan
    (Roll no. 6)

    Shubham Aryan
    (Roll no. 22)

    Supriya Nanda
    (Roll no.25)

    Fuses
    Derived from the French word fuse, Italian. fuso, spindle.
    Fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected.

    History
    In 1847, Breguet recommended use of reduced-section conductors to protect telegraph stations from lightning strikes; by melting, the smaller wires would protect apparatus and wiring inside the building.

    A fuse was patented by Thomas Edison in 1890 as part of his successful electric distribution system.

    Structure

    How does it work ?


    A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or fire is prevented. Fuses are selected to allow passage of normal current plus a marginal percentage and to allow excessive current only for short periods. Fuses are designed to allow higher currents for a modest amount of time longer, and such considerations are and were commonly necessary when electronics devices or systems had electronic tube tech or a large number of incandescent lights were being powered such as in a large hall, theatre or stadium.

    Figure. (a) Intact fuse.

    (b) Burnt fuse.

    Types:

    Automotive fuses
    - Blade fuses - Glass tube fuses

    - Fusible links
    - Fuse limiters

    Resettable fuses
    Thermal fuses

    Markings
    Most fuses are marked on the body or end caps with markings that indicate their ratings. Fuse markings will generally convey the following information, either explicitly as text, or else implicit with the approval agency marking for a particular type: Ampere rating of the fuse. Voltage rating of the fuse. Time-current characteristic; i.e. fuse speed. Approvals by national and international standards agencies.

    Manufacturer/part number/series.
    Breaking capacity.

    Earthing
    In electricity supply systems, an Earthing defines the electrical potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. A protective earth, known as an equipment grounding conductor in the US National Electrical Code, avoids this hazard by keeping the exposed conductive surfaces of a device at earth potential. the most important example of a functional earth is the neutral in an electrical supply system.

    Terminology
    International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT. The first letter indicates the connection between Earth and the power-supply equipment (generator or transformer). The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device being supplied :
    T : Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra); I: No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high impendence.

    N: Direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation, which is connected to the earth

    In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transforme r is connected with earth, usually the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer.

    In a TT earthing system, the protective earth connection of the consumer is provided by a local connection to earth, independent of any earth connection at the generator.

    In an IT network, the distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has only a high impedance conne ction. In such systems, an insulation monitoring device is used to monitor the impedance.

    Comparison
    TT IT TNS TNC TNCS

    Earth fault loop impedance RCD preferred? Need earth electrode at site? PE conductor cost Risk of broken neutral Safety Electromagnetic interference

    High Yes Yes Low No Safe Least

    Highest No Yes Low No Less Safe Least

    Low Yes No Highest No Safest Low

    Low No No Least Highest Least Safe High

    Low After N and PE separates No High High Safe Low

    Safety risks

    High loop impedance

    Double fault, overvoltage

    Broken PE

    Broken neutral

    Broken neutral

    Advantages

    Safe and reliable

    Continuity of operation, Safest cost

    Cost

    Safety and cost

    Applications
    The combined neutral and earth occurs between the nearest transformer substation and the service cut out (the fuse before the meter). After this, separate earth and neutral cores are used in all the internal wiring. Some older homes, especially those built before the invention of residualcurrent circuit breakers and wired home area networks, use an in-house TNC arrangement. Laboratory rooms, medical facilities, construction sites, repair workshops, mobile electrical installations, and other environments that are supplied via engine-generators where there is an increased risk of insulation faults, often use an IT earthing arrangement supplied from isolation transformers.

    Short-circuits
    A short circuit in an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path, often where essentially no electrical impedance is encountered. The electrical opposite of a short circuit is an "open circuit", which is an infinite resistance between two nodes. It is common to misuse "short circuit" to describe any electrical malfunction, regardless of the actual problem.

    In circuit analysis, the term short circuit is used by analogy to designate a zeroimpedance connection between two nodes. This forces the two nodes to be at the same voltage. In an ideal short circuit, this means there is no resistance and no voltage drop across the short. In simple circuit analysis, wires are considered to be shorts. In real circuits, the result is a connection of nearly zero impedance, and almost no resistance. In such a case, the current drawn is limited by the rest of the circuit.

    Examples
    A common type of short circuit occurs when the positive and negative terminals of a battery are connected together with a low-resistance conductor, like a wire. With low resistance in the connection, a high current exists, causing the cell to deliver a large amount of energy in a short time.
    In electrical devices, unintentional short circuits are usually caused when a wire's insulation breaks down, or when another conducting material is introduced, allowing charge to flow along a different path than the one intended.

    Damage

    Damage from short circuits can be reduced or prevented by employing fuses, circuit breakers, or other overload protection, which disconnect the power in reaction to excessive current. Overload protection must be chosen according to the prospective short circuit current in a circuit.
    In an improper installation, the overcurrent from a short circuit may cause ohmic heating of the circuit parts with poor conductivity (faulty joints in wiring, faulty contacts in power sockets, or even the site of the short circuit itself). Such overheating is a common cause of fires.

    Any Questions ??

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