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    Module 5A - Minerals, Definition

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    This document defines minerals and describes their key characteristics. It discusses how minerals are naturally formed inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and physical properties. The document then describes the main classes of minerals, including silicate and non-silicate minerals. It provides examples of different types of silicate minerals and how their crystal structures vary. The document concludes by explaining several ways that minerals commonly form in nature through processes like crystallization, chemical reactions, and metamorphism.

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    Module 5A - Minerals, Definition

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    This document defines minerals and describes their key characteristics. It discusses how minerals are naturally formed inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and physical properties. The document then describes the main classes of minerals, including silicate and non-silicate minerals. It provides examples of different types of silicate minerals and how their crystal structures vary. The document concludes by explaining several ways that minerals commonly form in nature through processes like crystallization, chemical reactions, and metamorphism.

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    Module 5A - Minerals, definition

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    This document defines minerals and describes their key characteristics. It discusses how minerals are naturally formed inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and physical properties. The document then describes the main classes of minerals, including silicate and non-silicate minerals. It provides examples of different types of silicate minerals and how their crystal structures vary. The document concludes by explaining several ways that minerals commonly form in nature through processes like crystallization, chemical reactions, and metamorphism.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    73 views32 pages

    Module 5A - Minerals, Definition

    Uploaded by

    arrifpriambodo
    This document defines minerals and describes their key characteristics. It discusses how minerals are naturally formed inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and physical properties. The document then describes the main classes of minerals, including silicate and non-silicate minerals. It provides examples of different types of silicate minerals and how their crystal structures vary. The document concludes by explaining several ways that minerals commonly form in nature through processes like crystallization, chemical reactions, and metamorphism.

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    Module 5A

    Minerals: definition and Classes

    Definition
    What is a Mineral?
    A mineral is a naturally formed inorganic crystalline solid with a definite chemical composition and identifying physical properties naturally formed
    formed by geologic processes in nature, not by humans

    inorganic
    was never alive

    crystalline solid
    a solid composed of atoms arranged in a repeating orderly framework

    definite chemical composition


    a homogeneous chemical compound with a chemical formula

    distinctive, identifying physical properties

    Definition
    What is a Mineral?
    Is water a mineral? Why or why not? Is ice a mineral? Why or why not? Is glass a mineral? Why or why not? Is gold a mineral? Why or why not? Is steel a mineral? Why or why not?

    Definition
    Mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties

    Pertanyaan: Apakah lampu kristal tergolong mineral? Bagaimana dengan tubuh kekurangan mineral? Air mineral?

    Definition
    Mineral is a structurally homogeneous solid of definite chemical composition, formed by the inorganic processes of nature.

    Whitten, DGA and Brooks, JRV. 1977. The Penguin Dictionary of Geology. Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 293.

    Definition
    This definition includes ice as a mineral, but excludes coal, natural oil and gas. The only allowable exception to the rule that a mineral must be solid is native mercury (quicksilver), which is liquid. Definite chemical composition is not synonymous with fixed or constant composition, since many minerals have compositions which are variable between certain limits, which are defined in terms of end members: e.g. the composition of the common olivines is expressible in terms of the two compounds, Mg2SiO4 (forsterite) and Fe2SiO4 (fayalite). The general rule is that minor variations of composition which do not markedly alter fundamental properties are discounted

    Definition
    Structurally homogeneous implies that the fundamental atomic structure is continuous and constant through the mineral unit, e.g. in silicates the silicon-oxygen lattice will be constant in characters, although the interstitial cations may vary in different parts of the lattice Although strictly of organic origin, the constituents of many limestones, siliceous rocks, and bedded phosphate deposits are treated as though they were true mineral species
    Whitten, DGA and Brooks, JRV. 1977. The Penguin Dictionary of Geology. Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 293-294.

    Review

    Electron-bearing shells

    Model of Oxygen

    Review
    2 protons in nucleus

    10 protons in nucleus Model of Helium (He)

    Model of Neon (Ne)

    Review

    Model of Sodium (Na+)

    Model of Chlorine (Cl-)

    Review

    Chlorine (Cl)

    Sodium (Na)

    Sodium Chlorine (Na+) ion (Cl ) ion

    Ionic Bonding: Electron Transfer

    Model of crystalline structure of Halite (salt)

    Review

    Mineral Structures and Atoms

    Model of crystalline structure

    Elemental Abundances in Continental Crust

    Elemental Abundances in Continental Crust


    Element Oksigen Silikon Aluminium Besi Kalsium Sodium Potasium Magnesium Other elements Simbol O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg % Berat 46,6 27,7 8,1 5,0 3,6 2,8 2,6 2,1 1,5 % Volume 93,8 0,9 0,8 0,5 1,0 1,2 1,5 0,3 % Atom 60,5 20,5 6,2 1,9 1,9 2,5 1,8 1,4 3,3

    Mineral Classes
    Silicate Mineral Group
    Non-silicate Mineral Group

    Silicate Mineral Groups


    Silicate minerals (silicates) are composed of silica tetrahedra (SiO4 4-) For silica tetrahedra to be stable, they must either: be balanced by positive ions, share oxygens with adjacent silica tetrahedra, or substitute one or more Al 3+ for Si 4+ Compositions of the silicates Mafic composition Is rich in magnesium, iron, and/or calcium Intermediate composition Is compositionally between mafic and felsic Is rich in feldspar and/or silica (quartz)
    Felsic composition

    Is rich in feldspar and/or silica (quartz) All the common rock-forming minerals are silicate mineral

    Silicate Mineral Groups

    The Silica Tetrahedron (composed of 4 oxygen atoms surrounding 1 silicon atom)

    Silicate Mineral Groups


    Two Illustrations of the SiO4 Tetrahedron

    Silicate Mineral Groups

    Single Island Silicates (ex.: olivine)

    Single Chain Silicates (ex.: augite pyroxene)

    Silicate Mineral Groups

    Single Chain Silicates: The Pyroxenes (e.g., augite)

    Silicate Mineral Groups

    Double Chain Silicates: The Amphiboles (e.g., hornblende)

    Sheet Silicates: The Micas Silicate Mineral Groups

    (e.g., biotite, muscovite, and the clays)


    Example:
    Sheet silicate structure

    Clay groups Mica groups

    Because of weak bonds, mica splits asily between sandwiches

    Positive ions, sandwiches between two sheets silicate layers

    Framework Silicate Mineral Groups Silicates:


    (potassium feldspar, sodium and calcium plagioclase feldspar, quartz)

    Silicate Mineral Groups

    The Common Rock-Forming Silicate Minerals

    Non-silicate Mineral Groups


    Native Elements: consist of only one element.
    Au (gold), Ag (silver), Cu (copper), S (sulfur), C (graphite, diamond)

    Oxides: contain O 2 Fe2O3 (hematite), Fe3O4 (magnetite), Al2O3 (corundum)

    Carbonates: contain CO3 2 CaCO3 (calcite), CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite)

    Sulfides: contain S 2 FeS2 (pyrite), PbS (galena), CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite)

    Sulfates: contain SO4 2 CaSO4.2H2O (gypsum), BaSO4 (barite)

    Halides: contain F 1-, Cl 1-, Br 1-, or I 1 NaCl (halite), KCl (sylvite), CaF2 (fluorite)

    Non-silicate Mineral Groups

    Non-silicate Mineral Groups


    Native Copper

    How do minerals form?


    By crystallization from magma (molten rock material) a saturation response By crystallization (precipitation) from aqueous fluids a saturation response By chemical reaction with magmatic fluids hydrothermal fluids water during weathering By solid state transformations (metamorphism) changes crystal form moves ions to new locations promotes growth along the edges of mineral grains (crystals) at the expense of their neighboring mineral grains

    How do minerals form?

    Crystallization of Minerals in Cavities: Geodes

    How do minerals form?

    The Effect of Crowding on Crystal Growth

    How do minerals form?


    Polymorphs
    Polymorphs are minerals that have the same chemical composition but a different crystal form Graphite and diamond polymorphs of carbon Graphite forms at low temperature and pressure Diamond forms at high temperature and pressure Quartz, stishovite, and coesite are polymorphs of SiO2 Quartz forms at low to medium temperature and pressure stishovite and coesite form at high pressure, such as that associated with meteor impacts Andelusite, kyanite, and sillimanite are polymorphs of Al2SiO5 Andelusite is the low temperature low pressure polymorph Kyanite is the low temperature high pressure polymorph Sillimanite is the high temperature high pressure polymorph

    How do minerals form?


    Pseudomorphs
    Pseudomorphs are minerals that have the same crystal form but a different chemical composition Limonite forms cubic pseudomorphs after pyrite Quartz forms pseudomorphs after fluorite

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