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    To Global Positioning Systems (GPS) : Prepared For USDA

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    Shane Ice
    This document provides an introduction to global positioning systems (GPS). It describes the key uses of GPS such as determining 3D positions, measuring distances and areas, navigation, and precise timing. It explains how GPS works including the space, control, and user segments. It discusses sources of error in GPS signals and how differential GPS (DGPS) and wide area augmentation systems (WAAS) can improve accuracy from the standard 15 meters to sub-centimeter levels depending on the type of GPS unit used.

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    To Global Positioning Systems (GPS) : Prepared For USDA

    Uploaded by

    Shane Ice
    109 views24 pages
    This document provides an introduction to global positioning systems (GPS). It describes the key uses of GPS such as determining 3D positions, measuring distances and areas, navigation, and precise timing. It explains how GPS works including the space, control, and user segments. It discusses sources of error in GPS signals and how differential GPS (DGPS) and wide area augmentation systems (WAAS) can improve accuracy from the standard 15 meters to sub-centimeter levels depending on the type of GPS unit used.

    Original Description:

    Basic information and knowledge of GPS in power point

    Original Title

    GPS_Intro

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    This document provides an introduction to global positioning systems (GPS). It describes the key uses of GPS such as determining 3D positions, measuring distances and areas, navigation, and precise timing. It explains how GPS works including the space, control, and user segments. It discusses sources of error in GPS signals and how differential GPS (DGPS) and wide area augmentation systems (WAAS) can improve accuracy from the standard 15 meters to sub-centimeter levels depending on the type of GPS unit used.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    109 views24 pages

    To Global Positioning Systems (GPS) : Prepared For USDA

    Uploaded by

    Shane Ice
    This document provides an introduction to global positioning systems (GPS). It describes the key uses of GPS such as determining 3D positions, measuring distances and areas, navigation, and precise timing. It explains how GPS works including the space, control, and user segments. It discusses sources of error in GPS signals and how differential GPS (DGPS) and wide area augmentation systems (WAAS) can improve accuracy from the standard 15 meters to sub-centimeter levels depending on the type of GPS unit used.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Introduction to Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

    Prepared for USDA

    Module Goals
    Uses for GPS GPS terminology GPS operation Differential correction Limitations of GPS

    Uses for GPS


    Determine

    3-Dimensional Positions

    Measure Lengths/Distances

    Measure Areas
    Navigation

    Precise Timing

    The key function of GPS is to locate your position on the Earth

    Barn Location
    Latitude Longitude 39.5673 N 115.345 W

    GPS can be used to measure distances


    Point to Point Distance = 200 ft

    Length of Berm = 350 ft

    GPS can be used to measure areas

    Rectangular field measured using corner points A circular field would best be measured using a track

    Navigation with GPS


    # # #

    Finish
    Straight line between two points

    Route between two points

    Start
    #

    GPS Mapping
    #
    # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

    # # # # #

    # #

    # # # ## #

    # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

    The data collected using GPS can be used to make maps of natural resources, physical infrastructure or any other geographic features.

    Precise time obtained from GPS


    The signal that the GPS satellites broadcast contains a very precise time signal that can be read at an accuracy of up to 40 billionths of a second.

    Uses of GPS timing: Financial Markets Telecommunications

    Applications of GPS
    Precision Farming

    - Use GPS with yield monitors to map the productivity of fields


    - Use GPS with variable rate applicators to address variable fertility or weed densities in fields Digital Photography - Stamp photographs with the coordinates of the location where they were taken Navigation -Use GPS to show your position on a map and guide you to a destination point

    What is GPS?
    GPS is a positioning system based on a network of satellites that continuously transmit coded information. The information transmitted from the satellites can be interpreted by receivers to precisely identify locations on earth by measuring distance from the satellites.

    GPS is funded by and controlled by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD). The system is called NAVSTAR, which stands for Navigational Satellite Timing and Ranging
    GPS provides specially coded radio signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. The signals are available world wide and the system is designed to function in all weather conditions

    Three Components to GPS


    Space Segment

    Control Segment User Segment

    GPS Constellation
    The nominal GPS Operational Constellation consists of 24 satellites. Each satellite orbits the earth in about 12 hours.

    The satellite orbits repeat almost the same ground track once each day
    The GPS signal has information about the precise position of the satellite as well as precise time

    Source: Peter H. Dana, The University of Colorado. http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html

    GPS Satellite Signals


    Transmitted on the L1 radio frequency Almanac data Ephemeris data Pseudo-Random Code

    GPS Control Segment


    DOD maintains five control stations around the world that monitor the satellites and update their orbital information Monitor stations track the position of the satellites and message that they are broadcasting The master control station in Colorado sends data back to the satellites to make their signal more correct

    Corrected information is received by the GPS unit carried by military and civilian users all over the world

    Satellite Ranging
    The GPS receivers figure out how far they are from the satellite by calculating the difference between when the pseudo-random code was sent from the satellite and when it arrived at the receiver Distance = (Travel Time) * (Speed of Light) This distance is known as the range or pseudo-range because the distance is not exact due to receiver clock inaccuracy

    Positioning Using the GPS Signal

    The GPS signal carries two basic pieces of information A ranging code allows the receiver to determine the time the signal was sent The position code tells the receiver where the satellite was when the signal was sent.

    GPS Accuracy
    GPS receivers are subject to several sources of error that decrease the accuracy of their readings. These include:

    Ionosphere and troposphere delays - The satellite signal can be slowed or refracted as it passes through the atmosphere
    Signal multi-path - Occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off of objects such as tall buildings before it reaches the receiver

    Receiver clock errors - The clock built in to the receiver can have slight timing errors
    Orbital errors - Inaccuracies of the satellites reported position

    Number and geometry of satellites visible - The more satellites the receiver can see the better. Trees, buildings, and terrain can block the signal, decreasing accuracy

    DGPS
    Differential Global Positioning Systems
    DGPS improves the accuracy and integrity of standard GPS DGPS works by placing GPS receivers at a known locations The reference station knows its exact location, and therefore can calculate the difference between the satellite derived positions and the true position. These differential corrections are used to correct the positions obtained by roving GPS units either in real time or through postprocessing

    Typical DGPS accuracy is between 1-5 meters, depending on the distance between the roving receiver and the reference station.
    Differential corrections are useful up to 250 mile from the reference station

    NDGPS
    Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System

    Coast Guard base station and differential transmitter

    Mobile GPS unit

    Known Position

    Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)


    GPS Satellites WAAS Satellite

    Mobile GPS unit

    GPS Error not Addressed by DGPS


    Poor Satellite Geometry Poor Satellite Visibility Multipath Interference

    Expected Accuracy varies by type of GPS unit


    Standard GPS - 15 meters NDGPS - 5 meters WAAS - 3 meters Code Phase GPS - 10cm to 1meter Survey Grade - sub-centimeter

    Bottom Line
    Keep an eye on your estimated accuracy and make sure that the data you are gathering meets program accuracy standards. Understand that sometimes GPS will work better than other times. Be prepared to use other tools if GPS is not appropriate.

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