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From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Tami Port, MS Creator of Science Prof Online Chief Executive Nerd Science Prof Online Online Education Resources, LLC info@scienceprofonline.com
Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port

Mitotic Cell Division

Image: Overview of Mitosis, Mysid

Genetics:

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Why do cells divide?

_____________
_____________

_____________
_____________
Images Ciliate dividing, TheAlphaWolfc From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Two Basic Types of Cells

_____________________

_____________________
Images: Prokaryotic Cell Diagram & Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Prokaryotic Cell Cycle

Q: Which two domains are

prokaryotic?

Prokaryotic chromosome a circular loop Prokaryotes multiply by _______ ________.

1. Chromosome attaches to plasma membrane. 2. Chromosome is replicated. 3. Cell elongates; new plasma membrane and cell wall are added between chromosomes, pushing them towards opposite ends of cell. 4. Parent cell is divided into two identical daughter cells.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Binary Fission, JW Schmidt

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Like prokaryotic cell cycle, in that
Cell ______. DNA is ________. - Mitotic cell division produces daughter cell identical to the parent.

Different from prokaryotic cell cycle, in that

Eukaryotic cells have more DNA on many linear chromosomes.
(Q: How many do humans have?).

The timing of replication and cell division is highly regulated.

Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

2 major phases:
__________ (3 stages)
DNA uncondensed

________ (4 stages + cytokinesis)

- Nuclear division & division of cytoplasm DNA condensed

Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Interphase
Non-dividing state With 3 sub-stages:
___ cell grows in size organelles replicated ___ replication of DNA synthesis of proteins associated with DNA ___ synthesis of proteins associated with mitosis
Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler; Interphase in Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Mitosis
Division of ________ cells (non-reproductive cells) in eukaryotic organisms. A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Daughter cells have same # of chromosomes as does parent cell.

Images: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler; Overview of Mitosis, Mysid

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

What is cell division of reproductive cells?

__________
- A single germ cell divides into four unique daughter cells. - Daughter cells have half the # of chromosomes as parent cell.

- We will discuss meiosis in out next lecture. Now, back to mitosis

Image: Overview of Meiosis, National Institutes of Health

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Genetics Terminology:

Homologues

Chromosomes exist in homologous pairs in diploid (__n) cells. Q. What does diploid mean?

Exception: Sex chromosomes (X, Y). Other chromosomes, known as ___________, they have homologues.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Packing for the move

When cell is not dividing

DNA molecules in extended, uncondensed form = __________

Cell can only replicate and transcribe

DNA when in extended state.

When cell is preparing for division

DNA molecules condense to form ______________ prior to division.

each chromosome is a single molecule of DNA easier to sort and organize the replicated DNA into daughter cells

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Packing for the move

When we depict chromosomes for this classwhen we are drawing them ourselveswe want to make them easy to draw and understand.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Chromatin structures, Zephyris

Mitosis
4 sub-phases:
1st Prophase 2nd Metaphase 3rd Anaphase 4th Telophase
followed by

Cytokinesis

Secret to remembering phases in order

Image: Mitosis diagram, Marek Kultys From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

___________
3 Major Events
- chromosomes condense

- spindle fibers form

- chromosomes are captured by spindle

Images: Prophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body; Prophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Mitotic Spindle Forms

spindle fibers are specialized
microtubules
Fluoresced eukaryotic cell. Chromosomes in blue. Mitotic spindle apparatus in green.

spindle fibers radiate out from centrioles, forming the aster

Prophase
Image: Fluoresced cell, National Institutes of Health

centrioles occur in pairs, and are duplicated during interphase

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

chromatin

nucleus
nucleolus

condensing chromosomes

centrioles
Q: What is a kinetocore?
kinetocore

Prophase

__________________

chromosomes align along

equator of the cell, with one kinetochore facing each pole

centrioles
chromosomes spindle fibers
Kinetocores not pictured in this illustration.
Images: Metaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body; Metaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown

_________
sister chromatids separate
spindle fibers attached to kinetochores shorten and pull chromatids towards the poles. free spindle fibers lengthen and push poles of cell apart

Images: Anaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body; Anaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

___________
spindle fibers disintegrate nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes

chromosomes revert to their extended state

cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each daughter nucleus into a separate cell

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body; Telophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Early Telophase

chromosomes decondensing pinching of cell membrane at equator nuclear envelope reforming nucleolus reappears
Nucleolus = Small, round site within nucleus, composed of protein & RNA. Involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis & formation of ribosomes.

cytokinesis

Late Telophase

__________ Plant vs. Animal Cell

Plant cells undergo cytokinesis by forming a cell plate between the two daughter nuclei.

Animal cells undergo cytokinesis through the formation of a cleavage furrow. A ring of microtubules contract, pinching the cell in half.
Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body; Ciliate dividing, TheAlphaWolf; Telophase Onion Cell Photo, Source Unknown

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Lets play

Guess That Phase!

Image: Onion Cells Photo, Source Unknown

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Stages of Mitosis

Image: Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown

Phases and Sub-phases of Cell Division

a. G1

1. Interphase

b. S c. G2 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase a. Nuclear division

2. Mitosis
b. Cytokinesis

3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Drawing and Labeling Chromosomes

You are going to see chromatin & chromosomes depicted in many of the following slides and in the class activity you will be doing. So we need to learn how to draw and label them.

Centromere

Sister Chromatid

Sister Chromatid

Unreplicated Uncondensed Chromosome (chromatin)

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Replicated Uncondensed Chromosome (chromatin)

Drawing and Labeling Chromosomes

Arm
Centromere Centromere

Sister Chromatid

Sister Chromatid

Arm

Unreplicated Condensed Chromosome

Replicated Condensed Chromosome

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Mitosis Demo & Practice

Break up into groups & get kit.

See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Cell Biology Classroom Genetics: Mitotic Cell Division for a printable Word .doc of this assignment.

Each kit should have:

- 6 duplicated chromosomes - 4 pieces of string - plastic centromere pieces

Use chromosome kits to work through the stages of mitosis. BEFORE you start writing on your Mitosis Worksheet, make sure that you have modeled the stages of mitosis with the chromosome kits. (If
your group needs help, raise your hand & I will come over assist.)

Mitosis worksheet due at end of class.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Confused?
Here are links to fun resources that further explain mitosis:

Mitosis Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of

Science Prof Online.

Imitosis music video by Andrew Bird. DNA Replication

step-through animation by John Kyrk.

Mitosis & Cytokinesis animated video by McGraw-Hill. Mitosis animation, step-through and quiz, Sadava, et al., Life: The
Science of Biology, 9th Edition, Sinauer Associates.

Mitosis step through animation from CellsAlive.com.

That Spells DNA song by Jonathan Coulton.
(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Are you feeling blinded by science?

Do yourself a favor. Use the

Virtual Cell Biology Classroom (VCBC) !

The VCBC is full of resources to help you succeed, including: practice test questions
review questions study guides and learning objectives PowerPoints on other topics

You can access the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom (VCBC) on the Science Prof Online website www.ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Blinded With Science album, Thomas Dolby; Endomembrane system, Mariana Ruiz, Wiki